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Given:
h = 60-ft k = 50 mD Depth = 9500-ft
SG = 1.07 µa = 1.5 cP Diameter tubing = 2-in ID
FG = 0.7 psi/ft Pres = 4000 psia re = 1000 ft
rw = 0.328 ft S = 15 Safety Margin = 300 psi
Required: qi, max and Psi
Solution:
Working Equation
𝟒. 𝟗𝟏𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒌𝒉(𝑷𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄 − 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔 − ∆𝑷𝒔𝒎
𝒒𝒊,𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝒓 𝟑
𝝁𝒂 [𝒍𝒏 (𝒓 𝒆 ) − 𝟒 + 𝑺]
𝒘
𝑷𝒔𝒊 = 𝑷𝒘𝒇 − ∆𝑷𝒉 + ∆𝑷𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟓𝟏𝟖𝑳𝝆𝟎.𝟕𝟗 𝒒𝟏.𝟕𝟗 𝝁𝟎.𝟐𝟎𝟕
∆𝑷𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑫𝟒.𝟕𝟗
Calculating first the Fracture Pressure
Pfracture = FG x Depth = 0.7 psi/ft (9500 ft) = 6650 psi
𝑝𝑠𝑖
∆𝑃ℎ = 0.433 (1.07)(9500 𝑓𝑡) = 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑓𝑡
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
𝜌 𝑖𝑛 = 1.07 (1 ) = 1.07
𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐
518(9500)(1.07) (1.0376)1.79 (1.5)0.207
0.79
∆𝑃𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
1000(2)4.79
∆𝑷𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊
nm = 1 na = 14
Mm = (39.1 + 27 + (3x28.09) + (8x16) = 278.37 lb/lb-mol Ma = 1+19 = 20 lb/lb-mol
nm = 1 na = 40
Mm = ((27x4) + (28.09x4) + (16x18)+8) = 516.36 lb/lb-mol Ma = 1+19 = 20 lb/lb-mol
nm = 1 na = 40
Mm = ((27x4) + (28.09x8) + (16x24)+4) = 720.72 lb/lb-mol Ma = 1+19 = 20 lb/lb-mol
𝒍𝒃𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑲𝒂𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
ii. 𝜷𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟑 𝒍𝒃𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝟑% 𝑯𝑭
𝒍𝒃𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
iii. 𝜷𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝟑% 𝑯𝑭
4. Problem 16.1
For the reaction between 20 wt% HCl solution and calcite, calculate the gravimetric and
volumetric dissolving power of the acid solution.
Working Equation
𝒙 𝒏𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍
𝜷𝒙 = [ ]
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅
𝝆𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑿𝒙% = 𝜷𝒙% ( )
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍
Assumption:
SGmineral = 2.71 SGacid = 1.07
Chemical Reaction:
𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 + 𝟐𝑯𝑪𝒍 → 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝒍𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑪𝑶𝟐
nm = 1 na = 2
Mm = (40.08 + 12 + (16x3)) = 100.08 lb/lb-mol Ma = 1+35.5 = 36.5 lb/lb-mol
For Gravimetric dissolving power
20 1(100.08) 𝒍𝒃𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝜷𝒙 = [ ] = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟐
100 2(36.5) 𝒍𝒃𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟎% 𝑯𝑪𝒍
For Volumetric dissolving power
1.07 𝑥 62.4 𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝑿𝒙% = 0.2742 ( ) =. 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟑 𝟑
2.71 𝑥 62.4 𝒇𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟎% 𝑯𝑪𝒍
5. Problem 16.3
A sandstone with a porosity of 0.18 containing 8 v% calcite is to be acidized with HF/HCl
mixture solution. A preflush of 15 wt% HCl solution is to be injected ahead of the mixture to
dissolve the carbonate minerals and establish a low-pH environment. If the HCl preflush is to
remove all carbonates in a region within 1.5 ft beyond 0.328-ft radius wellbore before the HCl
the HF/HCl stage enters the formation, what minimum preflush volume is required in terms
of gallon per foot of pay zone?
Given:
Lithology = Sandstone formation Ø = 0.18 Xm = 0.08
[HCl]preflush = 15 wt% ra = 1.5+0.328 = 1.828 ft rw = 0.328 ft
Working Equation:
𝟏
𝑽𝒂 = 𝑽𝒎 (𝟏 + ) + 𝑽𝒑
𝑿𝒎
𝑽𝒑 = ∅𝝅(𝒓𝟐𝒂 − 𝒓𝟐𝒘 )
𝑽𝒎 = 𝝅(𝟏 − ∅)𝑿𝒎 (𝒓𝟐𝒂 − 𝒓𝟐𝒘 )
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𝒙 𝒏𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍
𝜷𝒙 = [ ]
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅
𝝆𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑿𝒙% = 𝜷𝒙% ( )
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍
Solution:
𝑉𝑝 = 𝜋(0.18)(1.8282 − 0.3282 )
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉𝑝 = 1.8288 =
𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑦 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒
1
𝑉𝑎 = 0.6665 (1 + ) + 1.8288
0.0812
𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒐𝒇 𝟏𝟓 𝒘𝒕% 𝑯𝑪𝒍
𝑽𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟑𝟒 since 1 ft3 = 7.48 gal
𝒇𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒚 𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒆
𝒈𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝟏𝟓 𝒘𝒕% 𝑯𝑪𝒍
𝑽𝒂 = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟔
𝒇𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒚 𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒆
6. Problem 16.5
A 30-ft thick, 40-mD sandstone pay zone at a depth of 9,000 ft is to be acidized with an acid
solution having a specific gravity of 1.07 and a viscosity of 1.2 cP down a 2-inch ID coil tubing.
The formation fracture gradient is 0.7 psi/ft. The wellbore radius is 0.328 ft. Assuming a
reservoir pressure is 4000 psia, drainage area radius is 1,500 ft and skin factor of 10, calculate
(a) The maximum acid injection rate using safety margin 200 psi.
(b) The maximum expected surface injection pressure at the maximum injection rate.
Given:
h = 30-ft k = 40 mD Depth = 9000-ft
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Solution:
Working Equation
𝟒. 𝟗𝟏𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒌𝒉(𝑷𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄 − 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔 − ∆𝑷𝒔𝒎
𝒒𝒊,𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝒓 𝟑
𝝁𝒂 [𝒍𝒏 (𝒓 𝒆 ) − 𝟒 + 𝑺]
𝒘
𝑷𝒔𝒊 = 𝑷𝒘𝒇 − ∆𝑷𝒉 + ∆𝑷𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟓𝟏𝟖𝑳𝝆𝟎.𝟕𝟗 𝒒𝟏.𝟕𝟗 𝝁𝟎.𝟐𝟎𝟕
∆𝑷𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑫𝟒.𝟕𝟗
Calculating first the Fracture Pressure
Pfracture = FG x Depth = 0.7 psi/ft (9000 ft) = 6300 psi
7. Problem 16.7
A 20 wt% HCl is needed to propagate wormholes 2 ft from 0.328-ft radius wellbore in a
limestone formation (specific gravity = 2.71) with a porosity of 0.12. The designed injection
rate is 0.12 bbl/min-ft, diffusion coefficient is 10-9 m2/sec. In linear core floods, 1.2 pore
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volume is needed for wormhole breakthrough at the end of the core. Calculate the acid
volume requirement using the volumetric model
Given:
Ø = 0.12 rwh = 2 +328 =2.328 ft rw = 0.328 ft (PV)bt = 1.2
Working Equation:
𝑽𝒉 = 𝝅∅(𝒓𝟐𝒘𝒉 − 𝒓𝟐𝒘 )(𝑷𝑽)𝒃𝒕
Solution:
𝑉ℎ = 𝜋(0.12)(2.3282 − 0.3282 )(1.2)
𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟎 𝒘𝒕% 𝑯𝑪𝒍
𝑽𝒉 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟎𝟑𝟏 ; since 1 ft3 = 7.48 gal
𝒇𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒚 𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒆
8. Use the data provided in Table 1 to estimate the fracture toughness for each of the lithologies
shown. Calculate the Young’s modulus that would give the same fracture toughness as
calculated in the example problem (For sand, KIC=553 psi√𝑖𝑛 and for shale, KIC=784 psi√𝑖𝑛).
Table 1: Typical Range of Values for Young’s Modulus
Lithology Young’s Modulus (GPa) Poisson’s Ratio
Soft Sandstone 0.6893 – 6.8929 0.20 to 0.35
Medium Sandstone 13.7857 – 34.4643 0.15 to 0.25
Hard Sandstone 41.3571 – 68.9286 0.10 to 0.15
Limestone 55.1429 – 82.7143 0.30 to 0.35
Coal 0.6893 – 6.8929 0.35 to 0.45
Shale 6.8929– 68.9286 0.28 to 0.43
Solution:
a. Fracture toughness for each lithology, given the following data based on table 1 can be
calculate using Equation 7 of Whittaker et al, 1992.
b. Young’s Modulus based on the following fracture toughness, (For sand, KIC=553 psi√𝑖𝑛
and for shale, KIC=784 psi√𝑖𝑛).
𝑲𝑰𝑪 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟔
𝑬=
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔
For Sand
101325 𝑃𝑎 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎
553 𝑝𝑠𝑖 √𝑖𝑛 ( )𝑥( ) = 3.8118 𝑀𝑃𝑎 √𝑖𝑛
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 1𝑥106 𝑃𝑎
3.8118 − 0.336
𝑬= = 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟔 𝑮𝑷𝒂
0.026
For Shale
101325 𝑃𝑎 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎
784 𝑝𝑠𝑖 √𝑖𝑛 ( )𝑥( ) = 5.404 𝑀𝑃𝑎 √𝑖𝑛
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 1𝑥106 𝑃𝑎
5.404 − 0.336
𝑬= = 𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟗𝟐𝟑𝟏 𝑮𝑷𝒂
0.026
9. Table A shows selected values of fracture toughness that were determined experimentally for
chalk, limestone and sandstone samples. Analyze in detail, the difficulty of matching fracture
pressure on the basis of fracture toughness measured under confined conditions.
Table A: Selected Values of Fracture Toughness
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Solution:
By using Eq. 9 - KIC(Pconf) = (1+(0.037Pconf))*KIC(Pconf=0), we can estimate the
fracture toughness based on the equation.
Confining Experimental Fracture Calculated KIC
Lithology Pressure (MPa) KIC (MPa √in) (MPa √in)
Chalk 0 0.73 0.73
Chalk 24.13 2.22 1.3818
Chalk 48.26 2.33 2.0335
Limestone 0 1.44 1.44
Limestone 24.13 2.12 2.7256
Limestone 48.26 4.92 4.0113
Sandstone 0 1.36 1.36
Sandstone 24.13 2.62 2.5742
Sandstone 48.26 4.96 3.7884
From the data above, we can see that as the confining pressure increases, fracture toughness
increases both for experimental and calculated value. But we can also notice that there is a discrepancy
between the experimental and calculated fracture toughness. In the case of chalk, the experimental
value is higher than the calculated one and also we can notice that as the confining pressure increases,
the difference between the experimental and calculated fracture toughness decreases.
For limestone, the difference in experimental and calculated doesn’t change (almost 0.6 to 0.9
difference) from 24.13 to 48.26 MPa. There is no trend as to which is greater in terms of increasing
confining pressure unlike for chalk. For sandstone, experimental value is higher compare to calculated
fracture toughness and the difference between the two increases as the confining pressure increases.
In short, the difficulty in matching the fracture toughness and confining pressure to fracture
pressure can be due to the change in the testing environment and due to the nature, composition and
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properties of the rock being subject to testing. Maybe the hardness, maybe moisture content,
temperature and other factors may affect its result.
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 24.13 48.26
Confining Pressure (MPa)
The graph above shows the proximity between the two values in terms of graph.
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Faracture Toughness (Mpa √in)
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Faracture Toughness (Mpa √in)