C.P.Noi, 508 C.P. No.

508
(19,632)
A.R.C. Teckal Report A.R.C. TechnicalReport

MINISTRY OF AVIATION

AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

CURRENT PAPERS

Preliminary Results of. Low Speed

Wind Tunnel Tests on a Gothic
Wing of Aspect Ratio I-0
bY
D. ‘H. Peckhom and 5. A. Atkinson

LONDON: HER MAJESTY’SSTATIONERYOFFICE

1960

FIVESHILLINGSNET
 llllllllllllliillllllllllllii
3 8006 10038 4141

U.D.C. No. 533.6.011.3: 533.691.-l3: 533.69.048.3: 532,527

Technical Note No. Aero. 2504

April, 1957

Preliminay results of low speed wind tunnel

tests on a Gothic wing of aspect ratio I,0

D. H. Peckhsm
and
0Ll. A. Atkinson

This note gives prelLninary results of low speed balance

measurements and f'lo~ visualisation tests, on a wing of aspect ratio 1.0.

The wing had a convex parabolic leading-edge shape in plan view, <andan

unsvjept trailing edge - such wings are now termed "Gothic". All edges
were sharp, the centre section was I;?;& biconvex, and transverse sections
mere diamond-shaped.

Results of tests on a strictly comparable delta wing are not yet

available, but where possible the resui-is are compared with tests on
other wings of aspect ratio 1.0 with unswept trailing edges,
 LIST OF -I__-
COB'TENTS

-l Introduction
2 Description of models and tests
2.1 Description of models
2.2 Description of tests
3 Flow observati.ons
4 Overall forces <andmoments
Correction of balance meas1TTements
44:: Scale effect
4.3 Discussion of results
5 Conclusions
List of symbols
Refercnccs

Table
Coefficients of overall lift, Wag and pitching
moment at zero yaw I
Coefficients of cverall side force, rolling moment
and yasling m,oment II
LIST OF ILLUSTRATI04%3

Figure
Lift characteristics of aspect ratio 1.0 wings with
unswept trailing Gdges
Ying gcomctry
Force and moment axes
Side olcvation of vortex core L,r,th
_Plan view of vortex core. patn
SparMse position of the point 31' inflectiwl
losition cf the secondary scparatirn (a), and the
attachment line (b) 7
Effect of blockagd 311overall lift c~3eePCicient of
A = 1.0 Gothic delta in 13’ x 9' twlel 8
Effect of leading edge plslnf,Jrm shape on lift -and
pitching rwmont of v&gs zi‘ aspwt ratio 1.9 with
straight trailing tdgcs 9
Drag charnctcristics of Gf-,thic vjing c,Jmparcd with delta 10
Reductizn of drag factor- dui ts &fccts of vortex sheets 11
Tangential fzrce due t. sucti:n XI f~;l-iJard facing surface 12
Variation -?f side fr-;rcc co<;fficicnt nith sidcslip 13
Variati:;n ,f' pitching m.,mont c:cfficient with sideslip 14
Variation of rolling m-munt c.:cfficicnt lzith sideslip 15
Variation of yawirlg m.men: cwfficient -with sideslip 16
Lateral derivstivLs 17
Devel,.;+ont of coiled v:rttx shwts from sharp
18
Bchavizur of coiled wrtex sheets bc!lind wing 19
Yator vapour condensation in vcrtzx &Let ccrcs 20
Vnrieti.:n of oil 1'1w patterns 1~5th incidence. and yaw 21
Oil flow psttern[a: = 21.2o 22

-2-
 1 Introduction

In a report by Jeber' on the effects of flow separation on delta

wings, cropped delta wings are briefly considered where the leading-edge
and tip vortex sheets combine to give rather large non-linear lift increments
and relatively low values of the drag due to lift. Comparing flat-plate
wings of the same aspect ratio, it appears that a cropped-delta of taper
ratio 0.5 has better lift characteristics at low speeds than a pure delta
- at the expense of a loss in leading edge sweep. It was thought, however,
that it might be advantageous for the development of the vortex sheets, to
avoid the kinks in the edges and to have a curved planform in which the
leading-edge and tip arc faircd to form one continuous curve. One then
obtains a wing of steadily increasing leading-edge sv;ccp with a "smooth"
cross-section-area distribution. Such wings mere, therefore, included in an
investigation;! of the geometrical propcrtios of wings of small aspect ratio,
The term "Gothic" wing has become popular in describing this planform shape.

A number of Gothic wings with a NACA 0012 round-leading-ed e aero-

foil section have been tested before at the suggestion of Voepel 9, and the
results are summarised in Refs, 3 and l+. At low incidenccs the flow pms
mostly attached along the leading cdgc, but at higher incidcnces the flow
began to separate along an appreciable part of the leading edge near the
tips, this separation spreading inboard along the leading edge with
increasing incidence to give a non-linear lift increase in the same manner
as similar sharp-edged wings, Here also, using aspect ratio as a basis
for comparison, it was fourd that the Gothic shape had better low speed
lift characteristics than the corresponding dclta, higher lift coefficients
being obtained in the attached flow as well as in the separated flow
regimes. Lift curves for the sharp-edged cropped delta and delta of Ref.1
are plotted in Pig,j(b), the curves for round-leading-edge Gothic and
delta wings of Ref.4 being plotted in Fig.?(a).

A sharp-edged Gothic wing, of aspect ratio 1.0, has been included in a

series of tests in the 13’ x 9' low speed tunnel, to investigate the
effects of planform taper and thickness taper on low aspect ratio wings
at zero incidence as discussed in Ref.5. The wing was also tested over
a large incidence and yaw range, in particular to invcstigatc its lift
and drag characteristics, and the behaviour of the separated flow,
Although results of tests on a strictly comparable delta wing are not yet
available, it is felt "&at the preliminary results are of sufficient
interest to justify publication.
2 Description of models and. tests
i
2.1 Description of models

5 The wing tested was of aspect ratio 1.0 and had a syrmnetrical
biconvex parabolic arc section of 12" thickness/chord ratio at the root,
and straight surface generators perpendicular to "&e wing centre line -
giving diamond-shaped cross-sections. The leading edge planform was of
parabolic shape, with the vertex at the tip. A drawing of the wing is
given in Fig.2 and its geometry is discussed in R&,2. The main model
tested was of 16 ft2 wing area, but brief tests were also made on a
similar model of lt. ft2 wing area to obtain information on interference
effects from the tunnel walls.

-3-
 If co is the root chord, t 'uhe rod; tilich~ss, b the s?>z~., and
0
if x is measured fro,n the leading edge a!lex, the P cllmving relations
apply:-

Xing area, S = f bco

Aspect ratio, A

Aercdynamic mean chord, Z

Distance of mean t - chord

pAnt from nose --16--7 c0

iding cross-section <area

distance x from no,se = 2 bc

:ding volume

2.2 Description of tests

Six component balance measurements were made at speeds ranging from
80 ft/sec. to 300 ft/sec., giving iieyno ds' fi~ibeers (based on aerodynamic
mean chord S) of 2.3 x IO6 to 8.6 x IO 2 * ihc to rig loads, the highest
speed could cover cnly a limited incidence range, while the lowest speed
was necessary to reach the maximtin lift coefficient, All force and
moment coefficients are quoted relative to wind axes, a diagranl of the
axes system being shown in Fige3e

To aid in the study of the regions of separated flow, two visualisa-

tion techniques were used in conjunction with each other. ?irstly, the
oil flow method, using a mixture of titanium oxide in diesel oil with a
small quantity of oleic acid, at a tunnel speed of 150 fi/sec. To assist
in interpretation of photographs, a grddu&tt?d rectangula* fraiie was sus-
pended round the model when photographs were taken (E'igs. 21, 22). 'The
divisicns are tenths of the root chord and tenths of the semi-span in
chordwise rind spanvise directicnn respectively., Secondly, the s,,loke
technique described in 1ref.6 was used at a tunnel speed of 20 ft/sec.
Photc~ra;~ha were taken us+, an exposure of l/IO sec. at f&.5 Cth
fast $.ates and norms1 development,

3 I'low o'oservations

'I'he flow se;sarates all along the sharp leading edges and vorticity
is shed, which rolls up to form coiled vortex sheets with a "core" of high
vcrticity above and inside the leading edges. These vortex sheets become
a dcminating feature of the flow at high incidences as ccanbe seen in the
photogra+5. of 'I"igs,lU, lg. Throughout the whcle incidence range tested
(oC to 45O) the separated flow pattern was perfectly steady, symimetrical
and repeatable.

Over the whole range of practical fli,ght incidences the flow is of

one type, with rolled-un vortex sheets Vuhicll grew in size and move
inboard with increasing incidence. This ty?e of flow is maintained to
above the vortex sheets still growing in size with incidence,
CLmax '
but their cores become less defined and no longer move inwards towards
each other. At the same time, a separaticn bubble starts to form near
 .

the trailing edge on the win2 surface outboard of each vortex sheet; this
can be seen in the photograph of the oil flow pattern at a = 31.6' in Fig. 21.

Using the smoke technique, the position of the vortex sheet core8 was
measured at a number of chordwise stations over the incidence range IO'-40';
the results are plotted in Figs. 4 and 5. In side elevation, the core path
appears to be straight from the leading-edge apex back as far as the trailing
edge region, after which it curves downstream. Assuming a straight path
from the apex, it is possible to talc ate the angle between the core path
and the wing chordal plnne as 0 = t,an9 =/x These values are plotted in
Fig.4 and show that o/a is very nearly cons&t and equals approximately
0.3. There is a tendency for slightly hi&er values to occur over the
central region of the wing, which is probably due to a displacement effect
of the wing thickness. Plotted in Fig.4 as broken lines are the theoretical
estimates of Mangler and Smith7 for a flat plate wing at incidences of 15'
and 3o”, which agree closely with the experimental results. In plan view
(Fig.5), the path of the core is found to be a curve similar in shape to
the leading edge, lying about 0.8 of the local span out from the wing
centre line at an incidence of 20'. Initially, the core moves inwards quite
rapidly with increasing incidence, but this movement becomes less rapid as
higher incidences are reached, At all incidences the cores were further
outboard than on comparable dclta wings, as can be seen by comparison with
Fig.6 of Ref.1.

At speeds greater than 150 ft/sec. and incidences between 2C" and JO',
the decrease in temperature due to expansion in the low-pressure cores of
the vortex sheets was sufficient to cause water vapour condensation - this
revealing the path of the cores, Photographs of this phenomenon at a wing
incidence of 24' are given in Fig.20. Incidence-telescope measurements
confirmed that the sngle between the core path and the wing chordal plane
is 0.3 of the incidence (as found with the smoke technique), indicating
that Reynolds ' Mumber hns no appreciable effect on the geometry of the
separated flow, As the incidence was increased above 25O, the length of
visible core decreased, until at JO0 incidence only about a l/&root-chord
length could be seen. A similar effect was noticed when the model was
yawed; at 25' incidence and 3O yaw, the core on the trailing-wing side was
visible for about three-root-chord lengths downstream of the trailing edge,
while on the leading-wing the visible length had shortened to about one-half
of a root-chord. The condensation trail appeared to "bell-out" before
disappearing - as though the core was becoming more diffuse, This suggests
that the geometry of the rolling-up process varies, only certain conditions
giving a concentrated core of very low pressure. This phenomenon also
confirmed that the positilzn of the vortex sheets was perfectly steady.

The development of the vortex sheets can be seen in the photographs

of Figs.18, 19, <and their effect on the -?$ing surface at various incidences
is shown by the oil flow patterns of Figs. 21, 22. It is basically the same
as that on a delta, as described by 7Teber' and Maskell', except that the
vortex sheet cores follow a curved path similar in shape to the leading edge.
A large photograph of the surface oil flow pattern at an incidence of 21.2
is reproduced in Fig.22 and the various features identified. Of the air
which flows close over the top of the vortex sheets, part is drawn down
towards the wing and flows downstre,un along the surface - giving the region
(A) in Fig.22; air which flows closer to the vortex sheets is drawn into
them. The dividing line on the upper surface of the wing between the two
flows is an "attachment line" as defined by Maskel18. Outside this line,"
the surface streamlines are curved - region (B) in Fig.22, the position of
the m,aximum spanwise velocity showing as a point of inflection of the
streamlines. (One normally identifies this inflection with the peak suction,
but this has not been checked here.) JLzsurements show that a normal from
* These considerati3n.s do not, of co-urse, apply to the immediate
neighbourhood of the trailing edge which itself is another separation line.

-5-
 the wing surface at this point of inflection intersects the core of the
vortex sheet, the effect of wing thickness probably keeping the core
further away from the wing centre line as compared with a flat plate wing.
It also mecans that the peak suction line is al$?ays inboard of the vortex
sheet cores on a wing with thickness. X secondary separation occurs out-
board of the peak suction line - region (C) in Fig.22, leaving a region
in which the total head is usually found to be low, between there and the
leading edge. &o vorticity was apparent in this region in the smoke tests,
but a weak inf'lm towards the secondary separation line was evident in the
surface oil flow suggesting a slow rotation of the low-energy air there
in a direction opposite to that of the leading edge vortex sheet, consis-
tent with the theory of Maskell8. The movement with incidence of the
point of inflection line, attachment line ,anJ the secondary separation
line is plotted in Figs.6 and 7.

Above the upper surface of the wing, outboard of the attachment

lines, there is a strong ou.tflo*z caused by each leading-edge vortex sheet,
while below the lower surface the flow is approximately chordwise in
direction. This causes a vorticity distribution in the free sheet leaving
the trailing edge whicn is opposite in sign to that of the leading edge
vortex sheet. The vortex sheet from the trailing edge then deforms in an
unusualmanner, and rolls up to form a small coil of opposite sign adjacent
to the coil of normal sign from each leading-edge sheet. As the sheets
move downstream, the pair at each tip rotate about each other in the
direction of the leading-edge vortex sheet. This process can be seen in
tht: photographs of Figs.43, 19.

Then the wing was yawed, the cross-section shape of the vortex sheet
on the leading wing became oval jtith a poorly defined core, while the
vortex sheet on the trailing wing became more circular in section with a
well defined core. In addition, the regions of the wing upper szface
affected by the vortex sheets changed, the suctions induced by them
acting over a greater area on the leading wing. As this suction acts on
a sideways sloping surface, a positive yaw results in a positive rolling
moment and a negative side force.

4 Overall forces and moments

4.1 Correction of bal~ance measurements

Because of the uncertainty of what corrections should be applied to

allow for tunnel interference effects on wings of low as ect ratio with
separated flow, two similar models - of wing areas 16 ft 3 and 4 ft2 -
were tested at the same Reynolds' Number over an incidence range of
OO-l&o0, with the aim of deducing an empirical correction m&hod from the
results.

The corrections for interference effects were applied in the

following order:-

(i) A correction to incidence to allow for bomdary ccnstraint

and induced curvature of flow (lift effects).

(ii) Arising from (i), the measured coefficients were resolved

relative to the corrected mind direction.

(iii) 411 coefficients were corrected for the effects of solid

blockage and make blockage, the wake blockage correction being adjusted
until agreement was reached between the results for both models.

-6-
 To correct for the effect of boundary constraint, the measured
incidence was increased by an amount, AE , calculated from
A(X = ha SCL

the value of h, being found from Ref. 9, with an addition of 0.00585z to

allow for induced curvature of flon as suggested by Catchelor in Ref.10.
For a delta wing of aspect ratio 1.0, the Whe obtained by this method
agrees with that obtained using the expression for h., given by &cum in
Ref.ll:-

hx = A, + k2 co + x3 [tan f+ - +mAJ

but for the Gothic shape it is difficult to estimate realistic values of

the 1/&-chord and 3/4 chord angles of sweep, J., and A,.

As the effect of boundary constraint is to increase the effective

incidence by Aa, the lift and drag coefficients C$, and Ch measured
perpendicular and parallel to the direction of the undisturbed flow
( i.e. the tunnel axis), must be corrected to give components GE and C$
relative to the effective wind direction.
Resolution of the measured coefficients relative to this effective
wind direction gives:-

CL cos Aa - ci, sinAu.-rrCi - C,!, .Aa

%”
C? = CA cos Aa t- CL sin AcrcCA + C' .Aa
D L

The term C'D.Aa cannot be neglected, as is often the case, as at

high incidences the lift and drag coefficients are of the same order of
magnitude.
The lift curves for the ?WOmodels, corrected up to this stage, are
plotted in ii'ig.8; also shown is the uncorrected lift curve for the larger
model. It appears that the correction for lift effect is satisfactory, as
the results agree up to a CL of 1.0, but after there the curves diverge,
the ultimate difference in C being about 0.2. It has been assuned
Ltnax
that this divergence is solely due to the effect of wake blockage and this
view is supported by the fact that CD rises more steeply above a CL of
E about 1.0.

To correct for blockage, the coefficients already corrected for lift

effects were multiplied by (1 - 2s ),E being the sm of the solid blockage
(usually small) and wake blockage factors E
I and E 2 respectively, and
is defined by:-

vT = v. (I t&)
where 'T = speed in tunnel with model present

v. = speed in tunnel without model..

The solid and wake blockage corrections were calculated from the
following expressions, given in Ref.f2.

-7-
 Solid blockage factor E, = G I 1
\

Wake blockage factor

C~%3.kes
s2= 4c

where w = model volume

c = working section cross-section area

G= factor depending on tunnel proportions

Vork done by Maskel$j on flow with separations, suggests that the
w,ake drag coefficient is given by an expression of the form
2
/ -- kcL
+F
'D~~;?_ke= \"Do ' 'Dri 'D - 'Do KA >
2 (
where F = a factor depending on the nature of the wake
k = a drag-due-to-lift factor

For the results in this report, k has bee3 calculated from the mean
slope of the 0.2 < CL < 1.0 region of the CD/CL curve (uncorrected for
blockage) for each model, and a value of P found which gave agreement
between the two model tests. By this method, it is found that the C
4nax -
values agree if a value of 6 is used for the factor F. The fully
corrected values are shown as plotted points in Fig.8.

Comparison of the corrected and uncorrected results in Fig.8, shows

that even for a normal size model the correction is comparatively large.
(The model wing area of 16 ft2 is approximately 1/7th of the cross-section
area of the working section). Thus care must be taken when the results in
this report are compared with other test s where an adequate correction may
not have been applied.

4.2 Scale effect

Lift, drag and pitching moment coefficients measured at various
Reynolds' MLanbers between 2.3 x 'IO6 and 8.6 x 106 are presented in Table I.
Apart from small differences in the drag coefficient at low incidences,
the results are unaffected by Reynolds' Mmber. This is presmably
because its major effect of modifying separation conditions is absent,
the flow separations being fixed at the sharp edges of the wing.

4.3 D-iscussion of results

Yhere possible, charncteristics of the Gothic wing tested are
compared with results for similar wings given by Yeber in Kef.1. However,
this report only contains resl-ilts on sharp-edged flat plate wings and
finite thickness wings with round leading edges, so the results are not
strictly comparable. Also, there are probably some differences in
corrections for tunnel interference effects.

The lift and pitching moment coefficients are plotted in Fig.9, and
it can be seen that the Gotnic wing curves lie between those of a delta,
and a taper-ratio 0.5 cropped-delta of the same aspect ratio. The maximm
lift coefficient of the Gothic wing is, however, higher than both, showing
an increase of 0.3 over the delta. The non-linear lift only builds up

-3-
 0012 SECTION

(a) ROUND L.E. REF.4.

I.2

I.0

CL

04

O-6

0*4

02

FLAT PLATE MODELS.

0
IO0 2Q0 30' o(. 4o" !

0)) SHARP L.E. REF. I. FlC.13.

FIG. I (as b) LIFT CHARACTERISTICS OF
ASPECT RATIO I-0 WINGS WITH UNSWEPT
TRAILING EDGES.
 (iii) Using aspect ratio as the criterion, the Gothic wing had
better lift 2,nd drag characteristics than a delta wing. Putting this
another way, the lift and drag characteristics of a delta wing could be
obtained by a Gothic wing of lower aspect ratio; results suggest that the
ratio span/root chord is a possible correlating factor.

(iv> Tunnel interference corrections were large, even though the

model was of average size. Thus existing data, to which adequate correct-
ions may not have been applied, becomes suspect.

Future iTor!< includes tests on a delta wing of aspect ratio 1.0 with
a 123 biconvex root section, and diamond-shaped cross-sections; also two
flat plate models of the Gothic and delta wing planforms. It is hoped
that from these tests, the separate effects of planform shape and thick-
ness distribution will be determined.

LIST OF SYNE5OIS

x9 Y, = rectangular body co-ordinates, x chordwise from apex,

y spantise

cO wing root chord

44 local semi-span
b wing span
maximum thickness of centre line aerofoil section

angle of incidence

angle of ya\y, positive to starboard

mgle of sideslip (= -$ )
overall lift coefficient

overall drag coefficient

overall pitching moment coefficient, referred to aerodynamic
mean chord, taken about mean quarter chord

CO rolling moment coefficient, positive starboard wing down

t
C ya:G.ng moment coefficient about quarter chord point, positive
N to starboard

c side force coefficient, positive to starboard

Y

CT tangential force coefficient

-r
% yDo
K drag factor
CL2/ nA '
2
K' mean slope of near-linear part of corrected 'D/CL curve

k mean slope of near-linear part of uncorrected c urve

-1 o-
 LIST OF SYMl33IiS (contd. )

-% per radian
% dP

nV -dcN per radian

dP

per radian
YV

C$ CI; measured lift and drag coefficients relative to tunnel axis,

uncorrected for blockage
c;, c;; lift and drag coefficients resolved perpendicular and
parallel to effective wind direction, uncorrected for
blockage

h, 9 $9 xf, factors depending on tunnel proportions

theoretical linear lift coefficient

'Llin

CT. experimental value of lift coefficient.

REFEREKCES
No
-* Author Title, etc.

I Weber, J, Some effects of flow separation on slender delta

wings. R.A.E. Tech. Note Aero.2425,
A.%& 18073. Nov. 1955.
2 Peckham, D. H. The geometry of wing surfaces generated by straight
lines and with a high rate of thickness taper at
the root,
C.F. 383. my 1957.
3 Voepel, H. Tests on wings of small aspect ratio. Ed. F.N. Kirk
R.A.E. Library Trans. 276. Oct. IVLB.
4 Gdaliahu, W A summary of the results of some German model
tests on wings of small aspect ratio.
. A.R.C. 9638. March 194-6.
5 Newby, K.W. The effects of taper on the supervelocities on
three-dimensional wings at zero incidence.
R, & 14. 3032. June 1955.
6 Maltby. R. L. Low speed flow studies of the vortex patterns
ad above inclined slender bodies using a new smoke
Peckham, D. H. technique.
A.R.C. 19,541. Nov. 1956. Addetium, March 1957.
7 Mangler, K, v!. A theory of separation from the curved leading
ard edge of a slender wing. (To be published)
Smith, J. H. B.

-ll-
-.No Author Title, etc.
8 Maskell, E. C. Flow separation in three dimensions.
A.R.C. 18,063. Nov. 1955.
9 Glauert, H. Wind tunnel interference on wings bodies and
airscrews, R. & 12. "r566. 1933.
10 Batchelor, G. K, The interference of wings bodies and air-screws
in a closed tunnel of octagonal section.
Australia C.S.I.R. Rept ?1.19,
A.&C. ‘7491. Oct. 1943.
11 Acum, -fi/. 3. A. Corrections for symmetrical swept and tapered
wings in rectarqqlar wind tunnels,
A.R.C. 14155. 1951.
12 Thompson, J. S, Present methods of applying blockage corrections
in a closed rectangular high speed tunnel,
A.R.C. -IA,385. Jm. 1948.
13 Maskell, E. C. A theory of wind tunnel blockage effects on
stalled flows, (To be published as R.A.B. Report)

-12-
 Coefficients of overall lift, drag and pitching moment at zero yaw

I-V= 152 ft/sec R = 4.3 x lo6 i

a CL
-- --
0.100.003 0.0057 -0.0004
2.22 0.053 0.0089 -0.0022
0.117 0.0120 -0.0082
t;; 0.187 0.0244 -0.0115
8154 0.266 -0.0226
I7J = 102 ft/sec. R = 2.9 x IO6
IO.65 0.349
0.0405
0.0630 -0.0307
a cL 12.86 0,441 0.0933 -0.0405
14.99 0.541 0.1330 -0.0511
0.10 0.002 0.0056 -0.0007 17.16 0.636 0.1792 -0.0625
2.16 0.049 0.0091 -0.001 p 19.30 0.745 0.2376 -0.0752
0.113 0.0149 -0.0079 21.43 0.850 0.3044 -0.0878
k3’k 0.183 0.0246 -0.0151 23.61 0.963 0.3849 -0.1009
8145 0.260 0.0410 -0.0223 25.84 I.073 0.4748 -0.1168
IO.59 0.345 0.0619 -0.0310
12.71 0.435 0.0916 -0. o&l 0
14. 83 0,532 0.1295 -0.0514
17.01 0.633 0.1761 -0.G628
19.14 0.732 0.2314 -0.0745
21.28 0.841 0.2966 -0.0872 a CL
23.47 0.953 0.3753 -0.10ol
25.56 1.060 0.4619 -0.1121 0.15 0.003 0.0062 0.0005
27.66 1.142 0.5437 -0.11go 2.22 0.055 0.0085 -0.0029
29.76 1.221 0.6339 -0.1296 4.35 0.119 0.0141 -0.0087
31.86 I.301 0.7450 -0.1438 6.4-4 0.190 o.oa-2 -0.Ol53
33.83 1.353 0.8428 -0.1540 8.60 0.270 0.0407 -0.0233
35.88 1.390 0.9296 -0.1601 10.75 0.355 0.0634 -0.0318
12.92 0.449 0.0950 -0.0419
15.15 0.548 0.1355 -0.0530
17.38 0.652 0.184.7 -0.0651
19.57 0.759 0.24.44 -0.0778
21.82 0.872 0.3169
I =
IV 81 ft/sec. R = 2.3 X IO6

r-r
j a i 'L i 'D 1 %? 1
37.90 1.408 1.012 -0.1648 1V = 303ft/sec. R = 8.6 X IO6
39.92 1.387 1.083 -0.1723
41.86 1.372 1.153 -0.1ooy
43.89 1.319 1.184 -0.1952
0.15 0.004
2.22 0.054
4.36 0.123
6.45 0.193
8.65 0.276
10.87 0.367

-13-
Coefficients of overall side force, rolling mOm&2t and yawing moment

I
a = 00 V= 202 ft/sw. R = 5.7 x IO6
I

cD c '
M
--
5.0 -0. 001 0.0060 0.0008
2.5 0 0.0057 0.0007
0 0 0.0056 0.0004
- 2.5 0 0.0057 0.0006
- 5.0 -0.001 0.0059 0.0006
-10.0 -0.001 0.0062 0.0008
-15.0 -0,002 0.0063 0. 0009
t

I a = 4.34O v = 202 ft/sw. ii = 5.7 x IO6 1

-10.0 0.114 ) 0.0137

-15.0 0.110 IO.0135

V= 202 ft/sec. R = 5.7 x IO6 I

T , I
P ( P c
cL "D “M Y
t i
0.269 0.0407 -0.0231 0. 0340
0.269 0.0409 -0.0238 O.OG24
0.269 0.0409 -0.0240 0.0005
0,269 0. OLcog -0.0238 -0.0042
0.268 0. 0409 -0.0232 -0.0025
0.267 0.0405 -0.0205 -0.0061 I
0.260 0.0382 -0.0165 -0. 01 02
i I-

i
(X = 12.71" V = 152 ft/sec. R = Lb. 3 x 1 O6 i
I
I 6 'D '
c
M
c T I c,‘0 C
N
Y

-0.0400 0.0103 -0.0211 t 0.0044

t -0.0408 0.0055 -0.0106 0.0027
-0.0410 0.0008 0.0004 0.0005
-0.0410 -0.0040 0.011 I -0.0015
-0.0398 -0.0086 0.0215 -0.0033
-0.0344 -0.0173 0.0396 -0.0071
-0.0256 -0.0247 0.0528 -0.0090
L

-14-
 TARIB II (Contd.)
-I_

I
0.01g1
a = 17.01" v= 102 ft/sec. R= 2.9 x IO6 I
C
cD 54 V I %

0.622
0.622
0.630
o. 629
0.621
a 596
0.572
0.1744
0.1762
0.1768
0.1763
0.1736
0.1666
0.1571
-0.0579
-0.0602
-0.0628
-0.0638
-0.0577
-0.0489
, -0.0374
---l--
-0.0088
-0.0181
-0.0335
-0,03ll
0.0098 -0.0168
0.0005 -0.0018
0.0129
0.0282
0.0487
0.0074
0.0041
0.0002
-0.0037
-0.0070
-0.0131
-0.0479 ] o. 0675 -0.ol7-7

I a = 21.28' v= 102 ft/sec. R= 2.9 x IO6

P 5, cD
C
M
t- 5.0 0.120 0.2913 -0.0811 0.0122
’ 2.5 0.832 0.2958 -0.0844 0.0063
0 0.837 0.2979 -0.0868 0.0016 0.0005 0, oool
- 2.5 0.327 0.2937 -0.0826 -0.0139 0.0181 -0.0058
4 5.0 0.819 o. 2906 -0.0803 -0.0279 0.0343 -0.0116
-10.0 0.779 0.2771 -0.0700 -0.0516 0.0584 -0.0201
I-15.0 0.725 0.251+4 -0.0520 -0.0733 0.0731 -0.0251

a = 25.57’ VS 102 fk/sec. R= 2.9 x IO6

P
5.0
cL
1.028
cD
0.4504
T cM
-0.1op1
.csr
0.0419 -0.0392 0.0164
2.5 I.034 0.4528 -0.1076 0.0207 -0.0182 0.0081
0 1.056 0.4621 t -0.1121 0.0005 0.0012 -0.0004
-. 2.5 1.036 0.4532 -0. logo -0.0201 0.0203 -0.0083
- 5.0 1.023 0.4473 -0.1081 -0.0413 0.0408 -0. 0165
-10.0 0.971 0.4234 -0.0960 -0.0776 o.o694 -0.0275
--l5.0 0. a59 0.3745 -0.0719 -0.0988, I 0.0726 -0.0279
i
L L

I-
I a# = 29.76' v= 102 ft/sec. R= 2.9 x IO 6 I
8
-5.0 1.204 0.0534 -0.0416
2.5 1.222 0.0257 -0.0183
0 1.213 -0.0016 0. 0014
- 2.5 1.221 -0.0277 0.0217
- 5.0 1.202 -0.0549 0.0442
-10.0 I.136 -0.1037 0.0765
-15.0 CL 963 0.5120, -0.1046 -0.1206 0.0727
!-
 TA.B~ II (Contd. )

--
Ia = 33.83O V= 102 ft/sec. R = 2.9 X d
c
L
’
cD c,+I
cy/ 35 j % /
1.336 0.8312 -0.1480 0.0631 4.0396 0.0794 -
I. 344 0.8357 -0.1455 0.0311 -0.0210 o. O-I06
1.344 0.8353 -0.1432 -0.003 i 0.0020 -0.0011
1.343 0.8336 -0.1445 -0.0366 0.0242 -0.0122
1.334 0.8298 -0.j512 -CO677 0,0416 -0.0195

a = 37.90° V= 81 ft/sec. Ii= 2.3 x IO6

I

I-P 5.0
2.5
0
1.375
1.394
1.401
0.9863
1.0032
I.0087
-0.1528
-0.1616
-0.1592
0.0715
0.0346
-0.0053
-0.03lj6
-0.Ol94
O.OOl7
I 0.0170
0.0094
-0.0013
-2.5 1.403 1.0100 -0.1636 i -0.0429 0.0237 -0.0099
-5.0 I.375 0.9884 -0.1641 ! -0.0806 0.0412 -0.0176

-I&

V.T.2078.C.P.505.Y3 - Printed in England

 0012 SECTION

(a) ROUND L.E. REF.4.

I.2

I.0

CL

04

O-6

0*4

02

FLAT PLATE MODELS.

0
IO0 2Q0 30' o(. 4o" !

0)) SHARP L.E. REF. I. FlC.13.

FIG. I (as b) LIFT CHARACTERISTICS OF
ASPECT RATIO I-0 WINGS WITH UNSWEPT
TRAILING EDGES.
 Co=72 IN.

FIG.2. WING GEOMETRY. A=bO

FIG. 3. FORCE AND MOMENT AXES.

- BODY AXES.
“it3
 .. ’
,

..
; . .
V ,

o-4

o-3
8
a

0.2

0.1

0
o-4

FIG.4. SIDE ELEVATION OF VORTEX

CORE PATH.
 0.6 x 098 I*0

\a - +
I

o-7

04
0 IO” 20° 30” o( 40’ 50°

I I I 1

0 0.2 o-4 cl O-6

A

FIGS. PLAN VIEW OF VORTEX CORE PATH.

3 (X) = LOCAL SEMI-SPAN.
 l*Cb-

\
0-e I-

0-Z;-

20” d 30’

FIG.60 SPANWISE POSITION OF THE

POINT OF INFLECTION.

40”

FIG.7. POSITION OF THE SECONDARY

SEPARATION (a) & THE ATTACHMENT LINE (b)
 _-
I

CORRECTED FOR LIFT

EFFECTS ONLY :-
-.- WING AREA 16FT’.
------- WING ARKA 4 FT’.
I

CL

I’
UNCORRECTED

0,

0116 -
CORRECTED FOR LIFT
EFFECTS AND BLOCKAGE:-
Q WIN4 AREA 16 FT2.
+ WING AREA 4 FT’.
0

20’ 3o” d 40” 50”

FIG.8. EFFECT OF BLOCKAGE ON OVERALL

LIFT COEFFICIENT OF A=I-0 GOTHIC
WING IN 131x9’ TUNNEL.
WORKING SECTION C.S.A.-Ill*4 FT?
 i- LINEAR THEORY-

0
0 IO” 15” 20” & 25” 30” 35”

0
0

-0-05

CM

-o* IO

-0.15

-0.20
FIG .9. EFFECT OF LEADING EDGE PLANFORM
SHAPE ON LIFT AND PITCHING MOMENT OF
WINGS OF ASPECT RATIO I-0 WITH STRAIGHT
TRAI Ll NG EDGES.
 O-8

04

CD

0“

0.2

0
0

2-C

CD- CD0

C: /nA

6
CL .

..
vFl/5Ec. Rxld6
0 102 2.9
a I52 4.3
X 202 5-7
+ 303 a=6

0 0.1 0-Z 0*3 0.4 0.5 O-6 o-7

CL

FIG. IO. DRAG CHARACTERISTICS OF GOTHIC

WING COMPARED WITH DELTA. A=l-0.
 EFFECT OF
NON- LI NEAI? LI FT.

K=

I FINITE THICKNESS
I
---
FROM CD = CLa! =tk d
--- FROM c, = C+x hnd
0 @ EXPERIMENTAL - 13’X 3’

0
0 O-6 C, O-8

FlG.ll. REDUCTION OF DRAG FACTOR DUE

TO EFFECTS VORTEX SHEETS.

o-05

CT

-o*os
0 0.2 o-4 O-6 0.8 C, I.0 :
&
c

FIG.12, TANGENTIAL FORCE DUE TO SUCTION

ON FORWARD FACING SURFACE.
 ‘0.05-A

l O*lO J
-IS” -IO’ (3 -5O 0 5”

FIG.13. VARIATION OF .SIDE FORCE

COEFFICIENT WITH SIDESLIP.
-15” -IO0 (3 -5” 0 so

-x 4:

b 4r
.0.05
.
.

-0.10
0 43

m
” 7

h4
J
- 0.20

FIG.14. VARIATION OF PITCHING MOMENT

COEFFICIENT WITH SIDESLIP.
cWIND AXES-ABOUT MEAN $ CHORD LINE)
 4*34
B-53

21.28
25 57
29 -76

FIG.150 VARIATION
A-CL-I-m-. .B . . ..w..
OF ROLLING
-.--a. .-
MOMENT
. .
LUtl-I-ILltN I WI I H SIDkSLIP (WIND AXES)

FIG.16. VARIATION OF YAWING MOMENT

COEFFICIENT WITH SIDESLIP,
( WIND AXES - ABOUT MEAN &-- CHORD POINT)
 O-6

-0.6
0 0.2 0*4 0.6 c, O-8 1-O I-2

FIG. 17. LATERAL DERIVATIVES p, d,,, n,.

, ” II
 -_-

C.P. No. 5088‘~_

(19,632)
A.R.C. Technical Report .$
.-
!

0 Crown Copyright 1940

Published by
HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE
To be purchased from
York House, Kingsway, London w.c.2
423 Oxford Street, London w.1
13~ Castle Street, Edinburgh 2
109 St. Mary Street, Cardiff
39 King Street, Manchester 2
Tower Lane, Bristol 1
’ 2 Edmund Street, Birmingham 3
80 Chichester Street, Belfast 1
or through any bookseller

Printed in England

S.O. Code No. 23-9012-8 j

C.P. No. 508 ._

f