ME 6604- Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mechanical Engineering 2015-2016

ME 6604 – GAS DYNAMICS AND JET PROPULSION

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS & ANSWERS – APRIL/MAY 2015
PART – A
1. What is meant by gas dynamics?
Gas dynamics deals with the study of motion of gases and its effects.
2. Define Mach number.
Mach number is an index of the ratio between inertia force and elastic force. It is also defined as the ratio of
the fluid velocity to the sound velocity.
3. What is meant by stagnation pressure?
Stagnation pressure is the pressure of the gas when it is isentropicaly decelerated to zero velocity at zero
( ⁄ )
elevation. ( )
4. What is ‘Fanno flow’?
Flow in a constant area duct with friction and without heat transfer is known as Fanno flow.
5. What is oblique shock?
When the shock wave is inclined at an angle to the flow, it is called oblique shock.
6. What is Prandtl-Meyer relation?
It gives the relationship between the gas velocities before and after the normal shock and the critical velocity
of sound. c c = a*2
x y M* M* = 1
x y

7. Define propulsive efficiency.

It is defined as the ratio between propulsive power to the power output.
8. What is the type of compressor used in turbojet?
Rotary compressor and axial flow compressor.
9. What is monopropellant?
A liquid propellant which contains both the fuel and oxidizer in a single chemical is known as
monopropellant.
10. Classify rocket engines.
Based on propellants used:
(i) Solid propellant rockets, (ii) Liquid propellant rockets & (iii) Hybrid propellant rockets
Based on Applications:
Chemical rockets, (ii) Solar rockets, (iii) Nuclear rockets & (iv) Electrical rocket

PART – B
11. (a) An air craft at a velocity of 700 kmph in an atmosphere where the pressure is 75kpa and
temperature is 5C. Calculate the Mach number and stagnation properties.

Given Data:

Find:
Solution:
(i) The Mach Number (
√
(ii) Stagnation properties
At Inlet, from Isentropic Table at

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ME 6604- Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mechanical Engineering 2015-2016

OR
11. (b) Air expands isentropically through the convergent nozzle from constant inlet conditions Po=4 bar,
To=550K. Exit area of nozzle is 1000 cm2. Determine the exit properties and mass flow rate for
following two cases at exit.(i) M2=1, (ii) M2=0.85.

Given Data:
Find: ̇
Solution:
(i) M2=1
(a) Exit properties
From Isentropic Table at

√ 429.3 m/s
(b) Mass flow rate
From the Continuity Equation, ̇
̇ ̇ ̇

12. (a) The stagnation temperature of air raised from 85C to 376C in a heat exchanger. If the
inlet Mach number is 0.4, Determine the final Mach number and percentage drop in
pressure.
Given Data:
Find:
Solution:
(i) Final Mach number
From Rayleigh Flow Gas Table at

( ) ( )
( )
( )

From Rayleigh Flow Gas Table at ( )

(ii) % drop in static pressure

12. (b) Air at Po=11 bar, To = 420K enters at 45mm diameter pipe at a Mach number of 3 and the
friction co-efficient for the pipe surface is 0.001. If the Mach number at exit is 0.8. Determine
(i) Mass flow rate (ii) Length of the pipe.

Given Data:
̅
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Find: ̇
Solution:
(i) Mass flow rate
At Inlet, from Isentropic Gas Table at

From the Continuity Equation ̇

̇ ̇
̇ √
̇
√ ̇

(ii) Length of the pipe

From Fanno Flow Gas Table at
( )

From Fanno Flow Gas Table at

( )

Length of the pipe

We know that
̅ ̅ ̅
( ) ( )

̅
̅ L = 5.05 m

(ii) M2=0.85
(a) Exit properties
From Isentropic Table at

√ 373.56 m/s
(b) Mass flow rate
From the Continuity Equation, ̇
̇ ̇ ̇

13. (a) A jet of air at 270 K and 0.7 bar has an initial Mach number of 1.9. If it passes through
a normal shockwave, determine the following for downstream of the shock: (i) Mach
number, (ii) Pressure, (iii) Temperature, (iii) Speed of sound, (iv) Jet velocity and (v) Density.

Given Data:

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Find: ( ( ( ( (
Solution:
(i) Mach number, (ii) pressure, and (iii) temperature of gas for downstream
At Inlet, From Normal shocks Gas Table at

(iv) Speed of sound

√ √
(v) Jet velocity

(vi) Density

OR
13. (b) A gas at a pressure of 340 mbar, temperature of 355 K and entry Mach number of 1.4 is expanded
isentropically to 140 mbar. Calculate the following: (i) Deflection angle, (ii) Final Mach number and
(iii) Final temperature of the gas. Take  = 1.3.

Given Data:

Find: ( ( ( ( (
Solution:
(ii) Final Mach number
At Inlet, From Isentropic Gas Table at

At Exit ,

From Isentropic Gas Table at

(iii) Final temperature of the gas

(i) Deflection angle,

From Prantle-Meyer function table at
(
From Prantle-Meyer function table at
(
Deflection angle ( (

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14. (a) Explain with neat sketches the principle of operation of (i) Turbofan engine and (ii)
Turbojet engine.
(i) Turbofan engine

The air passing through the fan is divided into two steams i.e., primary air & secondary air. Primary air
goes through the engine consisting of the compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and the exhaust nozzle.
The secondary air relatively at lower pressure passes through the duct around the turbo fan engine and
expands in the angular fan nozzle. Thus the thrust is developed by the by pass air issuing as a cold jet at
lower velocity.
The primary air is compressed by the compressor and then it goes to the combustion chamber.
Complete combustion takes place in the combustion chamber and then the hot gas leaves the fan nozzle with
high velocity. The total thrust developed by the engine is the sum of thrust produced by the primary air &
secondary air. This total thrust is used to propel the aircraft. The ratio of mass flow rate of cold air
(secondary) and the hot air (primary) is known as by pass ratio.
(ii) Turbojet engine

This engine consists of inlet diffuser, mechanical compressor, combustion chamber, mechanical
turbine and an exhaust nozzle or tail pipe. The function of the inlet diffuser is to convert the kinetic energy
of the entering air into a static pressure rise. The function of the nozzle is to convert the pressure energy of
the hot gases coming out from the combustion chamber into the kinetic energy.
Ambient air from the atmosphere enters into the diffuser. It converts the velocity energy of the entering
air into pressure energy. Then the air enters through the mechanical compressor in which the air is further
compressed. The high pressure air flows into the combustion chamber in which the fuel is injected by a
suitable injector and complete combustion takes place at constant pressure. The high temperature and high
pressure gases are entered into the turbine, where they expand partially to provide drive power for the
turbine.
Since the turbine is directly connected to the compressor the generated power by the turbine is wholly
used to drive the compressor, fuel pump and other auxiliary devices. The exhaust hot gases from the turbine
expand further in the nozzle (pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy). Hence hot gases are coming
out from the exhaust nozzle with very high velocity. Due to this, a reaction of thrust is produced in the
opposite direction which propels the aircraft. Since the turbojet engine is employed in high speed aircrafts
the static pressure rise through the inlet diffuser is significant.
OR
14. (b) An aircraft propeller flies at a speed of 440 kmph. The diameter of the propeller is 4.1 m
and the speed ration is 0.8. The ambient conditions of air at the flight altitude are T = 255 K

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and P = 0.55 bar. Find the following: (i) Thrust, (ii) Thrust power and (iii) Propulsive
efficiency.
Solution:

( ) (
̇
( ) ( )

̇ ̇ ̇ Since mass flow rate of fuel is not given, ̇ ̇

̇ ( ) (

15. (a) List the main components of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine and explain.
Components of liquid propellant rocket engine:
(i) Liquid fuel tank, (ii) Liquid Oxygen tank, (iii) Pump, (iv) Control valves, (v) Preheater, (vi) Injector, (vii)
Combustion chamber, (viii) Nozzle

Two types: (1) Gas pressure feed system, (2) Pump feed system
GAS PRESSURE FEED SYSTEM:
 In this system, pressurized gas which is
chemically inert is used to push the propellant
from the storage tank in to the combustion
chamber.
 The propellants under high pressure are
forced to flow in to the thrust chamber
through valves, feed lines and injectors.
 Several regulating and check valves used for
filling, draining and checking the flow of
propellants.
 Cooling jacket is surrounded the thrust
chamber to increase its life.
 This system is much simpler and there are no
moving parts such as pumps and turbines.
 Since pressurization tank is heavier this
system is not suitable for high thrust engines.

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TUBO PUMP FEED SYSTEM:

 In this there are two separate tanks for fuel
and oxidizer.
 Pumps are used for delivering the propellants
from the tank in to the combustion chamber.
 Here both the fuel & oxidized pumps are
driven by a turbine.
 In some cases, small amount of hot gases are
trapped out from the combustion chamber in
order to drive the turbine.
 It is not easy to design the system because it
requires gas turbine, gas chamber
arrangement and the pumps.
 It should resist corrosion because many
propellants are highly reactive.
OR
15. (b) A rocket engine has the following data:
Effective jet velocity = 1200 m/s
Flight to jet speed ration = 0.82
Oxidizer flow rate = 3.4 kg/s
Fuel flow rate = 1.2 kg/s
Heat of reaction per kg of the exhaust gases = 2520 kJ/kg
Calculate the following: (i) Thrust, (ii) Specific impulse, (iii) Propulsive efficiency,
(iv) Thermal efficiency and (v) Overall efficiency.

Given Data: Cj = 1200 m/s σ = 0.82 ̇ ̇ CV = 2520 kJ/kg

Find: (i) F (ii) Isp (iii) ηp (iv) ηt (v) ηo

Solution:
(i) Thrust (F)

̇ ̇ ̇
u = 984 m/s
̇ = 5520 N
(ii) Specific impulse (Isp)

̇ ̇
(iii) Propulsive efficiency (ηp)

(iv) Thermal efficiency (ηt)

(v) Overall efficiency (ηo)

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