Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bambang Wahjuprajitno
Dept. of Anesthesiology & Reanimation
Faculty of Medicine - Univ. of Airlangga
ICU - Dr. Soetomo General Hospital
Surabaya - INDONESIA
E-mail: wprano@yahoo.com
Healthcare-associated Infection
Mengapa ICU?
(Infeksi Nosokomial)
• Meskipun dapat terjadi di tempat perawatan mana • Laju infeksi nosokomial di RS di US: 5 - 10%
saja di RS, tetapi HAI erat kaitannya dengan: • Jumlah TT di ICU hanya < 5% jumlah TT di RS
• Penggunaan alat-alat kedokteran (invasif ) • 20 - 25% IN terjadi di ICU
• Penyulit-penyulit prosedur pembedahan • Pasien di ICU kemungkinan mendapat infeksi nosokomial
5 - 10 kali dibanding bangsal lain
• Transmissi antar pasien dan petugas pelayanan kesehatan
• Konsumsi antibiotik total di ICU sekitar 10 kali lebih
• Penggunaan antibiotika yang berlebihan dibanding bangsal
• Meningkatnya insidens infeksi MDRO (MRSA, KPC,
acinetobacter baumanii, CDAD!)
7
ICU 8
Jones. Chest 2001;119:397S–404S
Weinstein. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4:416–420
Widmer AF. Int Care Med 1994;20 Suppl4:S7-11
Pasien-pasien di ICU berbeda Device-associated nosocomial infections
dengan pasien lain di 55 ICUs di 8 negara berkembang
• Tempat pasien paling sakit (Dx multipel, multi-organ National Nosocomial surveillance system, 500,000 pts
failure, immunocompromised, septik dan trauma)
• Terikat di bed, dengan tingkat ketergantungan tinggi
• Letak berdekatan satu sama lain
• Malnutrisi
• Banyak prosedur invasif
• Kesadaran (GCS) turun
• Diabetes dan payah jantung
• Penggunaan antibiotika yang Device-associated: ET, NGT, kateter, drain dll
tinggi
9 10 Rosenthal VD. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:582
Catheter-associated
IV catheters
bloodstream infection
& fluids
(CA-BSI)
Ventilator-associated
Ventilators
pneumonia (VAP)
13 14
?
• Emboli udara
S
• Transfusi darah inkompatibel “Prevention of nosocomial infection is
J
• Ulcus decubitus stadium III dan IV
P
primarily a matter of monitoring and
improving human practices, not killing
B
• Jatuh dan trauma selama di RS germs more completely or buying
• Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (UTI) better equipment and supplies”
• Vascular catheter–associated infection RW Haley
Treatment of
underlying Education policy
Immunization
Environmental
Sanitation
Disinfection
Pengendalian infeksi
Handwashing
Isolation
Disinfection
19 20
Solusi khusus di ICU
Infeksi lokal
CR-BSI
n !
VAP • Insidens 10-20% pd pasien yang mendapat
ventilasi mekanis > 48 jam
h a
Ventilator-Associated
eg a
• Mortalitas ICU meningkat (2-4 kali) 20-70%
c
Pneumonia • ICU LOS meningkat (5-9 hari)
n
Pe
• Biaya RS meningkat (tambahan biaya > US$10,000-
$40,000)
30
Patogenesis VAP
Medikasi yg mengganggu Peralatan invasif dgn biofilm Antibiotika Faktor host
Ventilator Bundle
pengosongan gaster dan pH (ET tube, NG tube) sebelumnya (immunosuppressi, burns)
Mortalitas
31 32
Tindakan-tindakan pengendalian
infeksi yang berguna
• Infeksi luka operasi
• Tehnik pembedahan yang baik
SSI • Waktu pembedahan lebih pendek
• Tanpa pencukuran rambut pra bedah
Surgical Site Infection • Obati infeksi lain pra bedah
• Kendalikan gula darah
• Hindari kontaminasi lapangan pembedahan
• Hindari shock dan kehilangan darah berat
• Beri antibiotik profilaksis dalam waktu ½ hour sebelum pembedahan
34
14/369 8
0
0-14 15-29 30-44 45-59 60-74 75-120
Timing of Abx (minutes before incision)
35 Classen, et al. N Engl J Med. 1992;328:281 36 Weber WP, Ann Surgery, June 2008
Prevention of SSIs
Pre-operative Shaving/Hair Removal Temperature Control
8 20
Razor Shaving immediately before
Depilatory Shaving ≤ 24 hours before
No hair removal Shaving >24 hours before
6 15
SSI Rate (%)
2 5
0 0
Method of hair removal Timing of hair removal
37 Seropian. Am J Surg. 1971; 121: 251 38 Kurz et al. NEJM 1996; 334:1209
Prevention of SSIs
Tubes, Lines, and Drains
Glycemic Control
8
6.8
“Medical literature does not support the
Infection, %
%
6
Sternal Infection,
2 1.7
1.4
0
100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 300
Day 1 Glucose (mg %)
Advisory Statement:
Recommendations for the Use of Intravenous Antibiotic
Prophylaxis in Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty
39 Zerr. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 63:356 40 American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS)
SSI Bundle Safe Surgery Saves Lives
41 42
Maternal mortality rates in the First and Second Clinic at the Lying-in Women’s Hospital,
Vienna, before and after hand hygiene in chlorinated lime had been introduced in May, 1847
45
Nurse 52% 1
47 48
Pittet D et al. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:126
Terima kasih atas perhatiannya
49