iuld,Sk isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ YlH;d iy iSud ms<sn`o úfYaI wjOdkhlska hq;= j úl,am

isxy, wlaIr rEmdj,shla ieliSu

iuka tï' ldßhlrjk)

y¾IKS ,shkwdrÉÑ ))
Y%S ,xld inr.uqj úYajúoHd,h
fn,syq,aTh

ixialD;Ska w;r iycSjkh we;sùug wka;¾ ikaksfõokh w;HjYH fõ' ta i`oyd jvd
ld¾hlaIu f,i Ndú; jk moaO;sh jkqfha NdIdjhs' úúO ixialD;Ska úúO NdId ks¾udKh
fldg we;s ksid ixialD;sl iycSjkh i`oyd NdId bf.k .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' NdIdjla
bf.k .ekSfï oS tys wlaIr rEmdj,sh ksjeros j oek .ekSu uQ,sl wjYH;djla j mj;S' hï
NdIdjl wlaIr rEmdj,sh ir, yd ksrjq,a ùu;a ta ms<sn`o mq`M,a tl`.;djla mej;Su;a tu
NdIdj Ndú;h myiq lrhs' lvodis uqøK ;dlaIKh j¾Okh ùu;a iu`. isxy, wlaIr
rEmdj,sh fndfyda fihska fjkia jQ w;r m%dÖk yd m%;sÖk ;;aiu Yío rpkh i`oyd WÑ;
mßos wo th fndfyda fihska kùlrKh ù we;' tfyhska mß.Kl wdY%fhka NdIdj Ndú;
lsÍu j¾Okh ù we;s fï wjêfha oS wlaIr rEmdj,sh ;=< isÿúh hq;= ;d¾lsl fjkialï
ljf¾ oehs y`ÿkdf.k Ndú; lsÍug fhdackd lsÍu fï m¾fhaIKfha wruqKhs' ±kg mj;akd
lsisÿ isxy, fydaähl ;d¾lsl mokulska hq;=j wlaIr rEm we;=,;a fldg fkd ;sîu fuys
m¾fhaIK .eg`Mj fõ' fuys m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh jkqfha isxy, fydaäh ms<sn`o isß.=kisxy"
wcs;a ;s,lfiak wdoSka úiska lrkq ,en we;s úpdr mokï fldg f.k ±kg mj;akd fydaä
yd wlaIr rEmdj,s ish,a, úYaf,aIKhg ,la lsÍuhs' ñY% isxy, fydaäh" cd;sl wOHdmk
wdh;kfha fydaäh yd fca'î'osidkdhl fydaäh hk wlaIr rEmdj,Ska NdIK iudchg myiq
jk wdldrhg iu;sl%uKh lsrSu;a tu kj rEmdj,sh idOdrkSlrKh i`oyd lreKq oelaùu;a
fuys m¾fhaIK ld¾hh fõ' .%ka: yd ,sms jeks uqøs; uQ,dY% o wka;¾cd,.; úoHq;a uQ,dY% o
úoaj;=kaf.ka ,nd.;a úúO f;dr;=re o m¾fhaIK uQ,dY% f,i Ndú; flßK'fidaIsh¾ yd
msh¾ia jeks ix{d¾:fõoSka NdIdj úIfhyS iïmdos; oeKqu fuys kHdhsl moku f,i Ndú;
fõ' uQ,sl j u NdIdj hkq ys;=jlaldÍ ix{d moaO;shls' th imqrdu ixial D;sl jk w;r
iajNdúl fkd jkafkah hk uQ,sl ms<s.ekSu u; fï m¾fhaIKh mokï fõ' oekg mj;akd
ish¨ isxy, ;;aiu yd ;;aNj mo ksjeros j ,súh yels jk wdldrhg yd bf,lafg%dksl
Ndú;fha oS b;d myiq jk wdldrhg ilia ilia l< isxy, wlaIr rEmdj,sh my; oelafjk
wlaIr rEm j,ska hqla; fõ' ^iajr&( w" wd" we" wE" b" B" W!" t" tA"Ta" ^ms,s ixfla;&( d" e" E" s "
S " q " Q " f " a ! "H " % " ` ^jHxck&( l"L ".">" x" p" P" c" CO" {" g" G" v" V" ;":" o" O" k"m"
M" n" N"u" h" r"," j" I" i" y" *" #'

m%uqL mo ( wlaIr rEmdj,sh" isxy, fydaäh" isxy, NdIdj" NdIKh" l:kh

1
ye`Èkaùu

§¾>ld,Sk mßKduhla iys; udkj YsIagdpdrh i;= wka;¾ wkdjrKhla f,i udkj NdIdj
ie,lsh yels h' tlS udkj NdIdj ukqIHhdf.a is;sú,s" wjYH;d" p¾hd iy meje;au wfkld
lrd ikaksfõokh lrjk tfiau th ld,fhka Tíng f.dia ixrlaIKh lrjk fuj,u
njg m;a ù we;' f,dalfha l%shd;aul uÜgfï udkj NdId iïNdrhla ;snqK o lÓ;
iy ,sÅ; oaú;aj jHjydrh iys; idys;Hhsl iïm%odkhka o iys; NdIdjka iq,N fkdfõ'

NdIdj iukaú; jkafka wlaIr" jpk" jdlHdxY" jdlH yd fhÿï we;=<;a Ndú;hka úYd,
m%udKhlsks' isxy, NdIdfõ m%Njh yd mßKduh ms<sn`oj wOHhkh l< mS'B'mS'm%kdkaÿ" ä'weï
o bIeâ úl%uisxy wd§ mqfrda.dó m¾fhaIlfhda tlS iïNdjH Ys,d f,aLk weiqßka ;yjqre
lsÍu fujka wOHhkj, ckm%sh iy iïNdjkSh m%fõYh hs' isxy, wlaIr iïNjhg uq,a jQ
mQ¾j n%yaó wlaIr ud,dj f,dalfha mqrdK; u wlaIr m%j¾.h njg ms<s.ekSug fndfyda
úh;=ka ±la jQ Wkkaÿj ta ms<sn`o m, l< u; /ila f.kyer olajñka nkaÿfiak .=Kfialr
fmkajd fohs^.=Kfialr 1996(23&' ta wkqj f,aLk b;sydihla idlaIH iys;j idOkh l<
yels isxy, NdIdj fun`ÿ m¾fhaIKj, § lemS fmfkk f,i Ndú; l< yels
Wreuhka .nvd lr .;a tlls'

fufia Ys,d f,aLk" jxYl;d iu`. l%ñlj fjkia fjñka u ixj¾Okh o w;alr.;a isxy,
NdIdj Ys,d f,aLkfhka ;,am;g o ;,am;ska lvodis uQ,sl m%ldYkj,g o msúfiñka b;d
§¾> iïmQ¾K lr we;' tys kQ;k b;sydih ;=< wjqreÿ 450l hg;a úcs; iuh u.ska o odhdo
l< uqøKd, ;dlaIKh iy .%ka: m%ldYk ixialD;sh b;d jeo.;a fldg ie,lsh yels fjhs'
l%s' mq 2-3 ishjiaj,g wh;a f,i ie,flk fldiaij.u lkao" lsßkao" ;siaiuydrdu
m%foaYj,ska wkdjß; fikr;a mrKú;dkf.a w¾:l:k u.ska ia:djr jqKq Ys,df,aLk fy<s
lrk isxy, NdIdfõ m%drïNl iajrEmfha isg jir 2500lg jeä ld,hla f.jñka wOH;kh
olajd jk ld, mßÉfPaoh wmf.a m¾fhaIK m;%sldfõ ;¾lkj,g wh;a È.= f¾Çh b;sydih
f,i fmkajdÈh hq;= h' tlS §¾> ld, mßÉfPaoh ;=< isxy, NdIdj lÓ; iy ,sÅ;
fkdfyd;a NdIKh iy f,aLkh hk fohxYfhka mD:q, fjkialï w;am;a lrf.k we;af;a
iudc ixialD;sl mßKduhg o iudka;rj .uka lrñks' ta ld,h ;=< isxy, NdId Ndú;hg
úúO kj wlaIr" oyia .Kka kj jpk" úúO újdodmkak u;jdo NdIl iudch u;
n,mj;ajk rdcH m%;sm;a;s" NdId m¾fhaIK" l=vd lKavdhï fyda flaj, mqoa.,hkaf.a kj
fhdackd iys; ueÈy;aùï jeks NdId wdprKhka fuka u tlS ni u.ska ks¾ñ;
úia;D; ,sÅ; w,sÅ; idys;Hhla o cks; ù we;s nj fmkajd §ug mq¨jk'

;dlaIKsl wjYH;d" m%ldYk Ys,am l%u iy ikaksfõok fuj,ï u.ska isxy, NdIdfõ
iuld,Sk jHjydrh wkjr; wNsfhda.hlg fhduq flÍ we;' tfia u isxy, NdIl iudch
iuld,Sk NdId wdprK .%yKh lr .kakd wdldrh u; th kj mrïmrdjlg b.ekaùu
tfia odhdo lsÍug .; hq;= m%h;akh iy úúO iudcSh n,mEï yuqfõ isxy, NdIdfõ
ÑriaÓ;sh iy wdhqI ms<sn`o ixl:kh o u;=msgg meñK we;' tn`ÿ ixjdoj, tla
wkdjrKhla f,i wOH;k ñY% isxy, fydaäh" tys ixprK iy jHqyh" kj wlaIr" bj;a l<
hq;= wlaIr" tla l< hq;= kj ixfla; iy ms,a,ï fuka u cd;Hka;r fydaä iu. ish
meje;au ;yjqre lr .ekSu jeks fËa;% újdohg ;=vq foñka u f,aLlhka" m¾fhaIlhka"
úoaj;a fPalhka fj;ska wjOdkh ,nkq fmkS hhs' tu iuia: ixl:kh ;lafiare lsÍfï §
isxy, j¾K ud,dfõ wlaIr m%udKh iy jHqyh m%Odk f;audjla j we;' fuu m¾fhaIK
m;%sldfõ flakaøSh wruqK jkafka hf:dala; f,i újdodmkakj we;s iuld,Sk ñY% isxy,
j¾Kud,djg" th uqyqK fok mq¿,a ixlS¾K;dj,g Tfrd;a;= Èh yelsjk mßÈ úl,am isxy,
wlaIr rEmdj,shla fhdackd lr isàuhs'

idys;H úu¾Yk

2
ukqIH YsIagdpdrfha úYsIag; u wkdjrKhka w;r NdIdjg ysñjkafka woaú;Sh ia:dkhls'
lsishï NdIl iudchl idudcslhkaf.a is;ï = me;=ï" od¾Yksl woyia" l,d;aul m%ldYk
fuka u ffoksl wjYH;d o tlsfkld w;r ikaksfõokh lsÍug fuka u th ld,fhka
Tíng ixrlaIKh fldg mj;ajdf.k hdug o fulS NdIdj bjy,a fõ' isxy, NdIl iudch
i;= woH;k fmdaIs; ,sÅ; jHjydrfha iy lÓ; jHjydrfha w;S;h ms<sn`o m¾fhaIK l<
fndfyda úoaj;=kaf.a u;h jkafka tlS jljdkqj l%s' mQ' 3jk ishji olajd Èjhk njhs
^n,.,af,a 2004 1992" .=Kfialr 1996" talkdhl 2000" fldamrfyajd 2013&' jd.afõ§kaf.a
uQ,sl;ajfhka m, flreKq isxy, NdIdfõ iudrïNh ms<sn`o hf:dala; u;jdoj, mQ¾k
talñ;shla ±lsh fkdyels jqj o iuia:d¾:h f,i Tjqka my; ±lafjk ks.ukhg t<fUkq
±lsh yels h'

—isxy, wlaIr n%yaóh wlaIr Ndú;fhka wdrïN ù Y;j¾I oyhl muK ld,hla ;=<
wkql%ufhka fjkia ù W;a;r yd olaIsK Ndr;Sh wlaIr ud,djkaf.a wNdih we;sj j¾;udk
iajrEmhg meñKs nj ±kg ms<s.ekqKq u;h hs˜^.=Kfialr 1996( 28&'

ta wkqj mqrdk wkqrdOmqr hq.fha isg isxy, NdIdfõ mßKduh ;yjqre flfrk §¾> Ys,d
f,aLk idlaIH iuqodhla fuka u §mjxYh" uydjxYh" pQ,jxYh m%uqL jxYl;d iïNdrhla o
±lsh yels h' tlS uQ,dY%hkag wu;rj wkqrdOmqr wjêfha isg fmdf<dkakre oUfoKs hkd §
jYfhka rdcOdks foda,khg iumd; fjñks' ta ta ld, mßÉfPaoh úiska ksIamdÈ; m%n, iy
úia;D; idys;HlD;s /ila u.ska o hf:dala; mßKdu idOlh idlaId;a lr we;'

NdIl iudchg ish NdIdj jeo.;a jkafka yqfola u woyia yqjudrejg muKla hehs is ;Su ±ä
W!ks; u;jdohls' bka Tíng f.dia tfoi neÆ m¾fhaIlhkaf.a m%Odk u;jdoh kï mqoa.,
NdIdfõ iSudj hkq Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a Ñka;k mßÈh o i,l=Kq flfrk m%mxphla nj hs'
fulS woyi uQ,sl jYfhka u kQ;k NdId ixl:kh fj;g /f.k wdfõ úisfjks
Y;j¾Ifha m<fjks oYlfha § *¾äkekaä ä fidaIsh¾ kï jHqyjd§ jd.aúoHd{hd úiska nj
fndfyda úg ms<s.ekqKls' tys Ñka;ku h md¾Yjh mq¿,a wjldIhl uqodyßk fkdaïia
fpdaõials" f,kdâ íÆï*S,aâ wd§kaf.a u;jdo fu;ek § ;shqKq idlÉPdjg n`ÿka ù
we;^n,.,af,a 1995&' fï wkqj mqoa., Ñka;kh ilia flfrk uQ,sl fuj,u jQ NdIdj
fojkqj tlS mqoa., iudcfha ixialD;sh o ilia lrkq ,nhs' NdIdj iy mqoa., iudcfha
ixialD;sl uqyqKqjr ms<sn`o mqfrda.dó m¾fhaIKhla lrk fla' tka' ´' O¾uodi i;a;aj
NdIdfjka ukqYH NdIdj fjkiajk wdldrh o tlS ukqIH NdIdj ukqIH Ñka;kh yd
ixialD;sh ;SrKh ùug ;SrKd;aulj n,mj;ajk wdldrh o mq¿,a f,i idlÉPd lr
we;^O¾uodi 1999& tfia u NdIdj yd mqoa.,hd ms<sn`o iy iïNkaOfha § NdIdj ;=< wvx.=
moaO;sl iajrEmh ixfla; moaO;shla f,i ie,lSu" tlS NdId ixfla; rEÎlD; f,i ie,lSu"
YíÈu-mÈu moaO;sh iy jHdlrK moaO;shlska hqla; ùu we;=¨ NdId wdprKj, wvx.= rgd
iuqodh o fï ms<sn`o isxy, NdIdfjka mqfrda.dó f,aLk iïmdokh fndfyda fokd fmdÿfõ
fmkajd § we;^lreKd;s,l 1989" n,.,af,a 1995" O¾uodi 1996&'

È.=l,la ;siafia ;d¾lsl f,i ixj¾Okh w;am;a lr.;a l%shdldÍ idys;Hhsl idlaIH
iïNdrhlska ix.Dys; isxy, NdIdj who;kh jk úg újdodmkak ixl:k /ilg uqyqK
foñka isà' isxy, wlaIr ud,dj fyj;a fydaäh ms<sn`o idlÉPdj wlaIr úkHdifha iy mo
fn§fï talu;sh ms<sn`o idlÉPdj mß.Kl ;dlaIKh m%uqL fldg.;a uqøK ;dlaIKsl
m%jK;dj,g uqyqK§u ms<sn`o idlÉPdj fï w;r m%uqL;ajhg m;a ù we;' tlS ixjdoj, §
kef.k tla woyila kï cd;Hka;r NdId iy tajdfha p¾hd" Ys,amO¾u ms<sn`o
iú{dksl;ajhla iys;j ;dlaIKsl wjYH;d iu. iumd; l< yels jk fia isxy, NdIdj
kùlrKh lr fkd.;fyd;a isxy, NdIdfõ wkd.;h iy Ñria;dhS meje;au ksiel
w¾nqOhla lrd .uka lrk njhs' tfia u fu;ek§ u fy<s l< hq;= ;j;a ;;ajhla kï fï
ms<sn`o m%n, ueÈy;aùï lrñka ksIaÑ; ;SrK .; hq;= isxy, NdIdfõ kQ;k wjÈfha fPalhka
f,i ie,flk úoaj;=kaf.a u;jdoj, mj;sk nrm;, mriamrh hs' kso¾Ykhla f,i iïu;

3
isxy, jd¾;dfõ isg cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska 1989 § ilia l< isxy, f,aLk Í;sh"
2000 iyY%lh iu. Woafhda.fhka lr,shg meñKs cd;Hka;r fydaä ixjdoh jeks m%uqL
idlÉPdj, isxy, fydaäfha wlaIr iy ixfla; m%udKh" mo fn§u" k"K - ,"< fíoh"
ms,a,ï Ndú;h iy isxy, fydaäfha ksrjoH wkqms<sfj, jeks fËa;%j, hf:dala;
úiïuq;h s ;shqKqj ±lsh yels h' we;eïúg fulS ixjdo cd;Hkqrd.h iy NdId wkqrd.h
u.ska ;j;a ixlS¾K;ajhg fhduq flfrkq ±lsh yels h^fldamrfyajd 1999" 2008"2013&'
hf:dala; mq¿,a úixjdo ksid u ckudOH wjldIhl § isxy, NdIdfõ Ndú;h ;jÿrg;a
talñ;sfhka f;dr ùu ±lsh yels jQ .eg¨jls' tksid u isxy, NdIdfõ m%dudKsl
l%shdldßlhka fia ie,flk úoaj;=kaf.a uKav, u.ska ckudOH i`oyd lsishï iïu;hla
iys; NdId Í;s iy m%fhda. fhdackd lr isá wjia:d o ±lsh yels úh ^NdId iyY% wOHhk
m¾Ioh 2009&

isxy, NdIl iudcfha ffoksl lghq;= i`oyd fuka u idys;Hhsl m%ldYk" kS;s m%ldYk"
mßmd,k mk;a flgqïm;a" m%jD;a;s yd ckudOH flakaøSh m%ldYk wd§ b;d mq¿,a jmißhl
l%shdlsÍ f,i;a cSjmQ¾K f,i;a mßyrkhg .efkk isxy, NdIdj ffokslj iudcSh m%jk;d
yd .efgñka meje;au ms<sn`o ixl:khlg o fhduq ù we;s nj ±lsh yels h' fufia w;sYh
mq¿,a wvúhl m%jk;d yd p¾hd Ndú; lrk isxy, NdIdj újdodmkak f,i nyq oDIaál
m%fõY .ekSu tla w;lg úu;sh okjkakla o fkdfõ' isxy, NdIdj ta ms<sn`o fPalhkag
mukla fkdj th jHjydr lrk NdIl iudchg o wh;a jQjls' tneúka NdIl iudcfha
wjYH;d yd ixj¾Ok m%fõY" ckudOH wjldY u.ska ffokslj Tjqka u; uqod yefrk NdId
mqreÿ isxy, NdIdfõ meje;au iïnkaOj ;SrKd;aul ;;ajhls' tfia u mßfndack iudchla
njg ú;eka ù we;s iuld,Sk ,dxflah uyck wjldYh jvd .eUqre" ishqï f,i mßyrKh
l< hq;=" m%h;akfhka r`ojd.; hq;= fhÿï jdlH rgd" wlaIr úkHdi ks¾foaY" jHdlrK
fldkafoais woH;kfha wkjr; f,i Ndú;hg fkd.efkk Ñrka;k idys;Hh flakaø
fldg.;a jHjydr fkdbjikiq¨ ia:dkhlg m;aj ;sîu ;j;a m%n, mrdñ;shla w`.jhs'
th ,dxlsl iudchg muKla iqúfYaI fkdjQ ,snr,a Okjd§ w¾: l%uhl f.da,Sh uÜgfï
m%fõYhla o ork ;;ajhls' fuu miqìu flfrka Woa.; ù we;af;aa is xy, NdIdj jqj o
myiqfjka bf.kSu" myiqfjka mßyrkh lsÍu iy kùk;u NdId wdprK ksoyia
m%fõYhlska l=,oaod.kakdiq¨ ;;ajhla m%lg lrhs' tlS ;;ajh jd.afõ§ka fyda fPlhka fyda
m%sh fkdl< yels jqj o NdIl iudcfha ksYaÑ; wjYH;djla neúka fkd;ld yeßh
fkdyelal ls' iuld,Sk isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ YlH;d yd iSud w¾:l;kh lrñka hf:dala;
ixlS¾K;dj,g m%;spdr olajkiq¨ õl,am wlaIr ud,djla fuu m;%sldj u.ska y`ÿkajd §u
wruqKla lr.kafka o hg lS NdIl iudcfha m%n, wjYH;dj hs'

úl,am wlaIr ud,djla ms<sn`o ixjdoh ;rula È.= b;sydihla fuka u ixjdo yd m%;dpdrj,ska
ys`. fkdjqKq tfh;a lsishï z yqfol,d igkla Z o y`.jk ixl:k uKavmhls' 20jeks
ishjfia fojeks w¾Ofha isg fulS wjYH;dj fjkqfjka fmkS isáñka iajlSh iuia; f,aLk
Èúh u z NdId fjkila ZWfoid lem l< wfhla f,i wcs;a ;s,lfiak y`ÿkajd osh yels h'
Tyqf.a NdId ueÈy;a ùu m%Odk fËa;% foll Èj hhs' tkï flál;dj" lúh" ;srkdglh
flakaø fldg.;a idys;Hhsl ueÈy;a ùï iy isxy, NdIdfõ kùlrKh m;d lrk ,o NdId
Ydia;% udÈy;a ùï kï ú,di follg wh;a f,aLk iïNdrh hs' 1960 m, l< z i;=frda Z
flál;d ix.%yfha isg flál;d ix.%y wgla" ldjH ix.%y ;=kla iy ;sr kdglhla Uyqf.a
idys;H iïm%odkh hgf;a ie,lsh yelsh' isxy, NdIdfõ kùlrKh iy ÑriaÓ;sh b,lal
fldg.;a f,aLk w;r z wog Tìk niZ^1997&" zNdId w¾nqOfha .uka u.Z^1998&" zkj f,aLk
Í;shZ^2002&" ziïm%odh yd kùlrKhZ^2008&" zkj isxy,h kj wl=reZ^2011&" zueÈ jyrZ^2015&
uQ,sl f,aLk f,i ie,lsh yels h'

wcs;a ;s,lfiak fulS f,aLk iïm%odkh Tyq úiska wkqo;a k"K ,"< fíoh fkdi,lk
uQ¾Oc zIZ ldrfhka f;dr ms,s iurEmlrKh lrk ,o NdId Ndú;hla u.ska rpkd ù we;'

4
oYl lSmhl isg Tyqf.a ueÈy;a ùu ;rul yqfol,d igkla ù we;af;a tni wkqhñka
f,aLkfha fhfokakka w;r ckl uyfn,a,k" chisß w,j;a; wd§ lsysm fofkl= isàu
muKla fkdfõ' Tyqf.a m%dudKsl iy idOkSh fhdackd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
wd§ ;SrKd;aul NdId n,flakaø u.ska fkdi,ld yeÍu o fï w;r we;' ;s,lfiakf.a m%uqL
fhdackdjla jkafka isxy, NdIdfõ f,aLkh iy NdIKh fyj;a NdId oaùrEm;dj isxy,fha
m%.ukhg we;s tla ndOdjla f,i jgyd .ksñka hf:dla; NdId wdprK oaú;ajh uOHfha
iïuqL jk NdId ud;%djla hgf;a —ueÈjyr˜ jHjydrhg .ekSuhs' thg wu;rj fydaäfha
ixfYdaOk" wlaIr úkHdifha ixfYdaOk iy ms,a,ï Ndú;fha ixfYdaOk /ila Tyqf.a
fhdackd w;r we;' ;s,lfiakf.a kùldrl fhdackdj, idrh ±lsh yels mQ¾j.dó fcHaIaG
f,aLlhka lsym
s m,la u fuys § isysm;a l< hq;=j we;' .%ka: jHjydrfha ±ä úkh iy Í;s
u.ska fkdne`È NdIKhg nr jQ f,aLk jHjydrhla tf,i Ndú;hg wh w;r fikr;a
mrKú;dk hlalvqfõ m%{{drdu isß .=kisxy jeks mqfrda.dó f,aLlfhda fj;s'

WmkHdih

iuld,Sk isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ jHjydr .eg¨ /ila ±lsh yels w;r isxy, NdIdfõ ksrdl=,
Ndú;h iy f;dr;=re ;dlaIKsl wjYH;d u; mdol jqKq Ñria:dhS meje;au b,lal
fldg .;a ixfYdaOk w;HjYHj we;' tfia fkdjqKq l< isxy, NdIdj meje;au flfrka ;Sj%
w¾nqOhlg fhduq ùu j,ld,sh fkdyel' fuu ;;ajhg m%Yia; úi`ÿula fhdacs; úl,am isxy,
wlaIr rEmdj,sh u.ska bÈßm;a l< yels h'

m¾fhaIK .eg¨j

±kg mj;sk lsisÿ isxy, fydaähl wlaIr we;=,;a fldg we;af;a lskï ;d¾lsl mokulskao@
iuld,Sk isxy, NdId jHjydr u.ska tys iudcSh wjYH;d fkd;ld yefrkafka o@

l%ufõoh

isxy, fydaäh ms<sn`o wcs;a ;s,lfiak úiska lrkq ,en we;s úpdrh mokï fldg f.k ±kg
mj;akd fydaä yd wlaIr rEmdj,s ms<sn`o flfrk wka;¾.; úYaf,aIKhls' NdIK iudchg
myiq jk wdldrhg wlaIr rEmdj,sh ixialrKh lsrSu;a tu ixialrKhka idOdrkSlrKh
i`oyd lreKq oelsjSu;a fuys oS isoq flf¾' fï i`oyd m%d:ñl yd oaú;Sl jYfhka ix.Dys; ù
we;s .=Kd;aul o;a; Ndú; lsÍug wfmalaId lrk w;r ish¨ u uQ,dY%hka úu¾Yk igyka
u.ska ;yjqre lsÍug wfmalaId flf¾'

kHdhsl m%fõYh

NdIdj hkq ix{d tl;=jls' fidaIsh¾g wkqj NdId f,dalh iy ixl,am f,dalh w;r
in`o;dj fuka u ta fol øjH f,dalh w;r mj;ajk in`o;dj ys;=jlaldÍ tlls' fuu
zys;=jlaldÍZ ^arbitrary& hk mdßNdIslh fjkqfjka n,.,af,a úiska Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka
zw¾ms:d¾:lZ hk fhÿuhs^n,.,af,a 1995(1-12&' fidaIsh¾f.a m%lg NdId w¾:l:lh jkafka

5
NdIdj ix{dk moaO;shla ^A system of signs& fia ±lSu jk w;r tâjÜ iemsh¾^1921& th
ixfla; moaO;shla ^A system of symbols& fia olajk nj n,.,af,a ;jÿrg;a wjOdrKh
lrhs^tu(8&' tlS w¾:l:kh ;j;a j¾Okh lrk fyf;u NdIdjla hkq w¾ms:d¾:l jQ jdla
ixfla; moaO;shla ^A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols& f,i jgyd .kshs'
fuys § fidaIsh¾f.a uQ,sl jokla jk arbitrary hkafkka zys;=jlaldÍZ hk fhÿu ksmojk
w;r tu.ska NdIdjl w¾:j,g ;d¾lsl iïnkaOhla ke;s fmr,sldr w¾: ,nd fok nj
ms<s.kS' NdIKfha we;s Yío rEm ^sound images& f,aLk .; lsÍu msKsi Ndú; flfrk
wlaIr rEmdj,sh fydaäh f,iska ye`Èkaúh yels h' Yío ,shd olajk ixfla; moaO;sh jk
fuu wlaIr rEmdj,sh iy ;oa Yíodj,sh w;r tlg tfla iïnkaOhla ±lsh fkdyels h'
tfia jqj o wlaIr rEm iy Yío rEm w;r wdikak jYfhka fyda wkqrEm;djla ;sìh hq;= h'
±kg isxy, NdIdj ;=< tu wkqrEm;dj b;d wju uÜgul mj;S' t;ek § isÿjkafka w¾:h
lsishï uÜgulska ¥ria: ù úYajdih wvqùuls' fulS ¥ria:;dj fidaIßhdkq m%uqL u;h u.ska
lshfjk ys;=jlaldÍ w¾: iïnkaOh u.ska ;jÿrg;a ixlS¾K lrjhs'

tfia u NdIdfõ l%shd;aul jk ixfla; moaO;sh ia:djr fkdfjkia hula fkdùu o fuu
kHdhsl m%fõYh ;=< u idlÉPd l< hq;a;ls' NdId ixfla; iaÓ;sl fkdjk w;r tajd
ixialD;sl ixfla; f,i fmkS isàu ó<`. Úia;S¾K;djg fkdfyd;a újdohg mokï fõ'
NdIdj u.ska ixialD;sh B<`. mrïmrdj fj; msß kefuk w;r tu NdId iïfm%aIK
ld¾hfha § hf:dala; ixialD;sl ixfla; ìys fõ' we;eï úg ixialD;sl ixiam¾Ih ^cultural
contact& u.ska o fulS ;;ajh u w;sf¾l ixlS¾K;ajhlg fhduq flf¾' fuf,I l%shd;aul
jk ixialD;sl ixfla; nyq Ndú;hg iy ksrdl=, Ndú;hg meñKSu NdIdfõ cSj .=Khg
bjy,a fõ'

tys § ixfla; moaO;sh iy tajdfha w¾: jHdmdrh ;oa NdIl iudcfha id¾jm%;s.Dys;;dj
fyj;a fmdÿ tl`.;dj ,eìh hq;= h' tfia fkdjk úg tlS NdIdj;a NdIl iudch;a meje;au
ms<sn`o w¾nqohlg f.dÿre jk w;r NdIdfõ ÑriaÓ;sh wNsfhda.hlg ,la ùu je,elaúh
fkdyels nj fuu m;%sldfõ kHdhsl fhdackdjhs' isxy, NdIl iudcfha ld,Sk wjYH;d
iuld,Sk ñY% isxy, j¾Kud,dj u.ska iy iuld,Sk jHjydrh u.ska mr;rhla cks;
lr ;sfnk nj wmf.a ksÍlaIKh hs' tlS mr;rh m%dudKslj mshùug wcs;a ;s,lfiakf.a
NdId kùlrK fhdackd msßuisk nj;a th Ndú; lrkakdg myiqj Wod lrjk" iudcSh
wjYH;dj w;sl%ukh fkdlrk fhdaacs; úl,am wlaIr rEmdj,sh u.ska bgq flfrk nj;a
fuu kHdhsl m%fõYfha oaú;Sl wvúh hs'

6
m%;sM, iy idlÉPdj

isxy, fydaäh ( ixl,amSh w¾:l:kh

fydaäh kï jok u.ska u.ska wúfYaIfhka woyia flfrkafka lsishï NdIl iudchla u.ska
Ndú; lrk j¾K ud,dj fkdfydla wlaIr ud,djhs' tla w;lg th ;oa NdIl iudcfha Yío
ixLHd; uQ,dlaIr f,i o ye`Èkaúh yels h' isxy, NdIdj iïnkaOj m%drïNl f,aLk
idlIH wkdjrKh flfrk mqfrda.dó Ys,d f,aLk rpkdfjda mQ¾j n%yó wlaIr ud,dfõ isg
woH;kh olajd Y;j¾I úis folyudrla muK bl=;a ù we;' isxy, NdId b;sydifha merKs;
u hq.h f,I ú,shï .hs.¾ fuka u YíofldaI l¾;Djreka o i,ld we;af;a m%dlD; wjÈh hs'
tkï l%s' mQ' 3jk ishjfia isg l%s'j 4jk ishji olajd ld,mßÉfPah hs' fulS m%dlD; hq.fha
isxy, f,aLkh i`oyd fhdod.;a j¾Kud,dj §¾>dlaIr iy uym%dK wlaIrj,ska f;dr wlaIr
rEm 25lg iSud jQ m%dlD; ud,dj f,iska ye`Èkaúh yels w;r th wm NdIl iudch i;=
merKs; u fydaäh f,i ie,lSu ;d¾lsl nj n,.,af,af.a woyihs ^n,.,af,a 2004(17"18&'
t;eka isg uOH isxy, hq.h" kQ;k isxy, hq.h yryd isxy, fydaäfha isÿ jQ ft;sydisl l%u
úldih n,.,f,a ;jÿrg;a úia:dß; j fmkajd fohs^tu(17-52&'

fydaäfha l%u úldYh meyeÈ,s lrñka u ;oa hq. jljdkqqj, rÑ; .oH moH ksfhdackh
flfrk idys;H .%ks:dj,sh o kso¾Ykhg .ksñka isxy, j¾kud,dfõ wNsj¾Okh idlaId;a
lsÍug W;aiql ù we;' ta wkqj uOH isxy, hq.fha moH idys;H i`ohd wlaIr rEm 37l
j¾Kud,djla o tu hq.fha u .oH idys;H i`oyd wlaIr rEm 59lska hq;= fydaähla o Ndú; ù
we;^tu(24&' isxy, j¾Kud,d b;sydifha B<`. ikaêia:dkh jkafka iqm%lg iso;a i`.rd
fydaäh hs' th iajr Yío 10lska iy jHxck Yío 20lska hq;= wlaIr rEm 30lska iukaú;
wñY% isxy, fhdaäh hs'

joka lú fmd; iy fidaä mgqk wdÈh ful, Ndú; j¾K ud,dj, jHqyh ks¾udKd;aulj
olajd we;' isxy, fydaäh ms<sn`o ÿ¾,N f,aLkhla f,i fidaä mgqk yqjd olajk fla' ã'
mrKú;dk mqfrda.dó isxy, NdId ueÈy;alrejka jk fcaïia o w,aúia" ví' we*a .=Kj¾Ok"
tan%yï uekaÈia .=Kfialr hkd§kaf.a woyia o isxy,dlaIrhkaf.a ¥r iïNjh idOkh msKsi
f.k ths' tfia u kïfmd;" u.=,a ,l=K" .kfoú yE,a," joka lú fmd;" nqoaO .oHh"
ilialv" kdudYag Y;lh" kjr;akh iy jHdildrh hkd§ isxy, fydaäfha wOHhkh iy
mqyqKqj i`oyd rÑ; .%ka:dj,shla o f.kyer olaj hs^mrKú;dk 2000( 181-186&'

fulS idïm%odhsl isxy, j¾K ud,dj l%udkql+, j mdGYd,Sh Ndú;h i`oyd 18-19 ishjiaj, §
ilia flÍ we;' tn`ÿ mdGYd,hSh uq,a lD;s w;r 19jk ishjfia oú;Sh Nd.fhys rÑ;
fõr.u mqxÑ nKavdrf.a zmo kS;shZ merKs; u kso¾Ykh nj n,.,af,af.a woyi
hs^n,.,af,a 2004(31&' úisjk ishjfia isõjk oYlh olajd ckm%sh j mej;=fka ihsfudka o
is,ajdf.a fydaä fmd;hs' Tyq wlaIr 54lska hq;= ñY% isxy, fydaäy y`ÿkajd § we;' isxy,
fydaäfha wNsj¾Okfha § uekaÈia .=Kfialr^wlaIr rEm 60&" uqksodi l=udr;=x. ^wlaIr rEm
36&" ú,shï .hs.¾ ^wlaIr rEm 57&" isxy, Yío fldaIh ^wlaIr rEm 60&" m%dfhda.sl isxy,

7
YíofldaIh ^wlaIr rEm 40&" fca' î Èidkdhl^wlaIr rEm 60&" wxfl<s ueä,af,a Oïur;k
^wlaIr rEm 68&" wcs;a ;s,lfiak ^wlaIr rEm 59&" cd;Hka;r isxy, fydaäh ^wlaIr rEm 61&
hkd§ wjia:d mQ¾K;r j¾Kud,d hgf;a úfYaIfhka u;= l< hq;= h^tu(58-66&'

hf:dala; ish¨ j¾Kud,dj,g wu;rj 1989 § cd;sl wOHdmkdh;kh u.ska m< l<zisxy,
f,aLk Í;shZ u.ska m%ldYs; wlaIr 60lska hq;= ñY% isxy, j¾Kud,dj wm wjOdkh ,nhs'
ulaksido th rch u.ska iïu; fldg uq¨ Èjhsfkys u wOHdmksl moaO;sh i`oyd ks¾foaYs;
iïu; j¾K ud,dj jk neúks' wmf.a kùlrK fhdackd iy úl,am isxy, wlaIr rEmdj,sh
o ;¾lk f.dv k.d .kafka fulS ñY% isxy, j¾Kud,djg m%;spdr ±lùfï mokul isg h'

cd;sl wOHdmkdh;kh u.ska iïu; ñY% isxy, wlaIr ud,dj

w wd we wE b B W W! R RD Ì Ï

t ta ft T ´ T!-^18&

^w&x ^w&#-^2&

l L . > X `.

p P c ® Ø `c

g G v V K `v

; : o O k `o

m M n N u U

h r , j

Y I i y < * - ^40&

tl;=j 18 + 2 + 40 = 60

iuld,Sk ñY% isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ iy isxy, jHjydrfha YlH;d yd iSud

mQ¾jfhys o idlÉPd l< mßÈ 1989 isg rdcH ueÈy;a ùu u.ska fmdÿ iïu;h w;alr ÿka
iuld,Sk ñY% isxy, j¾Kud,dj ±kg isxy, NdIl iudch i;=j mj;akd flakaøSh wlaIr
ud,djhs' 1989ka miq Wod jQ hq.h hkq tla w;lg ckudOH i`oyd f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fuj,ï
nyq, j Ndú; flreKq jljdkqjls' tfia u m%dÑk - m%;SÖk NdId m%dudKsl;ajh iys;
úoaj;=kaf.a odhl;ajh iy jD;a;Sh Ndjh mqj;am;a l,dj we;=¿ uqøs; yd úoHq;a udOH
flfrka l%ñlj úfhda ùu werUqKq hq.h f,i ie,lSu o tla w;lg widOdrK
fkdfõ' ;j;a w;lska újD;a; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sj, n,mEfuka ckudOH flakaøSh jQ uyck
8
wjldYh f;dr;=re ;dlaIK yd mß.KldY%s; ikaksfõok fuj,ï u.ska msÍ .sh hq.hl
wdrïNh f,i o w¾:l:kh l< yels h' iuld,Sk uyck mßuKav,h^public sphere& ;=<
isxy, NdIdfõ iïNdjkSh kshuhka" iïm%odhka wdrlaId lsÍug wkqn, fok NdId
Ndõ;hlg jvd wkjr;fhka fjkiajk" kùlrKhg újD;a; jqKq" NdIdfõ oDV
m%;s;a;sj,ska ñ§ug leu;s iy jvjvd;a ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï NdId flakaøSh ikaksfõokhg
Ndú; lrk msßila u;= ùu o tf,i u jeo.;a jkakd jq ksÍlaIKhls'

wcs;a ;s,lfiakf.a È.=ld,Sk NdId kùlrK jHdmD;sh iu. fuu m¾fhaIKh iyfhda.S
mokulg meñfKkafka fulS m%fõIh ;=< h' tfia u isxy, NdIdj ,xld ¥m;g muKla
iSud ùu iy tlS ¥m;ajdiSka YS>% f,i f.da,ShlrK jHdmD;shlg wNsuqL ùu ksid isxy,
NdIdj wj.ukhlg" ckm%sh;djh ySk ùulg" hdj;ald,Sk fkdjqKq h,amskQ iajNdjhlg
meñKSu fuka u úYaj úoHd,hj, mjd isxy, NdId ye±Íï" NdId m¾fhaIK iy isxy, úfYaI
Wmdê wOHhkhg bÈßm;a ùï my< o¾Ylhlg meñKSu jeks p¾hd wmf.a wjOdkhg n`ÿka
úh' ulaksido isxy, NdIdfõ ÑriaÓ;shg fuka u kj f,dalh iu. m%dKj;a j iumd; ùug
o hf:dala; m%jK;d ±ä f,i ksfIaokd;aul n,mEula t,a, lrk neúks' ;s,lfiak
WoaOrKh lrk ueÈjyr iy fuu m¾fhaIKfhka fhdacs; úl,am wlaIr ud,dj hf:dala;
wNsfhda.j,g úi¾ckhla úh yelafla o tu moku u;u h'

isxy, NdId jHjydrfha wNsfhda. iy iSud

fuys oS wmf.a wjOdkh fhduqjkafka iuld,Sk isxy, NdIdj m%fhdackhg .kakd ish,q u
ixlS¾K m%fõYhka fj; h' jvd;a w¾nqOldÍ ù we;af;a o fuu fËa;%h hs' isxy, NdIl
iudcfha kQ;k u mrïmrdj wka;¾cd,h" mß.Kl wdYs%; fuj,ï" cx.u ÿrl:k flakaøSh
Èúhla f.jk w;r NdIdj jqj o wfkla ´kE u mßfndack ix{djl § mßÈ wju
m%h;akhlska iy ld¾hlaIu j mßyrKh lsÍug keUqre jQ mqrjeis lKavdhuls' mQ¾j <udúh
iq/l=ï uOHia:dkj, isg Wiia wOHdmkh olajd tlS m%jK;d n,mj;ajkq ±lsh yels h'
wlaIr úkHdih" mo fn§u" k K < , jHjydrh" Wla; wdLHd; mo iïnkaOh" ksrjq,a
jHla; f,aLkh" ksrjq,a ir, ksrjoH NdIKh" NdId jHjydrh" fmdaIKh úh hq;= Ñrka;k
iïm%odk" msre¿ b`.s jels wd§ jHjydr" ks¾udKd;aul iy rij;a jHjydr hkd § úia;D;
NdId jHjydr fËa;% ;=< § iuld,Sk NdIl iudch fmdÿfõ m%h;ak orkafka yels;dla ir,"
ye±Ífuka fyda wNHdifhka f;dr ,sys,a NdId m%;sm;a;shlg msúiSug h' jHdlrK{hkaf.a
jd.afõ§kaf.a fyda fpdaokdj,g n`ÿkajk hf:dala; p¾hd .¾ys; j m%;sfËam l< fkdyelafla
NdIdjla hkq fjkiajk Èjuka NdIl iudcfha idudcsl wjYH;dj msßuid,kakla úh hq;=
neúks'

tfia jqj o isxy, NdIdfõ w;S; jHjydr Okqh hkq isxy, ixialD;sh l%ñl j wkd.;hg
mjrd foñka meñKs ms<sfj,hs' NdIdfõ wvx.= ixialD;sl ixfla; fidaIßhdkq w¾:fhka
ys;=jlaldÍ ihiïnkaO;d we;s lrk neúka NdIdj iy ixialD;sh w;r in`o;dj kj mrmqr
Wkkaÿ fkdjQj o w;yeßh fkdyelals'

9
—isxy, NdIdj fkdokakd isxy, ixialD;sh fkdokS' ta ixialD;sh jgyd.kafka isxy, NdIdj
okafkls' isxy, ixialD;sh jgyd.;af;ls isxy, nfiys Yla;sh;a ikao¾Nh;a olskafka'
md,sfhka fyda bx.%Sisfhka nqÿ iuh W.;d jqj o isxy, ixialD;sh fkdy`ÿkhs' isxy, NdIdj
yd ixialD;sh w;r we;s talñ;sh fkdokS' Tjqyq isxy, NdIdfõ iajdó;ajh
fkd,nhs^úl%uisxy 1997(119&˜

úl%uisxy wjOdrKh lrk mßÈ ixialD;sh iy NdIdj w;r mj;akd in`o;dj fkdì`Èh
yelals' 21jk ishjfia NdIl iudcfha kQ;k u p¾hdj jQ l,S tys kQ;k u ixialD;sh
fkdjkafkao @' kuqÿ mß.Kl flakaøSh f;dr;=re ;dlaIK hq.hl isák Tjqkg isxy, NdId
jHjydrh iïnkaOj ks¾foaY iy fldkafoais oUfoks hq.fha ìysjqKq iso;a i`.rdj flakaø
lrf.k iïmdokh ùu úYd, mr;rhla we;s lrjhs' NdId kùlrKhla w;HjYH jkafka
fuu mr;rh u.ska isxy, NdIdj th Ndú; lrk NdIl iudcfha idudcslhkaf.ka
ffokslj ÿria; fjñka mj;sk ksid h'

ft;sydisl;ajh /l .ksñka kQ;k u hq.fha§ o kv;a;= lsÍug W;aidy .kakd isxy, NdId
jHjydrh fjkqjg kQ;k iudc wjYH;djkag iß,k NdId kùlrKhla fï jk úg isxy,
NdIl iudcfha nyq;rh wfmalaIdfjka isà' cSjudkj NdIdjla mej;Sug kï ksrka;rj
kùk;ajh je<`o .kakd ixialD;sh iu. NdIdj hdj;ald,Sk úh hq;= h' isxy, NdIdfõ lÓ;
jHjydrh idOkShj iudchg wkq.; j fjkia ùug ,la fõ' f,aLkfha § fuu ;;ajh
olakg fkdfõ' iso;a i`.rd jHdlrK isoaOdka; wo jk úg;a isxy, NdIdfõ jHdlrK Í;sh
hs' th fkdi,ld yeÍu NdIdfõ úkdih ,`.d lsÍula f,i i,l;s' fuu ;;ajh hgf;a isxy,
NdIdfõ oaùrEm;djh NdIdfõ ld¾hlaIu Ndú;hg ydks muqkqjd we;s nj fmfka' ir, NdId
Ndú;hla u.ska blauka ikaksfõok YlH;djla wfmalaId lrk kQ;k u mrïmrdj isxy,
NdIdfõ fuu oaùrEm;djh ksid f,aLkfhka bj;a ùug fm<fò' NdIdjla i;= Wiia; u
yelshdjka ks¾udKd;aul f,aLkh u.ska iudc.; l< yels h' jvd;a M,odhS j f,aLkfha
kshe,Sfï yelshdj Wodùug ixlS¾K jHdlrK Í;sj,ska f;dr ir, NdId Ndú;hl g
NdIdj ;=< bv ie,iS ;sìh hq;= h' Wla; wdLHd; iïnkaOh" wlaIr úkHdih" mo fn§ï" wd§
fldg we;s ish¨ Í;s ksjerosj yiqrejd .ksñka f,aLkfha fh§u jkdys fndfyda fjfyilr
lghq;a;ls' ksoyfia is;ú
s ,s" ye`.Sï" wdl,am bÈßm;a lsÍug NdIdj i;= yelshdjg tu.ska
ndOd meñfKa' isxy, NdIdj ;=< o tlS ÿ¾j,;djhg bv i,id we;af;a w;sIh ¥ria;
NdIdK jHjydrh iy f,aLk jHjydrh hs' kQ;k u ;dlaIKsl wjYH;djka iu. fõ.j;a
ikaksfõok YlH;d ióm lr .ekSu Wfoid isxy, NdIdfõ kùlrKhg kj NdId rgdjka
Ndú;fhka Wlyd .; hq;=j we;' ta Tiafia WÑ; u NdId jHjydrh iudc.; jkq we;'

iuld,Sk ñY% isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ iSud yd YlH;d

´kEu ÈhqKq NdIdjla i;=j ,sÅ; wlaIr rEm mj;S' isxy, NdIdj i;=j;a ishjia .Kkl isg
mßKduh fjñka mej; tk ,sÅ; wlaIr rEm mj;S' tfia u f,dal fha fndfyda NdIdjka i;=j
wlaIr rEm we;=<;a ksYaÑ; fydaähla mj;S' isxy, NdIdj i;=j ;ju;a fmdÿ tl`.;djhlska

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f.dvk.d .;a ksIaÑ; fydaähla fkdmj;S' j¾;udkh jk úg isxy, NdIdj wOHhkh i`oyd
fhdod .kq ,nk fydaäh 1989 § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska iïu; l< isxy, f,aLk
Í;sfhys we;=<;a wlaIr ud,djhs' tu wlaIr ud,dj isxy, NdIdj bf.kSu i`oyd
Ndú;hg .kq ,nk wlaIr ud,dj jqj o ta ms<sn`o fmdÿ tl`.;djla fkdmj;S' fkdfhla
úl,am wlaIrud,d fhdackd ùu;a ta iïnkaOj isÿúh hq;= úúO ixfYdaOk fhdackd;a i,ld
n,k l, Ndú;fha mj;sk fydaäh iïnkaOfhka jk .eg¨ ms<sn`o wjfndaOhla ,nd .;
yels h'

isxy, j¾Kud,dj ms<sn`oj fndfydauhla .eg¨ u;= ùu wdrïNjkafka

uqøK ;dlaIKh ,xldjg y`ÿkajd §u;a iu. h' uqøK lghq;= Wfoid isxy, wlaIr
fhdod .ekSfï § fndfyda fihska ie,ls,su;a ùug isÿ úh' wlaIrj, yevh" wlaIr m%udKh"
Yío ksrEmkhg wjYH;rï Yío ;sfí o hkaak ms<sn`oj .eg¨ fndfydauhla uqøK ;dlaIKh
iu. u;= úh' fï Wfoid ms<shï f,i NdId Ydia;%{fhda úúO wlaIrud,d y`ÿkajd §ug
lghq;= l<y' tfia mßKduh fjñka mej; wd isxy, wlaIr ud,dj kQ;k u mß.Kl hq.fha
§ mjd tl`.;djfhka iïu; lr .; fkdyels ùu NdIdfõ m%.ukhg ndOd f.k fokq we;'

Ndú;fha fkdmj;sk wlAIr rdYshla ;ju;a isxy, fydaäh ;=< mej;Su" tl u Yíoh iys;
wlaIr lSmhla mej;Su" wd§ m%Odk .eg¨ iy újdOhg n`ÿka jQ wlaIr we;=<;a lsÍï iy bj;a
lsÍï ms<sn`o tl`.;djla ;ju;a fkdmj;S' mß.Klfha mj;sk h;=re mqjre m%udKh fuka
fo.=Khlg;a wêl wlaIr m%udKhla isxy, NdIdj i;= h' tksid ;, folla hgf;a h;=re
mqjrejg wlaIr we;=<;a lsÍug isÿ ù we;' wlaIr m%udKfha wju ùu jvd ld¾hlaIuj
NdIdj yd .kqfokq lsÍug yelshdj i,i hs' Ndú;fha fkdmj;sk wlaIr bj;a lsÍu
u.ska ,efnk myiqj NdIdj Ndú;fha ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kxjhs' ±kg jHxck i`oyd
fhdod .kakd ms<s Ndú;h úúO iajrEm .kS' ta Wfoid iuremS;djh ms<sn`o fhdackd idOkShj
Ndú; l< yels h' mß.Klh myiqfjka lshjd .kakd wlaIr rEm Ndú;hla kQ;hg wjeis j
we;' ta u.ska myiqfjka wka;¾cd;sl NdId yd iumd;S j isxy, NdId Ndú;h hdj;ald,Sk
l< yels h' ld¾hlaIu Ndú;hlg fhduq l< yels h' NdIdfõ ÑriaÓ;sh Wfoid kùlrKh
iu. .kqfokq l< yels NdId m%fhda. Ndú;hg keUqre ùu wjYHj we;'

mßYS,s; uQ,dY%

1 .=Kfialr nkaÿfiak 1996" isxy, wlaIr iïNjh iy tys úldikh" fld<U" weia f.dvf.a
iy ifydaorfhda'
2 n,.,af,a úu,a cS 2004" isxy, NdIdOHhk ,sms 1" fld<U" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'

1995" NdId wOHhkh yd isxy, jHjydrh" fld<U" weia f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda'

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 1992" isxy, NdIdfõ iïNjh yd mßKduh" fld<U" weia f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda'

3 talkdhl mqxÑnKavd 2000" isxy, NdIdfõ mka;s moku" fld<U" weia f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda'
4 fldamrfyajd i`of.daó 2013" úisjk ishjfia isxy, NdId jHjydrh" fld<U" weia f.dvf.a
iy ifydaorfhda' ^fojeks uqøKh&

2008" NdId u;jdod;aul ,sms" fld<U" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'

5 O¾uodi fla tka ´ 1999" NdIdfõ iïNjh iy ixialD;sl uqyK q qjr" fld<U" weia f.dvf.a
iy ifydaorfhda'^fojeks uqøKh&
1996" NdIdj yd iudch" fld<U" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda' ^fojeks
uqøKh&
6 lreKd;s,l ví tia 1989" ft;sydisl jd.a úoHd m%fõYh" fld<U" weï ã .=Kfiak iy
iud.u'
7 NdId iyY% wOHhk m¾Ioh 2009" ckudOH i`oyd NdId w;afmd;'
8 mrKú;dk fla ã 2000" —isxy, fydaäh ms<sn`o ÿ¾,N f,aLkhla - fydaä mgqk˜" idys;Hh
úfYaI l,dmh ^ixia& cS tia î fiakdkdhl iy ã tï .=Kr;ak" fld<U" isxy, idys;H
wkquKav,h'
9 úl%uisxy ud¾áka 1997" jHjydr NdIdj yd mßKdu O¾uh" ud¾áka úl%uisxy Ndrldr
uKav,h" foysj," ;sir m%ldIlfhda'
10 ;s,lfiak wcs;a 1997" wog Tìk ni" fld<U" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"
1998" NdId w¾nqOfha .uka u." fld<U" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'
2002" kj f,aLk Í;sh" fld<U" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'
2008" iïm%odh iy kùlrKh" kqf.af.dv" iriú m%ldYk'
2011" kj isxy,h kj wl=re" fld<U" *diaÜ mí,sIska m%jÜ ,sñgâ'
2015" ueÈjyr" kqf.af.dv" iriú m%ldYk'

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