Answers

Marking Scheme (History and Civics)

1) Power of the Prussian State (1)
Or
i) Rice Cultivation ii) Rubber Plantation (0.5+0.5)
2) As Vernacular Newspapers became assertively nationalist, the colonial government began
debating measures of stringent control. (1)
Or
Charles Dickens (1)
4) Horizontal Power sharing (1)
8) (1X3)
(i) Some policy-makers were in favour of the French language as the medium of instruction
because according to them this would promote French culture in Vietnam.
(i) It would create an 'Asiatic France solidly tied to European France.
(ij) The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments and ideals, French
culture and work for the French.
(iv) Another group of thinkers opposed French being the only medium of instrucion.
(v) They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher
classes.
(vi) The few who learnt French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with French
citizenship
Or
(1X3)
Marianne was the female allegory who represented France. Her characteristics were drawn
from:
(i) Those of liberty and republic.
(ii) These were the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade
(iii) Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares
(iv) Her images were marked on coins and stamps of 1850
9) (1X3)
(i) Charles Dickens wrote about terrible effects of industrialisation on people's lives and
characters.
lii) His novel Hard Times' depicts a fictions industrial town as a grim full of machinery,
smoking chimneys and rivers polluted
(ii) Dickens criticized not just the greed for profit but also the ideas that reduced human
beings into simple instruments of production. In other words, he dwells on the sad conditions
of urban life under industrial capitalism
Or
(1X3)
(i) The rate of literacy was very low in Europe till the end of the 20th century. In order to
attract people towards books, the printers started printing popular ballads and folk tales with
lot of illustration.
(ii) Such books were recited at gatherings and it attracted listeners.
(iii) Thus, the oral culture was printed and printed material was orally transmitted. That's how
oral and reading culture intermingled
12) (1X3)
Yes, the above statement is true for India. All states in the Indian Union do not have identical
powers. Some states enjoy a special status. Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution.
Many provisions of the Indian constitution are not applicable to this state without the
permission of the state assembly. Indians who are not permanent residents of this state cannot
buy land or house here.
(i) Similar special provisions exist for Assam and the hill states of north east India
(iii) There are some units of Indian union which enjoy very little pover. These are areas
which are too small to become an independent state but which could not be merged with any
of the existing states. These areas, like Chandigarh, or Lakshadweep or the capital city of
Delhi, are called Union Territories. These territories do not have the powers of a state. The
central government has special powers in running these areas
13) (1X3)
Overlapping
1. Under this a social difference overlaps another difference
2. Under this people start feeling they belong to different communities
3. These create possibilities of deep socialdivisions.
4. For example, difference between blacks and white in USA is a overlapping difference
because blacks tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated.
Cross Cutting
1. Under this a social difference cross cut another difference
2. Under this the group can share common interest on one issue but are likely to be in
difference sides on different issue
3. These are easier accomodate
4. In Netherland class and religion tend to cut across each other as catholics and protestants
are about equally likely to be poor or rich
14) (1X3)
1. In most of the democracies a small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highlydisproportionate
share of wealth and incomes
2. The share of rich class is increasing whereas those who are at the bottom of the society
have very little to depend upon.
3. Even in India, the poor constitute a large proportion of our voters and no party will like to
lose their votes. Yet democratically elected governments do not appear to be as keen to
address the question of poverty as you would expect them to.
4. The situation is much worse in some other countries. In Bangladesh, more than half of its
population lives in poverty. People in several poor countries are now dependent on the rich
countries even for the food supplies.
19) (1X5)
(i) For the wealthy Londoners, there was the annual 'London Season' where elite groups
could enjoy several cultural events such as the opera and theatre.
(ii) Working classes too had their own means of entertainment. They used to meet in pubs
and enjoy a drink, exchange news and discuss political events.
(ii) The establishment of libraries, museums and art galleries provided entertainment to
common people.
(v) Industrial workers spent holidays by the sea shore and enjoyed both sun and the wind
which was a great source of entertainment.
(iv) Music halls and later cinema houses became a source of mass entertainment.
Or
(1X5)
Industrialization gave birth to Imperialism'.
(i) Imperialism as the ill-begotten child of industrialization.
(i) Other things beside, industrialization chiefly needed two things. One of them being the
canstant
supply of raw-materials and the other is that the finished goods be sold at the same speed.
(ii) The industrialized countries had introduced heavy import duties as protective tariffs to
check the import from other countries
(iv) Faced with the problem of finding new markets for their products, the producer nations
chose such countries where industrialization had not yet reached.
(v) Hence a race for bringing those areas under their effective occupation or effective
influence started among the various industrialized nations
(vi) As a consequence, Britain, France, Germany, Japan, etc. set up their colonies in Asia,
Africa, South America, etc.
(vii)These colonies served their two purposes of being the suppliers of cheap raw materials
and an easy market for their finished goods
Or
(1X5)
Expansion of trade facilities in the 19th century
(i) In many parts of the world, these developments meant loss of freedom and livelihoods.
(i) Late 19th century Europeans conquest brought about many destructive economic, social
and ecological changes in the colonies.
(ii) In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast spreading disease of cattle plague or Rinderpest had a
terrifying impact on people's livelihoods and the local economy
(iv) The example of indentured labour migration from India also illustrates the two-sided
nature of 19th century world
20) (1X5)
(i) Nationalism spread when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation,
when they discover some unity that binds them together.
(i) There were variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people's
imagination.
(ii) Allegory of Indian nation- Bharat Mata helps create an image with which people can
identify the nation.
(iv) Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one's nationalism.
(v) It was essential to preserve folk traditions, folk tales in order to discover one's national
identity and restore a sense of pride in one's part.
(vi) National Flag designed by Gandhiji as Swaraj flag, represented the Gandhian ideal of self
help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.
(vii) Reinterpretation of past also developed the interest of people in nationalist histories.
Or
(1X5)
1) The War created a new economic and political situation
(2) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and
increasing taxes; customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
(8) Through the war years prices increased - doubling between 1913 and 1918 leading to
extreme hardships for the common people.
(4) Villagers. were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas
caused widespread anger.
23) (1X5)
i) Social reformers : Social reformers like Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji B.R. Ambedkar etc.
advocated and worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent.
(ii) Economic factors With, economic development, large scale urbanisation, growth of
literacy and education, occupational mobility and the weakening of the position of landlords
in the villages the old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down. Now, most of times in
urban areas it does not matter much who is walking along next to us on a street or eating at
the next table in a restaurant.
(iii) Constitution : The constitution of India prohibits discrimination of any type. It provides
equal opportunities to all.
(iv) Fundamental Rights -Provision of Fundamental rights has played a major role because
these rights are provided to all the citizens without any discrimination.
The caste system can further be reduced by the spread of education and by promoting
intercaste marriages
24) (1+4)
BJP
(i)It was founded in 1980 by reviving Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
(ii) It wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India's ancient
culture and values. Cultural nationalism is an important element of its manifesto.
(ii) It wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu & Kashmir with India.
(iv) It also promotes a Uniform Civil Code for all people living in the country, irrespective of
religion and ban on religious conversions.
Or
(1X5)
(a) Parties contest elections.
(b) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them.
(c) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country
(d) Parties form and run governments.
(e) Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power,
by voicing different views and criticising government for its failures or wrong policies.
(f) Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues.
26) Amritsar (1)
27) Nagpur (1)