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Received: September 28, 2016 Accepted: October 30, 2017 Online: December 31, 2017
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate showed higher concentration of coliform i.e.
the physio-chemical and microbiological 235/100 ml in reservoir, 332/ 100 ml in
characteristics of the Bhagirathi river in and upstream and 685/100 ml in the downstream.
around Tehri reservoir. Seasonal assessment River in and around the Tehri reservoir is
of water quality was conducted for a period of contaminated with E.coli and adequate water
two years (March 2013 to March 2015) for treatment is recommended for domestic use.
three seasons viz. pre-monsoon, monsoon and Keywords: Reservoir | Physico-chemical |
post-monsoon to evaluate the suitability of Upstream | Downstream |
water for human consumption. Fourteen Bhagirathi | Seasonal variation
physicochemical parameters were analyzed in Introduction
the collected samples. Few parameters like Water is one of the indispensable renewable
Turbidity (19.95 ± 0.6; 20.16 ± 0.05; 21.06 ± natural resources, used for domestic,
0.00), Biological oxygen demand (2.88 ± industrial, irrigation, and electricity
0.06; 3.14 ± 0.06; 3.39 ± 0.06) in upstream, generation. Any changes in the water quality
reservoir and downstream was found to be are due to the combination of natural and
above the permissible limit during the anthropogenic factors like inputs from
monsoon season. Pearson’s Correlation agriculture, discharge of sediments from
Coefficient was calculated to show the erosion and urban and industrial runoff
relationship between the parameters. A (Huang et al., 2014). These sources hampers
significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed the quality of water and its use for agriculture,
in water temperature, turbidity and domestic and aesthetic. Major threat to the
conductivity in every season. The domestic use of water is through microbial
bacteriological analysis of water samples contamination (Joshua et al., 2015; Matta,
For Correspondence: 2014). Most of the rivers cater‘s dam for
electricity generation and public water
School of Environment and Natural Resources,
Doon University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand supplies. Hydroelectricity emerged as one of
Email: doonarchana@gmail.com
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Punetha et al./VIII [2] 2017/6 – 16
the best alternative for power generation to during the period of 2013-2015 to study the
satisfy the ever-increasing human demand for physico-chemical and microbiological
electricity and domestic use in a sustainable parameters of Bhagirathi river in and around
way (ICOLD,2000). Bhagirathi river a the Tehri reservoir in different seasons.
tributary of Ganga provides cost-effective Materials and Method
conditions for dam construction and
Study Area
constantly being trapped for electricity
The study area is located in Tehri and
generation due to its strategic geographical
Uttarkashi, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand,
location, availability of perennial flow, and its
India. In the present study, three sampling
terrain followed by deep gorges and wide
station were selected for water quality
valleys (Chakrapani et al., 2005). Tehri dam
analysis in Bhagirathi river around the Tehri
on River Bhagirathi is the fifth tallest dam in
dam, with their coordinates Upstream
the world. Construction of the hydropower led
(Bhagirathi at Chinyalisaur) 30o33’05’’ North
to the formation of a large water body known
78o20’54’’ East, Reservoir (Tehri dam)
as a reservoir, which changed its
30o24’26’’ North 78o27’32’’ East, and
characteristics from lotic to the lentic
Downstream (Bhagirathi at Devprayag)
ecosystem. It has been used before hand for
30o21’10’’ North 78o29’06’’. The sampling
basic human consumption. Keeping in view
stations were selected to get an overall picture
the changed dynamics of the river there is an
of the water quality of the reservoir and to
urgent need to monitor the quality of the water
determine the major factors responsible for
in and around the dam, which is used by the
change in water quality.
people for domestic,agricultural and
recreational purpose. This study was done
In the upstream portion of the river maximum conductivity in the study varied from 116.6 ±
pH (8.12 ± 0.05) was recorded in monsoon 1.00 µs/cm to 133.6 ± 0.58 µs/cm with
season, whereas minimum pH (7.88 ± 0.01) maximum value recorded in the reservoir
was recorded at the reservoir in pre-monsoon. during monsoon, while minimum value (104.5
pH of all the sites was found under the ± 0.59 µs/cm) recorded at downstream during
permissible limit as per BIS,2012. Turbidity post monsoon season. TDS varied from 93
in the entire stretch was found above the ppm (Pre-monsoon, reservoir) to 116 ppm
permissible limit as per BIS (5 NTU) in all the (Monsoon, reservoir). In the entire stretch,
seasons. Maximum turbidity was recorded dissolved oxygen (DO) varied from 6 mg/l to
during monsoon in the reservoir (20.16 ± 8 mg/l. There was no significant seasonal
0.05) and upstream (21.06 ± 0.05). Electrical variation observed in DO level within the
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Punetha et al./VIII [2] 2017/6 – 16
sites. The minimum value of DO (6.14 ±0.05) condition in the water with its associated
was recorded during summer may be due to internal factors (Gulumbe et al., 2016). pH
increased temperature. Biological Oxygen and temperature are the significant factors,
Demand (BOD) varied from 3 mg/l to 6 mg/l, which favors the growth of the microorganism
with maximum BOD (6.40 ± 0.09 mg/l) and increase other factors. Seasonal
during pre-monsoon in downstream and fluctuation changes the temperature of water
minimum of (2.38 ± 0.05 mg/l) during post- which in turn influences the pH. Alkalinity
monsoon in upstream. The present study also showed a positive correlation with pH(r =
showed an overall increase in the BOD in all .825). The pH value observed was alkaline. In
the sites. The value of Chemical Oxygen the upstream site pH was more than both
Demand (COD) ranged from 4mg/l to 22 reservoir and downstream site, which could be
mg/l. COD was found to be maximum in pre- attributed to the deposition of minerals from
monsoon season (16.53 ± 0.62 mg/l) in the weathering of rock by running water (Hynes,
reservoir and in monsoon season (17.95 ± 1.85 1990). Among the sampling sites, variations
mg/l) in upstream. Seasonal behavior of found in pH and temperature might be due to
hardness in the study site was more or less geographic location, weather conditions and
similar at all the sites. A similar result was also sampling time (Parashar et al., 2008). In the
reported by Singh and Choudhary, 2013. case of the reservoir, because of the large
Bacteriological: Total Coliform (TC) was surface area of the dam excessive evaporation
enumerated using Most Probable Number takes place which affects the atmospheric
method. Water can be easily contaminated by condition (Othman et al.,2016; Sharma and
the animal or human waste and especially Walia, 2015).Similar observations were also
from runoff of storm water drains. Water seen in many water bodies (Narayana et al.,
samples from the sampling sites showed the 2008 in Anjanapura reservoir; Garg et al.,
presence of contamination. MPN values to 2009 in Ramsagar reservoir; Laad et al., 2016
detect total coliform ranged from 170/100 ml in Omkareshwar reservoir; Kumara et al.,
to 900/100 ml in the entire stretch. The 2010 in TB dam, Kumari et al., 2013 in
maximum value of 900 ± 11.30/100 ml and Narmada river and its dam; Shinde et al., 2010
500 ± 10.51/100 ml was found in downstream. in Harsool dam, Virha et al., 2011 in Bhopal
Coliform was found to increase during pre- lake; Sinha et al., 2011 in Kalyani lake.
monsoon and monsoon season in all the sites. Turbidity in the sampling sites was observed
It was found above the permissible limit in the higher in monsoon due to the surface runoff
sampling sites as per BIS (10/100ml). which lowers down after the monsoon due to
the settling down of the suspended matter.
Discussion
Change in land use due to the developmental
Physico-chemical and microbiological water
activities increase the erosion and runoff
qualities are the major indicators to be
(Orchard et al., 2013). Similar situations were
monitored in the water bodies to assess its
also reported by (Kumari et al., 2013 in
quality. Any altered values in the physical-
Narmada dam; Kar et al., 2010 in Hirakund
chemical parameters specify the changing
dam; Bhatt et al., 2014 in Sukhnag). The
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Punetha et al./VIII [2] 2017/6 – 16
presence of the TDS and conductivity in the savitri reservoir; Gonjari et al., 2008 in triputi
sampling sites indicates the presence of reservoir have recorded a similar kind of
pollutants around the river and reservoir observation. Present study reveals variation in
(Sabata and Nayar, 1995; Raut et al., 2011). the COD can be caused by release of untreated
Increased value of TDS and conductivity sewage and agricultural waste at some points.
attributed to anthropogenic activities, such as In case of reservoir, the results show increased
cloth washing, garbage dumping, and mixing COD mainly due to sewage and outlet of the
of sewerage in water body which are some drains from the nearby settlement. Increased
common activities that are practiced at the human activities in the vicinity of the
riverbank. TDS varied from (93.22 ± 0.58 to upstream and dam area showed their effects
116 ± 0.60), when compared to BIS norms, by increase in the level of COD same as
represents the moderate quality of water observed by Lianthuamluaia et al., 2013. In
which is soft in nature. It was relatively found the present study, slightly higher value was
to be higher during monsoon in all the sites noticed in the chloride content of the reservoir
except slight variation in upstream, which and upstream during monsoon. Natural
may be attributed to surface runoff (Shinde et presence of rocks, human activities such as
al., 2010). TDS was positively correlated with road construction and flow of organic waste
conductivity (r =.943). A decrease in DO level both from agricultural activities and human
in pre-monsoon season was observed in waste washed with rainwater leads to addition
comparison to monsoon and post monsoon of chlorides in the water body (Goel, 1980).
seasons in all sites, DO is significantly Similar findings were also reported by Dudeja
correlated to temperature (r =.998) hence in et al., 2016; Agarwal et al., 2010; Matta and
pre-monsoon when the temperature increased Uniyal, 2017.
the DO decreased, as oxygen solubility During the monsoon season, addition of
decreases with rise in temperature. discharge sewage waste, and surface runoff
BOD and COD were recorded high in containing decomposing organic matter from
monsoon and pre-monsoon season which nearby vegetation contributes to presence of
could be attributed to temperature, seasonal nitrate in the water body (Benedict, 2011). In
variation and run off sewage deposition in the sampling sites nitrate concentration varied
water body during rainy season. BOD was from 3 mg/l to 4 mg/l. The presence of nitrates
found to be nearly close to the prescribed limit is an indication of bacterial growth, same as
of 5 mg/l in all the sites and seasons indicating observed by Majumder et al., 2006, who
the organic pollution load which in turns reported the increased microbial activities due
increases nitrates and coliforms in the water to the presence of nitrate. In the reservoir
(Benedict, 2011). Sewage, domestic waste sulphate in water is mainly derived from
and anthropogenic activities like bathing, dissolution of gypsum or oxidation of pyrites
washing might be the reason of the increased (Dudjea et al., 2016). In case of upstream, use
BOD in all the sites (Venkatesharaju et al., of fertilizers in the agricultural fields along
2010). Several studies like Vyas et al., 2006 in with the sewage contamination could be the
Bhopal lake; Lianthuamluaia et al., 2013 in cause for the presence sulphate concentration.
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Punetha et al./VIII [2] 2017/6 – 16
Similar findings were also reported by Gupta sampling sites discharge untreated sewage
et al., 2013; Agarwal et al., 2010; Matta et al., waste water directly to the river bank which is
2017). In the present investigation no a major cause of presence of coliform in the
significant change was found in the total water body throughout the year. Seasonal
hardness of the water within sites as well as variation in the coliform is graphically
seasons. As the area is free from any industrial represented in Figure 2(k).
pollution, observed hardness could be the Statistical analysis by ANOVA represented
result of natural origin i.e. from mountains. that there was no significant difference found
Seasonally total coliform count was found between the sites seasonally for BOD,
significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the entire alkalinity and nitrate. For pH, turbidity, EC,
stretch. Bacteria were found to exceptionally DO, COD, sulphate, phosphate, MPN there
high in monsoon, as seasonal stroms and was a significant variation among all the
tributary also discharge their waste directly in sampling sites (P<0.05).
the river. Human settlements near the
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