8/21/17

REACTION ENGINEERING Chapter 3

CKB 20104 3.1 Concept of reaction rate
3.2 Reaction order
CHAPTER 3 3.3 Elementary Rate Law and Molecularity
3.4 Stoichiometric Table
RATE LAWS AND Objectives
Upon the completion of this chapter, students are able
STOICHIOMETRY to:
• Define rate law, reaction order and activation energy
• Define elementary rate law and molecularity
Dr. Kelly Yong Tau Len • Construct stoichiometry table for batch and flow
Sect. of Chemical Engineering Technology UniKL MICET system and express the concentrations for reactant
2

Tel: 06-5512051, Email: kytlen@unikl.edu.my, VLE: CKB20104 – kytlen_MICET and product 2

3.1 Concept of Reaction Rate 3.2 Reaction Order

A+ B → C + D
S The Rate Law is an equation which links the
reaction rate, –r A (or more accurate; rate of
disappearance of the limiting reactant, in this case A)
with reactant concentrations and reaction rate
constant.
S Based on Power Law Model, the reaction rate, –r A
is given as:
−rA = k (C Aα C Bβ )
S where k is the reaction rate constant and CA & CB is
A + B → C + D −r = k (C α C β )
A A B
S C A and C B is the concentrations of reactant A
and B.
S The exponent of 𝛂 and β are called the
REACTION ORDERS
S The order of reaction with respect to a certain
reactant is defined, as the power to which its
3 concentration term in the rate equation is 4

the reactant concentrations. raised.

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3.2 Reaction Order 3.3 Elementary Rate Law and Molecularity

A + B → C + D −rA = k (C A C B )
α β
S Based on Power Law Model, we know the exponent of
𝛂 and β are called the REACTION ORDERS
S The order of reaction with respect to a certain reactant
is defined, as the power to which its concentration term
in the rate equation is raised.
S Based on the equation above, we can say the reaction
is α order with respect to reactant A, and β order with
respect to reactant B. The overall order of the reaction,
η is: η=α+β
5
IMPORTANT:
Elementary Rate Laws vs. Nonelementary Rate Laws
S A reaction follows an Elementary Rate Law if the
reaction order of each reactant is identical with the
stoichiometric coefficient of the reactant for the
reaction as written.
S Example 1: Given reaction A + B → C + D
The rate law would be –rA = k (CA CB)
S Example 2: For reaction of 2NO + O2 à 2NO2
The rate law would be –rNO = k (CNO2 CO2) 6

Check Your Understanding 1 3.2 Reaction Order

Given the reaction as A + 2B → C −rA = k (C Aα C Bβ )
Determine the rate law and order of the S The units of –r A are ALWAYS in terms of concentration/tim e while the
reaction if: units of the reaction rate constant, k will vary with the order of the
reaction.
1. The reaction obeys Elementary Rate S Consequentl y, the raw laws correspondi ng to a zero, first, second,
Law and third order reaction, together with the typical units for the
correspondi ng rate constants are:
2. The reaction obeys Non Elementary Reaction Order, n Rate Law k unit
Rate Law Zero –rA = k mol/dm3.s
One –rA = kCA s -1
7 Two –rA = kCA2 (dm)3/mol.s 8

Three –rA = kCA3 3

(dm /mol) .s 2 -1

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3.2 Reaction Order 3.3 Elementary Rate Law and Molecularity

• The reaction rate constant, k is determined by using
−rA = k (C Aα C Bβ ) Arrhenius equation.
"−E %
• Specific reaction rate or the reaction rate $$ a ''
# RT &
constant, k value is strongly dependent on k = Aexp
temperature.
• It also depends on the presence of catalyst. Ea = Activation energy, J/mol or cal/mol
• In gas phase reactions, it may be a function of R = Gas constant (8.314 J/mol.K, 1.987 cal/mol.K)
total pressure. T = Temperature, K
• In liquid systems it can be a function of other A = Pre-exponential factor or frequency factor
parameters (ionic strength and choice of solvent).
9 • Reaction rate constant, k and Pre-exponential factor, A
10

units depends on the overall reaction order

Check Your Understanding 2 3.3 Elementary Rate Law and Molecularity

"−E % ❆ Activation energy, Ea
$$ a '' is the minimum energy
# RT &
k = Aexp that must be
possessed by reacting
Based on the Arrhenius molecules before the
reaction will occur.
Equation above, determine the ❆ The molecules need
unit of pre-exponential factor, A energy to distort or
stretch their bonds so
if it is given the unit of k as that they can break
dm3/mol.s 11 them and thus form
new bonds.
12

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3.3 Elementary Rate Law and Molecularity 3.3 Elementary Rate Law and Molecularity
"−E %
$$ a '' Ea " 1 % Ea " 1 1 %
# RT & ln k = ln A − $ − '
k = Aexp $ '
R #T & R $# T1 T2 '&
k
ln k k(T ) = k(T ) exp
2 1
Linearized Slope = –Ea/R

T
If we know the reaction rate constant,
1/T
T k 1 at temperature, T1 and we know the
Rxn1: High Ea activation energy, Ea, we can find the
k with higher Ea is more sensitive
to temperature than those with
reaction rate constant, k 2 at any other
Rxn 2: Low Ea
low Ea 13 temperature, T2 for that reaction 14

1/T

Check Your Understanding 3 3.3 Elementary Rate Law and Molecularity

The initial stages of the gas phase reaction • MOLECULARITY is the number of
between ammonia and nitrogen dioxide follow atoms, ions, or molecule involved
second-order kinetics. Given that the rate (colliding) in a reaction step.
constant at 750 K is 2.85 x 10-4 dm3/mol.s
and at 550 K is 1.50 x 10-4 dm3/mol.s. Given • Unimolecular, bimolecular, and
the value of R as 8.314 J/mol.K. termolecular refers to reaction
involving, respectively one, two or
Calculate the Activation Energy and the
Frequency Factor and subsequently state its three atoms (or molecules)
units. 15
interacting or colliding in any one 16

15
reaction step.

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3.4 Stoichiometric Table 3.4 Stoichiometric Table

• Now that we have shown how rate law can be We will learn to set a stoichiometric table for 2 different
expressed as function of concentrations, we need system:
to express concentration as a function of STOICHIOMETRIC TABLE
conversion, X to carry out calculations to size
reactors. BATCH
FLOW
• If the rate law depends on more than 1 species, SYSTEM SYSTEM

we must relate the concentrations of the different Liquid System Gas System Liquid System Gas System
species to each other. Constant Volumetric Variable Volumetric Constant Volume Constant
Flow rate (υ = υ 0 ) Flow rate (V=V0) Volume (V=V0 )
• This can be done with the aid of stoichiometric
⎛P ⎞ T
table. υ = υ0 (1 + εX)⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ P ⎠ T0
• This table presents the stoichiometric relationships 17 18

between reaction molecules for a single reaction.

3.4 Stoichiometric Table 3.4 Stoichiometric Table

aA + bB → cC + dD
Species Symbol Initial Change Remaining WE WILL START WITH BATCH SYSTEM
A A
B B STOICHIOMETRIC TABLE
C C
D D BATCH
Inert (if there is in SYSTEM
I
the system)
TOTAL - - Liquid System Gas System
Constant Volume Constant
• Column 1: The particular species (must include all the species in the (V=V0) Volume (V=V0 )
system).
• Column 2: The number of moles of each species INITIALLY present.
19 20
• Column 3: The change in the number of moles brought about by reaction.
• Column 4: The number of moles REMAINING in the system at time, t

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3.4 Stoichiometric Table (Batch System) 3.4 Stoichiometric Table (Batch System)

aA + bB → cC + dD
SPECIES INITIAL (MOL) SPECIES CHANGE (MOL)
aA + bB → cC + dD
A N A0 N C y
Θ B = B0 = B0 = B0 A −N A 0 X
N A0 C A0 y A0 Negative Sign (–) for
B N B0 = N A0Θ B b Reactants
N I 0 CI 0 yI 0 B − N A0 X
ΘI = = = a
C N C 0 = 0 (Product) c
N A0 C A0 y A0 C + N A0 X
N D0 = 0 (Product) a
D Positive Sign (+) for Products
Reminder: d
N = No. of moles, D + N A0 X
I (INERTS) N I 0 = N A0Θ I a
C = Concentration
No change number of moles
N T 0 = N A0 + N A0Θ B y = Mole fraction I (INERTS) 0
for inert during reaction
TOTAL
+ N A0Θ I
NTO = Total INITIAL moles 21
TOTAL (LEAVE BLANK) 22

(ONLY reactant and inert)

3.4 Stoichiometric Table (Batch System) 3.4 Stoichiometric Table

SPECIES INITIAL (MOL)

CHANGE
REMAINING (MOL)
Reminder:
A N A0
(MOL)
−N A0 X N A = N A0 − N A0 X
If values (numbers) are given, all
B N B0 = N A0Θ B b b b
− N A0 X N B = N B0 − N A0 X = N A0 (Θ B − X ) the symbols must be substituted
a a a
c c with real numbers.
C N C 0 = 0 (Product) + N A0 X N C = N A0 X
a a
d
Do not just leave the
N D0 = 0 (Product) + d N X
D
a
A0
N D = N A0 X
a stoichiometric table with
I (INERTS) N I 0 = N A0 Θ I 0 𝑁# = 𝑁#% = 𝑁&%Θ# Further
derive!
symbols
It is Not Complete!
N T 0 = N A0 + N A0Θ B NT = N A + N B
TOTAL 23

+ N A0Θ I + NC + N D + N I

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3.4 Stoichiometric Table 3.4 Stoichiometric Table

(Equations for Batch Concentrations) (Equations for Batch Concentrations)

aA + bB → cC + dD CA0 = NA0 / V0
aA + bB → cC + dD
FOR REACTANT A
SPECIES REMAINING (MOL)
• After we developed stoichiometric table, the next step N N (1− X )
is to express the concentration of all reactants and C A = A = A0 A N A = N A0 − N A0 X
products in terms of conversion and initial V V0
Constant Volume b
B N B = N A0 (Θ B − X)
concentration of A, Ca0 = C A0 (1− X ) Batch Reactor,
a
V = V0
• Stoichiometric table is used to develop the equations.
• For constant volume batch reactor regardless liquid or Note:
N B N A0 # b & For Batch system,
gas phase, (batch reactor cannot shrink or expand), CB = = %Θ − X (
FOR V V0 $ B a ' concentration
V = V0 REACTANT B #
expressed for
b & LIQUID and GAS
• Therefore we can find concentration of all reactants (A 25
= C A0 % Θ B − X ( Phase are the
26

$ a '
and B) and all products (C and D) SAME

3.4 Stoichiometric Table 3.4 Stoichiometric Table

(Equations for Batch Concentrations)

FOR PRODUCT C CA0 = NA0 / V0 aA + bB → cC + dD WE WILL CONTINUE WITH FLOW SYSTEM

c SPECIES REMAINING (MOL)

STOICHIOMETRIC TABLE
N C + a N A0 X !c $ c
N C = + N A0 X
CC = = = C AO # X & C
a
V V0 "a % d FLOW
D N D = + N A0 X SYSTEM
Constant Volume a
Batch Reactor,
Liquid System Gas System
V = V0
Constant Volumetric Variable Volumetric
FOR PRODUCT D Note: Flow rate (υ = υ 0 ) Flow rate

d For Batch system,

⎛P ⎞ T
N D + a N A0 X !d $ concentration
expressed for
υ = υ0 (1 + εX)⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ P ⎠ T0
CD = = = C AO # X &
V V0 "a % LIQUID and GAS27 28

Phase are the SAME

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3.4 Stoichiometric Table (Flow System) 3.4 Stoichiometric Table (Flow System)
aA + bB → cC + dD aA + bB → cC + dD
SPECIES INITIAL (MOL/TIME) FB0 C B0 y B0 CHANGE
FA0
ΘB = = = SPECIES
A FA0 C A0 y A0 (MOL/TIME)
A −FA0 X
B FB0 = FA0Θ B F C y Negative Sign (–) for Reactants
ΘI = I 0 = I 0 = I 0 b
FC 0 = 0 (Product) FA0 C A0 y A0 B − FA0 X
a
C
Reminder: c
FD0 = 0 (Product) C + FA0 X
D a
F = Molar Flow rate
Positive Sign (+) for Products
I (INERTS) FI 0 = FA0Θ I C = Concentration d
+ FA0 X
D a
y = mole fraction
FT 0 = FA0 + FA0Θ B No change number of moles
I (INERTS) 0 for inert during reaction
TOTAL FTO = Total INITIAL 29
+ FA0Θ I molar flow rate
30

TOTAL (LEAVE BLANK)

(ONLY reactant and inert)

3.4 Stoichiometric Table (Flow System) Check Your Understanding 5

INITIAL CHANGE
SPECIES
(MOL/TIME)
(MOL/TIME
)
REMAINING (MOL/TIME) REMAINING (MOL)
From the previous
FA = FA0 − FA0 X
A FA0 −FA0 X FA = FA0 − FA0 X
derivation in the
b b b b b
B FB0 = FA0Θ B − FA0 X FB = FB0 − FA0 X = FA0 (Θ B − X )
a a a
FB = FB0 − FA0 X = FA0 (Θ B − X )
a a stoichiometric
C
c
FC 0 = 0 (Product) + FA0 X
c
FC = + FA0 X
c
FC = + FA0 X table,
a
a a
d
Express FT in terms
d d
D FD0 = 0 (Product) + F X
a A0
FD = + F X
a A0
FD = + FA0 X
a of FAO, X, 𝛩B, 𝛩I, b/a,
I (INERTS) FI 0 = FA0Θ I 0 𝐹# = 𝐹#% = 𝐹&% Θ# Further
𝐹# = 𝐹#% = 𝐹&% Θ# c/a, and d/a only
derive!
FT = FA + FB FT = FA + FB
TOTAL FT 0 = FA0 + FA0Θ B + FA0Θ I 31 32

+ FC + FD + FI + FC + FD + FI

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3.4 Stoichiometric Table 3.4 Stoichiometric Table

(Equations for Flow Concentrations)
Reminder:
aA + bB → cC + dD
If values (numbers) are given, all
❀ Similar to batch system, we need to express the
the symbols must be substituted concentrations for flow system.
with real numbers. ❀ Again we used the stoichiometric table to assist us in the
equations.
Do not just leave the ❀ However unlike batch system, the concentrations equation
stoichiometric table with for liquid and gas phase for flow system is different.
❀ This is because for liquid system, we assume initial and
symbols final volumetric flow rate are the same (υ0 = υ)
❀ For gas system, the initial and final volumetric flow rate are
It is Not Complete! not the same
34

3.4 Stoichiometric Table 3.4 Stoichiometric Table

(Equations for Flow Concentrations Liquid Phase) (Equations for Flow Concentrations Liquid Phase)

CA0 = FA0 / υ0 aA + bB → cC + dD PRODUCT C

CA0 = FA0 / υ0 aA + bB → cC + dD
REACTANT A REMAINING REMAINING
SPECIES
(MOL/TIME) c SPECIES
(MOL/TIME)
F F (1− X )
C A = A = A0 FA = FA0 − FA0 X
FC a FA0 X ! c $ c
υ υ0
A CC = = = C AO # + X & C FC = + FA0 X
υ υ0 " a % a
b
For LIQUID B FB = FA0 (Θ B − X ) d
= C A0 (1− X ) phase, υ0 = υ a D FD = + FA0 X
For LIQUID a
phase, υ0 = υ
Note:
F F # b & For Flow system,
FOR PRODUCT D Note:
C B = B = A0 % Θ B − X ( For Flow system,
REACTANT B υ υ0 $ a ' concentration d
expressed for FD + a FA0 X ! d $ concentration
# b & LIQUID and GAS CD = = = C AO # + X & expressed for LIQUID
= C A0 % Θ B − X ( 35
Phase are NOT the υ υ0 " a % and GAS Phase 36are
$ a ' NOT the SAME
SAME

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3.4 Stoichiometric Table Check Your Understanding 6

(Equations for Flow Concentrations Gas Phase)
Final P0 = Initial pressure
!P $T
aA + bB → cC + dD Volumetric υ = υ0 (1+ ε X ) # 0 & P = Final pressure
T0 = Initial temperature
flow rate " P % T0
T = Final temperature
• As mentioned previously, for GAS phase flow system, Initial
the initial (υ 0) and final (υ) volumetric flow rate are NOT Volumetric
the same. flow rate

• Instead we found that for gas phase, the final Determine the new expression for the equation above
volumetric flow rate is given as: if the reaction is
Final !P $T P0 = Initial pressure A. Isothermal/Constant temperature
P = Final pressure
Volumetric υ = υ0 (1+ ε X ) # 0 & T0 = Initial temperature B. Isobaric/Constant pressure
flow rate " P % T0 T = Final temperature
C. Isothermal/Constant temperature AND
Initial d c b
Volumetric ε = y A0δ δ= + − −1
37
Isobaric/Constant pressure 38

flow rate a a a
yA0 = Initial fraction of A

3.4 Stoichiometric Table 3.4 Stoichiometric Table

(Equations for Flow Concentrations Gas Phase) (Equations for Flow Concentrations Gas Phase)
REACTANT A PRODUCT C
!P $ T !P $ T
F FA0 (1− X ) υ = υ 0 (1+ ε X) # 0 & c υ = υ 0 (1+ ε X) # 0 &
CA = A = " P % T0 FC + FA0 X " P % T0
υ " T %" P % CC = = a
REMAINING REMAINING
υ0 (1+ ε X ) $$ ''$ 0 ' SPECIES υ ! T $! P $ SPECIES
# T0 &# P & (MOL/TIME) υ0 (1+ ε X ) ## &&# 0 & (MOL/TIME)
FA = FA0 − FA0 X " T0 %" P % c
FC = + FA0 X
A
(1− X ) " T0 %" P % ! c $
C
a
= C A0 $ '$ ' b
(1+ ε X ) # T &$# P0 '& B FB = FA0 (Θ B − X) # + X & ! $! $ d
a " a % T0 P D FD = + FA0 X
= C A0 # &# & a
REACTANT B (1+ ε X ) " T %#" P0 &%
# b & # b &
FA0 % Θ B − X ( % Θ B − X ( # &# & d
! d $
F $ a ' $ a ' T0 P + FA0 X # + X & ! $! $
CB = B = = C A0 % (%% (( PRODUCT D C = FD = a " a % T0 P
= C A0 # &# &
υ # T &# P & (1+ ε X ) $ T '$ P0 ' D
υ ! T $! P $ (1+ ε X ) " T %40#" P0 &%
υ0 (1+ ε X ) %% ((% 0 ( 39
υ0 (1+ ε X ) ## &&# 0 &
$ T0 '$ P ' " T0 %" P %

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3.4 Stoichiometric Table Example 1

Reminder: Set up a stoichiometric table for the following liquid-
If values (numbers) are given, all phase reactions AND express the concentration of
each species in the reaction as a function of
the symbols must be substituted conversion evaluating all constant (e.g., ε, Θ).
with real numbers. C2 H 4O + H 2O → C2 H 6O2
Do not just leave the
The initial concentration of ethylene oxide, C2H4O and
stoichiometric table with water in the flow system are 1.5 mol/L and 4.5 mol/L,
respectively. In addition, the initial volumetric flow rate
symbols is given as 10 L/min. Assume the reaction are
It is Not Complete! isothermal and isobaric and C2H4O as basis of
calculation.
42

Solution:
Solution: Stoichiometric Table
Stoichiometric Table C2 H 4O + H 2O → C2 H 6O2
• From the question, we know its Flow System so the values in A + B → C
stoichiometric table must be in molar flow rate, F. terms REMAINING
SPECIES INITIAL (MOL/TIME) CHANGE (MOL/TIME)
(MOL/TIME)
• From question, C2H4O as basis of calculation therefore we
A FA0 = 15 −15X FA = 15−15X
labeled it as A. Hence we can now label the chemical
equation as following: "C %
FB0 = FA0Θ B = FA0 $$ B0 '' − b F X = − 1 F X
C2 H 4O + H 2O → C2 H 6O2 # C A0 & a A0 1 A0 FB = 45−15X
B
A + B → C " 4.5 % = −15X
= 15$ ' = 45
• Given CA0 (Initial concentration C2H4O) = 1.5 mol/L, CB0 # 1.5 &
(Initial concentration H2O) = 4.5 mol/L and υ0 (Initial c 1
+ FA0 X = + FA0 X
volumetric flow rate) = 10 L/min C 0 (PRODUCT) a 1 FC = +15X
= +15X
• Therefore we can calculate
FA0 = C A0υ0 =
1.5mol 10L 15mol
× =
43

TOTAL FT 0 = 15+ 45 = 60 ( ) ( )
FT 0 = 15 −15X + 45 −15X +15X
44

L min min = 15+ 45 −15X −15X +15X = 60 −15X

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Solution: Example 2
Express the Concentration
For Reactant A A mixture of 28% of SO 2 and 72% air is charged to a
C2 H 4O + H 2O → C2 H 6O2
flow reactor in which SO 2 is oxidized.
FA 15 −15X A + B → C
CA = = = 1.5(1− X )
10
υ
SPECIES
REMAINING
(MOL/TIME)
2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3
For Reactant B
A FA = 15−15X First, set up a stoichiometric table using only the
F 45−15X symbols (i.e., Θi , Fi ) and then prepare a second
CB = B = = 4.5−1.5X B FB = 45 −15X
υ 10 stoichiometric table evaluating numerically as many
C FC = +15X symbols as possible for the case when the total initial
For Product C pressure is 1485 kPa and the temperature is constant
FC +15X at 227°C. Assume isothermal and isobaric conditions
CC = = = +1.5X For LIQUID phase,
υ0 = υ=10 L/min
45
with SO 2 as basis of calculation. 46

υ 10

Solution: Stoichiometric Table Solution:

Stoichiometric Table
• From the question, we know its Flow System so the values in 2SO 2 + O 2 → 2SO3
stoichiometric table must in molar flow rate, F.
1. For reactant SO2 (A) 2A + B → 2C
• From question, SO2 as basis of calculation there we labeled it
INITIAL CHANGE REMAINING
as A. Hence we can now label the chemical equation as SPECIES
(MOL/TIME) (MOL/TIME) (MOL/TIME)
following:
SO2 (A) FA 0 −FA 0 X FA = FA0 − FA0 X
2SO 2 + O 2 → 2SO3
2A + B → 2C 2. For reactant O2 (B)
FB0 (0.72)(0.21)
• Given P0 (Initial total pressure) = 1485 kPa, T0 (Initial ΘB = = = 0.54
FA0 0.28
temperature) = 227 oC.
INITIAL CHANGE REMAINING
• Plus its isothermal and isobaric therefore P0 = P, T0 = T SPECIES
(MOL/TIME) (MOL/TIME) (MOL/TIME)
• In this questions, we are not given enough information to find
FB0 = FA0Θ B b 1 " 1 %
the values FA0, therefore we leave the symbol as it is. 47
O2 (B) − FA0 X = − FA0 X FB = FA0 $ 0.54 − X48 '
= 0.54FA0 a 2 # 2 &

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Solution: Solution:
Stoichiometric Table Stoichiometric Table 2SO 2 + O 2 → 2SO3
2SO 2 + O 2 → 2SO3 2A + B → 2C
3. For product SO3 (C) 2A + B → 2C INITIAL CHANGE REMAINING
SPECIES
(MOL/TIME) (MOL/TIME) (MOL/TIME)
INITIAL CHANGE REMAINING
SPECIES
(MOL/TIME) (MOL/TIME) (MOL/TIME)
SO2 (A) FA0 −FA0 X FA = FA0 − FA0 X
c FB0 = FA0Θ B b 1 " 1 %
SO3 (C) FC0 = 0 (Product) + FA0 X = +FA0 X FC = FA0 X O2 (B) − FA0 X = − FA0 X FB = FA0 $ 0.54 − X '
a = 0.54FA0 a 2 # 2 &
c
3. For Inert, N2 FI 0 (0.72)(0.79) SO3 (C) FC0 = 0 (Product) + FA0 X = +FA0 X FC = FA0 X
ΘI = = = 2.03 a
FA0 0.28
FI 0 = FA0Θ I
INITIAL CHANGE REMAINING N2 (I) FI = FI 0 = 2.03FA0
SPECIES = 2.03FA0
(MOL/TIME) (MOL/TIME) (MOL/TIME)
FT 0 = FA0 + 0.54FA0 ( " 1 %+
FT = [ FA0 − FA0 X ] + *FA0 $ 0.54 − X '- + [ FA0 X ] + [ 2.03FA0 ]
FI 0 = FA0Θ I FI = FI 0 ) # 2 &,
N2 (I) 49 TOTAL + 2.03FA0 50
1
= 2.03FA0 = 2.03FA0 = 3.57FA0 = 3.57FA0 − FA0 X
2

Solution: Solution:
Express the Concentration Express the Concentration
1. We subsequently want to evaluate the concentration for all For Reactant SO2 (A) 2SO 2 + O 2 → 2SO3
reactant and product. 2A + B → 2C
FA FA0 (1− X) C A0 (1− X)
2. First for the above GAS phase reaction, it is isothermal (T = CA = = =
υ υ0 (1+ ε X ) (1+ ε X ) REMAINING
T0) and no pressure drop (P = P0), therefore the outlet SPECIES
(MOL/TIME)
volumetric flow rate: 0.1(1− X)
= SO2 (A) FA = FA0 − FA0 X
(1− 0.14 X )
!P $ T
υ = υ 0 (1+ ε X) # 0 & υ = υ0 (1+ ε X ) For Reactant O2 (B)
O2 (B)
" 1 %
FB = FA0 $ 0.54 − X '
" P % T0 # 2 &
" 1 % " 1 %
3. The initial concentration of A, CA0 can be found since the FA0 $ 0.54 − X ' C A0 $ 0.54 − X ' υ = υ0 (1+ ε X )
FB # 2 & # 2 &
total initial pressure and temperature is given in the CB = = = "c b %
υ υ0 (1+ ε X ) (1+ ε X ) ε = y A0δ = y A0 $ − −1'
question. y P
CAO = A0 O =
(0.28)(1485kPa) " 1 % #a a &
RTO 8.314kPa.dm 3mol −1K −1 (227 + 273.15K
51 ) 0.1$ 0.54 − X ' 52
# 2 & 1
3 = = (0.28)(1−1− ) = −0.14
= 0.1mol / dm (1− 0.14 X ) 2

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Solution:
Express the Concentration
For Product, SO3 (C) 2SO 2 + O 2 → 2SO3
FC FA0 X C X 2A + B → 2C
CC = = = A0
υ υ0 (1+ ε X ) (1+ ε X ) REMAINING
SPECIES
(MOL/TIME)
0.1X
= FC = FA0 X
(1− 0.14 X ) SO3 (C)

N2 (I) FI = FI 0 = 2.03FA0
For Inert, N2 (I)
υ = υ0 (1+ ε X )
FI 2.03FA0 2.03C A0
CI = = = "c b %
υ υ0 (1+ ε X ) (1+ ε X ) ε = y A0δ = y A0 $ − −1'
0.203 #a a &
= =
(1− 0.14 X ) 1 53

= (0.28)(1−1− ) = −0.14
2

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