Kuliah5 Ec3 Connection PDF

CONNECTION
Connection
• Connections are parts of the component used to join
one element or member to other. Code of Practice
gives relatively little guidance on connection design as
compared to members design.
• Thus there is wide variety of acceptable methods of

design and details to transfer shear, axial and bending
forces from one member to another.
• Connection is important element in the design process,
thus it is necessary to identified load path throughout a
framework.
April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 2

Compare to
the concrete
Frame
In concrete frame
connection formed
monolithically

Connections in building
1
. Connections between
1
members of roof truss

2
2. Truss to column
3. Beam to column
6 4. Column to base
5
5. Splice joint beam to
3 beam
6. Splice joint column to
column.
April 2012
4
DRAS SAB3233 4
• Why we need connection?
• Limited length and size….

Connection Function
To transfer various loads and

moment between members
without any structural failure.

Connection
Normally considered as pinned or

fixed.
Current research considered semi-rigid
joint in which partial continuity is
assumed between members.
Connections may used bolts or/and
weld. Sometimes need to include steel
plate in the design.
Connection
Examples

Connection
Examples

Connection
Examples

Bolted Connection
• Bolts mainly used in connections
• -to resist shear on the surface of

plates and
-tensile force along the axis of the
bolts.

Shank
length
Bolt
diameter
Thread
(size) (tensile area)

Commonly used bolt
(1)Black hexagon bolt ( common bolt).
Specified in two strength grades:

(a)Grade 4.6 (mild steel) yield stress 240 N/mm2
(b)Grade 8.8 (high strength steel) yield stress 640
N/mm2
(2)HSFG bolt (High strength friction grip)
Specified in Grade 8.8 and Grade 10.9

TABLE 3.1

• The most commonly used bolt diameter
d are: 16, 20, 24 and 30 mm.
• Diameter of 22mm and 27 mm are also
available, but are not preferred.
•
• Generally for standard clearance holes:
• 27mm + 2mm
• 27mm + 3mm
Types of Bolted Connections
(a)Single Shear Lap Joint

(b)Double Shear Butt Joint
(c)Bolt in Tension
Truss Joint

(f) Beam-to-Column Connection

April 2012
(g) Beam-to-beam Connection
DRAS SAB3233 19
(h) Stanchion Splice

(i) Bracket Connection
(j) Stanchion Base
Bolt Spacing and Edge Distances (Cl
3.5 BS EN 1993-1-8)
• The maximum spacing requirement is
to ensure that the section of plate
between bolts does not buckle when it
is in compression.
• The requirement for minimum spacing

is to ensure that local crushing in the
wake of a bolt does not affect any
adjacent bolt.
• Lifting of the edges are prevented by

specifying a maximum edge distance.
Specifying minimum edge distance may
prevent edge splitting or tearing.

Bolted joints
• Spacing requirements
• Minimum bolt spacing and edge and end
distances are as below, where d0 is the
fastener (bolt) hole diameter. These values
are defined in Table 3.3 of EN 1993-1-8.
• Minimum spacing of bolts in the direction of
load transfer p1 = 2.2d0
• Minimum end distance in the direction of
load transfer e1 = 1.2d0

Bolted joints
• Minimum spacing of bolts perpendicular to

the direction of load transfer p2 = 2.4d0
• Minimum edge distance perpendicular to the

direction of load transfer e2 = 1.2d0

Direct Shear Connections
• There are several modes of failure includes:
• Bolt shear
• Bolt bearing
• Plate bearing
• Plate tension resistance

Modes of Failure for Bolted
Connection

• Two types of direct shear connection:
• Single shear
• Double shear

Design Resistance
Bolted joints:
• Shear resistance Fv,Rd

• Bearing resistance Fb,Rd
• Tension resistance Ft,Rd
• Combined shear and tension
• Bolt spacing
Design Resistance
Bolt shear resistance per shear plane
f A
v ub
Fv , Rd
M2
Where, = 0.6 for class 4.6 and 8.8
= ultimate bolt strength as per Table 3.1
A = As (tensile area at thread)

= As = A (shank) i.e d2
4
γM2 = normally taken as 1.25

Bolted joints
Bearing resistance Fb,Rd

Bearing resistance is governed by the projected contact area
between a bolt and connected parts, the ultimate material
strength (of the bolt or the connected parts), and may be
limited by bolt spacing and edge and end distances.
From EN 1993-1-8, bearing resistance is given by:
k1 b u f dt
Fb , Rd
M2
Bolted joints
• Definitions of terms:
• d is the bolt diameter
• t is the minimum thickness of the connected parts
• M2 may be taken as 1.25
• fu is the ultimate tensile strength of the connected
parts
• b is the smallest of: d; fub/fu or 1.0, and accounts

for various failure modes
• d and k1 relate to bolt spacing and edge and end distances.
Bolted joints

Bolted joints
• Bolt in tension;

Bolted joints
Combined tension and shear
In some situations, bolts may experience tension and shear in

combination. In general, bolt capacities would be expected to
reduce when high values of shear and tension are coexistent.
EN 1993-1-8 provides the following interaction expression to
deal with such cases:
Fv,Ed Ft ,Ed
1. 0
Fv,Rd 1.4 Ft ,Rd
Example 1
• Description
• Calculate the strength of the bolts in the lap splice
shown below assuming the use of M20 Grade 4.6
bolts in 22 mm clearance holes and Grade S275
plate.

Shear resistance:
Bolts are in single shear, and it is assumed that the shear plane
passes through the threaded portion of the bolts:
v = 0.6, fub = 400 N/mm2, A = As = 245 mm2,

M2= 1.25
Shear resistance per bolt Fv,Rd:

f A
v ub 0.6 400 245
Fv , Rd 47040 N 47 .0 kN
M2 1.25

Bearing resistance:
Bearing resistance per bolt Fb,Rd:
k1 b uf dt
Fb , Rd
M2
From geometry: p1 = 60 mm, e1 = 40 mm, e2 = 40
mm, d0 = 22 mm.
From EN 10025-2, fu of plate (Grade S275, t > 3

mm) = 410 N/mm2.

e1
For end bolts, d = = (40/66) = 0.61
3d 0
p1
For inner bolts, d = = (60/66 – 0.25) = 0.66
3d 0
e2
For edge bolts, k1 is the smaller of (2.8 1.7) or 2.5
d0
(2.8 (40/22) – 1.7) = 3.4. k1 = 2.5
fub/fu = 400/410 = 0.98
b is the smaller of: d, fub/fu or 1.0
For end bolts b = 0.61, and for inner bolts b = 0.66

Therefore, for end bolts,
k1 f dt
b u 2.5 0.61 410 20 16
Fb , Rd 160 .1 kN
M2 1.25
And, for inner bolt,

k1 f dt
b u 2.5 0.66 410 20 16
Fb , Rd 173 .2 kN
M2 1.25
Clearly the resistance of the joint is controlled by the

strength in shear. Therefore, the resistance of the tension
splice as governed by the shear resistance of the bolts = 3
47.0 = 141 kN.

Example 2
• Bolt in double shear

Shear resistance:
Bolts are in double shear. It is assumed that two

shear plane passes through the threaded portion
of the bolts:
av = 0.6, fub = 400 N/mm2, A = As = 245 mm2,

γM2= 1.25
Shear resistance per bolt Fv,Rd:
v f ub A 0.6 2 x 400 245

Fv , Rd 94 .0 kN
M2 1.25
Bearing resistance:
Bearing resistance per bolt Fb,Rd:
k1 f
b u dt
Fb , Rd
M2
From geometry: p1 = 60 mm, e1 = 40 mm, e2 = 40 mm, d0 = 22 mm.
From EN 10025-2, fu of plate (Grade S275, t > 3 mm) = 410 N/mm2

For end bolts, = e1 = (40/66) = 0.61
d
3d 0
p1
For inner bolts, d = = (60/66 – 0.25) = 0.66
3d 0
e2
For edge bolts, k1 is the smaller of (2.8 1.7) or 2.5
d0
(2.8 (40/22) – 1.7) = 3.4. k1 = 2.5
fub/fu = 400/410 = 0.98
b is the smaller of: d, fub/fu or 1.0
For end bolts b = 0.61, and for inner bolts b = 0.66

Therefore, for end bolts,
k1 f dt
b u 2.5 0.61 410 20 16
Fb , Rd 160 .1 kN
M2 1.25
And, for inner bolt,
k1 f dt
b u 2.5 0.66 410 20 16
Fb , Rd 173 .2 kN
M2 1.25
Clearly the resistance of the joint is

controlled by the strength in shear.
Therefore, the resistance of the tension
splice as governed by the shear resistance of
the bolts = 3 × 94.0 = 282DRASkN.SAB3233
April 2012 45
Splice plate 95x10
2 Nos 100x65x8
Bolt 20mm diam Grade 4.6
Bolt holes 22mm dia
Steel Grade S275
Permanent load (tension) 85 kN

Variable load (tension) 95 kN
Check the connection is adequate.

Eccentric connections
(Bracket Connections)
• Generally these types of connections are used to resist applied
moment and shear. Usually these kinds of connection are
commonly used when the applied load is not located in the column
axis.
• There are two principal types of eccentrically loaded connection:
• (i) Moment in plane of connection

• (Direct shear and torsion)
•
• (ii) Moment at 90o to plane of connection
• (Direct shear and tension)
•

Eccentric connections
(Bracket Connections)
• Generally these types
of connections are
used to resist applied
moment and shear.
Usually these kinds of
connection are
commonly used when
the applied load is
not located in the
column axis.

There are two principal types of
eccentrically loaded connection:
(ii) Moment at 90o to

(i) Moment in plane of
connection plane of connection
(Direct shear and torsion) (Direct shear and
tension)
Moment in plane of connection
(Direct shear and torsion)
e P • Consider a bolt group as
shown in FIGURE
•
y
• Suppose force in each
bolt due to moment is
-y • F1, F2, F3, ………Fn with
the distances of
r1,r2,r3…….rn
respectively.
•
-z z •

Applied moment Mi = P e
Resistance Moment of bolts Mr = F1r1 + F2r2 + F3r3……………………(1)
But F1 r1, F2 r2, ………….
F 2 Or F1 = k r1
F1r 3
r1
F1 F2 Fn
k ..............
r1 r2 rn
F1r 2
F2
r1

From eq(1)
F1.r 2 2 F1.r 3 2 Fn.rn 2

Mr F1r1 ....... F1 2
r1 r1 r1 r1 r22 r 32 .......rn 2
=
r1
= F1
r2
r1
However
r2 ( y2 z2 )
Mi Mr
for no failure taking place.
F1
P.e y2 z2
r1
therefore P.e.r1
F1 FT
y2 z2

Load due to Torsion Ft , Ed P.e.r 1
2 2
z y
P P
Load due to Shear
F v , Ed
number.of .bolt n
Resultant
2 2
Fr , Ed Fv , Ed F t , Ed 2 Fv , Ed Ft , Ed cos
The bolt size is then determined from the maximum load on

bolt.
EXAMPLE
(Shear and Torsion
155 P =100kN
mm
200kN
3@100
mm
2@70mm

Load due to direct shear Fv,Ed = P/n
= 100/8 = 12.5kN
P.e.r1
Load due to moment Ft , Ed 2
z y2
r= 2 2
70 150 165.53mm
2 2
z 8x70 39200
2 2 2
y 4x150 4x50 100000
100x155x165.53
Ft , Ed 18.43kN
139200
Resultant Load
2 2
Fr , Ed Fv , Ed F t , Ed 2 Fv , Ed Ft , Ed cos
2 2 70
12.5 18.43 2 12.5 x18.43x
165.53
= 26.28kN
Try bolt 16mm dia class 4.6 bolt;
Use bolt of 16mm dia. ( Fv,Rd = 30.1kN 26.28kN)

Other checks if necessary:
Limit shear force;

F v,Rd = 30.1kN ≥ 12.5 kN ok
Limit bearing k1 f u dt
b
strength Fb , Rd
M2

Moment at 90o to the plane of
connection
( Bolt in Shear and Tension)

Bolt in Shear and Tension
There are several methods of analysis and solution to this

type of connection depending upon the method of
assumption.
e

For this kind of connection there are several checks need
to be carried out to ensure the adequacy of the
connection.
(1) Ft,Ed ≤ Ft ,Rd k 2

f ub A
M2
v f ub A
(2) Fv,Ed ≤ Fv , Rd
M2
Fv,Ed Ft ,Ed
(3) 1.0
Fv,Rd 1.4 Ft ,Rd
Approximate Method of Analysis
Assumptions:
•Centre of rotation is assumed at the

bottom bolt of the group
•The tension force vary linearly
The applied shear is distributed equally
to each bolt
e P
y1
y2
y3

P
Direct Shear Force Fv, Ed
n
Applied moment Mi P.e
Resistance moment
2 2
MR 2 FT y1
FT y 2 FT y 3 = 2 FT 2 2 2
y1 y1 y1 y2 y3
y1
= 2 FT
. y2
y1
for no failure condition, Mi MR
P.e. y1
FT
2 y2
The bolt size can then be estimated and check
the combination effect of shear and tension.
Note:
For more accurate method of analysis, the applied

moment is assumed resisted by the bolt in tension
as well as by an area at the bottom of the bracket
in compression. The area approximately covers
about h/7 from the bottom of the bracket.

Example: Eccentricity connection ( Bolt in shear
and tension)
300mm 138kN
4@1
00m
m
Determine the suitable bolt size.

Force due to direct shear
P 138
Fv , Ed 13.8kN
n 10
Force due to moment
P.e. y1 138 x300 x 400

Ft , Ed
2 y2 2(100 2 ) 2(200 2 ) 2(300 2 ) 2(400 2 )
= 27.6 kN
Try bolt 20mm dia. Grade 4.6

Carry out the verification:
Ft ,Rd k 2
f ub A 0.9 x400x245
70.5kN
M2 1.25
v f ub A 0.6 x 400 x 245

Fv , Rd 47 kN
M2 1.25
(i) Ft,Ed Ft,Rd i.e. 27.6kN 70.5kN OK!
(ii) Fv,Ed Fv,Rd i.e. 13.8kN 47 kN OK!
Fv, Ed Ft , Ed 13.8 27.6

(iii) 0.3 0.28 0.58 1.0.........OK!
Fv, Rd 1.4 Ft , Rd 47 1.4 x70.5

BLANK

WELDED CONNECTION
INTRODUCTION
• Welding is the process of joining metal parts
by fusing them and filling in with molten
metal from the electrode.
• It usually carried out in fabrication shop under
close supervision.
• Site welding is more costly and defects are
more likely.

INTRODUCTION
Advantages of welding:
• Neat
• More efficient
• No holes to be punched or drilled
• Etc…

INTRODUCTION
Methods:
• A.C Welding
• Gas Welding
• Electron beam and laser beam welding
• Spot welding

TYPES OF WELD
• Fillet Weld (kimpal kambi)
• Butt Weld (kimpal temu)

TYPES OF WELD: Fillet Weld

FILLET WELD: Terminology
Weld size (leg

length), s
Throat
thickness, a
Note: a = 0.7s
TYPES OF WELD: BUTT WELD

BUTT WELD: Terminology
Surface angle
Throat
thickness, a
Gap

WELD DEFECTS

TEST ON WELD
• Observation of weld uniformity
• Surface Test for cracks – Usually applying dye
penetration test
• Ultrasonic
This lecture only concentrated to the fillet weld

DESIGN OF FILLET WELD
• General guidelines are given in Cl. 4: BS EN
1993-1-8: 2005.
• Generally intermittent and small size weld are
seldom used because of corrosion problem
and the possibility of dynamic load which may
cause failure due to fatigue or brittle fracture.

Some important details of fillet weld:
i. Fillet welds may be use for connecting parts where the

fusion faces form an angle of between 60 and 120 . For
angle less than 60 welds should be considered to be partial
penetration butt weld. If greater than 120 the resistance of
fillet weld should be determined by testing.
ii. Fillet welds finishing at ends or sides of parts should be
returned continuously around the corner at least twice the
leg length of the weld unless if it is impractical.
iii. End returns should be indicated on the drawing.

iii. Intermittent fillet welds should not be used in corrosive
condition.
iv. The effective length of a fillet weld, l should be taken as the
length over which the fillet is full-size. This may be taken as
the overall length of the weld reduced by twice the effective
throat thickness, a. Provided that the weld is full size
throughout its length including starts and terminations, no
reduction in effective length need be made for either the
start or the termination of the weld.
v. A fillet weld with an effective length less than 30 mm or less
than 6 times its throat thickness, whichever is larger, should
not be designed to carry load.

DESIGN RESISTANCE OF FILLET WELD
• Method 1: Directional method, in which the
forces transmitted by a unit length of weld are
resolved into parallel and perpendicular
components
• Method 2: Simplified method, in which only

longitudinal shear is considered

DESIGN RESISTANCE OF FILLET WELD:
Simplified Method
Cl. 4.5.3.3, check Fw,Ed ≤ Fw,Rd
where;
• Fw,Ed is the design value of the weld force per
unit length
• Fw,Rd is the design resistance of the weld per
unit length
Simplified Method

Simplified Method
where;
• fu is the minimum ultimate tensile strength of
the connected parts (Table 4.1)
• w is a correlation factor that depends on the
material grade (Table 4.1)
• M2 may be taken as 1.25

Simplified Method
Table 4.1
Thickness of the
Ultimate Strength, fu Correlation
Steel Grade Jointed Part
(N/mm2) Factor, w
Weaker (mm)
tp ≤ 3 360
S235 0.80
3 < tp ≤ 100 360
tp ≤ 3 430
S275 0.85
3 < tp ≤ 100 410
tp ≤ 3 510
S355 0.90
3 < tp ≤ 100 470
Example 1

TYPES OF WELDED CONNECTION
i. Direct Shear
ii. Shear and Torsion
iii. Shear and Bending

EXAMPLE 2 (from Nethercott)
A 150 20 mm thick tie in Grade S275 steel carrying
factored load of 400 kN require a splice within its
length. Design a suitable arrangement using single
sided cover plate and fillet weld.
Cover plate
400 kN 400 kN

EXAMPLE 2: Solution
• Cover plate used should be less than 150 mm
• Given Fw,ED = 400 kN
• Try cover plate 100 20 mm
• Try size 8 mm weld
Throat thickness, a = 0.7s = 0.7 8 = 5.6 mm

EXAMPLE 2: Solution

EXAMPLE 2: Solution
Minimum length required = 400/1.25 = 320 mm
The required length = 320 + (2 8) + (2 8) = 352 mm
(let say 360 mm)
Total resistance of weld = 1.25 360 = 450 kN (> 400

kN)  OK !!

EXAMPLE 3
Design fillet welds for direct shear connection.
Use steel grade S275.
2 nos 65 50 6 mm
yt = 43.9 mm
65 mm
P = 500 kN
yb = 21.1 mm
50 mm 50 mm

EXAMPLE 3: Solution
• Load for 1 angle section, Fw,Ed = 500/2 = 250 kN
• Try size 8 mm fillet weld
Throat thickness, a = 0.7s = 0.7 8 = 5.6 mm

EXAMPLE 3: Solution

EXAMPLE 3: Solution
The weld length may be arranged in two ways:
(1) Balanced the weld on each sides:
Length = 200 43.9/65 = 135 mm
Add 2s = 16 mm; Required length = 135 + 16 = 151
mm, say = 155 mm
The other side length = 200 – 135 = 65 mm

Add 2s = 16 mm; Required length = 65 + 16 = 81 mm,
say = 85 mm
EXAMPLE 3: Solution
85 mm
155 mm

EXAMPLE 3: Solution
(2) Weld placed across the end of angle:
Total required length of weld = 200 mm
L1
65 mm
L2

EXAMPLE 3: Solution
Taking moment about L2;
ML2 = (L1 65) + (65 32.5) = 200 21.1
L1 = 32.4 mm + 2s = 48.4 mm, say = 50 mm
L2 = (200 – 65 – 32.4) + 2s = 118.6 mm, say = 120 mm
50 mm
65 mm
120 mm

ECCENTRIC CONNECTION OF FILLET
WELD P
(1) Shear and Torsion

• Load acted at the plane of weld group
P
(2) Shear and Bending
• Load acted perpendicular to weld group

SHEAR AND TORSION
z
P
e P
FtEd 90
t
r
y
y y +
FvEd
Bracket
z
z
Weld Group Direct Shear Torsional Moment Vector Diagram of
Force Forces
SHEAR AND TORSION

SHEAR AND TORSION

EXAMPLE 4
y
P = 185 kN
e
A
Determine the size of the fillet
300 mm
weld. Use steel Grade S275

z z
and Electrode E35.
Design at critical position, A.

y
150 mm

EXAMPLE 4: Solution

EXAMPLE 4: Solution

EXAMPLE 4: Solution

EXAMPLE 4: Solution

EXAMPLE 4: Solution

EXAMPLE 4: Solution
The design resistance of the weld per unit length (i.e.
per mm run):
Fw,Rd = fvw,d a = 223 3.5 = 780.5 N/mm
= 0.78 kN/mm > 0.439 kN/mm  OK !!
Note:
For structural use of steel minimum size of 6 mm is
normally used

EXERCISE
P = 185 kN
e If only three sided are
J A weld to the previous
example, calculate the
300 mm
suitable weld size.

x
K
150 mm

EXERCISE

SHEAR AND BENDING
Load 90 to the plane of weld group, i.e. Bracket
connection
P
e
Avg. Max
t
y FT
D x x Max
+ FS
Fw,Ed
x1 x1
Bracket B Actual stress
Weld Group Shear Stress Bending Vector
Stress Diagram
SHEAR AND BENDING

SHEAR AND BENDING

EXAMPLE 5
250 DL = 80 kN
173.2
LL = 110 kN
364.6
x x
280
x1 x1
A cut from
356 171 65 UB
Determine the suitable size of weld.

EXAMPLE 5: Solution

Example 5: Solution

EXAMPLE 5: Solution

Example 5: Solution
The design resistance of the weld per unit length (i.e.
per mm run):
Fw,Rd = fvw,d a = 223 5.6 = 1248 N/mm
= 1.25 kN/mm > 0.873 kN/mm  OK !!

END OF
CHAPTER 5

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CONNECTION

• Thus there is wide variety of acceptable methods of

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 2

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 3

members of roof truss

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 6

To transfer various loads and

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 7

Normally considered as pinned or

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 9

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 10

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 11

• Bolts mainly used in connections

• -to resist shear on the surface of

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 12

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 13

(1)Black hexagon bolt ( common bolt).

Specified in two strength grades:

(2)HSFG bolt (High strength friction grip)

Specified in Grade 8.8 and Grade 10.9

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 15

(a)Single Shear Lap Joint

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 18

(f) Beam-to-Column Connection

(h) Stanchion Splice

• The requirement for minimum spacing

• Lifting of the edges are prevented by

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 21

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 23

• Minimum spacing of bolts perpendicular to

• Minimum edge distance perpendicular to the

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 24

• There are several modes of failure includes:

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 25

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 27

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 28

• Shear resistance Fv,Rd

= ultimate bolt strength as per Table 3.1

A = As (tensile area at thread)

γM2 = normally taken as 1.25

Bearing resistance Fb,Rd

From EN 1993-1-8, bearing resistance is given by:

• b is the smallest of: d; fub/fu or 1.0, and accounts

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 33

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 34

In some situations, bolts may experience tension and shear in

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 36

v = 0.6, fub = 400 N/mm2, A = As = 245 mm2,

Shear resistance per bolt Fv,Rd:

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 37

From EN 10025-2, fu of plate (Grade S275, t > 3

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 38

fub/fu = 400/410 = 0.98

b is the smaller of: d, fub/fu or 1.0

For end bolts b = 0.61, and for inner bolts b = 0.66

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 39

And, for inner bolt,

Clearly the resistance of the joint is controlled by the

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 40

• Bolt in double shear

April 2012 DRAS SAB3233 41

Bolts are in double shear. It is assumed that two

av = 0.6, fub = 400 N/mm2, A = As = 245 mm2,