Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EPT 09-T-04
August 1998
Scope
This Engineering Practice Tutorial (EPT) supplements the requirements for fabrication, assembly and
erection, inspection, testing and cleaning of piping contained in MP 16-P-40 by providing tutorial
information for these topics. It covers all piping for onshore and offshore production and processing
facilities.
Version 0
EPT 09-T-04 Piping -Construction August 1998
Table of Contents
1. References.................................................................................................................................. 4
2. Additional References.............................................................................................................5
3. Definitions .................................................................................................................................. 5
4. Fabrication.................................................................................................................................. 8
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7. Pressure Testing.....................................................................................................................20
8. Pipe Cleaning...........................................................................................................................24
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1. References
The following publications form a part of this Tutorial. Unless otherwise specified herein, use the
latest edition.
ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings NPS 1/2 Through NPS 24
ASME B16.20 Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges - Ring-Joint, Spiral-Wound, and Jacketed
Errata - 1994
ASME B16.25 Buttwelding Ends
ASME B31.1 Power Piping
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
ASME SEC IX BPVC SECTION IX Qualification Standard for Welding and Brazing
Procedures, Welders, Brazers, and Welding and Brazing Operators
Addenda - 1995; Addenda - 1996; Interfiled (Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Codes)
ASTM A106 Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-
Temperature Service
ASTM A587 Standard Specification for Electric -Resistance-Welded Low -Carbon Steel
Pipe for the Chemical Industry
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2. Additional References
The following documents are not specifically referenced herein but are included as additional sources
of information on piping.
3. Definitions
Annealing Heating to and holding at a suitable temperature and then cooling at a suitable
rate for such purposes as: reducing hardness, improving machinability,
facilitating cold working, producing a desired microstructure or obtaining
desired mechanical, physical or other properties.
Arc cutting A group of cutting processes wherein the severing or removing of metals is
effected by melting with the heat of an arc between an electrode and the base
metal.
Arc welding A group of welding processes which produces coalescence of metals by
heating them with an arc or arcs, with or without the application of pressure
and with or without the use of filler metal.
Assembly The joining together of two or more piping components by bolt ing, welding,
bonding, screwing, brazing, soldering, cementing or use of packing devices as
specified by the engineering design.
Automatic Welding with equipment which performs the welding operation without
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welding adjustment of the controls by an operator. The equipment may or may not
perform the loading and unloading of the work.
Backing ring Material in the form of a ring used to support molten weld metal.
Base metal The material to be brazed, soldered, welded or otherwise fused.
Branch An integrally reinforced fitting welded to a run pipe and connected to a
connection branch pipe by a buttwelding, socket welding, threaded or flanged joint;
fitting includes a branch outlet fitting conforming to MSS SP-97.
Brazing A metal joining process wherein coalescence is produced by use of a
nonferrous filler metal having a melting point above 427°C (800°F), but
lower than that of the base metals being joined. The filler metal is distributed
in the joint by capillary attraction.
Butt joint A joint between two members aligned approximately in the same plane.
Category D A fluid service in which all of the following apply:
Fluid Service 1. The fluid handled is nonflammable, nontoxic and not damaging to human
tissues.
2. The design pressure does not exceed 1035 kPa (150 psi).
3. The design temperature is from -29°C (-20°F) through 186°C (366°F).
Construction The complete installation of a piping system in the locations and on the
(Erection) supports designated by the engineering design including any field assembly,
fabrication, examination, inspection and testing of the system.
Consumable Preplaced filler metal that is completely fused into the root of the joint and
insert becomes part of the weld.
Fabrication The preparation of piping for assembly, including cutting, threading,
grooving, forming, bending and joining of components into subassemblies.
Fabrication may be performed in the shop or in the field.
Face of weld The exposed surface of a weld on the side from which the welding is done.
Filler material The material to be added in making metallic or nonmetallic joints.
Fillet weld A weld of approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces
approximately at right angles to each other in a lap joint, tee joint or corner
joint.
Full fillet weld A fillet weld whose size is equal to the thickness of the thinner member
joined.
Fusion The melting together of filler material and base material, or of base material
only, which results in coalescence.
Gas metal-arc An arc-welding process which produces coalescence of metals by heating
welding them with an arc between a continuous filler metal (consumable) electrode
(GMAW) and the work. Shielding is obtained entirely from an externally supplied gas
or gas mixture. Some variations of this process are called MIG or CO2
welding.
Gas tungsten- An arc-welding process which produces coalescence of metals by heating
arc welding them with an arc between a single tungsten (non-consumable) electrode and
(GTAW) the work. Shielding is obtained from a gas or gas mixture. Pressure may or
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may not be used and filler metal may or may not be used. (This process is
sometimes called TIG welding.)
Groove weld A weld made in the groove between two members to be joined.
Heat affected That portion of the base material which has not been melted, but whose
zone mechanical properties or microstructure have been altered by the heat of
welding, brazing, soldering, forming or cutting.
Inspector The person who has the overall responsibility to verify that all required
(owner's examinations and testing have been completed and who shall inspect the
Inspector) piping to the extent necessary to be satisfied that it conforms to all applicable
examination requirements of the B31.3 code and of the engineering design.
See Chapter VI in ASME B31.3 for additional information regarding the
owner's Inspector.
Manual Welding A welding operation performed and controlled completely by hand.
May A term which indicates that a provision is neither required nor prohibited.
Mechanical joint A joint for the purpose of mechanical strength or leak resistance, or both, in
which the mechanical strength is developed by threaded, grooved, rolled,
flared or flanged pipe ends; or by bolts, pins, toggles or rings; and the leak
resistance is developed by threads and compounds, gaskets, rolled ends,
caulking or machined and mated surfaces.
Normalizing A process in which a ferrous metal is heated to a suitable temperature above
the transformation range and is subsequently cooled in still air at room
temperature.
NPS Nominal Pipe Size (followed, when appropriate, by the specific size
designation number without an inch symbol).
Piping Assemblies of piping components used to convey, distribute, mix, separate,
discharge, meter, control or snub fluid flows. Pip ing also includes pipe -
supporting elements, but not support structures.
Piping Mechanical elements suitable for joining or assembly into pressure-tight
components fluid-containing piping systems. Components include pipe, tubing, fittings,
flanges, gaskets, bolting, valves and devices such as expansion joints, flexible
joints, pressure hoses, traps, strainers, in-line portions of instruments and
separators.
Piping System Interconnected piping subject to the same set or sets of design conditions.
Postweld heat Uniform heating of a structure or portion thereof to a sufficient temperature to
treatment relieve the major portion of the residual stresses, followed by uniform cooling
(PWHT) slowly enough to minimize development of new residual stresses.
Preheating The application of heat to the base material immediately before or during a
forming, welding or cutting process.
Radiography Radiographic examination of the complete circumference of all the butt and
(100 percent) miter welds in a designated lot of piping. Applies only to butt and miter
welds unless otherwise specified in the engineering design.
Radiography Radiographic examination of the complete circumference of a specified
(Random) percentage of the welds in a designated lot of piping. Applies only to butt and
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4. Fabrication
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4.2.1. Cleaning
All surfaces to be welded shall be clean and free from paint, oil, dirt, scale,
oxides and other contaminants detrimental to welding. Cleaning shall be
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4.2.2. Bevels
Weld edge preparations (bevels) shall be suitable for the welding process to
be used. For pressure-containing welds, the contour shall permit complete
fusion throughout the joint. Bevels shall conform substantially to those used
in the WPS.
All weld bevels and weld surfaces shall be free from cracks, porosity, slag
inclusions and other defects indicative of poor manufacture. Any beveled
edge of pipe that has been damaged shall be repaired before welding. Any
joint of pipe containing laminations or split ends shall be removed and
discarded, and no portion of the joint shall be used.
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Branch connections that are inserted through a run opening (set-in type) shall
be inserted at least as far as the inside surface of the run pipe at all points.
The opening in the run pipe shall be contoured for a groove weld with a root
gap that meets the WPS requirements.
Set-in types of branch connections are not recommended, because the excess
branch pipe projecting into the run pipe creates unnecessary turbulence in the
flow stream, which may result in erosion and extra pressure drop. Also,
good fit-up (root gap, etc) of set-in types of connections is difficult.
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4.3.5. Peening
Peening is prohibited on the root pass and final pass of a weld.
4.3.8. Capping
Capping of horizontal welds shall be done by multiple passes. "Lace" caps
are unacceptable.
4.4. Preheat
• Preheating is used to minimize the detrimental effects of high temperature and severe
thermal gradients inherent in welding. When preheating is required or recommended,
it applies to all types of welding, including tack welds, repair welds and seal welds of
threaded joints.
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− To alleviate the effects of hydrogen that enters the weld metal and heat affected
zone (HAZ)
− To reduce residual stresses
− To minimize shrinkage and distortion
4.5.1. Thickness
The governing thickness for PWHT shall be that of the thicker component
measured at the joint, except for branch connections and fillet welds, heat
treatment is not required until the thickness through the weld in any plane is
more than twice the minimum material thickness requiring treatment.
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4.5.3. Cooling
Heat-treated welds/components shall be cooled in the furnace or under
suitable insulation to assure slow cooling rates. The maximum cooling rate
above 315°C (600°F) shall be 222°C (400°F) per hour.
If a weld is allowed to cool prior to heat treatment, the rate of cooling shall
be controlled or other means shall be used to prevent detrimental effects in
the piping.
4.5.4. Instrumentation
Instrumentation used to verify the PWHT temperatures shall have been
calibrated within 60 days of the performance of the heat treatment.
4.5.5. Thermocouples
If PWHT is performed in a furnace, the temperature shall be measured by a
minimum of two resistance-welded thermocouples attached to the piping
being heat treated. Neither temperature shall be outside the specified PWHT
range.
4.5.7. Hardness
The maximum Brinell hardness of welds (weld deposits and heat-affected
zones) in all steels after heat treatment shall be 225 HB (238 HV10). If
welds are furnace heat treated, a minimum of 10 percent shall be tested to
verify that the hardness criterion has been met. If local heat treatment has
been applied, each weld shall be tested.
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• Inspection and acceptance criteria for cold bends shall be the same as
listed for induction bends below.
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• Induction bending equipment may be used for bending carbon steel and
stainless steel pipe to a bend radius as small as 11 /2 D (pipe diameter).
With Mobil approval, it may also be used for bends made with internally
clad pipe. On large international projects, bending machines have been
shipped to the job site.
• Bend properties that must be within acceptable limits include wall
thickness (thinning), hardness (Brinell), ovality (flattening) and
toughness (impact properties).
− Pipe used for bends shall be on the plus side of the nominal wall
thickness prior to bending, or excessive thinning will generally
occur. Thinning will be a greater problem for bends with a small
bend radius. For this reason, some projects have limited bend
diameter to 2D bends, to minimize thinning problems. Thickness
measurements shall be taken on the bend outside diameter, and the
minimum thickness shall not be less than the thickness required for
design conditions.
− If the hardness of the bend exceeds 225 Brinell, then heat treatment
shall be carried out. Pipe used for bending shall have a carbon
content on the low side of that required in the material specification.
Pipe with a high carbon content will result in high bend hardness.
− The maximum flattening ratio (out-of-roundness, or ovality) shall be
8 percent, as required by ASME B31.3. For lines that require
pigging, a smaller flattening ratio may be required. Bend diameter
and feed rate of the induction bending machine influence the
flattening ratio.
− The toughness of the pipe bend in a function of the initial pipe
material properties, and the bending temperature. Impacts shall be
taken on test bends to determine that the production bends will have
acceptable impact qualities.
• Linear and angular tolerances for prefabricated piping details shall be in accordance
with PFI ES-3.
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• Short pipe runs shall be one continuous piece of pipe. Splices shall not be permitted
between fittings that are 3 m (10 ft) or less apart.
• Connections for high point vents and low point drains shall be installed in the
fabrication shop. Valving shall be installed after erection of the piping, unless it is
determined that shop-installed valves can be adequately protected from damage
during shipment.
• Branch reinforcing pads shall be tested in the shop. However, hydrotest of individual
shop spools is generally not required, since a "system" test on the assembled piping is
required by ASME B31.3.
• Piping subassemblies may be tested either separately or as assembled piping. Skid
assemblies shall be hydrotested in accordance with ASME B31.3 by the skid
fabricator prior to shipment.
• All piping shall be fabricated and inspected in accordance with the requirements of
MP 16-P-40.
5.1.1. Protection
• No welding shall be done if there is impingement on the weld area of
rain, snow, sleet or excessive wind, or if the weld area is frosted or wet.
For these conditions, adequate protection shall be provided for the parts
to be welded and for the welder, so as to ensure the weld quality is
acceptable.
• Piping spools shall not be stored directly on the ground. Additionally,
stainless steel piping spools, as well as stainless steel piping components,
shall be protected from a salty environment.
• Segregated workshop areas shall be provided for carbon steel, low
temperature carbon steel, stainless steel and non-ferrous piping
fabrication. Tools such as grinders, wire brushes, files, etc., shall be
uniquely color coded for ferritic and austenitic materials and shall not be
interchanged.
• Austenitic stainless steel shall be protected from zinc contamination
during all phases of construction, such as storage, fabrication and
installation.
• Pipe ends, including beveled ends, shall not be left unprotected when
shift ends. If time does not permit completion of pipe spool installation,
the protective covers shall be restored until work is once again resume.
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• Three distinct elements of a flanged joint must act together if a leak-free joint is to be
obtained. These are the flanges, the gasket and the bolting. If just one of these
elements is not adequate for the service conditions, then the joint is likely to leak.
• Before assembly, flanges shall be clean and free from any foreign material (e.g. rust,
dirt or other contamination). The joints shall be brought up flush and square without
forcing so that the entire mating surfaces bear uniformly on the gasket and the n
mated-up with uniform bolt tension. Note: MP 16-P-40, Appendix A, contains a
flange bolt-up procedure.
• The maximum permissible imperfections in the flange facing finish for raised face
flanges shall be in accordance with Table 3 in ASME B16.5.
• All equipment, valves and pipe spools shall have flanges covered until ready to
connect the mating piping.
• When the mating flanges are in alignment, the following tolerances shall be
maintained:
− Bolting shall move freely through accompanying bolt holes at right angles to the
flange faces.
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− There shall be a clear gap between the two flange faces before gasket installation.
There shall be sufficient flexibility to install and replace gaskets.
− Before bolting up, flange faces shall be aligned to the design plane within 1 mm in
200 mm (1 /16 in/ft) measure across any diameter; flange bolt holes shall be
aligned within 3 mm (1/8 in) maximum offset.
• In general, flange connections to equipment shall be the last connection made on
completion of a line or interconnecting system of lines.
• Flanges connecting to mechanical equipment that are sensitive to pipe strain shall be
fitted-up in close parallel and lateral alignment prior to tightening the bolting. This
shall include equipment such as pumps, compressors, turbines and air coolers.
• Spiral wound gaskets shall not be coated with a lubricant or parting compound prior to
assembly. RTJ gaskets shall be lightly coated with an anti-friction lubricant prior to
fitting between the flange grooves.
• No more than one gasket shall be used between contact faces in assembling a flanged
joint.
• Stud bolts shall be used on all flanged joints. Except for coated bolting, no bolting
shall be installed without being properly lubricated (see MP 16-P-40).
• Generally, manual wrenches may be used for tightening flanged joints with a bolt
diameter of 25 mm (1 in) or less. Hydraulic torque wrenches (or hydraulic tensioning
equipment) shall be used for all bolts diameters 28 mm (11 /8 in) and larger.
• Note any special instructions or warnings attached to or accompanying the valve, and
take appropriate action.
• Check valves for any marking indicating flow direction or preferred pressure end. If
markings are observed, appropriate care shall be exercised to install the valve in
proper orientation.
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• Inspect valve interior to the extent practical through the end ports. Make sure it is
reasonably clean, free of foreign matter and harmful corrosion. Remove any special
packing materials, such as blocks used to prevent disc movement during shipping and
storage.
• Immediately prior to valve installation, check the piping to which the valve is to be
fastened for cleanliness and freedom from foreign materials.
• Examination applies to quality control functions performed by the manufacturer (for components
only), fabricator or erector. Reference in the code to an examiner is to a person who performs
quality control examinations. Examples of examination are visual examination, radiography,
ultrasonic examination, liquid penetrant examination, etc.
• Inspection refers to functions performed for Mobil by Mobil's Inspector or the Inspector's
delegates. When the ASME B31.3 code refers to "Inspector," it is capitalized and means the
owner's Inspector. The code requires that the owner's (Mobil's) Inspector shall not be an
employee of the piping manufacturer, fabricator or erector unless the owner (Mobil) is also the
manufacturer, fabricator or erector.
All new piping systems shall be examined, inspected and tested in accordance with MP 16-P-40.
7. Pressure Testing
• Prior to initial operation, and after completion of the applicable examinations, the ASME B31.3
code requires that each piping system be tested to ensure tightness. The test shall be a hydrostatic
leak test, except with Mobil's approval, either a pneumatic test, an initial service leak test or
alternative leak test may be performed (see comments below concerning each test).
• Prior to any pressure test, a "Test Pack" for each pressure test system shall be prepared and
approved by Mobil. Each Test Pack shall be individually numbered for identification and shall
contain the following information:
− P&ID marked to show extent of system to be tested.
− Line List for system to be tested, with piping line number(s), test type and test pressure
highlighted.
− Test Data Sheet for recording the test system number, date and time of the pressure test,
identification number and calibration date of test equipment used, test medium, test pressure,
test duration, ambient temperature at start and end of test and the test results. The Test Data
Sheet shall also include a checklist to confirm all blinds, valves, instrumentation, etc. were
properly installed and/or removed, both prior to and upon completion of the test.
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• A list shall be prepared for sensitive equipment that shall be removed, blocked off or isolated
during testing, such as relief valves, inline instruments, turbines, pumps, compressors and vessels.
Critical valves, such as ESD, control and soft-seated ball valves shall be removed where lines
have not been flushed. Instruments shall normally be excluded from the system test, but process
leads shall be included in the test, up to the first block valve. This list shall be a part of the test
procedure.
• Piping joints and welds shall not be insulated or physically covered until satisfactory completion
of testing, except painting of full penetration buttwelds is permitted.
• All piping shall be adequately supported before the pressure test. Spring supports shall not have
shipping blocks removed until after completion of pressure test.
• Piping containing check valves shall have the source of test pressure on the upstream side. If this
is not possible, the check valve disc shall be removed, or the valve shall be removed and replaced
with dummy spools.
• For hydrostatic testing, the test fluid shall in general be fresh water, except that other
suitable liquids may be used if:
− The piping or inline equipment would be adversely affected by water. An
example would be lube or seal oil systems, which are generally tested with the
service fluid or nitrogen.
− Category D piping systems which may be tested with the service fluid. Examples
would be potable water, cooling water, etc.
• The test pressure shall be maintained for a sufficient length of time to permit visual
examination to be made of all surfaces, welds and connections, but a test duration of
at least 30 minutes is recommended. For Class 600 and higher piping systems, a test
duration of one hour is recommended. The piping system shall not show any sign of
leakage or deformation.
• All valves included in the system test shall be examined for signs of external leakage.
The most common leakage problem is either through-wall leakage in the casting, or
leakage at the valve/bonnet joint.
• Socket-welded joints, threaded joints and seal-welded threaded joints shall be
examined thoroughly for leaks. These types of joints shall not be painted prior to
testing.
• Following the completion of a successful hydrotest, the piping system shall be
depressurized by opening the valve at the test pump. After depressurization, all vents
and low point drain valves shall be opened and the system shall be thoroughly drained
if the test medium was water. If the piping system is required to be completely dry,
blowing with dry air to remove any trapped water is recommended.
• If vessels and towers have been included in the hydrotest, ensure that adequate vents
are open and the equipment is drained slowly, to avoid pulling a vacuum on the
equipment and causing damage.
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• Vent holes in reinforcing pads shall be sealed upon completion of the pressure test.
7.2.1. Fluid
Test fluid is generally dry air. Nitrogen may also be used, subject to
provision of suitable safety procedures.
7.2.2. Precautions
The code cautions about the hazard of energy stored in compressed gas.
However, for Class 300 and lower systems, the chances of a catastrophic
failure are near zero if the following precautions are taken:
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• An initial service leak test may be used for piping systems with fluids that meet the
requirements for Category D fluids (see definition in Section 3 of this Tutorial).
• For an initial service leak test, the test fluid is the fluid that will be in the piping
system. Examples are air, water, nitrogen and low pressure steam lines that meet the
requirements for Category D fluids.
• The initial service leak test procedure shall be as follows: Gradually pressurize the
piping system with the process fluid, in steps of 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent and
100 percent of the operating pressure, until the operating pressure is reached. The
pressure shall be held at each intermediate step until the piping strains have equalized.
Additionally, if the fluid is a gas/vapor, all joints shall be examined for leaks at each
intermediate step.
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8. Pipe Cleaning
Prior to commissioning a new piping system, it shall be cleaned to remove dirt, rust, scale, welding
rods, rags and other construction debris. Cleaning shall normally be carried out after pressure testing,
unless otherwise specified.
Water, air and steam are the usual choices available for flushing, and combinations of these fluids
may be used depending upon the line size and degree of cleanliness required. Process hydrocarbon
systems are usually flushed with water, unless it is not available in sufficient quantities or at high
enough pressure. Certain systems, such as centrifugal/positive displacement compressors and
lube/seal oil systems, require special cleaning procedures in order to achieve a high level of
cleanliness.
The cleaning contractor is responsible for developing detailed procedures, including safety
considerations.
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(demineralized) is generally only necessary if the piping has been chemically cleaned.
The use of treated cooling tower water shall be avoided if during the flushing
operation cooling water is dumped into the sewer and thereby contaminating the
sewer with untreated chemicals, such as chromates.
• The higher the velocity of the flushing medium, the more effective a line will be
cleaned. Therefore, if the supply of water is limited for larger pipe sizes, slug flow
flushing with a mixture of water and air will achieve higher velocities. Piping may
also be flushed using high-pressure jet flushing equipment, such as rotating hose or
rotating nozzle.
• Flush downward or horizontally and out at low points, which often will be temporary
openings made by removing valves, or disconnecting flanges/fittings. Normal low
point drains shall only be used if they are approximately full line size. Small drain
valves shall be checked to make sure no debris is lodged in them.
• There must be no restriction at the outlet of the section being flushed. If it is
necessary to throttle the flow rate of the flushing medium, this shall be done at the
supply end.
• Water Velocity shall be at least 5 m/sec (16 ft/sec).
• Air blowing can be used to remove debris and loose scale from air lines and other
piping systems where water flushing or high-pressure jet flushing is not feasible. It
shall also be used upon completion of water or jet flushing to remove trapped water
and moisture so additional corrosion is minimized.
• Air used for blowing shall be clean and oil free. Generally, an air supply pressure of
690-860 kPa (100-125 psi) is adequate for most air blowing operations. The air
velocity shall be approximately 35 m/sec (115 ft/sec).
• Prior to air blowing, all control valves, flow orifices, transmitters and other
instruments and equipment that may be damaged by air blowing shall be removed or
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isolated. All manual valves within the designated flow path shall be fully opened to
prevent damage and to reduce the pressure drop.
• Air blowing shall be accomplished by blowing main headers, then sub-headers and
finally individual laterals.
• The duration of all blows shall be kept relatively short, as air blowing tends to be most
effective when utilizing the surge type of blowing method. The air blows shall be
repeated until blowing effluent appears clear and free of all dirt and debris. Inspection
screens/cloths shall be used to verify acceptable cleanliness.
• High velocity air released from temporary piping is hazardous (flying debris) and
creates excessive noise. Also the piping must be secured to ensure that the jet thrust
which is created during blowing does not pose a hazard to personnel or equipment.
• Slug flow flushing is a two-phase method of removing debris without the need for
excessive quantities of water, steam or air. Turbulence in the piping is maximized by
the interaction of water and gas slugs, thus providing an effective flush.
• The advantages of slug flow flushing are that much less water is required, and the
sizes of pumps, hoses and piping to supply water, air or steam are reduced. The
disadvantage of slug flow flushing is the potential for pipe damage due to excessive
vibration and impact pressures on elbows from the water slugs.
• Experience indicates that if superficial water velocities are held in the range of 0.8–2.0
ft/sec, and gas velocities are within the range of 10–20 ft/sec with the gas volume at
about 90 percent of the mixture, adequate flushing is obtained without excessive
impact pressures.
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• Internal hand cleaning of large lines (with wire brushes, etc.) may be substituted for
other methods of cleaning provided the cleaning contractor can demonstrate that the
lines will be adequately cleaned.
During the final stages of construction, it is necessary that a number of pre-commissioning piping
activities be performed before a unit is ready for start-up. This includes inspecting, testing, cleaning,
purging/draining and preparing piping systems for initial operation. A successful start-up depends, to
a large extent, on the thoroughness with which pre-commissioning procedures are carried out.
• Final issues of the Piping and Instrument Drawings (P&ID's) shall be used to mark off each line,
instrument, etc. as the commissioning activity is completed. A "punch" list shall be prepared
which includes all deficiencies and omissions identified.
• Required items such as valves, bleeders, vents, drains and blinds shall be confirmed. Orientation
of check valves, globe valves and control valves shall be checked for proper flow direction
(during flushing of the piping system, check valve internals may have been removed or the check
valve may have been reversed so line could be flushed). Verify that vent and drain plugs used for
hydrostatic pressure testing are in-place and seal-welded if required. Verify that low point drains
are provided where needed. All line blinds shall be located and their normal operating position
(blanked or open) verified.
• All piping shall be checked to make sure it is properly supported, that shipping "stops" have been
removed from spring supports and that required anchors and guides are in their required
locations. Verify that small bore piping (NPS 2 and smaller) has been adequately supported.
• Orifice plate sizes, locations and correct orientation shall be verified. Make sure start-up strainers
are installed at pumps, compressors, etc.
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EPT 09-T-04 Piping -Construction August 1998
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EPT 09-T-04 Piping -Construction August 1998
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EPT 09-T-04 Piping -Construction August 1998
© Mobil Oil,1998 30 of 30