Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and

are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral factors.

2. Common Non-communicable diseases

Asthma (AZ-ma) is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma
causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness
of breath, and coughing. The coughing often occurs at night or early in the morning.

Asthma affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during childhood. In the United States, more
than 25 million people are known to have asthma. About 7 million of these people are children.

The exact cause of asthma isn't known. Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors
interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include:

 An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe)

 Parents who have asthma

 Certain respiratory infections during childhood

 Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early
childhood when the immune system is developing

If asthma or atopy runs in your family, exposure to irritants (for example, tobacco smoke) may make
your airways more reactive to substances in the air.

Some factors may be more likely to cause asthma in some people than in others. Researchers continue
to explore what causes asthma.

Allergies can cause a variety of symptoms such as a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling, or
asthma. Allergies can range from minor to severe. Anaphylaxis is a severe reaction that can be life-
threatening. Doctors use skin and blood tests to diagnose allergies.

Causes

An allergy starts when your immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous
invader. The immune system then produces antibodies that remain on the alert for that particular
allergen. When you're exposed to the allergen again, these antibodies can release a number of immune
system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms.

Common allergy triggers include:

 Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold
 Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk
 Insect stings, such as from a bee or wasp
 Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics
 Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions
Cardiovascular disease generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels
that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke. Other heart conditions, such as those that
affect your heart's muscle, valves or rhythm, also are considered forms of heart disease.

Causes

While cardiovascular disease can refer to different heart or blood vessel problems, the term is often
used to mean damage to your heart or blood vessels by atherosclerosis (ath-ur-o-skluh-ROE-sis), a
buildup of fatty plaques in your arteries. Plaque buildup thickens and stiffens artery walls, which can
inhibit blood flow through your arteries to your organs and tissues.

Atherosclerosis is also the most common cause of cardiovascular disease. It can be caused by
correctable problems, such as an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, being overweight and smoking.

Cancer, also called malignancy, is an abnormal growth of cells. There are more than 100 types of cancer,
including breast cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and lymphoma.
Symptoms vary depending on the type. Cancer treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation, and/or
surgery.

Causes

Cancer is caused by changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells. The DNA inside a cell is packaged into a
large number of individual genes, each of which contains a set of instructions telling the cell what
functions to perform, as well as how to grow and divide. Errors in the instructions can cause the cell to
stop its normal function and may allow a cell to become cancerous.

What do gene mutations do?

A gene mutation can instruct a healthy cell to:

 Allow rapid growth. A gene mutation can tell a cell to grow and divide more rapidly. This
creates many new cells that all have that same mutation.

 Fail to stop uncontrolled cell growth. Normal cells know when to stop growing so that you have
just the right number of each type of cell. Cancer cells lose the controls (tumor suppressor
genes) that tell them when to stop growing. A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene allows
cancer cells to continue growing and accumulating.

 Make mistakes when repairing DNA errors. DNA repair genes look for errors in a cell's DNA and
make corrections. A mutation in a DNA repair gene may mean that other errors aren't corrected,
leading cells to become cancerous.

These mutations are the most common ones found in cancer. But many other gene mutations can
contribute to causing cancer.
What causes gene mutations?

Gene mutations can occur for several reasons, for instance:

 Gene mutations you're born with. You may be born with a genetic mutation that you inherited
from your parents. This type of mutation accounts for a small percentage of cancers.

 Gene mutations that occur after birth. Most gene mutations occur after you're born and aren't
inherited. A number of forces can cause gene mutations, such as smoking, radiation, viruses,
cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens), obesity, hormones, chronic inflammation and a lack of
exercise.

Gene mutations occur frequently during normal cell growth. However, cells contain a mechanism that
recognizes when a mistake occurs and repairs the mistake. Occasionally, a mistake is missed. This could
cause a cell to become cancerous.

Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in
which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate,
or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar
will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia)
and hungry (polyphagia).

What causes type 1 diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes occurs when your immune system, the body’s system for fighting infection, attacks and
destroys the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Scientists think type 1 diabetes is caused
by genes and environmental factors, such as viruses, that might trigger the disease. Studies such
as TrialNet are working to pinpoint causes of type 1 diabetes and possible ways to prevent or slow the
disease.

What causes type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes—the most common form of diabetes—is caused by several factors, including lifestyle
factors and genes.

Overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity

You are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you are not physically active and
areoverweight or obese. Extra weight sometimes causes insulin resistance and is common in people
with type 2 diabetes. The location of body fat also makes a difference. Extra belly fat is linked to insulin
resistance, type 2 diabetes, and heart and blood vessel disease. To see if your weight puts you at risk for
type 2 diabetes, check out these Body Mass Index (BMI) charts.
Insulin resistance

Type 2 diabetes usually begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which muscle, liver, and fat cells do
not use insulin well. As a result, your body needs more insulin to help glucose enter cells. At first, the
pancreas makes more insulin to keep up with the added demand. Over time, the pancreas can’t make
enough insulin, and blood glucose levels rise.

Genes and family history

As in type 1 diabetes, certain genes may make you more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. The disease
tends to run in families and occurs more often in these racial/ethnic groups:
 African Americans
 Alaska Natives
 American Indians
 Asian Americans
 Hispanics/Latinos
 Native Hawaiians
 Pacific Islanders
Genes also can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes by increasing a person’s tendency to become
overweight or obese.
What causes gestational diabetes?
Scientists believe gestational diabetes, a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, is caused by
the hormonal changes of pregnancy along with genetic and lifestyle factors.

Arthritis is very common but is not well understood. Actually, “arthritis” is not a single disease; it is an
informal way of referring to joint pain or joint disease. There are more than 100 different types of
arthritis and related conditions. People of all ages, sexes and races can and do have arthritis, and it is the
leading cause of disability in America. More than 50 million adults and 300,000 children have some type
of arthritis. It is most common among women and occurs more frequently as people get older.
Common arthritis joint symptoms include swelling, pain, stiffness and decreased range of motion.
Symptoms may come and go. They can be mild, moderate or severe. They may stay about the same for
years, but may progress or get worse over time. Severe arthritis can result in chronic pain, inability to do
daily activities and make it difficult to walk or climb stairs. Arthritis can cause permanent joint changes.
These changes may be visible, such as knobby finger joints, but often the damage can only be seen on X-
ray. Some types of arthritis also affect the heart, eyes, lungs, kidneys and skin as well as the joints.

Causes
Cartilage is a firm but flexible connective tissue in your joints. It protects the joints by absorbing the
pressure and shock created when you move and put stress on them. A reduction in the normal amount
of this cartilage tissue cause some forms of arthritis.
Normal wear and tear causes OA, one of the most common forms of arthritis. An infection or injury to
the joints can exacerbate this natural breakdown of cartilage tissue. Your risk of developing OA may be
higher if you have a family history of the disease.
Another common form of arthritis, RA, is an autoimmune disorder. It occurs when your body’s immune
system attacks the tissues of the body. These attacks affect the synovium, a soft tissue in your joints that
produces a fluid that nourishes the cartilage and lubricates the joints.
RA is a disease of the synovium that will invade and destroy a joint. It can eventually lead to the
destruction of both bone and cartilage inside the joint.
The exact cause of the immune system’s attacks is unknown. But scientists have discoveredgenetic
markers that increase your risk of developing RA fivefold.

Kidney failure, also called end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is the last stage of chronic kidney disease.
When your kidneys fail, it means they have stopped working well enough for you to survive without
dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Causes
In most cases, kidney failure is caused by other health problems that have done permanent damage
(harm) to your kidneys little by little, over time.
When your kidneys are damaged, they may not work as well as they should. If the damage to your
kidneys continues to get worse and your kidneys are less and less able to do their job, you have chronic
kidney disease. Kidney failure is the last (most severe) stage of chronic kidney disease. This is why kidney
failure is also called end-stage renal disease, or ESRD for short.
Diabetes is the most common cause of ESRD. High blood pressure is the second most common cause of
ESRD. Other problems that can cause kidney failure include:
 Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and IgA nephropathy
 Genetic diseases (diseases you are born with), such as polycystic kidney disease
 Nephrotic syndrome
 Urinary tract problems
Sometimes the kidneys can stop working very suddenly (within two days). This type of kidney failure is
called acute kidney injury or acute renal failure. Common causes of acute renal failure include:
 Heart attack
 Illegal drug use and drug abuse
 Not enough blood flowing to the kidneys
 Urinary tract problems
This type of kidney failure is not always permanent. Your kidneys may go back to normal or almost
normal with treatment and if you do not have other serious health problems.
Having one of the health problems that can lead to kidney failure does not mean that you will definitely
have kidney failure. Living a healthy lifestyle and working with your doctor to control these health
problems can help your kidneys work for as long as possible.
Treatment
Asthma
Asthma Medication
There are many effective medicines to treat asthma. Most people with asthma need two kinds: quick-
relief medicines and long-term control medicines. Immunotherapy (allergy shots) can also be helpful.
Long-term control medicines are taken every day to prevent symptoms and attacks:
 Antileukotrienes or leukotriene modifiers
 Cromolyn sodium
 Inhaled corticosteroids
 Long-acting inhaled beta2-agonists (always administered with another asthma-related drug)
 Methylxanthines
 Oral corticosteroids
 Immunomodulators
These medicines are taken every day, even if you do not have symptoms. The most effective long-term
control medicines reduce airway inflammation and help improve asthma control.

Immunotherapy
Two types of immunotherapy are available: allergy shots and sublingual (under the tongue) tablets.
 Allergy shots: If your asthma is triggered by an allergy, you should consider allergy shots, which
are very effective in relieving allergy symptoms and in some cases can actually cure your allergy.
The treatment, which can take several years, builds up immunity to your offending allergens
(pollens, dust mite, pets, mold). It works by injecting small amounts of the allergen in gradually
increasing amounts over time. As the shots help the body build up a tolerance to the effects of
the allergen, they eventually reduce and can even eliminate your allergy symptoms.
 Sublingual tablets: This type of immunotherapy was approved by the Food and Drug
Administration in 2014. Starting several months before allergy season begins, patients dissolve a
tablet under the tongue daily. Treatment can continue for as long as three years. These
medications should not be used in patients with severe or uncontrolled asthma. Only a few
allergens (certain grass and ragweed pollens) can be treated now with this method, but it is a
promising therapy for the future.

Allergy
General treatments for allergic reactions. Over-thecounter (OTC) antihistamines and decongestants
may relieve minor symptoms. Antihistamines prevent symptoms such as hives by blocking histamines
receptors so your body doesn't react to the allergens. Decongestants help clear your nose, especially for
seasonal allergies

Cardiovascular Disease
Treatment will depend on the type of condition the person has.
Options include:
 lifestyle adaptations, such as weight control, exercise, quitting smoking, and dietary changes
 medication, for example, to reduce LDLcholesterol
  surgery, such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
 cardiac rehabilitation, including exercise and counseling
Treatment aims to:
 relieve symptoms
 reduce the risk of the condition recurring or worsening
 prevent complications
Depending on the condition, it may also aim to stabilize heart rhythms, reduce blockages, and widen the
arteries to enable a better flow of blood.

Cancer
There are many types of cancer treatment. The types of treatment that you have will depend on the
type of cancer you have and how advanced it is. Some people with cancer will have only one treatment.
But most people have a combination of treatments, such as surgery withchemotherapy and/or radiation
therapy. You may also have immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or hormone therapy.

Diabetes type 1 and type 2 treatment facts

 Controlling blood sugar (glucose) levels is the major goal of diabetes treatment, in order to
prevent complications of the disease.
 Type 1 diabetes is managed with insulin as well as dietary changes and exercise.
 Type 2 diabetes may be managed with non-insulin medications, insulin, weight reduction, or
dietary changes.
 The choice of medications for type 2 diabetes is individualized, taking into account:
o the effectiveness and side effect profile of each medication,
o the patient's underlying health status,
o any medication compliance issues, and
o cost to the patient or health-care system.
 Medications for type 2 diabetes can work in different ways to reduce blood glucose levels. They
may:
o increase insulin sensitivity,
o increase glucose excretion,
o decrease absorption of carbohydrates from the digestive tract, or
o work through other mechanisms.
 Medications for type 2 diabetes are often used in combination.
 Different methods of delivering insulin include:
o syringes,
o pre-filled pens, and
o the insulin pump.
 Proper nutrition is a part of any diabetes care plan. There is no one specific "diabetic diet" that is
recommended for all individuals.
 Pancreas transplantation is an area of active study for the treatment of diabetes.

Arthritis
Arthritis treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and improving joint function. You may need to try
several different treatments, or combinations of treatments, before you determine what works best for
you.
Medications
The medications used to treat arthritis vary depending on the type of arthritis. Commonly used arthritis
medications include:
 Analgesics. These medications help reduce pain, but have no effect on inflammation. Examples
include acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), tramadol (Ultram, Ultracet, others) and narcotics
containing oxycodone (Percocet, Oxycontin, others) or hydrocodone (Norco, Vicoprofen,
others).
 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs reduce both pain and inflammation.
Over-the-counter NSAIDs include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium
(Aleve). Some types of NSAIDs are available only by prescription. Oral NSAIDs can cause stomach
irritation, and some may increase your risk of heart attack or stroke. Some NSAIDs are also
available as creams or gels, which can be rubbed on joints.
 Counterirritants. Some varieties of creams and ointments contain menthol or capsaicin, the
ingredient that makes hot peppers spicy. Rubbing these preparations on the skin over your
aching joint may interfere with the transmission of pain signals from the joint itself.
 Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Often used to treat rheumatoid arthritis,
DMARDs slow or stop your immune system from attacking your joints. Examples include
methotrexate (Trexall) and hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil).
 Biologic response modifiers. Typically used in conjunction with DMARDs, biologic response
modifiers are genetically engineered drugs that target various protein molecules that are
involved in the immune response. Examples include etanercept (Enbrel) and infliximab
(Remicade).
 Corticosteroids. This class of drug, which includes prednisone and cortisone, reduces
inflammation and suppresses the immune system. Corticosteroids can be taken orally or be
injected directly into the painful joint.
Therapy
Physical therapy can be helpful for some types of arthritis. Exercises can improve range of motion and
strengthen the muscles surrounding joints. In some cases, splints or braces may be warranted.
Surgery
If conservative measures don't help, your doctor may suggest surgery, such as:
 Joint repair. In some instances, joint surfaces can be smoothed or realigned to reduce pain and
improve function. These types of procedures can often be performed arthroscopically —
through small incisions over the joint.
 Joint replacement. This procedure removes your damaged joint and replaces it with an artificial
one. Joints most commonly replaced are hips and knees.
 Joint fusion. This procedure is more often used for smaller joints, such as those in the wrist,
ankle and fingers. It removes the ends of the two bones in the joint and then locks those ends
together until they heal into one rigid unit.

Kidney Failure
If you have ESRD, you will need dialysis or a kidney transplant to survive. There is no cure for ESRD, but
many people live long lives while having dialysis or after having a kidney transplant.
There are many options for treating kidney failure, including kidney transplant and several types of
dialysis. Your doctor can help you figure out which treatment is best for you. Learn more about the
treatment options for kidney failure.
 THEATRICAL FORMS

Vaudeville/bodabil in the Philippines, more commonly

The Komedya is a colorful theatrical tradition in
referred to as Bodabil, was a popular genre of
Christianized Philippines whose plot generally revolves
entertainment in the Philippines from the 1910s until
around the social, political and religious conflicts of
the mid-1960s. For decades, it competed with film,
Muslim and Christian heroes dramatized in colorful
radio and television as the dominant form of Filipino
romantic and stylized acting, and in exotic costumes,
mass entertainment. It peaked in popularity during the
presented usually during community festivals with the
Japanese occupation in the Philippines from 1941 to
support and patronage of the community. Participants
1945. Many of the leading figures of Philippine film in
are usually recruited from the communities where they
the 20th century, such as Dolphy,Nora Aunor, Leopoldo
are presented and the language of the script is the
Salcedo and Rogelio de la Rosa, began their
language of the locality where it is presented. Thus, it is
showbusiness careers in bodabil.
in Ilocano in the Ilocos, Kapampangan in Pampanga,
Bodabil is an indigenized form of vaudeville, which had
Tagalog in the Tagalog provinces, Cebuano in Cebu, etc.
been introduced in the Philippines around the turn of
the 20th century. It featured a hodgepodge of musical
numbers, short-form comedy and dramatic skits, and
even magic acts, often staged inside the theaters of
Manila.[1] Bodabil proved the vehicle for the
popularization of musical trends and musicians,
performance genres and performers.

In the Philippines, the sarswela is a play with songs and

dances usually written in prose, containing from one to
five acts, depicting the vagaries of romantic love among
idealized Filipino characters, and often incorporating
contemporary social, political, economic or cultural
issues for relevance and interest.
 PHILIPPINE THEATRICAL FORMS
Shadow play, also known as shadow puppetry, is an
ancient form of storytelling and entertainment which
uses flat articulated cut-out figures (shadow puppets)
which are held between a source of light and a
translucent screen or scrim. The cut-out shapes of the
puppets sometimes include translucent color or other
types of detailing. Various effects can be achieved by
moving both the puppets and the light source. A
talented puppeteer can make the figures appear to
walk, dance, fight, nod and laugh.
Shadow play is popular in various cultures, among both
children and adults in many countries around the world.
More than 20 countries are known to have shadow
show troupes. Shadow play is an old tradition and it has
a long history in Southeast Asia, especially
in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Cambodia. It has
been an ancient art and a living folk tradition
in China, India and Nepal. It is also known
in Egypt, Turkey, Greece, Germany, France and the
United States.
Dance Drama is drama performed through dance
movements, frequently with dialogue. According to
the Natya-shastra, the dancer-actor communicates the
meaning of a play through four kinds
of abhinaya (histrionicrepresentations): angika,
transmitting emotion through the stylized movements
of parts of the body; vachika, speech, song, pitch of
vowels, and intonation; aharya, costumes and makeup;
and sattvika, the entire psychological resources of the
dancer-actor.
The actor is equipped with a complicated repertoire of
stylized gestures. Conventionalized movements are
prescribed for every part of the body, the eyes and
hands being the most important.
The senakulo is a traditional Filipino dramatization of
the life and times of Jesus Christ. Done in singing
(pasyon) and recitation, it is presented in the public
squares in many towns, in houses and streets during the
season of Lent.
The Senakulo (from the Spanish cenaculo) is a Lenten
play that depicts events from the Old and New
Testaments related to the life, sufferings, and death of
Christ.
Pasyon
The senakulo is traditionally performed on a
proscenium-type stage with painted cloth or paper
backdrops that are called telon. It takes at least eight
nights - from Palm Sunday to Eastern Sunday - to
present the play. Christ is presented traditionally as
meek and humble, submitting lamb-like to his fate in
obedience to authority.
In urban areas, there are developed versions of
the senakulo that run for only one or two hours. They
may be presented in different types of locale: on the
traditional stage, on the streets, in a chapel, or out in
the open. Comedy, courtship, and special effects may
be incorporated. Furthermore, modern senakulos tend
to focus not on Christ’s submissiveness, but on his
reason and resolve in courageously standing up for the
unfortunate against their oppressors, suggesting how
current problems may be resolved.