LESSON 1 :LINEAR MOTION Unit asas bagi laju ialah ms-1

Distance(jarak) ,d and Displacement(sesaran), s

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
Distance is the total length/path travelled by an object. Halaju ialah kadar perubahan sesaran
Jarak = jumlah panjang lintasan yg dilalui oleh objek. Velocity / Halaju = displacement = sesaran
Distance is a scalar quantity. time taken masa
Jarak merupakan kuantiti skalar.
Base unit of distance is metre (m). Average velocity = total displacement
Unit asas jarak ialah meter. total time taken
Halaju purata = jumlah sesaran
Displacement is shortest distance between two jumlah masa
locations in a particular direction. Velocity is a vector quantity
Sesaran = jarak terpendek antara dua lokasi pada arah Halaju merupakan kuantiti vektor
tertentu. The unit of velocity is m s-1
Displacement is a vector quantity Unit asas bagi halaju ialah ms-1
Sesaran merupakan kuantiti vektor.
Base unit of dispacement is metre (m). Example 2 / Contoh 2
Unit asas sesaran ialah meter. Figure below shows runner runs 500 m towards east in 2
minutes and 1200m towards north in 4 minutes.
Diagram below shows the difference between distance Rajah di bawah menunjukkan seorang pelari berlari
and displacement. 500m ke arah timur dalam masa 2 minit dan 1200m ke
Rajah dibawah menunjukkan perbezaan antara jarak arah utara dalam masa 4 minit.
dan sesaran.

Distance = Length of the road Jarak = Panjang

jalan
Displacement = Length of the line AB Calculate his / Hitung
Sesaran = panjang garisan AB (a)Total distance / Jumlah jarak
(b)Total displacement / Jumlah sesaran
Example 1 (c) average speed / Laju purata
A boy walks finish the following path PQ. (d) average velocity / Halaju purata
Seorang budak mengikut lintasan PQ seperti dibawah.
Acceleration,a and Decelaration(Retardation)
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
Pecutan = kadar perubahan halaju
Acceleration / Pecutan= change in velocity / perubahan halaju
time taken masa
Acceleration = final velocity – initial velocity
time taken
Find / Hitung Pecutan = halaju akhir – halaju awal
(a) total distance traveled / jumlah jarak yang dilalui masa
(b) displacement / jumlah seasaran a = v - u
t
Speed and Velocity ,v Negative acceleration is called as deceleration
Speed is the rate of change of distance. (retardation).
Laju = kadar perubahan jarak Pecutan negatif = nyahpecutan
Speed / Laju = distance travelled = jarak Acceleration is a vector quantity
time taken masa Pecutan merupakan kuantiti vektor
The unit of acceleration or deceleration is ms -2
Average speed = total distance traveled Unit asas pecutan ialah ms-2
total time taken
Laju purata = jumlah jarak
jumlah masa
Speed is a scalar quantity
Laju merupakan kuantii skalar
The base unit of speed is ms-1

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Extra notes / Nota tambahan
1 increasing velocity = acceleration
halaju bertambah = pecutan
2 decreasing velocity (slow down) = deceleration
halaju berkurang = nyahpecutahan
3 zero accleleration = constant velocity / at rest
pecutan sifar = halaju seragam / pegun
Equations of Linear Motion with Uniform
acceleration
Persamaan gerakan linear dgn pecutan seragam
v = u + at ……………………….(1)
Example 6
A car moving with constant velocity of 40 ms -1. The driver
saw an obstacle in front and he immediately stepped on
the brake pedal and managed to stop the car in 8 s.
What is the total distance travelled?
Sebuah kereta sedang bergerak dengan halaju seragam
40ms-1 pada jalan lurus. Pemandu melihat sebuah
penghalang dan serta merta menekan brek dan berjaya
memberhentikan kenderaan dalam masa 8 saat.
Berapakah jumlah jarak yang dilalui?

s= u + v t ………………………..(2)
2 Using a ticker timer to analysing the motion
Menggunakan jangka masa detik untuk mengkaji
s = ut + ½ at2 ………………………..(3) gerakan
A ticker timer is connected to an alternating electricity
v2 = u2 + 2as ………………………..(4) supply (a.c.) with frequency of 50 Hz to make 50 ticks on
Where s : displacement / sesaran ticker tape or 50 vibrations every second.
u : initial velocity / halaju awal Jangka masa detik disambung kepada bekalan kuasa
v : final velocity / halaju akhir arus ulang alik yang berfrekuensi 50Hz untuk
a : acceleration / pecutan menghasilkan 50 detik pada pita detik atau 50 getaran
t : time / masa sesaat.

Example 3
A car accelerates from rest to 25 m s-1 in 4 s. Find the
total distance travelled by the car.
Sebuah kereta memecut dari keadaan pegun ke 25ms-1
dalam masa 4saat. Hitung jumlah jarak yang dilalui oleh
kereta tesebut.

1 tick is the time interval between two consecutive dots.

Example 4 1 detik = masa antara dua titik berturutan
A car accelerates from rest at 3 ms-2 along a straight 50 ticks = 1 second
road. How far has the car travelled after 4s? 50 detik = 1 saat
Sebuah kereta memecut dari keadaan pegun pada 3ms- 1 tick = 0.02 second
2
pada jalan yang lurus. Berapakah jumlah jarak yang 1 detik = 0.02 saat
dilalui oleh kereta tersebut selepas 4 saat?
Determination of velocity / menetukan halaju
Example 7

Example 5
A car is traveling at 20 ms-1 along a straight road. The Velocity / halaju, v = displacement / sesaran =
driver puts the brakes on and causes a deceleration of 3 time / masa
ms-2, what is the car’s final velocity after travelling over a
distance of 50m? Determination of acceleration
Sebuah kereta sedang bergerak dengan halaju 20ms-1 Example 8
pada jalan lurus. Pemandu menekan brek dan ini
menyebabkan kereta mengalami nyahpecutan sebanyak
3ms-2. Berapakah halaju akhir setelah kereta tersebut
bergerak sejauh 50m?

Based on the figure above, calculate the acceleration.

Berdasarkan rajah diatas hitung pecutan.

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Example 9

Based on the figure above, calculate the acceleration.

Berdasarkan rajah diatas hitung pecutan.

Example 10
The following figure shows a tape chart. Calcluate
the acceleration. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah
carta pita. Hitung pecutan (c) The type of motion is acceleration increasing
(pecutan bertambah)

Example 11
The following figure shows a tape chart. Calcluate (d) The type of motion is acceleration decreasing
the acceleration. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah (pecutan berkurang)
carta pita. Hitung pecutan

(e) The type of motion is constant deceleration

(nyahpecutan seragam)

The type of motion based on ticker tape or tape

chart
(a) The type of motion is constant velocity (halaju
seragam) / zero acceleration (pecutan sifar)

(b) The type of motion is constant acceleration

(pecutan seragam)

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LESSON 2: ANALYSING MOTION
GRAPHS
Displacement – time graphs / Graf sesaran lawan masa (d) Calculate the total distance and total displacement.
Displacement/m Gradient = Velocity Hitung jumlah jarak dan jumlah sesaran
Sesaran/m Kecerunan = halaju
(e) Calculate the average speed and average velocity
time/s Hitung laju purata dan halaju purata
masa/s

s/m Type of motion:

Corak Gerakan: (f) Sketch a velocity against time graph.
t/s Lakarkan graf halaju melawan masa
v/ms-1
s/m Type of motion :
Corak Gerakan: 0 10 30 35 t/s

t/s

s/m Type of motion: Velocity – Time graphs / Graf halaju lawan masa
Corak Gerakan:
t/s

s/m
Type of motion:
Corak Gerakan: Gradient = acceleration
t/s Kecerunan = pecutan
Area under the graph = displacement
v/ms-1 Type of motion:
Luas dibawah graf = sesaran
Corak Gerakan:
s/m Type of motion:
Corak Gerakan:
t/s
t/s
v/ms-1 Type of motion :
Example 1
Corak Gerakan:
The following figure shows displacement – time graph of an
t/s
object.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf sesaran melawan masa
untuk suatu objek.
v/ms-1 Type of motion:
Corak Gerakan:
t/s

v/ms-1 Type of motion:

Corak Gerakan:
Based on the graph
Berdasarkan graf diatas t/s
(a)state the section of the graph showing
nyatakan bahagian graf yang menunjukkan v/ms-1 Type of motion:
(i) object moving away from origin Corak Gerakan:
objek bergerak mejauhi asalan.
(ii) moving back to origin t/s
objek berpatah balik ke asalan

(b) state how long the object is at rest

nyatakan berapa lama objek dalam keadaan pegun

(c) calculate the velocity at

hitung halaju pada bahagian
(i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD

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Example 2 a/ms-2
The following is the velocity-time graph of a car moving to the
right and turning to the left.
Rajah dibawah menunjukkan graf halaju melawan masa
sebuah kereta yang bergerak ke kanan dan berpatah balik ke 0 2 5 8 10 t/s
kiri.

v/ms-1
20 B C LESSON 3 – INERTIA / Inersia
D F The meaning of inertia / maksud inersia
A0 2 5 7 8 10 t/s Inertia is property of an object which resists changes in its
state of motion.
-10 E Inersia adalah sifat semulajadi objek yang menentang
perubahan dalam keadaan gerakannya.
Based on the graph, If it is at rest it tends to remain at rest, if it is moving it tends to
Berdasarkan graf diatas, continue moving with a constant velocity in a straight line.
(a)State the section of the graph showing Kalau objek berada dalam keadaan pegun ia cenderung
Nyatakan bahagian graf yang menunjukkan berada dalam keadaan pegun, kalau bergerak ia cenderung
(i) acceleration / pecutan untuk meneruskan keadaan gerakannya dgn halaju seragam
dalam garis lurus.
(ii) deceleration / nyahpecutan
Newton’s First Law of Motion / Hukum Newton Pertama
(b)How long the car was moving with constant velocity? states that “an object will remain at rest or continue moving
Berapa lama kereta tersebut bergerak dengan halaju with a constant speed in a straight line unless there is an
seragam? external force”
menyatakan bahawa objek yang berada dalam keadaan
(c) State the point on the graph showing the car start to change pegun akan terus berada dalam keadaan pegun atau jika
direction. bergerak, ia akan terus begerak dengan laju seragam dalam
Nyatakan titik pada graf yang menunjukkan kereta tersebut garis lurus kecuali ada daya luar bertindak.
mula berubah arah.
Examples involving inertia/ Contoh melibatkan inersia
(d) Calculate the acceleration over / Hitung pecutan pada Example 1
(i) AB (ii)BC (iii)CD (iv) EF

Observation: The coin drops vertically into the glass .

(d) Calculate / Hitung
(i) the total displacement / jumlah sesaran
(ii) the total distance for the whole journey.
jumlah jarak untuk keseluruhan perjalanan
Pemerhatian: Duit syiling jtuh ke dalam gelas
Explaination : The inertia of the coin causes it remain at rest .
The coin drops vertically into the glass due its
weight.
Pemerhatian: Inersia duit syiling menyebabkan ia cenderung
berada dalam keadaan rehat dan jatuh ke
bawah akibat tarikan graviti.
Example 2

(e) Calculate / Hitung

(i) average velocity / halaju purata
(ii) average speed / laju purata
(f) Sketch an acceleration against time graph.
Lakarkan graf pecutan lawan masa
Passengers in a bus will lurch backwards when a stationary
bus starts to move with forward acceleration. When the bus
moves suddenly from rest, our feet move forward but the rest
of our body tends to keep us at rest. This causes our body to
fall.

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Penumpang bas terhumban ke belakang bila bas pegun mula
memecut ke depan. Bila bas secara tiba-tiba mula bergerak ke
depan, kaki kita bergerak ke depan tetapi bahagian badan
yang lain cenderung untuk mengkekalkan keadaan rehatnya.
Ini menyebabkan kita jatuh kebelakang.
Example 3
Passengers in a moving bus lurch forward when the bus
comes to a halt suddenly. The passengers were in a state of
motion when the bus was moving. When the bus stops
suddenly, our feet are brought to rest, but the other parts of our
body tends to continue its motion. This causes our body to fall
forward.
Penumpang bas terhumban ke depan bila bas yang sedang
bergerak berhenti secra tiba-tiba. Penumpang dalam keadaan
bergerak bila bas sedang bergerak. Bila bas berhenti secara
tiba-tiba, kaki kita akan berhenti bergerak tetapi bahagian
badan yang lain cenderung untuk mengkekalkan keadaan
gerakannya. Ini menyebabkan kita jatuh ke depan.
Example 4
Chili sauce in the bottle can be easily poured out if the bottle is
moved down fast with a sudden stop. The sauce in the bottles
move with the bottle during the downward movement.
When the bottle is stopped, the inertia of the sauce causes it to
continue in its downward movement and thus the sauce is
forced out of the bottle.
Sos cili dalam botol dapat dituang dengan mudah dengan
megerakkan botol ke bawah dengan pantas dan dihentikan
secara tiba-tiba. Sos cili bergerak bersama-sama botol bila
botol digerakkan kebawah. Bila gerakkan botol dihentikan,
inersia sos akan menyebabkan sos meneruskan
pergerakkannya ke bawah dan ini menyebabkan sos keluar
dari botol
Example 5
The head of hammer is secured tightly to its handle by
knocking one end of the handle, held vertically, on a hard
surface. This causes the hammer head to continue on its
downward motion when the handle has been stopped, so that
the top end of the handle is slotted deeper into the hammer
head.
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Kepala tukul besi diketatkan kepada pemegangnya dengan
mengetuk pemegang tukul besi pada permukaan yang keras.
Ini menyebabkan kepala tukul besi meneruskan gerakkannya
ke bawah bila gerakkan pemegang dihentikan supaya
pemegang masuk lebih ke dalam tukul besi.
Relationship between mass and inertia
The mass of a body is a measure of its inertia. If a body has a
small mass, it will have a small inertia; if its mass is large, then
so is its inertia.
Jisim jasad adalah merupakan ukuran bagi inersianya. Jasad
yang mempunyai jisim yang kecil inersianya pun kecil. Kalau
jisimnya besar inersia nya pun besar.
Observation : The pail filled with sand feels more reluctant to
move and more difficult to stop moving than the
empty one.
Pemerhatian : Baldi yang diiisikan pasir lebih susah
digerakkan dan lebih susah dihentikan
gerakkanya berbanding baldi kosong.
Explanation: The pail filled sand has a greater inertia or mass
than the empty one.
Penerangan: Baldi yang berisi penuh dengan pasir
mempunyai inersia yang besar berbanding baldi
yang kosong.
Reducing the negative effects of inertia.
Mengurangkan kesan negative inersia.
1. Safety in a car / Keselamatan dalam kenderaan:
(a) Safety belt secure the driver to their seats. When the car
stops suddenly, the seat belt provides the external force
that prevents the driver from being thrown forward.
(b) Headrest to prevent injuries to the neck during rear-end
collisions. The inertia of the head tends to keep in its state
of rest when the body is moved suddenly.
2. The oil tank of an oil tanker lorry is usually divided into a few
smaller compartments so that the effects of inertia can be
greatly reduced. The movement of the oil in a large tank
can make the lorry very unstable due to large inertia.
 LESSON 4 Example 2
The definition and S.I. unit of momentum
momentum = mass x velocity = jisim x halaju
p =mv
The S.I. units of momentum is kgms-1 or Ns Car A of mass 1000 kg moving at 20 ms-1 collides with a car B
Unit asas bagi momentum ialah kgms-1 or Ns of mass 1200 kg moving at 10 m s-1 in same direction. If the
Momentum is a vector quantity. car B is shunted forwards at 15 m s-1 by the impact, what is the
Momentum merupakan kuantiti vektor velocity, v, of the car A immediately after the crash?
Sebuah kereta A berjisim 1000kg bergerak dengan halaju 20
Example 1 ms-1 berlanggar dengan sebuah kereta B berjisim 1200kg yang
A bullet of mass 0.01k g moves with a velocity 200 m s-1. What bergerak dengan halaju 15ms-1. Selepas pelanggaran kereta B
is the momentum of the bullet? tersentak kehadapan dengan halaju 15ms-1, hitung halaju, v,
Sebutir peluru berjisim 0.01kg bergerak dengan halaju 200ms-1 kereta A selepas pelanggaran.
Hitung momentum peluru tersebut.

The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum

Prinsip keabadian momentum
The Principle of conservation of momentum states that
“The total momentum of a system is always fixed if there is no Inelastic collision / Pelanggaran tak kenyal
external force acting on the system” In inelastic collision, two objects that collided will stick together
“Jumlah momentum bagi sesuatu sistem ada tetap kalau tiada and move with a common velocity.
daya luar bertindak” Or/atau Selepas pelanggaran kedua-dua objek yang berlanggar
“total momentum before collision will be equal to the total bergerak bergerak bersama-sama dengan halaju sepunya.
momentum after the collision if there is no external force” U1 U2 V
“Jumlah momentum sebelum pelanggaran sama dengan m1 m2 m1 m2
jumlah momentum selepas pelanggaran jika tiada daya luar
bertindak” Before collision After collision
Based on The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum,
Types of collision / Jenis-jenis pelanggaran Berdasarkan prinsip keabadian momentum
There are two types of collision, that is The total momentum = The total momentum
Terdapat dua jenis pelanggaran, iaitu before collision after collision
(i) Elastic collision / Pelanggaran kenyal Jumlah momentum = Jumlah momentum
(ii) Inelastic collision / Pelanggaran tak kenyal sebelum pelanggaran selepas pelanggaran
m1U1 + m2U2 = ( m1 + m2 )V
Elastic collision / Pelanggaran Kenyal Example 3
In elastic collision, two objects that collided will move
separately with different velocities after collision
Selepas pelanggaran kedua-dua objek yang berlanggar akan
bergerak secara berasingan dengan halaju yang berlainan.

In an American football game a fullback running at 3ms-1

Before collision After collision
collides with a defensive running at 2ms-1 in the opposite
direction. The masses of the players are 80 kg and 100 kg
Based on The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum,
respectively. If they stick together just after the collision, what
Berdasarkan prinsip keabadian momentum
is their common velocity?
The total momentum = The total momentum
before collision after collision
Jumlah momentum = Jumlah momentum
sebelum pelanggaran selepas pelanggaran
m1U1 + m2U2 = m1V1 + m2V2

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Explosion / Letupan Both objects stick together Both objects don’t stick
after collision and move with a together after collision and
common velocity move with different velocities
Selepas pelanggaran objek Selepas pelanggaran objek
bergerak bersama-sama bergerak berasingan dengan
dengan halaju sepunya halaju yang berbeza
In explosion, two objects are initially at rest and after Total amount of kinetic energy Total amount of kinetic energy
explosion those two objects will separate and move in is not conserved is conserved
opposite directions. Jumlah tenaga kinetik tidak Jumlah tenaga kinetik
Dalam letupan dua objek yang pada mulanya berada dalam diabadikan diabadikan
keadaan pegun akan bergerak dalam arah betentangan
selepas pelanggaran Examples and Applications of the Principle of
Based on The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum, Conservation of Momentum
Berdasarkan prinsip keabadian momentum Contoh dan kegunaan Prinsip Keabadian Momentum
The total momemtum = The total momemtum a) Recoil of gun after shooting / Sentakan senapang
before explosion after explosion selepas ditembak
Jumlah momentum = Jumlah momentum
sebelum letupan selepas letupan
m1U1 + m2U2 = m1V1 + m2V2
0 = m1V1 + m2V2 When a rifle is fired, the bullet move forward with a high
m1V1 = - m2V2 velocity. This creates a momentum in the forward direction.
Example 7 From the principle of conservation of momentum, an opposite
but equal momentum will be acting on the rifle causing it to
recoil.
Bila senapang ditembak, peluru bergerak ke hadapan dengan
halaju yang tinggi. Ini menghasilkan momentum ke arah
hadapan. Mengikut prinsip keabadian momentum, momentum
A man fires a pistol which has a mass of 1.5 kg. If the mass of yang sama nilai tetapi bertentangan arah akan bertindak pada
the bullet is 10 g and it reaches a velocity of 300 m/s after senapang yang menyebabkan senapang tersebut tersentak
shooting, what is the recoil velocity of the pistol? kebelakang.
Seorang penembak menembak menggunakan sebuah pistol
berjisim 1.5kg. Jika jisim peluru adalah 10g dan mencapai b) The launching of rocket
halaju 300ms-1 selepas tembakan, hitung halaju sentakan
pistol tersebut.

Similarities and Differences between Inelastic Collision and

Elastic Collision Mixture of hydrogen and oxygen fuels burn explosively in the
Persamaan dan perbezaan antara pelangggaran kenyal dan combustion chamber. Jets of hot gases are expelled at very
tak kenyal high speed through the exhaust. These high speed hot gases
Similarities / Persamaan produce a large amount of momentum downward
1) Total momentum is conserved /Jumlah momentum terabadi By conservation of momentum, an opposite but equal
2)Total energy is conserved / Jumlah tenaga diabadikan momentum is produced and acted on the rocket, propelling
the rocket upward.
Differences / Perbezaan
Inelastic collision pelanggaran Elastic collision c) Golf
kenyal pelanggaran tak kenyal

When swung high in the air, the golf club hits the ball with a

39
high momentum. A larger amount of momentum is transferred
to the golf ball resulting in a higher velocity of the ball causing it
to travel further.
Bila kayu golf di ayun tinggi, kayu golf akan memukul bola golf
dengan momentum yang tinggi. Momentum yang besar akan
dipindahkan ke bola golf, menyebabkan bola golf bergerak
dengan halaju yang lebih tinggi dan bergerak lebih jauh.
LESSON 5 : The effects of a force / Kesan Daya
Definition of force / Definisi daya
i) Force is defined as push or pull on object
Daya adalah tarikan/tolakan pada objek
ii) Force is a vector quantity which has both direction and
magnitude
Daya merupakan kuantiti vector iaitu mempunyai nilai dan
arah
iii) The S.I. unit for force is Newton(N) or kg m s-2
Unit asas daya adalahNewton(N) atau kgms-2
The effects of a force / Kesan-kesan daya
 move a stationary object / mengerakkan objek yg
pegun
 stop a moving object / memberhentikan objek yg
begerak
 accelerate a moving object / memecutkan objek yg
bergerak
 decelerate a moving object / menyahpecutkan objek
yg bergerak
 change the direction of a moving object / mengubah
arah gerakan objek
 alters the size of the object / mengubah saiz objek
 alters the shape of the object / mengubah bentuk
objek
Balanced Force / Kesimbangan Daya
i) When the forces acting on an object are balanced, they
cancel each other out. The net force is zero.
Bila daya-daya yg bertindak pada suatu objek adalah
seimbang, mereka membatal satu sama lain. Daya paduan
adalah sifar
ii) Effect : the object at is at rest [ velocity = 0] or moves at
constant velocity [ a = 0]
Kesan: objek pegun(halaju sifar) atau bergerak dgn halaju
seragam(pecutan sifar)
Example 1
The cup stays at rest. The net force acting on it is zero.
Weight, W = Normal Reaction, R
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Cawan berada dalam keadaan pegun. Daya paduan yg
bertindak padanya adalah sifar.
Berat,W = daya tindakbalas normal,R
Example 2
The pail stays at rest. The net force acting on it is zero.
Weight, W = Tension, T
Baldi berada dalam keadaan pegun. Daya paduan yg
bertindak padanya adalah sifar.
Berat,W = daya ketegangan tali, T
Example 3
i) The plane moves with constant velocity and height
Kapal terbang bergerak dgn halaju seragam pada
ketinggian yg tetap.
ii) The net force acting on it is zero. Weight, W = Lift, U
Thrust, F = drag, G
Daya paduan adalah sifar. Berat, W = Daya angkat,U
Daya tujahan ke depan, F = daya seretan, G
Unbalance Force / Daya tak seimbang
i) When the forces acting on an object are not balanced, there
must be a net force acting on it.
Bila daya-daya yg bertindak pada objek tidak seimbang,
akan wujudnya daya bersih pada objek tersebut.
ii) The net force is known as the unbalanced force or the
resultant force.
Daya bersih ini juga dikenali sebagai daya paduan.
iii) Net force = force applied – resistant force
Daya paduan = daya yg dikenakan – daya rintangan
iv) Effect : Can cause objek to accelerate, decelerate or
change its direction
Kesan: Objek memecut, menyahpecut atau mengubah arah
gerakan
Relationship Acceleration and mass Acceleration and force
Between Pecutan dan jisim Pecutan dan daya
Hubungan
Antara
Situation
Situasi

Both men exerted the same strength. But man B Both men are pushing the same mass but man A puts
moves faster than man A. greater effort. So he moves faster.
Kedua-dua orang mengenakan daya tolakan yg Kedua-dua orang menolak jisim yg sama tetapi A
sama tetapi B bergerak lebih pantas berbanding A mengenakan daya tolakan yang lebih besar
menyebabkan A bergerak lebih pantas.
Inference
Inferens ……………………..depends on………………………… ……………………..depends on…………………………

………………………bergantung kepada…………….… ………………………bergantung kepada…………….…

Hypothesis
Hipotesis When………………..increase………….………decrease When………………..increase………….………increase

Bila……………….bertambah………………….berkurang Bila……………….bertambah……………….bertambah

Aim
Tujuan To investigate relationship between………..and ………… To investigate relationship between………..and ……………

Mengkaji hubungan antara…………….dan……………… Mengkaji hubungan antara……………..dan…………………

Manipulated
variable:
Pembolehubah
dimanipulasi
Responding
variable:
Pembolehubah
bergerakbalas
Constant
variable:
Pembolehubah
dimalarkan
Apparatus and Ticker timer, ticker tape, a.c. power supply, runway, retort Ticker timer, ticker tape, a.c. power supply, runway, retort
Material stand, connecting wire, ruler, cellophane tape, elastic cords stand, connecting wire ruler, cellophane tape, elastic cords
Radas dan Jangka masa detik, pita deti, bekalan kuasa a.u., kaki Jangka masa detik, pita deti, bekalan kuasa a.u., kaki retort,
bahan retort, wayar penyambung, pembaris, pita selofen, getah wayar penyambung, pembaris, pita selofen, getah
Arrangement
Susunan radas

Procedure An elastic cord is hooked over a trolley and stretched An elastic cord is hooked over the trolley and stretched
Prosedur until the end of the trolley. until the end of the trolley.
Satu tali elastic diikat pada troli dan diregangkan Satu tali elastic diikat pada troli dan diregangkan
sehingga ke hujung troli. sehingga ke hujung troli.
The trolley is pulled down the runway with the elastic The trolley is pulled down the runway with the elastic

41
 cord being kept stretched with constant distance. cord being kept stretched with constant distance.
Troli ditarik menuruni landasan dengan tali elastik di Troli ditarik menuruni landasan dengan getah di
regangkan dengan jarak yang sama. regangkan dengan jarak yang sama.
Ticker tape is cut into strip of 10 ticks and the Ticker tape is cut into strip of 10 ticks and the
acceleration is determine from the tape chart. acceleration is determine from the tape chart.
a=v–u a=v–u
t t
Pita detik dibahagikan kepada keratan 10 detik dan Pita detik dibahagikan kepada keratan 10 detik dan
pecutan ditentukan dari carta pita. pecutan ditentukan dari carta pita.
Repeat the experiment by using two, three, four and Repeat the experiment by using two, three, four and
five trolleys. five elastic cords.
Eksprimen diulangi dengan dua, tiga, empat dan lima Eksprimen diulangi dengan menggunakan dua, tiga,
troli. empat dan lima tali elastik.
Table No. of trolley (mass) Acceleration No. of elastic cords (force) Acceleration
Jadual Bil. troli (jisim) Pecutan Bil. tali elastic(daya) Pecutan
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
Analysing data
Analisis data acceleration(pecutan) a acceleration(pecutan)

mass(jisim) 1/m force(daya)

aα1 aαF
m
aαF
m
F α ma
F = ma
F = ma
= m (v-u)
t
= mv – mu
t
Newton’s Second Law : Force directly proportional rate of change of momentum
Hukum Newton Kedua: Daya berkadar langsung dengan kadar perubahan momentum
Newton’s Third Law : For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Hukum Newton Ketiga: Bagi setiap tindakan terdapat tindakbalas yang sama nilai tetapi bertentangan
arah
Example 1 Sebuah objek berjisim 2 kg ditarik atas lantai dengan daya 5N
dan bergerak dengan halaju seragam.
(a) What is the frictional force between the object and the
Two forces act horizontally to a block of wood of mass 4 kg floor?
as shown in figure above. What is the acceleration of the Berapakan daya geseran antara objek dengan lantai?
block? (b) Calculate the acceleration of the object if the object is
Dua daya bertindak pada sebuah bongkah kayu. Berapakah pulled by a 17 N force?
pecutan bongkah kayu tersebut? Hitung pecutan objek jika objek ditarik dengan daya 17N.
LESSON 5 - IMPULSIVE FORCE AND IMPULSE

The large force that acts over a short period of time during
Example 3 collisions is known as impulsive force.
An object of mass 2 kg is pulled on the floor by a force of 5 N
and having a constant velocity.

42
Daya besar yang bertindak dalam masa yang singkat semasa melantun dengan halaju 40 ms-1. Masa peanggaran antara bola dan
pelanggaran raket tennis adalah 0.01 s.
From the relationship between force, mass and acceleration: F
= ma = m (v – u)
t
Dari hubungan daya, jisim dan pecutan F = ma = m (v – u)
t
From the expression F = Change of momentum
time of collision
Dari hubungan daya = perubahan momentum (a) What is the impulse experienced by the ball? / Berapakah impuls
masa pelanggaran yang dialami oleh bola tersebut?

Impulsive force is inversely proportional to time of contact (b) What is the impulsive force exerted on the tennis ball? Berapakah
/impact daya impuls yang dialami oleh bola tersebut?
Daya impuls berkadar langsung perubahan momentum dan berkadar
songsang dengan masa pelanggaran

Impulse is defined as the change of momentum

Impuls adalah perubahan momentum LESSON 6 - Gravitational Force / Daya Tarikan Graviti

From F = mv – mu
t
Ft = mv – mu = change of momentum = Impulse
The product of the force and the time is called the impulse.
Hasil darab daya dan masa juga dikenali sebagai impuls
Unit : kgms-1 or Ns
Example 1
A 60 kg resident jumps from the first floor of a burning house. His
velocity just before landing on the ground is 6 ms-1.
Seorang penghuni berjisim 60kg melompat dari tingkat satu
rumahnya yang sedang terbakar. Halajunya sebaik saja sebelum
mendarat adalah 6 ms-1.
(a) Calculate the impulse when his legs hit the ground.
Hitung impuls bila kakinya mendarat ke lantai
(b) What is the impulsive force on the resident’s legs if he bends
upon landing and takes 0.5 s to stop?
Berapakah daya impuls pada kakinya jika penghuni itu mendarat
sambil membengkokkan kakinya dan mengambil 0.5saat untuk
berhenti?
(c) What is the impulsive force on the resident’s legs if he does not
bend and stops in 0.05 s?
Berapakah daya impuls pada kakinya jika penghuni itu mendarat
tanpa membengkokkan kakinya dan mengambil 0.05 saat
untuk berhenti?
(d) What is the advantage of bending his legs upon landing?
Apakah kelebihan mendarat sambil membengkokkan kaki?
Example 2
In a tennis match, a player hits an on-coming ball with mass of 0.2 kg
and velocity of 20 ms-1. The ball rebounds with a velocity of 40 m s-1.
The time taken in the collision between the ball and the tennis racket
is 0.01 s.
Dalam perlawanan tennis, seorang pemain memukul sebiji bola
berjisim 0.2kg yang datang dengan halaju 20ms-1. Bola tersebut
Objects fall because they are pulled towards the Earth by
gravitational force / gravitational pull.
Objek jatuh ke bumi disebabkan mereka ditarik oleh daya tarikan
graviti
At vacuum state / dlm keadaan vakum:
 There is no air resistance.
 Tiada rintangan udara
 The coin and the feather experience free fall.
 Duit syiling dan bulu pelepah mengalami jatuh bebas
 Only gravitational force acted on the objects.
 Objek hanya mengalami daya tarikan graviti
 Both will fall at the same acceleration known as acceleration due
to gravity, g. (0n earth g = 10ms-2).
 Kedua-dua objek jatuh dengan pecutan yang sama iaitu pecutan
gravity, g. (Nilai g dibumi = 10ms-2)
 Both object will reach the ground at the same time.
 Kedua-dua objek sampai ke dasar pada masa yg sama
At normal state (when there is air resistance) / Dalam keadaan
biasa bila ada rintangan udara:
 Both object experience gravitational force and air resistance.
 Kedua-dua objek akan mengalami daya tarikan graviti dan
rintangan udara.
 Air resistance depends on surface area of a fallen object.
 Rintangan udara bergantung kepada luas permukaan objek .
 The feather that has large area will have more air resistance.
 Bulu pelapah megalami rintangan udara lebih besar kerana
mempunyai luas permukaan yg besar.
 The coin will reach the ground first.
 Duit syiling akan sampai ke dasar dulu.

43
 Ketinggian objek tersebut dijatuhkan

Example 2
An object is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 20ms -1. If the
object experience free fall, calculate
Sebuah objek dilemparkan keatas dengan halaju 20ms-1. Jika objek
tersebut mengalami jatuh bebas, hitung
(a) maximum height reached
Diagram above shows two steel spheres dropped at the same time ketinggian maksimum dicapai
from the same height.
Rajah diatas menunjukkan dua bola keluli dijatuhkan pada masa yg
sama dan ketinggian yg sama.
(b) time to reach the maximum height
(i) The distance between two successive images of the sphere masa untuk mencapai ketinggian maksimum
increases showing that the two spheres are falling with increasing
velocity; falling with acceleration.
Jarak antara dua imej yg berturutan bertambah menunjukkan
kedua-dua sfera jatu dengan halaju bertambah iaitu jatuh dengan (c) time to reach the ground again
pecutan. masa untuk kembali kedasar semula

(ii) The two spheres are at the same level at all times. Thus, a heavy WEIGHT / BERAT
object and a light object fall with the same gravitational Weight, W of an object is the gravitational force exerted on it.
acceleration. Gravitational acceleration is independent of mass. Berat, W objek merupakan daya tarikan gravity yang bertindak pada
Kedua-dua sfera berada pada aras yg sama setiap masa. Ini objek tersebut
menunjukkan objek berat dan objek ringan jatuh dengan pecutan Weight is a force and measured in Newton, N.
gravity yg sama. Pecutan gravity tidak bergantung kepada jisim. Berat merupakan daya dan diukur dalam unit Newton, N
Weight is a vector quantity.
Motion graph for free fall object Berat merupakan kuantiti vector.
Graf gerakan utk objek jatuh bebas W = mg, W = Weight/berat m = mass/jisim
(i) Free fall object / Objek jatuh bebas g = acceleration due to gravity / pecutan graviti

Example 3
An object has a weight of 160N. If the value of acceleration due to
gravity on earth is 10ms-2. Calculate
Sebuah objek mempunyai berat 160N. Jika nilai pecutan gravity
dibumi ialah 10ms-2. Hitung
(ii) Object thrown upwards / Objek dilempar keatas (i) mass of the object / jisim objek
a
t (ii) weight of the object on moon, if the value acceleration due to
gravity on moon is 1 value of acceleration due to gravity on earth.
6
Berat objek dibulan, jika nilai pecutan gravity dibulan adalah 1
nilai pecutan gravity di bumi 6
(iii) Object thrown upward and fall / Objek dilempar keatas dan jatuh
v a

t t

Example 1
An object that experience free fall takes 2.0 s to reach the ground.
Calculate
Sebuah objek mengalami jatuh bebas mengambil masa 2 saat utk
sampai ke dasar. Hitung
(a (a) its speed when it reach the ground
Laju objek bila sampai ke dasar

(b) the height where the object is dropped

44
LESSON 7 - Resultant force / Daya Paduan
RESULTANT FORCE / Daya paduan Example
- a single force that represents the combined effect of two of more 1.By using the scale given find the resultant force for the following
forces in magnitude and direction. diagrams.
- daya tunggal yang dihasilkan oleh hasil tambah secara vektor Dengan menggunakan skala yang dberi tentukan daya paduan
dua atau lebih daya yang bertindak ke atas sesuatu objek untuk gambarajah dibawah.
(a) (b)
Example
1. Calculate the resultant force for the diagrams below.
Hitung daya paduan untuk gambarajah dibawah.
(a) (b)

1cm : 2N 1cm: 1N

.
Two forces acting at an angle to each other
The resultant of two forces, which act on an object in two different
directions, can be determined by the triangle method and the
parallelogram method.
Daya paduan untuk dua daya yang bertindak pada objek dapat
ditentukan dengan kaedah segitiga atau kaedah segiempat selari.

STEP 1 : Using ruler and protractor, draw the two forces 5N

and 12N from a point.
Guna pembaris dan jangka sudut, lukis dua daya 5N dan
12N

5cm
60°

12cm

STEP 2: Complete the parallelogram

Lengkapkan segiempat selari

60° 120°
2. Calculate the resultant force for the following diagram
Hitung daya paduan bagi rajah dibawah
STEP 3: Draw the diagonal of the parallelogram. The diagonal (a) (b)
represent the resultant force, F in magnitude and
direction.
Lukis garis dari bucu antara dua daya ke bucu yang
bertentangannnya. Garis tersebut mewakili daya paduan.

Resultant force
 Resultant Forces in a Lift / Daya paduan dalam lif
(i)Stationary Lift (Also moves upwards or downwards with
uniform velocity)
Lif dalam keadaan pegun ( dan juga bergerak keatas atau
kebawah dengan halaju seragam)
Example
3. A boy of mass 50 kg is inside a lift. Calculate the weight
experienced by the boy and reading on the weighing scale if
the lift when:
Seorang budak berjisism 50kg berada dalam lif. Hitung berat
yang dialami oleh budak dan bacaan alat penimbang dalam lif
bila:
(a) is stationary / ia pegun

(b) moves upwards with constant velocity of 1.5 ms -1

bergerak ke atas dengan halaju 1.5ms-1

F = ma (c) accelerates upwards with an acceleration of 2 ms-2

R–W=0 memecut ke atas dengan pecutan 2 ms-2
R = W = mg
The reading on the weighing scale = the mass of the man
Bacaan alat penimbang = jisim lelaki
(d) accelerates downwards with an acceleration of 2 ms -2
(ii)The lift moves upwards with an acceleration of a ms -2 memecut ke bawah dengan pecutan 2 ms-2
Lif bergerak keatas dengan pecutan a ms -2

(e) the cable snap and lift experience free fall

kable putus dan lif jatuh bebas

LESSON 8 - Resolution of force / Leraian Daya

A force F can be resolved into components which are perpendicular
to each other:
Resultant Force, F is upwards Daya, F dapat dileraikan kepada dua komponen:
Daya paduan, F ke atas (a) horizontal component / komponen mengufuk , FX
F = ma (b) vertical component /komponen menegak, Fy
R – W = ma
R = W + ma = mg + ma
The reading on the weighing scale > actual mass of the man
Bacaan alat penimbang > jisim sebenar lelaki

(iii) The lift moves down with an acceleration of a ms -2 Fy = sin θ Fx = cos θ

Lif bergerak ke bawah dengan pecutan a ms -2 F F
Fy = F sin θ Fx = F cos θ

Example
1. Find the horizontal component and the vertical component of the
force.
Hitung komponen mengufuk dan komponen menegak bagi setiap
daya dibawah
(a) (b) Fy
Fy
50N 120N 50°

Resultant Force, F is downwards 30° Fx Fx

Daya paduan, F ke bawah
F = ma (c) Fx (d) Fx
W – R = ma 70°
R = W – ma = mg - ma
The reading on the weighing scale < actual mass of the man 250N 45° 350 N
Bacaan alat penimbang < jisim sebenar lelaki
 Fy Fy
2. A man pushes a lawnmower with a force of 100 N.
Seorang lelaki menolak mesin rumput dengan daya 100N.
a) Indicate and label / Tunjukkan dan label
(i)the force / daya F
(ii)the horizontal force /komponen mengufuk daya, Fx
(iii)the vertical force /komponen menegak daya Fy
(b) Calculate / Hitung
(i)The horizontal force /komponen mengufuk daya, Fx
(ii)The vertical force Fy / komponen menegak daya Fy
(c) What is the function of each component?
Apakah kegunaan setiap komponen
(d) If the lawnmower weighs 300 N, what is the total downward force
on the ground?
Jika berat mesin rumput adalah 300N, berapakah jumlah daya
yang bertindak ke bawah?
(e) If the lawnmower is pulled rather than pushed, what is the total
downward force on the ground?
Jika mesin rumput ditarik berbanding ditolak, berapa jumlah daya
yang bertindak ke bawah?
(f) Based on your answer in (d) and (e) which method is suitable to
cut the grass and give a reason.
Berdasarkan jawapan anda di (d) dan (e) cara manakah yang
sesuai untuk memotong rumut dan berikan sebab anda
…………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………
3. Figure (a) and Figure (b) show two ways in which a gardener
moves a wheelbarrow on a muddy road.
Rajah (a) dan Rajah (b) menunjukkan dua cara dimana seorang
pekebun mengerakkan kereta sorong di jalan yang berlumpur.
Figure(a) Figure(b)
(a) On Figure(a) and Figure(b), indicate and label:
Pada Rajah (a) dan Rajah (b), tunjukkan dan label
(i)the direction of force F exerted by the gardener on the
handle of each wheelbarrow to make it move.
Arah daya, F yang dikenakan oleh tukang kebun pada
pemegang setiap kereta sorong untuk menggerakkannya
(ii) the direction of the vertical component Fy , of the force in
(a)(i).
arah komponen menegak, Fy daya di (a)(i)
(b)(i) Based on the answers in (a)(i) and (a)(ii), which of the
ways is more suitable on the muddy road?
Berdasarkan pada jawapan di (a)(i) dan (a)(ii), cara
manakah yang sesuai pada jalan berlumpur?
…………………………...……………………………( 1mark)
(ii)Explain the reason for your answer in (b)(i).
Terangkan jawapan anda untuk (b)(i)
………………..…………...………………………………………
……………………………………………...………….(2 marks)
4. The diagram shows a trolley of mass 2 kg being pulled by a force
of 6 N. What is the acceleration of the trolley?
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah troli berjisim 2kg ditarik dengan daya
6N. Berapakah pecutan troli?
RESOLUTION OF FORCES ON INCLINE PLANE
Leraian Daya pada satah condong
There are several forces acting on object placed on an inclined plane
which makes an angle θ with the horizontal.
Terdapat beberapa daya yang bertindak pada objek yang diletak
pada satah condong yang membentuk sudut θ dengan paksi ufuk
a) component of weight parallel to the inclined plane,
mg sin θ
komponen berat selari dengan satah condong, mg sin θ
b) component of weight perpendicular to the inclined plane, mg cos
θ
komponen berat berseranjang dengan satah condong, mg cos θ
c) normal reaction force, N / daya tindakbalas normal, N
d) frictional force, f / daya geseran, f
5.Diagram below shows a bag of cement of mass 35 kg on a ramp (b)Give one reason why the total resistance, Q should be
with 15° slope to horizontal. Frictional force exerted between 200 N at that moment?
the bag and the ramp is 90.6 N.
Rajah dibawah menunjukkan satu beg simen berjisim 35kg .…………………………………………….………..[1 mark]
di atas landasan condong pada kecuraman 15° dari paksi ufuk.
Daya geseran antara beg simen dan landasan ialah 90.6 N
(c)What will happen when the forward thrust is increased?

.…………………………………………………..…..[1 mark]

(d)Why the cyclist thrown forward when the bicycle runs

over a stone?

…………… .…………………………………………..[1 mark]

(a)What is meant by frictional force?
Apa yang dimksudkan dengan daya geseran? (e)Explain why the cyclist can get serious injuries if he falls
onto the road which the surface is very hard.
…..………...………………………………………………[1 mark]
…...……………………………………………………………
(b)Calculate the resultant force parallel to the ramp.
Hitung daya paduan selari dengan landasan ...……………………………………………………..[2 marks]

7. Diagram 6.1 shows a vehicle called Thrust SSC broke the

land speed record in 1997 in the Nevada Desert, USA.
[2 marks]
(c)Based on your answer in (b), state what happens to the
motion of the bag of cement. Give a reason for your
answers. Diagram 6.1
Berdasarkan jawapan anda di (b), nyatakan apa berlaku
pada gerakan beg simen. Berikan sebab untuk jawapan (a)(i) Diagram 6.2 shows Thrust SSC travelling at a constant
anda. speed. Label the horizontal forces acting on the vehicle.
………...…………………………………………………………………

………. ……….……………………………………..………[2 marks]

[2 marks]
Diagram 6.2
LESSON 8 - Force in equlibrium / Kesimbangan daya
Net force/Resultant force is zero (ii) What is the net force acting on the Thrust SSC when it
Daya paduan sifar is travelling at constant speed?
Object is stationary or move with constant velocity
Objek pegun atau bergerak dgn halaju seragam ………………………………………………………[1 mark]

Example (iii) Name the physics concept involved for your answer in
(a)(ii)
6. Figure shows a cyclist is riding along a road at a constant
velocity. The total of downward force acting on the bicycle ……………………………………………………..[1 mark]
and the cyclist is 650 N. The normal reaction of the front
tyre is 300 N and forward thrust is 200 N. (b) At the end of the run, Thrust SSC uses a parachute as
shown in Diagram 6.3.

Diagram 6.3
(i) What effect does the parachute have on the motion of the
(a)Calculate the normal reaction, P acting on the rear tyre . vehicle?

[1 mark] ……………………………….……………………….[1 mark]


(ii) Explain your answer.
……………………………….……………………….[1 mark]
(c) On one run Thrust SSC accelerated uniformly from rest and
travelled 1710 metres in 5·0 seconds. Calculate the
acceleration of Thrust SSC during this run.
[2 marks]
. 8. Diagram 4.1 shows a pendulum bob of mass 0.6 kg is hung on
the ceiling
Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan sebuah ladung berjisim 0.6 kg
digantung kepada syiling.
a). In the diagram 4.1, mark the direction and label the forces acting
on the thread and the pendulum bob with label P and Q.
Pada rajah 4.1 tandakan arah dan labelkan daya-daya yang
bertindak pada benang dan ladung dengan label
P dan Q [2 marks]
b). The thread is pulled sideway by a force F , so that the thread
makes an angle of 30° with the vertical line as shown in diagram
4.2
Benang itu di tarik ke satu sisi dengan daya, F supaya benang
itu membuat sudut 30° dengan garis tegak seperti dalam Rajah
4.2.
(i) In the space below, draw the triangle of forces to show the
three forces P, Q and F are in equilibrium.
Pada ruang di bawah, lukis rajah segitiga daya untuk
menunjukkan tiga daya P, Q dan F dalam
keseimbungan.
[2 marks]
(ii) Calculate the force F / Hitung F
[2 marks]
LESSON 8 - WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
Kerja, Tenaga dan Kuasa
Work done is the product of an applied force and the displacement of
an object in the direction of the applied force.
Kerja ialah hasil darab daya dan sesaran pada arah daya
W = Fs ( W = work/kerja, F = force/kuasa &
s = displacement/sesaran)
The SI unit of work is the joule, J
Unit asas untuk kerja ialah joule, J
Calculation of Work
Pengiraan kerja
W=Fxs
Example 1
A boy pushing his bicycle with a force of 25 N through a distance of 3
m.
Seorang budak menolak basikalnya dengan daya 25N melalui jarak
3m.
Calculate the work done by the boy.
Kira kerja yang dilakukan oleh budak tersebut.
W= mg x h
Example 2
A girl is lifting up a 3 kg flower pot steadily to a height of 0.4 m.
Seorang budak perempuan mengangkat sebuah pasu bunga
berjisim 3kg kepada ketinggian 0.4m
Calculate the work done by the girl?
Kira kerja yang dilakukan oleh budak tersebut.
W = (F cos θ) s
Example 3
A man is pulling a crate of fish along the floor with a force of 40 N
through a distance of 6 m.
Seorang lelaki menarik sebuah kotak yang mengandungi ikan
dengan daya 40N pada jarak 6m.
Calculate the work done in pulling the crate.
Kira kerja yang dilakukan untuk menarik kotak tersebut.
ENERGY / Tenaga
i) Energy can be defined as the capacity to do work.
Tenaga ialah keupayaan melakukan kerja
ii) Unit for energy joule(J)
Unit asas ialah joule (J)
iii) Kinetic Energy is the energy of an object due to its motion
Tenaga Kinetic ialah tenaga yang dimiliki oleh objek disebabkan
gerakkannya. Example 8:
Kinetic energy / Tenaga Kinetik = ½ mv 2 A 2kg ball is released at point A from a height 0.8 m using an inclined
plane. If work done against friction is 10J, what is the velocity of the
Example 4 ball at point B?
A ball of mass 0.5 kg moves with velocity of 4ms-1. Calculate the Sebiji bola dilepaskan dari ketinggian A dari ketinggian 0.8m melalui
kinetic energy. landasan condong. Jika kerja yang dilakukan menetang geseran
Sebiji bola berjisim 0.5kg bergerak dengan halaju 4ms-1. Hitung ialah 10J, berapakah halaju bola pada titik B?
tenaga kinetik bola tersebut.

iv) G ravitational potential energy is the energy stored in the object

because of its height above the earth’s surface.
Tenaga Keupayaan Graviti ialah tenaga yang dimiliki oleh objek
disebabkan oleh ketinggian
Gravitational potential energy = mgh
Example 5
An object of mass 5 kg is placed at a height of 10m Calculate the
gravitational potential energy.
Sebuah objek berjisim 5kg diletakkan pada ketinggian 10m. Hitung
tenaga keupayaan graviti objek tersebut.
Example 9:
A ball is moving along a smooth horizontal surface at a velocity of 6
ms-1. The ball then moves up a smooth inclined plane. The height of
the inclined plane is 1.5m. What is its velocity at point B?
Sebiji bola bergerak sepanjang pemukaan mengufuk yang licin
dengan halaju 6 ms-1. Bola itu kemudian bergerak keatas permukaan
condong yang licin. Ketinggian landasan ialah 1.5m. Berapakah
halaju bola di titik B?

v) Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in the object when

it is compressed or extended.
Tenaga keupayaan kenyal ialah tenaga yang tersimpan dalam
objek bila dimampat atau diregang.
Elastic potential energy = ½ F x
LESSON 8 - Elasticity / Kekenyalan
Example 6
When an object of weight 100N is hung to a spring with original
length 15cm the total length becomes 23 cm. Calculate the elastic (i) A property of matter that enables an object to return to its original
potential energy. size and shape when the force that was acting on it is removed.
Bila objek seberat 100N digantung pada spring dengan panjang asal Kebolehan jasad kembali ke bentuk dan saiz asal apabila daya
15cm jumlah panjang spring ialah 23cm. Hitung tenaga keupayaan yang bertindak ke atasnya dialihkan.
kenyal spring.

vi) The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can

be changed from one form to another form, but it cannot be (ii)No external force is applied. Molecules are at their equilibrium
created or destroyed.The total of energy in a system is constant. separation. Attractive force = repulsive force.
Prinsip Keabadian Tenaga menyatakan bahawa tenaga tidak Bila tiada daya luar dikenakan daya tarikan = daya tolakan.
boleh dicipta dan dimusnahkan tetapi boleh berubah bentuk.

Example 7:
A ball is released at point A from a height 0.8m using a smooth
inclined plane. What is the velocity of the ball at point B?
Sebiji bola dilepaskan dari ketinggian 0.8 m di A melalui landasan
condong licin. Berapakah halaju bola di B?
(iii)Compressing a solid causes its molecules to be displaced closer
to each other. Repulsive intermolecular force acts to push the
molecules back to their original positions.
Bila dimampatkan daya tolakan akan bertindak untuk menolak
molekul-molekul jasad kembali ke kedudukan asal.
 Series / Siri

(iv)Stretching a solid causes its molecules to be displaced away from
each other. Attractive intermolecular force acts to pull back the
molecules to their original positions.
Bila diregangkan daya tarikan akan bertindak untuk menarik
molekul-molekul jasad kembali ke kedudukan asal.
Hooke’s law state the extension of a spring is directly proportional to
the applied force provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.
Hukum Hooke menyatakan bahawa regangan spring berkadar
langsung dengan daya yang dikenakan selagi had kenyal tidak
dibatasi.
F = kx
F= force on the spring / daya pada spring
x = extension / pemanjangan spring
k = force constant of the spring (stiffness of spring)
pemalar daya spring / kekerasan spring(unit Nm-1)
The same load is applied to each spring.
Daya yang sama dikenakan pada setiap spring
Extension of each spring / pemanjangan setiap spring = x
Total extension / jumlah pemanjangan= 2x
If n springs are used: The total extension = nx
Jika n spring digunakan : Jumlah pemanjangan = nx
Spring constant / pemalar daya = k
2
Parallel / Selari
The load is shared equally among the springs.
Daya akan dibahagikan samarata antara setiap spring
Extension of each spring / pemanjangan setiap spring = x
2
If n springs are used: The total extension = n
x
Jika n spring digunakan : Jumlah pemanjangan = n
x
Spring constant / pemalar spring= 2k

Elastic limit is the maximum force that can be applied before the
spring loses it’s elasticity.
Had kekenyalan ialah daya maksimum yang boleh dikenakan pada
spring sebelum spring hilang sifat kekenyalannya.
Example 1
The original length of a spring is 5 cm. With a load of mass 20 g, the
total length of the spring is 7 cm.
Determine
(a) the extension of the spring with a load 40 g
(b) the total length of the spring with a load 60 g.
(c) the load required to extend the spring to 20 cm.

The gradient of the graph represent = force constant of the spring, k. Example 2
Kecerunan graf = pemalar daya spring, k Spring A extends by 2 cm when it hung with a 10 g weight. Spring B
extends by 4 cm when it hung with a 10g weight. Find the total
Factors effecting force constant of spring stretch in each of the spring systems shown in the following figure.
Faktor-faktor mempengarugi pemalar daya spring
Factor Change in factor Force constant
Faktor Perubahan faktor Pemalar daya
Length Short / pendek Big / Besar
Panjang Long / panjang Small / Kecil
Diameter of spring wire Small / kecil Small / Kecil
Diameter dawai spring Big / besar Big / Besar
Diameter spring Small / kecil Big / Besar
Diameter spring Big / besar Small / Kecil
Type of material Metal / Logam Small / Kecil
Jenis bahan Alloy / Aloi Big / Besar
Arrangement Series / siri Small / Kecil
Susunan Parallel / selari Big / Besar
QUESTIONS (b) Using the diagram 5.1 and diagram 5.2,
1. A bus is taking some children to school. (i) compare the damage of the two cars
(a)The bus has to stop a few times. Figure 1 shows the
distance–time graph for part of the journey. ………………..……………………………………...........[ 1 mark ]

(ii) compare the change of momentum between the two cars

………………...…………………………………………..[ 1 mark ]

(c)State the relationship between the time of impact with the damage
of the car

………………..…….………………………………………...[ 1 mark ]

(d) (i) If the time of impact of the collisions of the car in Diagram 5.1
is 0.2 s, calculate the rate of change of momentum of the car.

[ 2 marks ]
(ii) State the physics concept which affect the collision of the car.
(i) How far has the bus travelled in the first 20 seconds?
………………………………………………………………...[ 1 mark ]
…………………………………….........................................
[1m] (iii) State the relationship between the time of impact with the answer
from (d) (ii)
(ii) Describe the motion of the bus between 20 seconds and 30
seconds. ………………………………….………………….…………[ 1 mark ]

.......................................................................................... 3.Fig. 2.1 shows apparatus that demonstrates how a coin and a
piece of paper fall from rest.
[1m]

(iii) Describe the motion of the bus between 30 seconds and 60

seconds. Tick (√) one box.

Fig. 2.1 Fig. 2.2

[1m] At the positions shown in Fig. 2.1, the coin and paper are falling
(iv) What is the speed of the bus for the first 20 seconds? through air in the tube. The forces on them are shown in Fig. 2.2. The
length of an arrow indicates the size of each
force.
[2m] (a) State the initial value of the acceleration of the coin as it falls.

…................................................................................. [1]
2.Diagram 5.1 shows a car that had collided into a tree. Diagram 5.2
shows another car that had collided into a pile of sand. Both cars
(b) Explain how Fig. 2.2 shows that
have the same mass of 1000 kg and were driven at the same
(i) the paper falls with constant speed,
speed of 25 ms-1.
.........................................................................................

(ii) the coin accelerates.

.....................................................................................[2]

(c) A vacuum pump is connected to A and the air in the tube is

(a) What is meant by speed? removed. The coin and paper fall differently in a vacuum from the
way they fall in air. State two of these differences.
……………………………...…………………………………[ 1 mark ]
 Menggunakan Rajah A, apakah yang berlaku kepada
1....................................................................................... masa jatuhan peluru jika peluru yang
berjisim lebih besar digunakan?
2. ................................................................................ [2]
………………………………….………………………………….
4. Diagram A and Diagram B shows a student throwing an iron ball in
a shot put event using different throwing techniques. The angle of (ii) Give one reason for your answer in (c)(i).
projection and the force used by the student in both techniques are Beri satu sebab bagi jawapan di (c)(i).
the same.
Rajah A dan Rajah B menunjukkan seorang murid melontar peluru ………………………………...….……………………………..
dalam satu acara sukan dengan teknik lontaran yang
berbeza.Sudut lontaran dan daya yang digunakan oleh murid itu 5 A student investigated how the extension of a spring depends on
dalam kedua-dua teknik adalah sama. the force applied to the spring. Diagram 5.1 shows the spring
before and after a force had been applied.

(a) Observe Diagram A and Diagram B.

Perhatikan Rajah A dan Rajah B.
(i) Compare the distance of the hand movement to throw the
iron ball.
Bandingkan jarak pergerakan tangan untuk melontar
peluru. Diagram 5.1

…………………………….…………………………... (a) Complete the following sentence using letters, A, B, C or D,

(ii) Based on the answer in (a)(i), compare the work done by
the student between the two throwing techniques
Berdasarkan jawapan di (a)(i), bandingkan kerja yang
dilakukan oleh murid di antara dua teknik lontaran itu.
from the diagram. The extension of the spring is the distance
between the positions labelled .......and .....on the metre rule.
[1 mark]
(b) What form of energy is stored in the stretched spring?

…………….…………………………………………….. …...............................................................................[1 mark]

(iii) If the force which acts on the iron ball is 20 N and the (c) The results from the investigation are plotted on the graph as
distance of hand movement is 0.5 m, calculate the work shown on Diagram 5.2.
done by the student.
Jika daya yang dikenakan ke atas peluru ialah 20 N dan
jarak pergerakan tangan ialah 0.5 m, hitung kerja yang
telah dilakukan oleh murid itu.

(b) (i) Based on the answer in (a)(i), state the relationship between
the energy gained by the iron ball and the distance of
projection.
Berdasarkan jawapan di (a)(i), nyatakan hubungan antara
tenaga yang diperolehpeluru dengan jarak lontaran.

……………………….…………………………………………….

(ii) State the principle involved / Namakan prinsip yang terlibat.

……………………………..……………………………………… Diagram 5.2

(i)The graph shows that the student has made an error
(c) (i) Using Diagram A, what happens to the falling time if an iron throughout the investigation. What error has the student
ball of a bigger mass is used? made?
 ………………..………………………………[1 mark]

(ii)Give the reason for your answer.

................................................................................[1 mark]

(d) The student has loaded the spring beyond its elastic limit.
Mark on Diagram 5.2 the elastic limit of the spring. Label the
point P. Give the reason for choosing your point P.

………………………………..………………….……...[2 marks]

(e) The student uses a different spring as a spring balance.

When the student hangs a stone from this spring, its
extension is 72 mm. Calculate the force exerted by the stone
on the spring if the spring constant of the spring is 25Nm -1.

[2 marks]