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Melting Point: Decreases from B to Ga and then increases up to Tl.
Metallic Character: Increases from B to Tl. B is non-metal
Boron
From Boric Acid: B2O3(s) + 3Mg(s) → 2B(s) +3 MgO(s)
(at 1270 k): 2BCl3+ 3H2 (g) → 2B(s) + 6HCl (g)
(at 900 0C): 2BCl3(g) + 3Zn (s) → 2B(s) + 3 ZnCl2 (s)
By electrolysis of fused mixture of boric anhydride (B2O3) and magnesium oxide (MgO) &
Magnesium fluoride at 1100 0C
From borax : Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5H2O → Na2SO4 + 4H3BO3
From colemanite : Ca2B6O11 + 2SO2 + 11H2O → 2Ca(HSO3)2 + 6H3BO3
Thus on titration with NaOH, it gives sodium metaborate salt
Due to which it can be used as a buffer solution as well
● Basic Nature:-
Aqueous solution of borax is alkaline in nature due to its hydrolysis
From NaBH4:
Combustion: B2H6 +2O2 --? B2O3 + 3H2O ΔH = -2615 kJ/mol
Aluminium Chloride
Properties of Aluminium Chloride
4.Hydrolysis: AlCl3 + 3H2O --> Al(OH)3 + 3HCl + 3H2O
5.Action of Heat: 2AlCl3 .6H2O --> 2Al(OH)3 à Al2O3+ 6HCl + 3H2O
Ionization Energies: Decreases from C to Sn and then increases up to Pb.
Metallic Character: C and Si are non metals, Ge is metalloid and Sn and Pb are metals
Catenation: C and Si show a tendency to combine with its own atoms to form long chain
polymers
Carbon Monoxide
1. By heating carbon in limited supply of oxygen: C + 1/2O2 --> CO.
2. By heating oxides of heavy metals e.g. iron, zinc etc with carbon.
3. By passing steam over hot coke: C + H2O → CO + H2 (water gas)
4. By passing air over hot coke: 2C + O2 + 4N2 → 2CO + 4N2 (Producer gas)
2.Burns in air to give heat and carbon dioxide: CO + 1/2O2 → CO2 + heat.
2.Turns the filter paper soaked in platinum or palladium chloride to p
ink or green.
Carbon di-oxide
1. By action of acids on carbonates: CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
1. It turns lime water milky Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 ¯ + H2O,
2. Solid carbon dioxide or dry ice is obtained by cooling CO2 under pressure. It passes from the
soild state straight to gaseous state without liquefying (hence dry ice).
Carbides:
Salt like Carbides : These are the ionic salts containing either C22- (acetylide ion) or C4-
(methanide ion)e.g. CaC2, Al4C3, Be2C.
Covalent Carbides : These are the carbides of non-metals such as silicon and boron. In such
carbides, the atoms of two elements are bonded to each other through covalent bonds. SiC also
known as Carborundum.
Interstitial Carbides : They are formed by transition elements and consist of metallic lattices with
carbon atoms in the interstices. e.g. tungsten carbide WC, vanadium carbide VC.
Prepared by fusing soda ash with pure sand at high temperature:
Na2CO3+ SiO3 → Na2SiO3 +CO2
Silicones:
Silicon polymers containing Si – O – Si linkages formed by the hydrolysis of alkyl or aryl
substituted chlorosilanes and their subsequent polymerisation.
Silicates:
Salts of silicic acid, H4SiO4 comprised of SiO44- units having tetrahedral structure formed as
result of sp3 hybridization.
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