FM 21-78

IHEAOQUA,RTERS DEPARTM'EMT O!F THE ARMY

Field Manual No. 21&78

FM 21·78 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTME,NT OF THE .ARMY W'ASHINGTON! DC, 30 DECE:MBER 1981

,PRISONER-OF' .. \\T~~R RESISTANC'E CONTENTS

Foreword, CHAPTER

1 . WAR ........ THE BATTLEFIELD

• +

,,--_u

-- - .. -_: - __ ,_ "~CO' , 1

2 . GE,NEVA, CO'NVENTION R,ELATIVE TO THE TREATMENT OF

PRISONE,RS 'OF W,ARt (GPW) 11

3 . CAPTIVITY 16

4 . COMMU'NIST PRISONER&OF~WAR MANAGEME'NT PRINCIPLES

AND COUNTERACTIONS 1.8

5 - THE CHALLENGES OF CAPTIVITY, ' 23

-6 • SOME BASIC CAPTOR AP'P'RO'ACHES-AN<D YOUR DEFENSES 31

7 - EXPLOITATION ' 39

8 & ,RESISTANCE 46

9- & FORM'ALIZED PRISONER~OF'~WAR ORGANIZATION ,,51

10 . COM,MUNICATION 54

A,P'PENDIX,ES

A 'r REFERENCES, A'UD.IOVlSU,AL RECORDINGS,t.

READING M11...TERIAL, FILMS _ 62

B ~ PRISONER-O'F·'WAR TRAINING PROGMMS 69

C ~ EXTR.A.,CT OF D,EPARTME,NT OF DEFENSE (DOD} DIRECTIVE

NO. 13,00.7 DATED MAY ,23,1980 73

D - ELEMENTS OF A BASIC PRISONER,·QF·WAR RESISTANCE

TRAINING' COURSE (TO BE PUBLISHED) 83

E ., EXTRA.CT OF THE MOST IM'PO,RT,ANT AR'TICLES OF THE (G,PW) 84

F·POL~Y ~

G . A,D'MIN'ISTRATIVE ORDERS __ - -- - - 98

H . STAND-ING OPEAATING P,ROCEDU'RES (SOP) 100

! . RELEASE . _ _ _ _ - - - - --- ... - - . - - - 103

J . SIGNAL OP'ERATIONS INSTRUCTIO'NS=--- ~- ~_~ . 106

GLOSSARY, l~

'i

$

FOREWO'RD,

This field manual provides guidance to Army personnel in applying teehniq ues of resistance to interro gation, indoctrination, and exploi ta tion, and in responding to prisoner-of-war (PW) mimage'ment procedUlr.B8 should they become p'riso,ners of war.

I t, is in tended primarily for the use of trame'l"S.. Howsver, the informa tion is p res en ted so that any reader can, gain knowledge always in which he, if captured, m,ay be able to resia,t th.e pressures of enemy captivity. .

The material in this manual was obtained from debriefings of former PWs~ autobiographical material relating to PW e:x.periences~ person al con versations and discussions with PW Sf and correspondence and discussion with 'p'roiessional personnel invol ved in, the study of PW'St includin g fellowup and all thoritative schclar ly comments and works,

The m ateri al pertaining to th,e legal basis for PW treatmen't was obtained from field manuals, Department of the Army pamphlets, authoritative legal personnel, and legal writin gs and opinionsr

Ideas w,ere also accepted from commercial scurees generally recogn.ized as a u than tative by US Army and civilian personnel p'ro,iessionally involved, in the subject matter,

'The prelimin,ary text was sent to former PWs whose reliability. judgment, and professionalism have been proven .. Their' comments and recommendations were inCOl'pO rated in the coordination draft, and. retained in this 'tex,t. Professional legal opinion

was also solicited, received" and incorporated in this text. ..

CHAPTER 1

WAR·· TH'E BATTLEFIELD

Thera are tho.,a who may .ur'vive the field of fira unscathed.

Th.,. •• r. t:h~.,. who m.y suff., wound. and i.lln ••••• ,. Th.r. at. tho •• who ,may fight in 1he a'rena of the pri.on.r~Qf-w.r c.rnp~

But wh. r.¥ ." It what8v.r the fi'g ht"

Let i't b •• aid, ·'"They fought their b~utt,a with honor ."

CAPTUREl It can 'b"appen to any ,soldiel"' regar.dless of grade or MOS ..... combat, supply, chaplain, medic" etc. But if captured, a soldier remains a soldier'. Heis guided by the, Code of Conduct and iS8Ubject to 'the Unifo'm1 Code of'Military Ju:a;tice (UCMJ). In addition, as a prisoner of war or a retainee,· he is entitled to protection under the provision.s 01 the

Geneva C'onventions~ .

RE,SISTAN'CE TRAINING

W'HY RESISTANCE TRAINING·? Because m.th ,capture comes shock, and, a soldier must be able to overcome this shock s.t one e and carry out his mission ~ .. RESIST AN C'E! Resistance tr,ainin If, properly conducted, can mean the difference between:

Respectful OT disrespectful trea tmen t,

Walking out of a PW camp or coming' out feet first. Retuming with honor or returning in dis grac'e.

F ai] ure or success, as escape ..

Pride or shame (looked u.p to or down on by the other PWs~ family, and friends),

(See Appendix B; Prisoner-of- War Trainin Program e, and Appendix C ~ Extract of DOD Directive 1300~ 7 t Training and Educaeion M'easuree Necessary to Support the Code of Conduct.)

·'Medics and. cbs plains are retained personnel under the· GPW {Geneva Convention Relative to the TreatmeD't of Prisoners of War', 12 Augu.lt. 19-4:9) and GWS (Gi!·n,eva Convention for the Amelioration o.f the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed F crcea m. the Fleld, 12 August 194·9).

1

THE NATURE OF RESISTANCE TRAINING

No ewo PW camps are alike but all P'W' campa have one thin Ii&' in commom Life iB rough for the PW~ Therefore,~ the soldier must be trained, and ready for rugged living. Reaiatanea training must be:

Comprehensive. Practical. Objective.

Fr fr al oei +. • di d mi · +~ t ti·

ee om person ,opuucn, preJu ' ce, an mlllm,~"& ~re,a .on.

It must atre,88 ,prm,ci pies Ipeclfic'ally related to soldiers both al m,di vid usa and. as memberl, of a unit 'workinl to lether.

INDIVIDU.AL TRAINING

Thorough p'teparation for the battle of the PW camp cannot be overemphasized.

T'rairrinl mUI,t make the soldier infOTm.ed~ lelf"relian~ able to take, the shock of the PW "i"nci08ure, and able to win whatever battle 'he must fight.

Indi vid ual tl'aining' should. .. -

• ,Make the a,oldier confident that he haa been. taught all he needs to know' to carry o'ut his mission if placed in a PW situB'non; th.at is, to carry out the orden of the senior ranking' officer (BRO), resist the enemy t and con,tin ue 'the 11gb t,. if'necessarYJ right where he is.

• Make the soldier self-reliant and a 'team worker. He 'must understand that both are needed for success on any battlefield.

• Introduce, the ,soidier to the stress of increasingly difficultt unknown challenges; make him prove 'to himself that he has a contribution to make and an make it.

• Present the soldier' with unexpseted challenges and have him 9nl:erge a winner • .. • Teach him, to think and see victcry, bounce back from setbacks, and keep faith wi thin himself and with others, in his un it,

• Teach, him n,ot only to reach deeply within himself for co,urage and initiative in, times ,0'£ atresst but to reach 'DU t to his fellow soldiers to help th e'mj 'to assure th at he livea and succeeds through 'their survival and success.

• Teach him to define SUCCetl8 in terms ofatrrvival Q,{ his comrades.

• Make him aware that though he may he in 8 oIit Bl'Y ,confine'men'tt he is not alone - - is never alone.

• Make him understand his ,action,s as a PW have as much international p,olitical impact u his performance In battle..

• Peesen t professional military challenges to the soldier beyond his per,ceived limits; have him prove that he can survive and succeed based on his individual qualitJ,es and 8,tatuS as an important contributing' member of his unit4

2

• Give each soldier:

• An understanding of his obligations,- rHponsibilitiel~ and ,expected behavior, making him unders,tand that he ia at all time. responsible for 'his actions and m,ay be held accountable for them4

• Confidence in his ah~1ity to ....

CJ Defeat the enemy on any battlefield or in any arena.

Ll Deny' the ,enemy information and resist in terroga,tiont exploitation, and in .. doctrinatio,n .

• ' Determination to defea't enemy efforts &I,Binst him, hia fellow loldlers" and hi, country.

UNIT'TRAINING

Tn.e lolmer enlaaed in unit traiDin. m uat un de.ratand and be dedicatced to:

:. *The Code of Cond,uet.. THIS IS A MO'RAL CODE. There are~ howevert articiea, in the UCMJ that apply to the Code.

• • Artici,ea 0.1 the, Uniform Code of Military Justice. The entire UCMJ is ltill in effed~ even, in ca,ptivity.

• -The ~neva Convention Relative to the Treatment ,of Priso'ners of Wart 12 August 1949.

• -The Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition. ofth.e 'Wounded, and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 12 A uguBt 1949.

• Hie religiont. his moral ideslst the United S'tates of America and its institutionst and

mill .i:. ).

tary p'ro.iea8J.ona 18m •.

*NOTE: The Code of Conduct is a moral code. T'he UCMJ prescribes minjmum standard. of cOD:duett violations of which are 'punishable. The G.neva Conventions are a body of both inte'ms'tionalla wand; by US constitutional proced ures, domestic law .. A.ll three ale compatible and mutually lupportiv,e. Leogally ~ the Code of Conduct does not tue p'recad .. enee over th'8 COD vantions a. the Code of Conduct is a statement of Executive policy~

Unit tr.aining m. list make the loldi,er understand the importa.nce of sel t-.es teem , selfdiscipline, obedience to mHi.tary command without reservation~ the need for organized unity, and the ability to bounce baek,

U nit traming ~ logically based on individual training t must live the soldier an understanding of life in, a PW camp and ita results and a working knowled.ge o,f the principles, op·portunitiut and mean. otreais·tance. Thi8 training' must involve the' soldiera as a unit, 'not merely as individual •. , Itmult be people orien~ thatist consider the characteristics of potential enemies and give baekaround iDformati.on on such .ubj ecta as:

• General nature of the enemy pea,pIe and their degree of civilization and development.

• Their way or life and Hvinlltandarda~ culture·" eu.toms,. social seaadards, econ.omie way of lits't political. Btruetn'tet sy.t.e'm. of justice, relationships with other nations.

3

.; Family life.

• Climate and geography.

.US Government and Armed Fo'rces policies .

• : The PW' environment, and how to carry ou.t raaiatanca,

Ree,ie,ta'nce training should he realistic, within the bounds of ,physical, mental, and emotional safety. DO NOT atl bject trainees to eXC9S8ive personal or 'physical inm.gnitieB or torture. Trainees can be, taught to resi.st psychologieal interrogstiont ind.octrination, and exploitation, but not torture.

Training sh'ould, therefore; emplla,size the PfJ,ychological aspects ,of interroga,tion, ind,octrina,tion" exploitation, and isolation 80· that the trainee, if captured, win know what to expect and can better resist the enemy. It should emphasize the simple principles and techniq ues of,rtsis.ta'nce, inel uding!

• Leadersbip.

• Th.e need fa,r 0 rganiza tion.

• Orranization within a PW camp .

• C' . ti"

I ommUDlC& on.s ..

• The importance of unit above self.

• Bouncing back,

LIFE-BANITY .. REPUT A nON may depend upon th,e qu,ality and thoroughness 0'£ this training.

Priorities, should be esta blished for' the selection o'f instructors for PW resistance pre8entation8~ Ins;tructon, must not only 'be wen versed. in all aspects of previous and pr'o,bable PW practices,. but must also he able to convey their knowledl'e and "make believers.'t Former PWs 'can add r,ealism, but th,Q' realism they impart iB limited to the experience of each .. A psychiatrist who can talk in lay 'terms. can also add te'aiism to a PW resistance trainin K' pr,ogram. In.structors m UBt, be carefully s.creened 80 the. t only the highest quality p'ersonnel are ehosen as re.siata.ncetraining' la,boratory (RTL) instru.,ctors.

CODE OF CONDUCT

~ ~ ~

RELATED DIREC,TIVES ,AND REGULATI'ONS

• Executive Order lOe31~ Code of Conduct for Mem,bers of the Armed Fo,rces of the United States (appendix A to AR 35a.30). as amended,

,_.

• D'OD' Directive 1300.7, Training and Educati,on Measures Necessary to Support the Code o"fC'ond,uct, with inclosu.res ,(see paA"H 5 to 1.0 for e,xtract of Arlicles I-VI of 'the C'ode of Conduct and explanation, of each),

• AR ,350-30" 15 August 1975" Cede of Co'nduct Training.

• AR 350-225,! 15 August, 1975, Survival, Evasiont Resistance, and Escape (SERE) Training~

,4

(RE,CO'MM:E,NDATfON',:' U'se AR, 35t}30 and 35r()~225, in, setting u:p a, 'r,es,jJstan,c'e tr,ainm,g pro gram.')

• 'FM 27 .. 10", The Law of Land 'Warfare ..

• ,DA P,a,mphlet, 27~1, Tl>eaties Gover,D.mg Land, W,arfare" "Geneva Convention Rei. tive to 'the ~eatm!en-t of Pnseners of Wart- 12 A,~gTUst 1949 (IG:PWl.,'tJ

PREL'UD,! T'O THE cons

The President of the Unfted States in 'promulgs'unS' 'the Code of Cond.uct mad,e the

faUowin,1 poin,ts:

'N'() Am,e'rican llmon,e'f' 011' war' wiU be io:rgotb~n b,. th,e' 'United, S:ta,t'es'., :Evety' a,v'lllab],e meaDi! ,will. be employed by' our government to estahlish contact with, to, s,upport and to obtain the release of all ou,rprisonets of war. F'urth:ermoH, the laws of the 'United S,tates provide forthe su:pport and care of dependents of the Armed Forces m,cludin,g those who become :priso,:nefB !of war" .I assure de:pena,en'ts G'f such prisonere 'tb.,&"t these

1- --...:!tl ' '. to • .a , J: th' ,~ 'If:e .........

a',w,a ¥fll .. continue', .. p:ro,V1~ L,or ·.:.',m"f w,e_iu..t-e~

p:aOGRAMS TO ,ASSIST NEXT O:F KUf (NOK) OF :PWlMIA

On,c! a, mem'ber of"the Atmed, Forces becomes a PW 01' IS ,missing in action (MIA')~ ,the US

Govemmen,t h,as, 8. threefold, propam::

NOTI'FICAT'lON'" N utify the ne,xt g:f kin in I. senai:tive manner that les:sen$ the PI ychologicaJ shock cauaed by the neW8+ Next of kin are notifi,ed as soon as pos si bl e by a visit by an, active d u t.y service m,e'm her of a r.ank hi,l' her than, 'l,r equ al to 'that of tn,e PWl M,IA sponser,

ASSIST,'ANCE 'OFFICER. Assign :to the :next,otld;n a :ma'tQ'fe officer w'ho, can act as a seDs'i'Dve liaison between tbeADny and 'then,extofkin,. Th'e Assistance Officer, 'w,h,o is

_'] _,_ 'I~- F '"1: C2!. ..i: d' A' ~ ~'(~AO' .. ) .. ~ - ed + .... _..J ,"

wau.Ltiown as a, ',aml&y~~.iceaD·',···--B818tancevn.,cerEo '·:·.'.jwappomt_ .. ·w~'VlSe

a,n,d allist the next, of 'leu. The, FSAO m:us't, be eq,ual or' higher in, tank than, the PW/MlA.and, be: a,b~,e' to serve 'in tIl,at jiolll D,O less than 1. year ..

ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS~ Th.ere are several family .esia,tance programs, to ease th'e person al pro,blem,s ot the nex't of kin. These pro IiTsms incl ude furnishing inio,rrnation oa 'the: PW lM lA 8'tatus, and ad vism,g on or assisting with monetary ~ lieg .. a~ m' ne 'd;'c:~:~ 'to r·" a n I ,s-n.n.:~,;oo,ti'·.'c: D' . h,o' "ll.s~"g ,'JI,.'JI'!I'd·: ,",:,,~1iI,""iI!:iHi,nn,:-" 'I'Ji'!II,a,tter,s.

. .1, . !Ii. u,~ . _. 1:"''''''-:1.-'''''''. :Ii ,&&iI< ,!L'Ii.U ,~~"",,~IW,y' w ..... ¥o . .

ARTIC:LEI

I'AfJ'!',A,N A,MERICA1V Fl'GH'T1NG .i.1A,.tV~ l' S'ERVE.ll'l THE FOR'C'ES WHI'Cll G'UARD ldY' C'Ol.lNTR y'A,ND Ol./R' WA Y OF,LIFE41 AM P REPA,R'ED' TO GIVE l.fY L.lFE IN THEIR ,DEFENSE~

ART' 'Ie' "LES 0- C TH-'-'E C··' '0' D' DO'''' F' C"O""N'DUC' T'

" I ' ... ' ......,j '. ~:- ,.'1 ., .• ,£I /' ' .... , .'. t., . .... <I__', .,"

,~,v'e!lI' . A. ~T'A' . n· , 0: :"'-N' 'r.

£I.~.,LI.tIJL".", " . i i, ..... , '", '!f

A~_l I f·&.t.. .... Code f'C' ---..:I' -.'1'" . all ~ b ..- 'L . ,,,, •. AAe' : 0:·· ~',::' .... ' ,:o,__:'ouauc.tapp.lH to ,,gervlcemem 'era at all tun.es.,A m,emuerof

the Armed Foreas has a duty to support the interests, o,fthe 'United States and. 'op'pose the,

enemies of the U'nited ,States re,gardles8 o,f the cirtnl:mstances, whether in active partici," a': tt· ton in combat or 'i PI! ~a': p"ti·"Vl~t·y~ - .

p. "_.' .... '_ _ . . . _ .~. ~. "". iii

Medica.1 personnel and chaplains are' granted by 'virtue ,of their special retained itatus under the Geneva Con ventions, ,certain latitude under' the Code of Conduct~ This flexibiUty is di,rec'dy r,elated, to. the po lici.es: of' the captors as to wheth.er they' adh:ere~ to th,&' G-e'neva Con ventioos' requirement to let medical :per80nneJ and chaplains pitrform their pro-.' l@s&ionw duties, ,All personnel, medicat chaplain". .'Dd other, should, understand the latit'ude and. ,Hmi.'ts o:f this :flexibilitY4 (See ,page ,81 Item C~ Special Allowances 'for

'Medical Personnel and Chaplains,') . ,.

NOTE,~, AlJ,tnoiugh lesistan,ce techniques: may dille!' d,epen,ding UPO;IJ. tae, lights, recogniaed and ,;:ran,ted by 8 capto'f, the righ"ts of chaplains and medical perso,nnel exist whether or not the ca'ptor adheres to, 'the Can. ven'tions .. Failure of a eaptoT 'to ,loHow the pro:via:iORI of 'the Con v ,n,tions, may au bjeet indi'v.id.uaJ .. of the deta"ini'n.1 power to trials for W,B'f crimes.

E,XP,LANATION::

ARTI.CLE II

I WIL'L' Il:!'E- '('~E'D S- ... ~RR··E.'·"DE;D o F 'Iy' . O' W~!' FOD'rr 'W' ILL ,,_ .. .i: ,;;", -:'.; --Ai',,-, .~._.~'~-y .•.. .0.-: ',~rJlcj '.' ..~,Y . .n.E..£i. ..... ,. '.' _c" ..

IF L.V-CO~Il.VA.VD I WiLL ,~·EVER SC;RRE~VDER .lilY ;VElt{ WHILE THEY' STILL _HA VE THE ,~VEAi.'\lS ~O ,IlES,IST~

,Mem hers oftb@.Armed Forces may nev,R' vol untarily sUrTe'uder .. Even. when isolated and n'!) lon.ger able to inflict casualties OD, the enemy or otherwise d,eCend themselv~ it is their duty to ev,ade capture and rejoin the nearest 'friendly forca~

Only when evuio,D, by members is i'm,possible and. fUrther fighting would lead only to th.eir death with no s,ignifican t 10s8 to the ,enem,y mig,h, t, the means to resist or evade be ,co,n,s,id,ered, ex'haQ,stefi ..

The· raponsibility and, authority 01' a command,e:r never extends to the surrender of com'mand, even If isolated, Cut off; or sarreunded, w bile ,the unit has 'the po'wer to Tesistll break out, or evade 'to :oo;'oio friendly fo:rces.~

ARTICLE III

IF 1 A~V CA,PTllRED 1 WILL CO.tiTll'/',UF TO RESlS'T ,8 Y' AL,L, MEANS AVAI,LABLE~ t WILL, ~tlA,KE E'VERY ,EFFORT TO ,ESCAPE Al'vD A"ID OTHERS' TO ,ESCAP,E .. / WILL ,A,CiCEP'T NEtTHER PAR.',OLE N,OR ,SPE,C.1A,L

FA VORS FROM THE ENEldY~

EXP'LAN'ATI.ON'~:

The' duty of a m,@'mber of the ,Armed Perees to continue resistance to enemy exploitation by all means av.ailable is not leaRned by th,e misfortune of ,ea:p'tuN .. Contrary to th,e 1.949

s

Qene.'va C Q'DV'en t,l,olna,. ene'mies w'bien OS (CiU!S: have e'ngB rea, ,since 194,9 have re:,garded th,e PW comp,ound as an e,xtension ,of thle battlefield" The US pris,oner o,t war (USPW) m,U19,t be prepa'zo,ed far 'this face,

In di:sre,luding' p,loviat,ons ofth,e Gene,'Y'.a C1on,v1entj,ons. the, enemy has used a vari,ety of 'tactics 'to ,exploit PW 8 for :pro,pagonda :ptlrpOSeB or 'to 0 btai:n :military Information. Resi,tanee'to ea,:ptor exploita tion efforts is 'leq uired by the Code a,' C o:n,d uct, Ph.ysical and mental harassment!, gefleral mis,tna tm,en:t, and, ton,ure" medi,c,al. negJ:ec:~ and political i:nd,octrinatio,n ,ha'V'e all! been used as,aj,nst USP'Ws In t~.,e palt..

ThAo'!I;C·· .::.;m, IY-.,-'h···a-;t-- -~.""" ,",-, 'j, tP'W··-' s ee a"i'"-_- ....... -op'oA.ii'II~al·. ~a,vA,'li'!"Go·-"r-'pn'·~ileg,.es.···notai,ve'n. to' "",m!'!"

_,'!!;f II:Il ,!I:i, _ _ sne~ w lA!m,p . _ lI;oY. """,rep"",~,, ~,~l J,! V Ii; I§!' . ,_ _ _. _.' _ til,.. _ _ _ 'Y _

PW s in return for. stateme'l'l t.s or inform anon desired by th e enemy or for a pled ga by die PW :not to try "to escape,

A, USPW 'must n.o't seek ,s,pedal, priviJeg,es i('Jr aooept ,;,;peeial fa,vols ,at the expense o,f'his fellow ,PWI~

The Geneva C,onv~ntions reQOln:i2e that, the :regubloo:ns of a PWt s country may impose the du t1 to eS;Qa,p\e~ and ·th,a,t PW 8 m,ay at.t:e'nl,pt to e8e'a,pe~ U nd,e:r th,e pidance and eu'perviiai,on 0,' 'the semo'l mUiCMY person andi 'the, ,PIW oIr,ga.niza'tiollci P'Ws .must, be, pre,pared,

t- D'+"'Iik· ·e· a.~v'llllln: ··t·a· ·-OIli'i;,.J esea ·p·e· _ . nl!iiOliii!ti'M.'l"'t'l·ii'U'II 'wb~ne.-- ""a. .'L.Ay··Q~8·e' "n- .ecmmunal d· ·e"toill!nti~'n,. the

.. ~, ,g H, , , '=',~ U.I v~ " _ OPr' .... &'IIIoYU ,,Vi;! ~.. .y~&, W-I-~_ g,&.;!1 _ ~ ,I ........ ~,.'OII! """"". _,V~"'-I,

'we'liare althe PWs w'n.o 'win rem,ain bebin,d must be eO'll,$,ider,ed..,.A PW' mus,t ~~'tbink escape" n m UIJt try to t&cape if able to do sc, ,and, must as,sist others to ,escape.

The Geneva, Con venuoDs, au tn.o'rize 'the 'release of PWs '0,0 paro]e only to the ,ex,'ten t ,B.u:cho'ri'zed by the ,PW'!!;s co tnl t,ry~, and, pro,bibit, comp,elUol a P'W to ,ac1cept ,Iu,ol", Patlo]e ap,eiements art! promises gl'ven the ca,pto:r by a. priso-:ner of 'war 'to fulfill steted cond:iti,o:llr9"t such as, not 'to bear' arms or Bo't to ,e8cape~ in eonaidera'ti,g,n of special ,privileges, such as r-e]A,ac:e Rom na·p-l-;iv1lt'y·: O'~ ~_~s·ide'.¥!iie- ·d" ¥J:ii·8~,-a-iD,t'., 'Tb· e U·., 'Mil~te.d:-, S~+;IlIi"te',Q does ':ry;o,t"=lii1i!li·,th~'" o. ·.';oye: anv

fIIjiI~. '_ "'P. ,', _rf.. ,~'" I., Jj-~ G :11. ... &~ I • .lil~~ ~ .. ' . Y. ... ,1ItQ ..." ~ !I!~'" ~¥. ~,~ ~- '.J'

,84!<l'viee 'member to, sign o,r einter :in'to 8_11Y such parole agreeme',D,i.,.

NOTE: A),tho'U1gh USPW s 'may nOit ente'r i.nto general. parole agreem,ent'8, tn.ere mal" be circur:Q,stan'c es where limited ,parole is not, ,only authorized but desira ble, However t an indi'ridual U,S'PW :may sign or enter into a tempora'r,y :parole agreement c,nly wi;th th.e elcpress permission, o:f'th,eS'RO" if such parole is a'u'thonzed. "for th,e specific purpose of permi tt.'m i 'him to perform cerhlin acts materi aJ.I~,. con tribu tin g to the we:~:fa'te of' himself O'lf his fellow PW;s" For iexamp,h~! If a C8,ptor 'were YiiUin,g to p',ant medieal,o'r religious personnel :freedom to 'retu:m to, their own ,forces to I'et needed :medieal 8111,:p"nes u'pon, ,8 mor,al promise to, f,etum I' ,such ,a ,p",ol,e agr,eement would, 'be per,mlssiible as it is fO'1" the -benefi,t, of,t'he e,tl'tire 'USPW popula'li-o.n and 'not. Just fo:r the 1,ndf,vidtuU ..

AR- Tile- 'LC'I rv

._ 1,1 "I. I t._.O'l_.~ .1.",.

IF 1 BECOlWE A PRlS0,~'lER OF K~AR'~, 1 W'ILL KEEP FAI'TH WITH J/Y FELLO",' PRIS01'tERS. I W.lLL GJ'VE vo l"·::-F-·O·-· RillA' T1' 0'" A.::" 0- R '-T.,·'JlliK·-·E PA'- R- 'T' /':\+ A" '-~'''' A- C--'T,-IO' ".',,,"

,,"Y .:._ ,_,ii·"W,··· ... : .. 4!.u. ... ~ ..... -',',,'Y " ._',' . '~, .. ~"". ,~,., .. ,' __ ,:_:'-'; ,' .... 'W ,.[, 1··_··· •. -. 1"'" .~,~

WHICB';;Vl'G.HT BE HARttlFt'."L TO lIVl~ CO,~tfR.4D£S. IF I A ·VA SE'~IIOR',·l 'W'I'L,L, 'T""K:"-E~'C:-:IO,'I!'."I~·~:OD"', J:-"F',;' "~O" :'T /., WI,'~'-l._.·',

, , .![i!I' . •. .iII - :Ii" _ _ ~, . . ".,' . IIIl'.I.1r ... ',~~ II e ,ill ... ~,"", ," .. : :. I _ _ l~'

OBEY "i'IiH-:'-'E LA- W' ".iC"'.r:"'L· O'RDr'R "" OF _ - O· S' - PPOJ'Ii.II'Tr"D-·

:_ '_ .... ;.I;-,~,-.:". ,-'r lJ' ..•.. '-~,-S .... ,: TH"E A. :<_"_~'Y-_,c. .'

OVER .. '4E Al"{D WILL BACK TH'ElJll.',P /:.'V E'VERY 'J.ltA }","

7

,EXPI~i'l,ATIO'N:'

Officers an d nan commissioned o'fnce:rs will con tin us to carry Q'U t their respo nsi hili tie,s a.nd to exercise th,eir autnorirty in captivi,ty~

J'nformingt or any other aetio:n detrim[e:ntal to a ,fellow PW~ is despicable and 'is expressly for bidden~ Prisoners of W3:r m uat especially avoid helping the enemy to ide'otify fellow PW s. who may have knowled,ge of val ue to the snemy and who may j therefore,~ he made to suffe'r cOI'rcive interrogation+

S,trong leaders,hip is essen,tial to discipJine.. Without discipJine!, camp orPniiationt 'r,esista_Dce. and evt'n survival may he im:posBible ..

Personal hygiene, camp sani'tatioD; an,d care of the sie'k and wounded are lmperative~ 'Whe'revel' locatedt USPW's, 10(1' their' own be'nefi~ ,should organize in a miH,tary manner' 'liDder the seni,ot persen eUlible for command .. The lenior ,person (whether' officer or enlisted) witbln 'the PW c,8tn;p 01" witb a group of PWs shall assume command, a,ccording to rank without re,ard to service. This responsibility and. accountability m:ay not be evaded. (See pa,ge 31 Item C, Special Allowancea, for Medic'al Personnel and Chaplains~)

Wh,en taking eommandt the senior person will infOrm the other PW's, and will designate

tb· h m f - -...:I1'f h ~ .. ' .. ~ ~ .. ...._..JI • h ~ bl- to ... _.. Jt

, .. '. c~a'm 0, ,oommlUiu.. .. t ·e senlor person 18 locapaCJ:taM:U. orIS at .'.8l'Vi!l8e tma .. [e i'· Milo ror

an:y reascn, Icomm,a'nd 'will 'be assumed b,y the, :n[ex,t ,senior person. E'v'lIY effo'rt 'will 'be 'made to inform all PWs, in the camp (or group) ,of the m,em,bers O'fthe chain of command who will repr$!H~'n t them in dealing M.th, enemy au t,h,o ritie s, The re.SJ,poDsi bllity of subordinates to, obey' ,the la,wful orders of ranking American military pel'aonnel remains unchanged in

" - ·ti" . '''t cap .Vl~Y~

US policy oOil.c'eming PW camp otganizationt as set forth in the fore,gomg paragra,pba J specifies th at tn,e senior military pe'rso;n, I hall U8um,e command. The Geneva Co,n.ve'ntions on p,risoner,s of war p'l'ovide additional IlIidaru:~e, to, til,., ,ft,ife:ct that in p[W camps containi.ng entiated. personnel ODly~ a ,prisoners; re.presentative will be eJected. USPWs shoald llnd,er,stand. 'tha:t sueh a representative t. re,garded. by 'us policy as only a spokes,man ,for the senior military pet80Di [The prisoners'" r'epresenta ti'v,e does not, ha ve comD1a'n~ unless the, PW s elect ,as the repres,entat.i.ve the senior military per&on~ The senior military person shan assume and r,etain actual, command" CQv'ert),y if DKUsary'"

Maintaining ~ommunieation8 is one of 'the most important ways that PWs can aid one another. C[ommunicati!on 'breaks down tbe barriers of js'olation which an en[8DlY :ma;y attempt to construct and he,lps strengthen a PW~s will to r,esist .. Each PW will, immediately u po'u c'apt,me;, try 'to' mak.e con tact wi,th fello1ll 'usp'W,: by any m,ean&, availa ble and. will the'reafter. continue to co'JIl'municate and participate vigorously' as ,part of the' PW' oq,a.nization~

,As with oth .. er previsions of this Code, common senle and the conditions in the ,PW camp will d etermi,ne the way hl 'which the s enior pe'fson and the oth.er PW s structure' their organization and. carry out their' lespoDsibiUties., Wha,t is important is tha,t ii, ~

the se'mor person esta.blish. an [orga'nization. and.

the PW 9 in that ol"ganiza'tion und erstand the·ir duties and know to whom 'they are res'po,nsible'.

'THINK AND' SEE VICTORY~ BOUNCE BACK' FROM SE18ACKS~, AND KEEP ,FAITH WITH YOURSELF AND OTHERS IN YOUR UNIT:.

,A.RTICLE'V

'W,'HE""'" £llTt:"'S'·"T·I·O"Nr;"V, S .. 'H":O"J'~~L:'D' 1 B:E'C··:'O,··,flIE,.'· A, P"R' ·/~S·""'"

" , .Ii Y 'q" . ,1;.,; _. '. ,.I. ~, " .' " _. \.,0, ',' ,.' .c. . . ~I!!'jl'., " , ' . , '

'O!"lER OF' WARJ, 1 A~V REQ'tTIR'ED T,O Gl'VE' lVAi.lIE:~, RA.lVK_ SERV[,CE iVU~VBER~, AlVD DATE OF BIRTH" I 'WILL EVADE AIVS·WER1;.VG F.[rRTHER ·QUESTIONS TO

TiUE 'f" "T'~ .. I·Y· BILI'TY' I W' . 1:1 ~.!C'" i'l.10 OD . L _ n.,~ {}.T~VO·S. OF ~g ',' A,:··. ,.'~. '" .... ~. . 'ILL .~,.,.",K£.. 4"" " .·~4c:··.

OR' WR'/TTEl'i S'TATE,VElt,tT ,DISLO YAL TO, .lWY [CO"t:~""9 TR':Y,Al'ti'D ITS AL,LIES OR HA,R.lWFllL T'·O THE/.R CAUSE",

mXPLANATION:

When q \I,elii,oned, a p'moner of wI'r i. required. b)' the Geneva, C e'n ventiQnl, thil C octet .• nei it permitted by th,t.UCMJ ~a ,Iivi n..me~ r,R'nk: ••• rnea n'a'mb,er-~ ,ana d,ati ,olb:irth,. U nd,er the G •• v,. Coc"\toiiona. the en..,. bu no riI'bt to. try 'to 'force a USPW to provi,de lA"

~ ad.diti,onal iIlto~m.tioD" Ho'wrter" it,I'U..D.raaJiatic to expect a ,PW to remain confiDed tor JalBr,11 recitin, only ft'IDl'111 ran k. ida,tin,cation, D,uma.'r.'ri' H,d ,datel of 'birth I' Th •• are'man,,, P'W ,csm.p .itqatiGAI in 'W hich cert&iD 'Qrp. of eOllvmatiOQ wUh the enemy are ,pennitttrt For aample, '. PW 'it allowed bu.' Dot required by tft'i. Cod.~ the UCMJJ or the Geneva Con v.nooDs to] fill out,. Ge,Dav. C'oD'van,tiODs, Itcapiu'fa eard~~· to write letters hom:e.." and to communicate· wi:th aapta·q on. matters ot' heal th and w'llfare~

The lenior military peno:a, " . req'ui'red 'to re:preaent 't'hl' pmoner,s UDder his c,Qnt:rol in matter8 of camp admmi.tra.:tiOllt healtht w~ and grievances" :However, it Mutt 'be borne eODII:tan,tly in mind, t:ha,t the I'DilDY haa, Oft'I'D, viewed PW I as val,uable sources of 'military informa,tt,on and o,fpropa,ua:a that can be' used to ,fUrther the enemy"!, war' .Re,n.

Aeco.rdi:nr;iy" tB,ch prisoner lD'ustex,erciae peat caution W,D'en :fiUinl Q'Q;t a (tcaptu're'car(r~ (8ee .,ppendi%: D)~ wh,en ooD,d,uctinl .'ut'h,omed comGlUDic·ati,on with, th,e capto:rl ,aDd, 'when writi.nr ]etten~. ,A U,SPW m,uat, " .. 11*-. aV'Md" O'l. IV'a,gllt eve'D wbe'D, pbY,8i,e:ai1y aDd men,tally eoerc~ all ene.my efforts to &eCure IIta·temenq, or action .• th.a,t. 'wiU fuJrth,er tbe IU:myl'l cause.

8]uch, sta'teme'D:ta Ol' amo,ns, cODsti,t\1.te givin, the, enemy lInam,D,med, infonnatiOD,~ Exam'plea of ,statements 'Qf acti,ons, PW 8. should resist in,el uda oral Ol~ written c·onfe •• iona t q ueationnairel:, pel,Bonal history ,siatemen tst ,pro pa.l,anda, 'reeo,rdings and breadeaat appeal. to other :prisonerl 0:£ 'W'&r to co'mply 'with :impro'per' ,cap,to'r demands, a'ppeals for ,Burrender or parole't self-criticisms, O'f oral or 'written sta'tem.enm or communication on behalf' of 'the In,emy or h,anaful to, the United, States" its alli.e8~ ·the, AImed, Forces, Oil ,otb.er

,PWI~ .

(NOTE: Article 'V is bseieally ,pro'hibitory .. It i.m,po~8es the following' geDer,a! res,tnctions· u,po,n th.e! USPW (this ].il,t, is exemp'luy):

., 'To 'tat,s no actions whilchVlloul,d bring harm to ,an'other ,Am.erican~

• "To make no appeals for 'United States or allied troop. to surrender ~

• To m,ak::e' ne appe,als for' those' &l're'ad,.. in, c'a,pt,ivi,ty to e.oopt,rate wi,t,h th,e i'oemy poli'tieal perso:nnel, such as meetin,1 their dem,andt for statem,enta either fa vera hle to ,them. Of 'which they can 'ual acainat the U n'ited Statel or Us allies,. .

• To live 'B'O' iDforma,ti,OD 0,0, other PWs"

'. ·To.ay or write Dot.h.inl' .. ,ainst the 'United Statu, or ita ,a11.ies~

• To tnakll' NO 'QOn:feasio'n:a~)

A PW should recognize tha,t .'ny' cOllle.lion ,.ian@d or any statement; made· m.ay be used. by ,the enemy 88 part ,of a false accusation 'that 'the captive ia a Wal" criminal rat'b,at th"a.n a PW.~ Moreov'er, certain cotmtrie. have made r·elerva tiODIJ 'to the Geneva, Co',n yentlon,a in w'mm. they H,.en that.a war crimina] coD,viction has th, effect of depri.vin., the con vieted in,dividusl ofpriaonel'",at.w,af status .. th,. 'removiDg him :from protectiou una,er'th,e Ge'neva C oa Yen tionl,~ Th e,,·th UI re-voke the ril' h t to rep. tria tion until a priao:n len tenes is served;,

If aPW ftnda th.·trp under'intenaecoereion, Uiuu.lthorized, in'formation W_ 'Il'I1wiUmrly or alccidle'ntally disclo.ed" then the miem ber should .'ttem'pt to recover and reaiat wit'b I, frsa·:b line o,f mental defense.,

Expme·nce h .. lIh.own 'tha't alth.ouCh enemy' interrolat£on 8e81lions Ican be harlh and ,cruel,. 'it is Wlually pOlsi ble to rel1et, p'rQ'vided thR'e is a will to resist.

Tb'B beet .B'y :tOr a prieoD.er of w,ar to keep 'faith ,with country ~ feIlO'w :priMnerl of wal, and oneaeJi il. to provid,e the enamy with as lit.tle information ,as pouible.

ARTICLE VI

I WILL NEVER FO'RGET T:HA T J A;lV A1V A ldERICA.:.'V' FIGHTli.VG J."A,;V~ RESPO.NSIBLE FO,R .lWY ,A.CTI0,NS~ AND DEDICA TED TO THE PRJI,lCIPLES THA T' ~V:ADE' l4'Y CD'UNTRY FREE~ 1 'WILL TRUS'T IN JlV}" GOD Al'vD IN THE ,UNITED STATES ,OF A~1fERICA..

EXP'LANATlOIN:

A me'mtN!f lot the Armed Forces remal'D'. responsi,ble tOf Petaon,ai actions s't all times .. 'Thil, art,icie w, desilD,ed to a S8,.,t, memJ:ul!S ot th,e' Arm,ed For,ces to fulfill their res,po,naihillties and to survive captivity with ,bonor. The Code of Conduct does 11m, conftiet with the U'e'Md, and the latter aontinues to .'pply to e&'ch milit.ary service 'member during capti,vi,ty ,( o,r in, oither. b08,tU.e cleten'tioD,)i~

U'po'n rep~atri,.tion~ PW;I can lexpled; th,eir 81ctiona to be 8u'bjllct to rreview" 'both a's to circumstances, of c'aptu.re and, as to conduct durin, detention,., The purpose: ot'such, reviews is to recopize meritorious perfanntlnce as well as 'to invelti,g'ate any aIiegatiODl' of

.. d""'""

'm'lBlcon U~11iI1

Such reviewB win be conductedl with due r.,ard fOl' 'the rlab,g, of' the individual and

id ....:! ~ the , .. uti· f ...=: '"ty

CODi ,_ erB.w.OD ,;lor ,_ CGnUJ._ onl Q' eap..-iYl., '.

A, mem,her' of the Arme,d Fo,reel who, iI· capitured, has, a, con:tinuing obligation, to, r.esist, all attempts at indoctriDation ,and 'to remain loyal to count"Y~ service,. and ~

The life of a prisoner of war can be vuy ha:rd~ PW 8· wbo 8.tand firm, and united a"a.blst

. ........2;'n aid' >1101:.. ........ " ·bl...... ,j,1Ioo..:... -..l:""" ..... 1

enemy prHllUretI, ww' , ,ODe aneener UDmea&lita. ,_" Y in aurnVlD' wu. OIUN.I~

(See page 81. item C, fo'reKpla.nation of flexibUity gran ted medieal personnel and chaplains under' the Code of Conduct,.)!

10

CHAPTER

2

,

GENEVA CONVE,N'T,IO'N RE,LAT,IVE TO THE T'REATMENT OF P'RISONERS OF W,AR (G'P'W)

'Th., G PW i.~ in .ff:.,ct., t:h. bi U of rig h1.'; of BV.'Y PW ~ E ac h .lr'1:iicll. i., i·mp,ol,'t'.8ln't' .. S:y' aJdh.1r'ingl to t:he high st8Inld.,d., 01: the Coda of Conduct, a US ,ell"vice member ah,oU'ld b.,

within bo,th the UCMJ .nd the Geneva Conyendon.~

The Geneva CcnVel'ltio'D Rela,tive to the Treatment ofPriBoners of W'ax, 12 AUlust 1949" is ,an 81;reeme'nt betw',en na ti,on:!H ICO Do/seq ule'n:tly t a ,PW c,a'll,not renounce the -righ.ts ,seeured for :bim by ·th,e 'GPW' (.Articl,e '1) an,d/or the clutl.es .assir.ned 'to him (ArUcllea ,49-,57) .. ('See note IG.n page.3 .)

The pu'rpose of the 'GPW ia to pmtect the fundamental Auman 'rights of PW8~ The QPW applies, equally to all pri.MeTS of war regardlesi of race, nationality, or politieal o.r religious belief. It giYes, the senior ran,'king prisoner a legal basis 'under in,temationalla'w fOf' his deman,de: for h,umanitarian, ma,tme'nt and tb.e neces.ilies; fOil" a,decent and, h:onorable sU'M,val for an priso;ners, A lone PW can \lse the GPW' in thelsame way.

A PW m u,.,t intorm his captor th.at, he knows abou,t

th GP'W ;"I •• th I, t" ltledt lated I hi

"8 ", ," " _ :~ Wl,a:"~ e 18 en 1," ,_ '0 a ,copy prme." ln18

lanlgu.re (,Article 41); and that. the clvUized world ex,peets 'bie ca'pto'r to Uve up to t'he ,GPW pro,vi,ai,ons and intent (Article, 126-,t4a)~

Every serrie. member should. have a working Imowled,. of'the GPW. As a PW', it may save his life or~, at the least, 'make· his e,xistence mote 'bear-a ble an til be can, escape or is legitim a t'll,. rele.aed~, The GPW' may o'r' may not be recoS1l,ized andlot,

.. lem db" I" th

Imp em,ent&y on'li eaptor, yet It re'mSJnse

PW~ I· lel',a! proteetioD4

T- h GP- W ~ .:ii: 'I d d i t ~ rio ..... "'" P t I ..... :-

' , e: 'c I"" 18 'UJ. Vi ' e ~' Ul 0, aiX ,Pciu:~I' ,'~ ,ar __ " oon~,s

the, ,general provisions relati'v,e ,to ,ca,ptivity and PW's. Pan II cover,. gen,eral protection of PWI~ Part Ill.. C:API"IVITY:t "is ·the major section of tbe COil ventioD~ Parts 1V thr'ou.lh VI ,cover end of captivi"ty" informatio'D, bureau. and relief .oci.etiee fa·r P'Ws't an,g im,pJem,eDtatl,QD, of'the Convm,ti,on.

[,

,iii""'" ~'~' .................. iid"

111

A pnua) aummati,on ,altha artielea ,altha G'PW i. liven below., (Sea, appendix '8 f'Orman detaill ,and. 'p .... 67,.11,8, DAPam 2'7~1 .. Treaties Governing Land Warfare* forth,s complete 'tnt~')

GEN"""E:-RAL, '-'.'1 .. PR·_:O, ,V--I' S, IO"N,"'-S

"i· .. · I .. _' _" ," .' - ... __ ···1-····.' _'

.at ""::-1 ill ..... ~-. - - -al .. ...! ... Ji ....

~ ... 11_, COft~ Pilii' proYlalon~,

'.

I~

I NTITLEMENT TO PW STATUSt Arti,c-Ie 4 cover. the es'tlrone. of p'er:lOftl, .'n d,Usci to tr,.,tmen,t all "WI a.rld, J)roteetiau, of the G,PW i, (For turthe'r ,Ulcu.sian ot thi., article, IN papa, 72-71. DA ,Pam, 27~161·~ Intunati.oDal Law, Vol~.1L)

'RENU,NClA TION 'OF lUGHTIS. Article 71tatea that:PW. may n'CI,t renounce 't'h,eirriin'ti u PW,.

GENERAL PROTECTION OF PRISONERS OF WAR

Arti,c1,el!l :12-16 relate 'to 'the Ilener,al protection of PW 8" ,A major 'purpose of the GPW is to a.lure h'umane treatmen't 'fo'l PW'. (Article 13).

C·-APTIV' ,--.' " .... ITY'

.. -- - ._- -

T,he m'08t :importan1: au. b;ject o:f the COI\'Veu,tiOD -is captivity ,B'od'i'ts major eiemetl;ts (covered

'. A"""": 1 17- '118) 0:-

lD .n.rw.C IS - ••..•. ".

INTfERROGATI-ON'~ APW iSleqWt.ed, to give onjy"name'~ ,rank. ervic8'D,umber" and, d.2te of' birth. Th.8 wordingiD. 'the GPW diflus from that in the CodeofCondu.ct~ The use of mental or 'physical coercion 'to obtain in'fotm.atiou 'from, PWs :ia prohibi,ted (Artiele 17)~

MO'VEMENT~ 'PWe m'ust be 'm,oved under hu.mane condi,tiona and treated humanely (Artlci,e 20).

P A 'Dn'l' 1:1 U· j ... ',L G' .p' "W' (: "'- .........:cle· 2--1)- . . - . I .. - , .. tied US· - ... ... el-' - "thorized .... ~~'linQer"Wle .... .....,AL'W! • ptlTO e 18 ,petD11. . • .... ,peraonn are au __ .. . ... LV

,accep,t TEMPORARY puo1e not to escape o,nly 'M'th the express permission otthe SRO~ if ,IU'C'b p.aro:Le is a UJth'orized for 'the speeifi,c pu'rp08e '0" permitti;n, the 'p'W to perform oertain leta materially contributing. to the welfare of himself or his fellow p:ris,oners,. (See pU'agrapb 187" "M 2,7 .. ,]U)~ The: La,w of' Land W mue~ fort' fun. offici.aI, ex:p,lana.tiOOJ .. )

THE INTERNMENT ENVIRONMENT. The internment environment shall not be unhesl thy DOl' dangerous (Articles 22 .. ,25),~

FOOD~ 'Food shall be of sufficient q,uality and quantity to sustain ,ood health (Article 26),! C:LOTHING .. Clothing ,uitable to the clbnate shan 'be, fUrnished (Article 27).

RY'GIENE AN,n MEDICAL HEALTH~ The debiningpowet'm'ust takemeu,ures to 388ure ,a,dequate hygi.euic' fa,cili'ties ,are avatlabl e, In ,tlid,dition,~ PW,I are entitl,ed to tr-.eatrnen;t 'by medi,cal perlo'Dnel of their ewn country if avaUable (Article 30)~ Medical. penonnel ate 4 'protected p.IODs'~ (Az.tim .• , 83) ..

NOTE: ,AU 'medical personnel and ,chaplains an issued a D,D Fonn 1934 '(Geneva Conventi,oulden'tity- Card) in ,aeeordance Vlit'h A'R ,606-5t which identifies them as

',2,

protected personnel and entitle" them to th.eir special "retained' status when ,c,aptured. In, addition to all 91,eMF (Medical Career Man,agement Field) personnel and Army Medical D·epart.ment {AMEDD) officers (lese veterinary personnel), other personnel assigned d,uti,es i.n medical units are also i8sued 'DD Form, 1.934 while assigned tOI tb.os'e· du'tiH~ It'ca,pltured while! peno.,rmin,g' those dutiesl, they are' penni,tted to continue in that ·capacity. (See AR 611·201, Enlisted MOS Structure and Career lflanag,ement Fields, for details of mllitar,Y ~cupational !l'peciaJtie,s and du.ties

inv,olved.) - ' ..

THE CL,ERG,Y. Clel'lym·en, like the medi,C9'll al'e ... cpmteeted per80D.'~~" They are not considered 'to be, PW s. They are to 'be granted the b'enefits and p'rDtectio,n of the G P'W, Th ey are to be 'free 'to circulate and tend to the ,spiritu.al welfare of the PWs (Artfcles 34·37) ..

NOTE: 'I'm 'tbereal warld ofths, PW eompouncl, the difference. and treatmeo't 'betwee~n protected/retained persons and PW s ,clepend upon the maDDer 'in which the, ea,pturing/ detaininl power'in,terprets and/of' o,bee'IYes pllOlvi,ioDS; of' the Ge,n~'va 'Co'Dve'nti on8., Captured/detained chaplains aDd medical personnel may not in fac:t be fre·e to circulate and. !tend. 'to th,e ,lp,iriJtual w,elfar,e and heal th ,of the PW s,

RELI' GIO- US 'JNTE" - ','L' ac ·T·U· A T AN' D PHYS' ICAL' , ACTIV-' 'ITIES' E h· PW' 'h tho "1..

. -' . ,_: :t,',' :, ,£iiI" _. ,.n..a..,',_... :, .. ' ',:.,:. ' " .'. ,"'-- ae '- :·88' enlu.t

·tol exercise his, teUgioiWJ duties!1 to e'n"I;le im. ·edu.cs'tlonal. and ncreational putB,'uits, aDd to take physical exercise (Article.s 34~)+

DISCIPLINE. Every PW ,camp 'wiU be .put. uD,der ehe imm,ediate ,auth,o'rity of a ,e,a~" miasioned olficer'of'theregular armed 'forces of the Detaining "Po'wer. In ,a,dditioD, copl,es of t,h,e GPW in the pwta own, language must be posted. in areas readily a,ecessibJe to th" prisoners" Copies shall be furnished to PIWS, who d,o not have a,Ceess tOI the' POSI:ed CO'PIY (Articles 39--4l).

RAN'· ._. K. Ra .. , nk 18:;'- -.d .... ;_~~ and ~G'T'I""!'Ad (. A ~':'''''~'--8' , .... 3·, ."""")

. -, . .' _._ I't:fIWJ...!Ll.al" -'_ ,"lg~W8"""""" _ .~~~us. ~ '~ .•

TRANSFER .. , The rigbta and well~he.inl ofPWs when bein, transferred are recognized in, the GPW (Articles 4&48).

LABOR. All enlisted per,Bonnel below the tank of noncomm'isBioned officer (NCO) are ,,'u'bject'to 'work, ,d"etails 'wh'ieh are nei,ther injuriou .• to 'their health nor danletO'g,& ,NCO. ean be used in a supervisory c'apacity; ofticen can. volunteer (Article 49)+ Eight other articles d,e,fine' the clas&e!!J: 0" work in w hich P'W's, may be uS'ed (Article 50)~ workm,I' t(~on,diti,onl (Article 51),. prohibi don of use to remove mines or si.m,ilar devices (Article 52:)~ the work day (Article 58); pay and :ti iness iCJ',r work (Articles 54-55) I 'tb e or,ganization and administration of labor deta,ebments a:nd 'treatme:n't of PWs worki'DI for private per,SODS (Articles 58-0'7)~

MONEY ~ The fin,ancial aspects of capti,vity a'M IpelJ.ed, OQ,t in, Articles 53-68.,

PW RELATIONS OUTSID,E,. P'Ws have the right to write to their fam:ilies imm'ediately u'pon C8'p'ture -(Article '7IO')4P'ostal :prlvi'leges and the, righ't to f,eceiv·e p,a,ck,ages are giv,en UD·d,er Articles 71-77.

RIG'BTI T'O CIOIMPLAlN ABOUTI TREA,TIME:NT .. PWs hav'e' 'the rir'h,t to comp1lain tOI the military authorities aitha captor aDd to reprseen,tative.s of ' the Protecting P,oYiers (neu,tr,al co'untries or aglemeies 'tba.t members of 'bo'th skiles of the ,conflict have agreed to :permit to ins:pect PW camps) (Article 78).

PW RE PRESENT ATIVES, In officer or mixed aifie'e'l' and enlisted man (E,M) camps, the

enio " "~, _ ... ...::n b--' , th - , '- " -" ,;1:., ,;I:,'::v .' b'- ',- ,~' "'f' ra -- k' I' - EM" - ,', ,'- rh - -, P\V'

s~ ,_r m,an WlJl 'Ill: '_ e. re'pres@'n ... aw,_ e y reason. 0 : 11.. ,n ' .i",' cam,ps,. ~" e ' '

,represeu'tati ve will be elacted ,by secret ballot (A'rticle' 19)..

US policy concerning PW cam,p organ]z8.tion specifies s,imp;iy that the senior milit.ary

Person shall gili'A'Ii'lim' - ,- 'm- - -- - id T'II:..;ii; 'G- - - eu~' 'C,' tle- nt- 'I' ens O'Q P- 'W's nrovid B g dd 'l~ g-" on - '1

"" -' " " 'IiI' __ ' ~~o"" _ e 'oo!man .. ' l1!1l:" ,e-n",u; " .on ',- ,,', ~" "_' , -", r',~v~,' ~ QUi, ,c 3,

D'uidall.i'!ie to tb.- 'e'f'·~A.irilt thdt--'" P,W ..... a ',,' -"--n-·t;f!i'~ ,,' ·-'a.nl,iat d t\.6r.:llOnn - 11 'o-:nly'_' :, "'~p"";'6"'o'n-:Ii

D' "_,,,~',,_e, ,1~,.,CiII;,-In, ','_!W: mpsco ",,,,,lnlng,,,,,,, .IQ_e __ l' ....... ,~, __ ,e:L· - ,a.,UQ'<_,ers

representative"'" wlll be elected. USPWs should understand that SUCH ,A REP:RESENT .. A,fIVE 1$ RE,G.ARDIED B,Y US- POI~\ICY AS ONLY A, SPOIKESM,AN' FOR THEI S·ROI~ T'HE uP'RISO'N:ERS' R.EPR'ESENTAT1VE,~' DOES,N'OT HAV:E 'C'OMM'AiVO~UNLESS THE PW :E·LECTED IS THE snoi TH,E S'ENIOR P'ERS-Q,M SHALL, ,ASSUM,E AND' RETAIN ACTU',AL CO'MMAND, COVERTLY IF NECESSAR:Y, (See Article IV and Explanarion, Code o,f Co,n.duct,~ DO D' Directi V'@' l.aDO~ "'I' Training' and Ed. ueation Me,asures, N'eceBsary to Support 'the Code of' Gonduct~)

PUNISHM:ENT AND D.ISCIP'LINE. Articles 82-108 cover punishment and. discip.]:ine .. Cru.el and. unusual punishm,en.t.r tortur-e" coll@ctive punishment, and uniair'punishm'eJl.t bya biased court are pro.hihi ted fA'rti,cles 8:2-88).~ (See pages ,B5r.90, DA 'Pam 27 T.I 6'1,.2 International Law, Volume Il, fer dlseussion.) 'PWs prosecuted and convicted fot' acta committed prior tOI ca.ptu're' r,e,tain, the jJir-otecti,o,n, of th e G,P-W (Ardcle: 85)0., Th,@; C,(j,m,m,l!I].n.:iJst,

BI 010: havi ti~ I,_ '"h·' ,," 11 d ,;I. d- h to i _', ~ "I' 1111"iiii' I, •

'_OC nauene, .~." 'Vlng re:serva· ons 'w ',,,,19 ar.:.l(tl,el-o no" a.ere '0 rr, llegal,Q '.rea.ttng'

le,gitimate PWs sa common crimtnals,

is CAPE., A,t,te:mp,ted, e,sca,pe' and .Q1ft'e'Dses commi t,ted, (Hl.ly to, eeeane, none! o,f which. in'valved violen,ce ag,ainlt enemy personne,t ·tlleR for penonal,ain] using false papersj or 'wearing 'civilian c-Io'the9',~ are sub] eet 'to n()thinc more t:han dlsciplin,a1"Y acrions (A'rti,cl"es 92-93)~ (S.ee DA Pam 2'7·161.-2" In'ternationa1 Law, Volume H, regarding escape and pu..nlsl1m,e,nts p·em:..-j,ssiible' 1I.n,d,er dis:cipi~inm'y o,ffense8~)

- ..

LE,GAL PRJO,CEE'DIN'GS,. P'W;s 'm,oy :o.'Ot 'be triled fhr ,a,ny action which becomes 'illegal AFTER the act 1.8 eemmi tt&d .. ] n addi ti on, captors are pro hi bi te d fro m usin,g force to gain a.

. nf! '.' '. lA -_. II lKii;)' A' 'li .... ,'1:... L p- 'W' l...·b· - .' ;1;; .... ;I;"L d - ,-, h - t - - . _",t... - _.. . ··dlu

CO __ :eSSlon, 'E'tlC' 8~:. ·J.~loug'll.a .'" 'Platy' w-e'$U_ ~eet...y "Ie, eat sen ·eneet~n,eproee. __ res

are clearly defined in Articl. 100 and 1.01"

THE WOUNDED AND SICK., The s,eriou.sly wounded and sick are entitled to special treatment (Articles 109'~ 11.0, and 112)~

'DETENTIO':N IN A 'NEUTRAL CO'UNTR,Y~ Upon agreem,en't, PWs, may be transferred 'to a neutral nation (Art.icle 11.1).. This gene,r ally refers to seri,ou~ly sic k an d 'wounded

prlsoners~ ,

REP,A,TRIA'TION

A__.;.,:. 1 118 d~ ~ - 9 d 1- .. h tb -. f' PW' h el f h·"'·"" . "" "" ;tUIdC' ,9 " ..... ann 11__ eal wd:: _ . e repa;triation 0'_ .. ' 8 at t~ e c lOBe' 0' ", ·ostiii.ties"

OTH,ER PROVISIO'NS

Articles 122 ,through 143 concern.informatien bureaus and relief societies and impiemen:ta,", tion of the GPW.

14

THE GPW,-'TBE PW'S .BILL OF RIGHTS

As the GPW is, in effect, the bill of rights of every PW, each article is important. In a,p·pendix ,K Y'QU will find the more i,m,portant, ones, 'but. in some cases only selected le'n tenees or ,pa'rsilIlaphs are gi ven, 'Therefore,. readlng appendix E is not a suitable substitut'e fO'l I. thorou.gh s,tudy of ·th.e· O'eneva C'on,ventio:o. Relati,ve to the Trea,t,ment of Prisc,nerB (j,f'W ar'" 12 A,u gu,st, 1949"

'The followinlr material is recommended 'for further study:

FM 27~ 1 Ot The Law of Land Warfan, 1956 (pages. 25 .. 82)~

'DA Pam 27'·1~ Trea tie s Gov'erDing Land Warfar, 1956 (pages S7' .. 134)~

FM 19~40" Enemy Prisoner's of War; Civilian. Intern,ees,t. and D'etained P'@'rsons, F ebru,ary 1'976,.

,DA Pam 27 .. 181-:2:1 Int·ernational Law, 'VoL II. 1962 (pages 72·~101). This pamphlet eon:wns ext'reme!].y V'aJ~ a b,le disc~,s8ion and d,evelopmen t, of,som.e ,of tn,e major s·rtic.le,s of the GPW. When reading pages 90 .. 101, sectio'n IV; keep in mind that all re"ere'nc'e to the Code IC)£ CO nd u,ct is to the o:rigiJn,a.~ veraicn .. The differen.ce b 8'tW een the o n,gi n al and

th .L C d ,. ' .. , th ---l'. f A - tiel V' Th'· ~ I h ... .J: d ~

,-e· cur.ren,' .. ' ·,0-_' e IS In ' . e WOiUlnr 0_' .tU:"b e ~' ... " , 'IS artic_e was, c. ,an:geu to 'rea,' In

rn\rt~ "I am REQ'UIRE·D 'to give name", rank~ service number, and date of birth." PreviousJy" this, s;ectl,on read" ""1 am BO'UN'D to gi.v'e· 'ONl~Y name, rank, service number] and date of bil'th~~j The effect of the change is to make this arti.cle mere

-I· "

real i,5 tiC"!

DA Pam 2.7 .. 200; The 'La'w of Land Warfare ~ - ,A Se1f .. ·Ins·t-ruc·tional T'extr 1972~ ASUBJS,CD 27·1" The G'eneva, C'on,ven'tion-s 0(1'949 an,d the S:agu,e C·o'nve'nt,ion No, IV of '1907, 1975.

CHAP'TER 8

CAPTIVITY

FA,OM THE MO,MENT 'Of CAPTURE 'Until •• cap. or re1ea •• t you mu.t r •• ist the .,n,.,my by .11 meanll avail ..

. 8b18~ Jt i. no't a time ln which you ate p.rmttt.d". either by the en.my or by your obHg,a:t'lons a. a JI,otdl.r, to hib .... - nate ,in p •• e •• '¥o,ur r •• PQn,.i,bilitie ••• a fighting soldier are, not OV.r.

ST,AGES 0 F C,APTIVITY'. There are three general stages of captivity! the initial stag'! or capture, movement, and the perm anen t camp,

Initial st age: Y OUT ca p.tars may be military, paramili tary lor ci vilians, with littl.e or no experience in handling' captured personnel. You may have to ,st.ay in or near the area of capture while your captors wait for transportation. special PW-h.andling personnel, and g'uard.s .. The holding area may not be v ery secure, This is the time w hen you. sho uld try to escape. Think and a;,ct! Don't panic!

Movemen t: S-ecurity may be relatively lax during movemen t, Yo u must be alert to every possible 0 pportunity for escepe, using every ruse you can. This is w hen a clear head and initiative, can. help you escape. 'Keep in mind the eloaer you g'et to. the permanent camp" the to ugher it will be to escape,

Permanent camp: The permanent camp is made to hold PW s for-interrogation, indoctrination, and exploitation. The experts are here. Y our chances for escape have decreased considerably by the time you've reached this point. There are enough trained guards to, stop yo UI, and the, camp is gen erally a, Ion g way fro m friendl y lines. In addition, the snemy will t.ry' to destroy you.r will to lea ve.

The mental, emotion al, and physice.1 effects ,of confinement during this, stage are deeper and Ion ger las,ting th an in. the previous stages, E scape fro m this camp takes careful planning and O,:rgan,iza tion. You :rarely get a I ucky chance,

You might get a. chance if you are moved to another camp, but you are generally farther' back from, friendly lines.

KEEP YQUR' MIND ACTIVE, nos WILL HELP YOU DEFEAT THE CAPTOR'S SYSTEM.

16

THE E,FFECT OF LONG IMPRISON'MENT ON JUDGMENT

Not all persons react the ,same to the extreme hardships of a, long P'W existence; 'Very few at e a bl e I p hy sic aUy ~ men tally I or smo tionall s, to carry on in their u au al notmal manner during this period.

ENEMY CAN BRING' ABO'UT DISORDERED MENTAL FUNCTIO,N. No amount, of willpower can p:tlven tit. Your ca pta rs don't have to us,e physical bru tali ty I Extreme fatigue, lack of ildeep~ and pain .. fot E!x,am.ple, can cause it. You!" captors, may also ,Jiv'e you druls, Mental clouding; confusicni lack of balanced jud,lmentt discrimination, and inhibition can result.

Th b·· I bI t · . '. · t' 'p 1 ' · h"

. e 'raIn 121 vu ner'. ·8 . 0 its own activl lei,., erson,B' reaetten to paln~ .' u.nger" vltamm,

defici en cy/ m,aln u tritiont danger sign ale, and other condi tiOD! of a lon, PW confinement may adveraely affect the function ,o,tother. body system,l. i.s., cardiovascular (circulation). gas tl"O in tesnD al (digutio,n), r"elpiratory (breathin,g), to the pcint that the brain is imp aired.

C,omplex mental functions aH loa.tfirst: 'the ability to carry outhilihlycreative activitiel~ to meet, new, c.hallenging, and, com,plS'x s:itua tiOD!I~ to deal with tryin gin terllersonal 'relations; an d to cope with repeated. hus tra tic D. These function scan be imp aired by a rela ti vel y small amount or degree ofth,e factors that upset the body balance- . pain, fa.tiiue~ lack of slsi3'p ! anxiety.

As the impairment. of brain functi -on,s con tin ues t somewhat leas complex acti vi ties deteriorate, Speed and ,efficiency in c'arrying out 'normal tasks decrease. There is Iess concern about "morality" and "right and wrong." Generally, socially oriented behavior falls away, Concern about personal beha vier, speech, and dress disappears. Emoti on takes the place of reason, The needs of the, body. i.e .. ~ sleep, rest, comfort, desire for freedom from harassment, food! and eas.ing of paint become most important to 'the individual PW., To some degree, the PW becomes irrational. This, is, unfortunate, particularly among leaders. Those suffering less of'insight and judgment are totally unaware they suffer these impairments. Thus, th,ey continue to exert their authority, perhaps becoming even more authoritarian and, unknowingly, less sound in their judgments, in effectt more irrational. To overcome this problem, all leaders should use their staffs in formulating decisions, particularly those relative to PW policy'! conduct, condemnation" and punishment,

PW scan prev en t mental deterioration by playing mental games, working problems in the mind" writing a book=-generally keeping their minds acti ve. By 80 doing ~ they tend to defeat the ca ptor' a 8Y8.tem~. The individual who allows his, mind to stagnate is, the one who has problems,

17

4

COMM.UNIST PJUSO:NER .. OP·'W A.R (PW)

MANAGE,MENT ,PRINCIPLES

AN'D C· 'OUNT' . ERAC' TIO- NS

',', .... ,' . '. . .. ", .... ' ',' ..

. :.: : .-: ",: . 1.... I -', :.,._ ~I' -'.' ,,: ,",. _, .

The battl,. in the pr'iaoln.i'E'O''''w." camp i,. ',or the m;ind~ The hattl.field' i,. th. "nt."og.tion room. th. dung.ant the h o.p it.,I~ 'the m,.,. h.',I", 'Ih. 18 pinG' lind bt"'oadc,as t 'f,acUity ~ ,. 'th. :PW cam p~

The ma,j,Q r w,eapOinl, G;f 'th'G PW "Ire fai tht :.e.'f,-,p,ri'da~ Ic,h.r.lc'I,.r", ho'p'." in 11.'llri., '" 'fi riM c:!on'vi ct i'D,n" Bind ,thi' ,8 bii il ij:t:y to bo u n,c e 'bac,k,.

AppUed whh CQ,mmon •• n •• ", 'nili.ti'w'e, .nd j"t,.I,I,t,~ ganc., the •• 'ir.h. Brt .'ff.c'tiv. ,.",i.lance we.pon •. ,

Th,a ¢a,pm eB'D 'toree P'W'. to do w'hat be W'8Bts,l even though the PW's know' it is :moraDy

d ill aJ H- 11'" .. L._ .... f th has avi 'I-,Ji,.. • d th h

wrong an :., ·,el- _i! .- ,e'l,iea 'OD we ·-acta, ·..at every person' - as a )'leulng :polnt ,an . '. , .. ' :at ' __ e

has cant.roI of the :PW environ'mlnt. The process ,goes on from 'the day of,the first encounter with the :politlcal cadre until fi;nal release, escape'~ or death. Ii maY'Dot 'he :measu'lwi,i,n terms of hours Q'r dayst but yea:rs~

Th _.-1' f 'L C '" ~ L._ "h 'PW" b havi ,

" ~ e gen,eri:u purpoee 0:1 tliie·· .• Q':m'muntst ,ca:ptor liS to 8tiu'pe ,ti '. I' '" . : ,8 ,8 a Vlor '. '. oO't

,BeCie8Sarlly ,at Q'neei

:LE:SSE'~O'F .. 'TWO·EV1LS 'C'HQ,ICE~ To ,acco'tD'plish. hiB goalt the ca,:p:tor place, the PW i'n a situa don where tb e PW can choose only between two evils ~ one of which is lell d,am agin 8' to his self"resp ed, en. an the other. The captor knows the prison,er will pick the lea is damaging. The, captor' gaine his 0 bjective in th.at the less damagin.g ,choice is the one the captot" can use for his purposes i

KNOW YOUR CAPTOR~.s- STRA TEG~ THEN PLA,N HOW TO RESIST.

18

C-'O:'M" '1IU---: 'N'" I'S'T'" M"'ET'H:O" 'D"'8'" F"'O"'-R" 'FiO" R'·C···,I··N····'G·:, ·C··O···· .. O·-:···'P·ER,'A·T· 'IO' .. ··'N

1,;1 .. ' ',1:1&_1,1' ' .. 1:, " I" .. '" """, ',I "',. . ." , ". ,I ' ' .. ,'I ', .. : J,' . " """" ", •. ,', . ,_~_._' _. '.

'M"ET'H" O' 0--'

. ~.- .. [ '.. : ~ -_ .' .::

W· '~H'A"T: IT" O'OECIl

'"._. I _.:.' ,._ .[ .. ~.II. ,.',' g

OR CAUSES

C,rippliul:;J ,pu'tial, o,r' m..' 'bJ, temporary 01' perma;o nent lOBS of de' of limbs and organs of sense (airnt, he arin g" ete.),

Lo.. of normal me·ntal and! or em,otionai fun,c..,

'n.,ODinl'~ May causl tam· pO'l'ary G,r' perrm &:n.'11 t; mental or emoti,onal col ..

la"Y"!iG\i!ii

'r~!i!

To,rt,u:rel'~

'NO~~'T · h

~. '. :" ':&, :D: : "orture IS t: .e'

only way Comm,unists

cant alld ""hc:wd ~ g'et COO.i>' ,er,i,d;on Rem :mlQst ,PW s,

Pain ,,0 seve're' ,as to

b~ .' ,£,- i, h ~

lea,us, SU, lie,c.,,: iU Wlli· :~or'

death as a release,

Lo'wen or breaks a,bility ,of mos:t PW s ,t'o ,I',.ilif; demands of' eaptoln~

Dea,thi

H- O····W·: .' 'I"'U"'Eliy, . 'D"'O. '.' I' "T-~'

, ..... I,~~ .. ",_. ~.

E' tI''''~ ,'10 f'

, ~'i ,.- : . i:' '. i'I::-!" "-. ~ :' ~ '1 .... .. "" ..

, x,t:rem,e ' .. 11" .o:e8Uon, '0"

-, .'. f' "body~- ... . , ...

. ':' .... . '"J I', '.' 'I.' 'I: ,I . "," •. I.

parts, 0 ,'..,.', l4e~~1 arms~,

legs~ heacL bac'H~ ete.t, by

,_ , ...l' ~ t· "'. II'

Dintdnl" . ',Wj.Btlng:, p'U.·.~

· t

lng, eCt ".

:B'eati,l\,g with woo,d." metal., l.ea'ther~ 'Of other

O b J" DI""t··S Go ~t. ·c,· h 'B'B' '~Io·d· .• - ,

"·I.!IIiii~. ,,1II1II.,'\-. I, I iIIi':' '. Iii

brus 'knw:klest 8,tie:k:i;,

1- h'· t

..... _.' W,": 1" . "'ra' "

po es, .... _p8,,~ 1_,_ ,ps~

hands and feet (punch, .. l.n,I" .la,pping'~ p,ok],n'l~

Pus· . ~·~n .. c:I tT!Il)luainft'. kick·,

, .. _. ~ all. lID. _. -"""il:ll'~ ._ ah, - - ._-

.. . '\

1ll;Jt etc~J\.

S1[lffocation~ etc.

Threau"

'Unreason,able and un .. warranted, ,aRDety,~

'Wony to an un.reuon .. a bIt d.egree"

LOIS o,f hope and con,,,, fidence " ,~, d!esp,air''O

Threaten, with .... Sollta.~r.Y' confi.n,eTne,ot eli .. ,

A "1 .. e)-'l, 810,1 e ,DiIl,D mac •. '.

with communicatio,D po.

81' b 'le- th" w.o·u- - «h t;lll;P' node

..... -'.ll.ll1••· -D :-;, "-~ _.: '~'~"-., .. ).

brief'fa,ce-'tO-'f:ace e;ontac:t, blan.ket ta1k~ eee,

Isolation,. * No com ..

!f " .. • "h" ".L..

m iIlDI.Catl,on, Wl:~" o:.n,er

PYla .. ,

N G't to repatriate~

Bn,d le,B,8 q uesti'Q'oiDI~, day' andla:r' n:igbl,.

19

., .1

:~.II:~iH'O,··· 'D'-"

~'JD1,1" ,

W- M-AT' IT' noes

. ,,_., 'C .1' .. , :', E.i~

ORC- USES

." -- '.-, '1-" ", ~.

. ,_:-A,. ,'-', -:-~:'

6-'0- :"W'-'-"T'n- UY" D' . O'lT- ,

: '_ ! . .' ~.I' .'. _. : '-:. rll .. ,- .'. . .. ~. . ~ ,

,Bea'th1ISt no, too,d (t'r W'I tar, tort'uret and other pn,y,aic:al mi8it:tuatme:I1L

v"' -1 .... n-"!; - d ---' +--- ail!;

-' lOP'!!! '_ ,,8 ,;:n'. ,m'lI loiN, _"ill

:m,eD:I, 01 crther' P\V'I+.

Threaitl against 'f.mil¥~

~. Ii

'D:e,atn 'tor ,Iel'f and ,oth,er

PWI."

AJIO;o ..

D:ncertaint,' of nOli, know· in, when Of why trtatmint will ,chan.. i. a -t'hr.e8;t.

N'ow"'ln-d-then tiDd, Qf tre'atmen 1.

GiV'8S, PW ,pleaeant rea·, Ion to g'o aloft,1 'wit.h ,c-a,tGl' ..

t"-.!'y,66 tb'e- eap to,r a- rrnnd' "

..:rl ~ _ ., . [g.""¥_

:i'map and ,the US SIO a bad ima ge; L e., tries to

'Ii... ' 'l...li - !Ii~h' :Ii'. -- ... '_ .... _. - l... - .

OW;Q a ", e .,nOn'Uet;- .. af~

b,-d-: ~1····1l- :It atti't.u4.i!ii, -"n- the

a _' y _ !'Iii 1 _

P'W,',-

. ',_'!i!

~a!i!rft)r- -6 DOW <!!Iii'"l'llid' _,t., ;dint

~ : ... -p' U"i .~. 6 • " - '~. ~ :" .. ltI1~·_·:"ii

,EXIt',. le,'tEHtl tol and, &olD,home..

:Release of food. pac'k~ ales"

B,etter li.ving cODell .. 'ti,OD'I-food~ cloth .. ,!!

L -'164 - di-~'-- .

• 'H-eJIIl.CJ't 8UUOIIR·· D;I',I.,

:I,as,y in,terrogationa~ P:r 0 ml,e e s 'b et t.e r tre'. t" m,enl't and, ma't,er'i,al 'thinl8~

'Teaseswim,~UUDjaildes[r. a'bl,e item,., ietting, the PW

k:now th,a;t he can ,ret a ,'I bi, tic':ket Item"'~' for com ..

"lyio'I' w,tth ca.ptor wis,has.

'5 i!'\ '1~lti·'A""1 .I .. IY.I~~ I'U&.~~"

Keeps PW' aW'l" fro"m anyo:ne who eS.D sive biim_y kind,efsuppori '.' '",

P:b:wtiea]" navcho1olrioaJ,·

, -I!!IiI!'- . . ~ r.;?· . - e~ - ,

- -

m,oral~ etc.

'PR10MISES'! :PROMrSI'S~ isola'tion ~ ~ total 0,' p,,u-

'~al~ e-·, .. -I:t .... ,boy ran~- '""a~6, 'W.HJi,. ".0. ,J ..,. ;10 ""''''''''''''1<

d~'A,f. '~""p. ,1i:::-rR, ~'. ~~'I ..

' .... __ w' ... ¥ ~~\!I!~, ~. 1i.iIJa-1i g~

'itarY' eonfiDemen;~

20,

MET,HOD

Tries to. make PW' 'believe caprcrs are' aware of everryth Lng h a,ppe'rl in i in camp.

Shows power over life and death.

D 1 "'b, " 'I: "" " ""de

_ e lDe.ra teJl,Y' ea u,se·

h ~ 1 d -1-.,.. ~ t"

P )'SICa ,", ,ewnora,·10n~

Lowers respect of P'W fO,t self and of others for 'PW.

WH,A,T IT DOES 'O'R CALTS:ES

HO" 'W':' 'TH'E" y": D" O' [T-

, " " , , , ,', I: I_ :_' J I

Makes P'W 9 s'uspici,QUS of ea eh o,t,h.er.' and 0 v er ly' eau tic us,

May lead to PW attitude: ~ I,Resi$-tan,c'e is ,fu.tile; they know e'v~rythi.ng tba t is go-i.ng' en, n This a.'tt:lt,ude may :t'es'lldt in, 'inactic;n or' comp]i anee.

Makes PW knew who is bosi 'i, ho rU'~'1!! t''L.1 e

I "S[~ wn 'v '_'_ :u, i.. 'n;:-

shew," "who ,'ulla the strings~ jj' Breeds extreme ea ution among PW SlO Evi~ denc'e; ot p1o,w'e'l" o,V"er' life, hi,ts home.

Use olinronnation ,[rom. o t,h er seureea to ma ke PW believe the ,cap'tors' know more th an they re,aUy do.

Use o'l spies, sensera, informers'II;''-frien.dly'" ,u,ar.ds~ com.pulsive PW 'taJk ere:" .ete,

Captor show of power, Le.", ,exe,cu tiona, tortul'ej s ta'fvatioAt favees, ,ood cloth ill", medical care, food t and shelter; or depriv'al of' food, medi,caJ, c are, etc. Com:ple'te eontIDI of physical ecndiUOIUI in. camp, ..

Extremely long interro;g,B'" tion and forced writing sessi,o,ns, makin.g the' PW 'Overly' tired. Lon.g period,s in hand and leg irons an d ,Ito cks. Insufficient" ,poo,r'ly pr,e:pareci, u;npalat .. able, nonnourishing, monetoncua, stra,Dle fDoat ca,!!1sin,g ma]u,n,tn;<" t,l;on and s;tarva.tiJ.on ..

Demand. immediate complianee wi,th ,miUuorcamp 'rules and 'regula tion8~ Force exaggerated "miUtaryU' oourte5Y~ Force' ,PW to 'Write ~hft ver bany 1'eo peat unimportant or nonsense words and phr,ases.

Com :ple'te lack of p:ri:· vac:,. ~ Ri dicule.. M oek, t,aunt,. i.nault, provoke .. PreYl'nt PIW frolm, w,a8h~ 'ing or bathing,. Keep liv .. in I condi tiona filthy ~ amellY,t, 'u;nsanit.ary II and in'fested wit'h neas" ltee, other vermin! and rata ..

Dras'tie lowering of :PW's resis,tan,ce level to .in tel,·

,Ii.' • d -e ",::

'lol·,a,..,lon .. In ,octrm.a non,

'Ii °t ~::

. expiOl: a:wo.on.

Oau ses PW to obey re q '1l8;B &9 J ,sngg'es'tio,ns j crders, and commands

,. 1 (- . "",,1'1 ')

ulStan:t y 'automati'ca., y, ~

Humbles PW" :M,ak,!s Hgi'ving in" se-em, bette\" 'than. p.resent. sta,te of' beln g., Ma:kes PW falsely reason that surrender is h ette'l" for self-res pact th,an l'e.sista.nc,e.,

WHAT [T DOES OR CA'US'ES

HO'W TH'EY DO IT

Determj,nes what (and whan) PW can sxperi ence'; i. e. t see, hear t feel j taste, touch, smell, etc.

Makes PW realize that the captor completely con tro Is all physical con .. ditions. Causes extreme 'P hysical discomfcrt and mental and emotional distress.

PI aces PW in is ola ti on or extreme enviro nmen ta: e.g., no light or sound, too much l ig h t an-d sound. Forces PW to stare at bright light,? lis ten to painful s ounds, Slowly dri ps w a ter on

f - - h - d f' p- W p' to. PW ore .' ea, _ 0·' . '. u. -s . ._

in barren cell,

,HOW' THE CAPTOR GETS READY

A ca ptor must first prepare himself and U soften u pU his prise ner in order to get th em ost 'out ofh.im. To do this, the captor must first get to know this prisoner+ He does this by studying the PW" s backgroun d and actions, particularly actions und er stress.

Some of the captor's information comes from biogra phi cal readin gSj' 0 bserva tiona, and notes mane, during th.e' earlier stages, of captivity; som e may co me from Ietters an d diaries found durin g th.e initial search of the prisoner. Information might come frDm hometown newspapers, clippings, schocle the' prisoner attended, and other recorda, Guards provide information. Other PW,s -r:night also provide informadon.

The captor must also learn the p'W's psychological makeup: Is heweak or strong? Can he take a great deal of physical punishment? Can, he bounce, back? H ow does, he, adjust to PW life? Is he, cool or very emotion a.l? .H ow does he take psychological punishm en t.'? Wha,t. gets to him? What is his 'rank? R aca? Religion? Ethnic backgrou.nd? Po li tical

affiltation? Etc.

The captor wants to learn, all he can about th e PW s, He wants 'to use the information or" more importantly, use the PW,s to help his militarYt politicaIt or propaganda effort.

WHAT THE ,PW M'UST KNOW

To resist successfully, a PW muet know' his captor's - - ,. Overall strategy regarding' the handling of PW s. • Long-range plans"

iii General methods for gaining' 0 bjeeti ves: i.e, ~ torture, men tal stress, the "carrot and

S- ti' ck" app""' .... ach e· ...

. , .' a . ','J. 'U'g;' ',~, -, '~+

• 'Tactics used; i, e., 'ropes, solitary eonfinemen t~ isola ti on" s tarv a tion t etc. 'With this inform ation a PW can plan suitable resistance ..

22

CHAPTER 5

THE CHALLENGES OF CAPTIVITY

Of aU pain. the phys'cal IS not the worst.

The worS1: is los,s - - l o as o.f tam,ay. ,friends. ties

1'095 of being neededr of beIng wantea 9 ~ loss .of toa

abi lity to fulfi U responstbiJ ities.

Th is ia the pain that lea\les Y'QU ampt"y aod takas ,8way the wi II; to Jive.,

11 is. the pailn that ,leaves 'V'ou with the qussdon~ ~"Wh8t 10 -r:

But If 'you understand why you are suff .. ring~ you can stand ,it be.tt·E .... ·.

You never realize what freedom means until you are captured, As a captive" there is one way 'to fight: RESIST!

ANALYZE YOUR SITUATION

Coping with captivity and resisting' your captors' 'efforts to Interrogate, exploit, and indoctrinate you. will present many challenges, Every PW thinks his situation is unique· - maybe and maybe not. Some conditions maydiffer"sQ,me may be about the same. Each PW must analyze HIS situation ..

KNOW THE GR"OUND RULES

You must be aware of those features. of captivity that you must resist+ And you. must recognize those features that are, a normal part of captivity, features that you must adjust to with a positi1Je~ aggressive outlook. Knowing 'the difference will give you more options wi th which to meet the challen ges.

COMPLY WITH REASONABLE GPW REQUIREME.NTS.

There is nothing wrong, no indignity or disloy,alty, in complying with reasonable requirements. of a PW situati.on as stated in the G PW r. Openly fig,hung routine prison demands may result in punishment wh.ich win interfere with your' ability to reaist, YOU CAN SUR'VIVE WITH :HONOR AND RETAIN SELF .. RESPECT BY ,AGGRESSIVE BUT DISCR.EET AND TIMEL'Y RESISTANCE AS A MEMBER OF A WORKING PW ORGANIZATION WITH A CHAJIN OF COM'MAND~

23

MEET THE CH.ALLENGES

As a. PW, you 'must meet the challenges of loneliness, fatigue, fear, anger, monotony, isolation ~ ~ a hostile, enemy-imposed environment, A first step to overcoming the challenges is to recognize them. Then, take one step a time ..

KEEP YOU'R WITS

Right now, until you escape or are-legitimately released, you are out of the firefight, DON'T P AN Ie: don' t ] et you 1,"' emotions take 0 ver, Take stock. of yo ur si tua tion and 100 k for co urses of action. Keep yo ur mind active 'With up baa t thoughts" especially if yo u are.pu tin isolation or solitary confinemen t, Keep in mind th at for centuries men and women devoted to a cause or belief have chosen isolation and have done great work- . even thrived in their isolation. Remember-that others have lived. through captivity and gone on to successful careers. The US Government and its Armed Forces are doing all they can to help you.

BE PRE,PARE,D FOR ISOLATION/SQ·LITAR.Y CQ,NFINEM,ENT

Isolation/solitary co-nfinement is the true test of a man, It brings him face to face, with himself. It,lets him take stock of himself. It tests his spirit. Intelligent people (regardless of the amount of formal education) adapt to, isolation, T'bey do 50 by keeping their minds active, planning and mentally working on useful projeets, solving hard problems, working up personal philosophies! presenting their own mental challenges and solving them, sticking strictly to self-impoaed routines, taking part in physical fitness programs, and keeping th.eir self-pride - '. always th e up bea t. Basically, being physically fit, men tall y al ert, and grimly determined.

There is no pat way to prepare for solitary confinement; there are 'DO dry-run exercises. Solitary confinement cannot be realistically simulated, because it is not possible, for a number of valid reasons, to lock trainees up in solitary, or isolation, for weeks at a time to give them a true idea, of what it is like. Even if this could be done, the trainee would know tha t on a specific day he wo uld be releas ed, The PW never knows this until i t happens,

NOTE,: While it is true tha..t long-term isola.tion cannot be realistically simulated! isolation fOT short periods of time, {12·24 hours) under a. realistic resistance training program implemented under' DO D guidance and appropriate DA directi ves, and delegated authority, can give the trainee ,3 good insight into some, of the problems associated with isolation, such as boredom; disorientation in time and space! hallucinations, and loneliness, and provide him the opportunity to practice cornbating some of its effects, Six, to twelve hours in a SMALL, CONFINED~ I80LA TED' .sPACE gives "raal world" exposure to individual limits of endurance. Trainees should not know how Ion g this phase of'training is to con tin ue, Properly monitored, as it must bet this is a very effective training' measure, And through the use of seminars after the training is, comp lete, trainees can share their experiences with oth ers ~ ~ in eff act ~ can teach each other differ en t ways 0 f coping. By experiencing isola tion and discussing it with his fellow upWs/' each trainee will understand better. what isolation is and its effects. He will also understand better each of his fellow ~~PWs/' and he will realize the need for leadership, erg aniz a ti on, eomm unica tion, a nd unity among PWs. In addition to the RTL experience, filmed and staged diacusstona, audiovisual-assisted presentations, independent readings from a recommended bibliography, as well as small group discussions and seminars before and after the RTL experience' are need ed to round out th e train ing, (For a more detai led breakdown of recommended training, see appendix BoO) The training should make it clear that

24

,t.houg.b captivi,ty is no·t a. pro bability,. it lsa possibility; and tha.t solitary connn.e·m,en.t and/or isolation are pl'c,bab,ilities in a 'C'ommunis~ controUed PW' camp ..

LEARN 'THE COMMAND STRUCTlJRE

Those within iaola.tion or aolitary confinement will ·be. forced to be under a command .structure th.at·'s different. from the one used. by th.oee PW s wbos·e contacts wi.tb each othe·r, are 'leI,s res'meted! 'F'or' example, each room and bu.Uding· should na:ve' an SRO •. aU reporting to the camp SRO if poseible, If this can't be clone, the sao of each room or buijding sets· policy and li:vel ruidance to those under his control, 'The princip~e.m the same a. th,a·t 'used 'within an isolated. unit in field ·com·bat. (See appendix,'F about, command and o·ther policy; also" H.e a:ppen.dix G for sample admird.stmtive ora.era about orvanization--an.d teport'8~)

HA,VE A ROUTINE

E.v'ery PW mUlt ha:ve a daily lou·tine. 'This. should inel ude a time for exercise eud,tabl,e for h:is p~ysic.al condition, confineUlent space~ and freedom of movement; time to wo'rk OD. I~d'· a'ppUed educatiWlt. training, or im.pro'Veme-nt, programs; time to re·view o'Dels past Ufe't to d.s've 10 p an U.p bea t philosep hy, and. to' ·thin.k a. be u t f'U tUN goals and olbj eeti VfS~ time to plan. w·aY.B to make the PWuni.t a be·tter one; time to communicate with, other PWs; time for daily upbeat medita'tion and dev·oa'on to one~s reJigio·l'1. faitht or creed and to strength,en alle,giance ·to country ...

Eq,ually' impo·rtant is sticking to the pers'oual day··to~day· activities: YOID carri&d out before' you became a PW: personal hygiene, neat appe,aranc:et tidineas and cleanliness, and .ap,pear,Bn·ce o:f your livi.ng Ipae~.

IT ]S IMPORTANT T'O STICK TO A. SELF .. IMPOSED DAILY ROUTINE.

A,VOI'D FATlGUE

Y,ou will tire quickly and eaiily under norm al PW life and th·, .pressures added by your captors. T:o beat this~ save your energy .... slow down in everything you do; 'rest as often as you can .. Emotional stress is every 'bi t as tiring 8$ .hard physica:' activity; therefote~ dOD~t pan'ie" d.on'ti get. em.ad.ons)" don,tt.lose your' temper.;

EAT THE FOOD AVAILABLE

'You will get le88; worse. and strang·er food than yo·u ever had - ... a pOGT. ration o:t.the s·'tu.ff'the enem.y eata, aad the worst of. thaL If you. are. a fi.nic'ky e8.ter~ get over iL Man;y 'brave men have. died in a short period of' eaptivi ty beca.t1a~e they could not adapt. to the food, ;0' a they s·tarved themselves to death.

Add ·to your d'iet with rootst. w'eeds~ bark~ a hidden. ga'rdenj animals, l\eptHes, .. Ants and. .Iluaboppftl are .good$Oureea 01 proteins. Cat, dO't and moo'key 'meats are staples ·of many di.ets (.Dlo,nkey 'brains are a. ·deli'e.acy)~ Steal from y'our ea..ptan .. If you'r S.RO a,pprove9~ trade with th·e e·nemy. and. sha're with those PWs who need it at least as much as you do, Ifit", ,edt ble; eat it.

Th,e enemy knows Iaek of enough and the rigb-t kinds of .food. decreaae'8 mental and physical pOwers. m.aking yo.u less a hie ·to resist and easier to manipulate. 'Therefor,c, he will withhold food to gaiD co'nQes8io'n:s~

25

You m.ust bal,d out: the enemy does not want you. to die~ Keep in mindll while you are going t'hrough the experien·c,e of ~lot ea·ti·ng or ·eatin;1 poorly, your ,lellow PW's will be doing everything they can to help· yo u,

n.RINK 1HE W'ATER A V A1LA.B.LE

Lack of (ood or water affects you about the same, except lack of wate-f .affects you sooner ~ Ability to tbink and function decreases. Y'ou tir·e easily and qu'iCklY·r All o'f'this can lesaen your abili ty te resist ..

You m ust drink, even though yo ur W a tar smell a b ad", is dirty" and is, alive wi th bugs. S trai,n or purify it 'with chemical a or. b'y' boiling it'you ean, Bi.g' a SUD. or pou.nd ttll.l to 0 btain W'8 tar, or suck the juices, from 'fruits. Tomatoes are an ,e,xeeUent source of tl nidi as are some, wUd pl,ants", such ai eaeti, C,8,tc'h rain ,or snow. I:f you think" you'll drink~ i'fyloU :p"a;nreI you,~'U dehydrate.

.KEEP YO,UK ,MORALE UP

'Morale ia very impottant in keepinl 'up' resistanc.; in fact" Ufe itl elf. The 'best w'sy to I'tren gth en this im..porta:n,t element. o,f PW life (morale) is to, have and be' plart of' ,8, ·tightl,. knit~, well. ofl'anized. P'W unIt under Itrong*, bitelli.gentt commonsen.S8 'leadership .

.L.....---- The enemy... kno·win, ,the p·ower of morale, wi'll take .great steps to brreak i,t dOlwn. EAC'H p·w HAS AN IMPORT:ANT ROLE IN KE·EPING UP TH:E MO'RALE 0" THE OTHE:R PWS~ if"for :no other' reaso'tD. than that It ,1IUa.ra'D'~ee9. hla ,!eml'rity.

II you stic'k by your Code of Conduet and the rules set down by your SROt. 1'OU hav'e no lie.a;s!on to teel ashamed or h:umi1iatQd~ If "ou ·thi:nk you b a vie done wr;ong:~ 0'1' fafted to li ve u:p to you!" dune"s and obligations, by bt·eaking down, don't let it get er keep you down, If you do;

•. fy' t1.. t f · R ;. '0 h h ed Y- b ddi 'II

you magrn: . ·.··.'l.e mater Q,u't 0'_' Pl"Op,ortlCln. -,.eco,gnlze W _.I.a.tas '. appen·· ., .. ·ou.r auc .wes W'l

1i,nd·el'stand; ,tbeY)"ve p·robabl.y 'been in the same ai,tnadoD .. BOUN'CE B.AC'K, and use the lessons, of th,e p'.ast to plan 'for the fu t,u.'re~ The enemy wants you. to despise you:rself; don;·t de [t~

THE BODY AND MIND IN CAPTIVITY

In captivi.ty.t psycbololiealstte88 and pbysical. streis are alway! pres@·nt and interacting'~ And the effect, of9tress are cumulative. Ev,e~y soldiel' has a limIt of tolerance to Btres8~ which if exe eeded will in v:ariahly res ul t in altered bella vio rand j udgmen t.

THE P'HY:SICAL, SIDE

,Physical conditions affect the PW first but they are the mOlt easily recopized. Some ,conditions s:r.e:'

STRESS. Simply heinr a PW brings about stress.

,26

ACT'lVI.TY ~ -There'· s, n,o.-t li'kely to be m ueh a,di,vity ~ This may he due to lack, of space,. but, more lik ely ! it is because the en,emy deli bera tel y re,at,riets all m ovsm snt,

TOO LITTLE .sLEEP.. Neise, harassment, w[orry. bltterness" etc •. , will ma:ke £or lon,g., alee'pless nighta.

HOT Q[R C'OILD[, YO[lU' ca,ptor i an it lo,ing to do anything to make yO\1 CQ,m(ortable .. You will proba'bly be too hot or too cold. Y'QU can expect, your oapto,re, to add to your discomfort.

C O,LD Q,R ,HE,AT IN[JURIE:S~ LO:D.11expO,8,UJ,'I9 to velY hi;gh or v,eryl DW t,empeu'tur1es will ca.'uae injury' or illness; e~14' beatstro:ke, proltrationt ftoat'bi tel ete, Thereto,Nt you must do everything pOI'ibJe to protect yourself iro'm th,e elements. This includes ICTo:unging old new'sp apers, r'&IS t or any thin I els'e tna,t win p'rote.et y,o u fr'om the 8'xtreme~1 of' h,ea t. Ol' cClld.

PHYSIC.AL DETERIORATION. A,'u tn,s ,physical and emotional event •. ,and i'nfluencee 'in a,PW c.smp,can wear you down ph.Ylieally ~ You-may become 'weak or tired~ have one ,9[eiI8 ·ofsickneea .after another, 10ie fun control ofyo'ur arms and legsJ' etc .. You should exert e,very effort tOI s,t'a,y in the· best: ph3tllical. c·on.di.tion~

-TH,! MENTAL SIDE.

. One of'the' w~)'r8t effects of cap,tivityis im:pairmen't, of judgmen't. ,It is pote'n'tiaUy disastrous because the afflicted peHODt. who may have a l.eadership role" does not 'recOlllize it,

The psyc'h,oiocical effects a f captivity maybe greateT and lalt long'et than th e physical effects. In mOlt c:aSeB" the men tal and. physical condi tiOll e in te'ra ct (docto ra call the results p8ycho8'om.a·ticJ~ ·tb,e effects ·.pO·R the bod.y ca'D'nat be separ.steel from those [on the mind, and

iF

'nee versa,

TH·!· EN'E·MY'·S 'THE: 'BO\SS. Unless you, take s[teps to co[unter yo!ur eap,tClf,. eve[rything yo u get - - food, drink, clothin II t shel t·ft' ~- etc. .. .. depend son him ,. He con tro ls where· you are., w here you. I'O~ who you ,seet to'nch:! ,speak tD!, and li,9~en to" Bu t he cannot control yo ur ·iu'te·gri.ty, pride) 'mind, [spirit, and initiaJtive .. ~ the inner YO'u, your character.

T'HE ROUTINE JS NEW., The'mutine is dil(erent from the one, in theArm.y that guided your a,c.tivitie~s and g ave yo u a s ens,e of se'curity and con ftdenc'e'+- You III ay suffer from dis[orient,ation and anxiety as a res:ult of an irregular or inconsistent! chanii.ng schedule and PW rou'ti'ne* ,con,stantiy kee'ping you ~~offbala'DCe:j ~ and perplexed. about what is, going 10 happen nu,~

T'HERE'jS TOO MUC'H OR'NOT'ENOUGH. y'o'ur-capto'!s win see to H,thaty-ou generany get too much .. · like bright lig'h tat noise, 'to 0 many PW.s close to gether, etc. .. • or to a little .. · like food, [slee,p .. protection ap.inst the elsmen tat etc,

TH'ER,&tS NO FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATI:ON OR COMMUNI-CATION. You;ve always ,associated or c·ommu;D,ic.ated with j;QB't about: anyone yo,u wanted '£0; when,ever yClu w.anted to, and h ad the t.im.e· to. N c,t so in a PW camp .. Y o'ur- ,captors 'know that ire'ed om to associate ior communicate can lead co' a ,strong 'PW' unit .. So t,h.y keep· down :PW ,oanta[eta .. 'They want not only to kH'p the PW. 'un.organized an,d disorganized, they alao w,ant to 'UBe 'themr.

Y,ou, will be' a cap[tive; audie;l1ce to eare'iuUy se'lected and p,re'p'arecl prQiparanda, Of' '4:new's['p! fa vera ble to "th.eir side. They m a,y 'keep you isola. te.d from the o'ther P Wa. Some P W 8. ~ when i50late,d~, will talk 'With 't.h,eir ea.pt[DlS or .'lfri,endlyJ'· interro',gators · .. just to talk to ,someone. I·t~8 ,easy fO'l iu'to·rma.tWn 'to slip out· 'tb'Y way.

27

THERE~S NO PRIVACY. You ret little privacy in captivity'. You're always under observaticn .. Som·e·cmes,. they won't let you out of sight or soun d for a moment " ~ not even in solitary. This tends to make yo·u edgy ~ s\l8'picioUB~ and unsure of yo urself It. also makes communication with other PW s difficult.

The anemy uses denial o/privacy to make interrogation!; ex.ploitation~ and in.doctrination

..

easter ..

SELF-RE.LIANCE DECREASES. Dependence on your ca·ptor, extending-over a period of tim 9, can strip you of self ... reliance, It lessens your ability to make decisionB~ For d.ecia.ion making is a h 8 bit ... • the more decisions you make, the better you become at it; the leas you make, the less yOIU retain the .ability to make them ..

Make as many decisions as possible, eve·n if they in velva only plans for the future; decisions a bout daily trivia, decisions on how to improve conditions and daily lQ'U tines, etc. Decision makin, is a ham!;. do·ntt ki·ck the habitl

IT'S HUMBLIN·G.. .All prisoners are bound to feel some ·degree of humiliation at some time oro·the-t. A prisoner' may feel humiliated 'because he WSB captured. The stripping and processing procedures C8Jl. be h'wniliating .. Your captor dces aU he can to make you leel humble and unworthy, and. to make you lose fa·ce. An excellen.t defense i.= DON;TTAKE IT PERSONALLYl DON~T LET IT GE.T TO YOur KEEP YOUR PRIDE! KNOW THAT THEY, YOUR CAPTORS., ARE BENEATH YOUI RIDIC'ULE THEM IN PRIVATE; ASSIGN LUDICROUS NICKNAMES .. But don.'t be contemptuous .. You may begin to believe that you are·' smarter than they are and open Y01U'"8elf to exploi ta tion.

EFF.ECTS OF PSYCH·OLOGIC.AL .INFL,UEN·CE

The paycholo·gical influences of PW life are as wearing and weakening as the p·hysical eife·eta. The effects depend. on the situs.tion and the PW ~ what the PW' brings into the camp in the form of previous training J character, moral and phys.ical courage, stamin, faith, etc.

FEAR AND WORR.Y

Fe.ar and. worry are the two most eomm.on e·tYects of captivi,ty. Being afraid of something specific (fear) and of something unknown (worry) can be denlol'aliziDI~ Everyone knows some Ion of fear at some time or-other. The well·trained, proud soldier beats i.t down .. The best defense against fear and WQ·rryis: anticipate" plan; keep busy" be a working member of your PW unit..

DESPONDENCY

A. soon as the· shock and fear of ·captivity ease, a prisoner may begin to blame himself for matters over which he had, or has, no control, He may feel that the 9i~uati.on is hopeless. ItJs not, BU.t as a prisoner' beccmes more and more despondent, he becomes easier to manipulate. To· beat despondency, KEEP V'OUR FAITH IN Y'OURSELF AN'n IN THOSE WHO ARE WITH YOU; BELIEVE IN THEM~ UVE UP TO ALL THAT IS EXPE·CTED OF YOU BY THOSE YOU LOVE, HONO.R, AND RESPECT .. In spite of enemy efforts to keep you from. doing 80. keep busy h'elping other PW s .. It wO'rka in everyday life; it works in the PW camp,

DEPRESSION

When you feel you can't do anything about a situati·on, you get depressed. The best way to overcome depression is to do something th.at gives you a sense of controlling a situation· . a sense of victory, ,8. senae of success, Fo,r example, a sm all victory over YO'ur captors ·wililift

28

you out of 'the d'Dl,d'mml~ In a PW cempound, a small vi,cio'ry is really ,a biil vict,ory ~

A, 8uceessfully p'wled off practical joke, that :you and YOll'r buddies can laugh over in the: pd:v'acy of your cell is a terrific morale builder, SteaIing-food], or other items will help get you Hout ,of the, d.umps.,~" Co'mm,unicatinl wj,th your 'fel'low' PW's is, an. eltCeUen,t way to lift your 8 pirits, as win helpfng another PW. Do, anythinl" th at ,lives you a fesIin g' of being' U8e'fUl

and pf.od ucti VI.. , -

A sense ,of h'l.mol' .... ,the ability to find humor, i'ro:nic and macabre (dark h'Mli'lu,o,r) ,as It ,may 'be ,_ ;0 18 a great way to 'beat 'the' 'blue8~

SELF .. IMA,G,E

DID not allow your captor to es:ta.blish himself as 'tne' auditen.'C'e upon who,m you depend. for eatabliehme,n t/rein.'ioreement of your self-imag'e" liz. in mind someone you lov'e and :re;8pect. IGauge your actions by' 'the quest~on,: ~ 'W,hat w,ould, bel she think aboat what rm, domg?n Remember: IF THE EN,EMY ,OOES:N~ L'IKE, YO'U, Y:O'U'~,RE DOING "WELL;,

MONOTONY AND BOREDOM

J;)oin if' th,e same thin" or doing '!];othmg; day after d,ay' :is 'IDo'Jlo,bnllou, and. bering, T'oo much is happening in. ,the early days o'f captivity for'this to happen, Bu.t afteT some tl'me in the perm,anent cam,p; ,a ,routine of doing nnthin,1 seta in. Your cap,tor ba. no. need 'to kHP your mind and body 'busy,;. ,. in ,fact. h.e prefers tbie opposite. 'When boredom ,,,eta in. your m'iod becom,es dull and..Your 'body goa, to poLlfyotl let ,that happm, your captor wiD :p'Ut his thou.ghts into your head .. His ,thoughts will come off your pen aDd out of Y{ltir mou,th u intelligence o?:' enemy' pm'pa,ganda.

Your beet defense il to keep youE"mind and body busy so they will maintain their sharpness and efficiency ~

"

,IDENTITY

The: ca,ptar tries to bring shout a, loaa oiid,entity in, the PW .. H,e dees tilie by ta'king away the :pwts, personal p0sses:sioos, and, by' eon,trol:Hngtbeen,vnonm,en:&'. All. this makes th,e PW uk; t 'Wh,at am, 11 Who am 11*' The antJW8'l' is" "Y ou are w:b.at you w'ere ~ - an American soldier' with the mission to 'resist the en'e'm y and to uphold your hcaor and tha:t ,of your COUll try ."

'Y'Q'UR N,EW ,R'OLE

'Your eaptor ,g].ves, you a new role, 'p,risoner of war~ trying to make you all, ,object to be used. to b.is ad,V8'D'ta,ge ... Yo 11, mus,t n,eve-r ft)rpt, how'everj, tha,t you are still a aoldiBr wj,tb all th,e du tiee: and, responsibilities of y'OUE" r'sn.K or gr':adi'~ y'ou maY'~ regardless of rank Of' grade';, become a, keY' figure among' the other' PW,s, looked to for leadership, guid.ance, and ad vice .. The PW camp ia ,a place 'where each soldier proves his courage, .

'.

D:E,FENSE

Using all the, 'traits of characteT~ tra:ining~ ed,ucationt pride. and 'faith, a, man brinp, with him when captured. ii. his best,defenl:et, He mu.st kno'w th,a;,t; ca:pti.vityis, n,o,t;.io,r.ev'er'. He: to Wit know that he will esca;pe or be relessedt and that when 'this happen.~ he will em,erge as either more of,. man or somewhat lesa 0.£ a man than he was before capture~ He must know that he will have 'to live with 'this 'knowledget and ,that he 'will :£orever be ,judged b,Y these .. 'i1,0 'knew and know him. H,e muat realize he will always carry b'is own mirror .. ,.. his

~

CO'D8Clenee:.

LOSS OF ESTEEM

UHow could I let this happen to me?" is a q uastion the PW asks himselfover and over again. And ea eh time he becomes less confid en t of himself, of his ability and professional 18'm. In the, extreme, he becomes contemptuous of himself and feels totally un worthy, The humiliation be suffers and the conditions the cap t.ors im pose may make him dou bt his worth as a man and as a soldier,

Do n't let it happen, As as 0 ldi er who fou g h t, by the C ode of C 0 nd uct, you have n othin g to 'btl ashamed of. Capture wae the luck of war, and your luck ran out for a while. It will return.

It' - t t h '11· t S 1.l' ide i bi t d h' 1· it

' ' IS up _ 0 you "0 - e,:Ilp It ra ' urn soon., -,,-en - PlI_ e IS alg 8 tap , ow aJ" -' e; plng~ 1 ~

A FAR·AWAY FEELING

A t some time or other, a feeling of remoteness hits every PW + Away from fan-lily and frien ds, he gets that feeling of being away from it all, It is a dangerous feeling. It can brin.g about a complete a,epara,tion from reality. It may make the PW feel he has been forgotten an dab andcned by his co un try. And his eaptor makes, every effort to ma.ke the PW believe :i t;, he· tries to instill a feeling of being alone and a b andoned,

But as a PW or MIA 'YOU' ARE NEVER FORGOTTEN BY Y'OUR G,QVERNM:ENTj YOUR SERVICE,! OR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE! Fuethermors, YO'U ARE A PART OF SOMETHING;, some group, some organization, In the P:W camp, it's your military unit~ You are not remote from yourresponaibifities toward that outfit They are real, Carry them out; other s wi]l wor It with yo u. As lo:n,g' as that happens ... you are in th e real world; yo U MIl stay in to uch with reality.

DOUBT· . DISAPPOINTMENT - - ,FR,USTRATION

'These feelings 'may be the deadliest in captivity and have long-lasting psychological effects, Ca ptors prey upon and try to build U,P thea e feelin gs, They know a so Idler who has feelings, of doubt, disappointment, and frustration is an easy mark,

D on 't let p'W life get you down, Look back on your life. 'Go OVel" all you h ave accomplished. You have a lot to be proud of. You won some battles, you lost some. But, you did co-me out ahead+ Have faith that you can do it again~ Let Y'Qlll" motto be! I DIDr I CAN! I've done it before; I can do it again!

T,HE GENERAL PICTURE

The fa ctors th at affect, and how they affect, the P W could be lis t.ed sep ar a tely. But in the PW camp most of them act together and work on the prisoner at the s arne time+

YOU MUST KNOW THE FACTS. Knowing what to expect as a PWwill help you to avoid or allay blind fear; to maintain your strength and ate bility, fai th, hope! and coura ge; and to RES I ST an d fight the effects of capti vity.

THE REALITY OF ,Exp·ERlE,NC,E

Experience has proven that some individuals are not blessed with sufficient levels of' ed uea tion, training" faith, cheraceer, 01" pride, on w hie h to dra w for defenses, These, people cannot be discarded or left to' flounder by themselves. They must be helped; in, some cases} perhaps, even force fed, 'They mus,t be brought into and made an integral part of the PW unit. They m us't be given responsi bHities wi thin their caps bilities "', ~ ,per ha ps a little 'beyond their capabilities ~ .. and helped to achi,eve themt by encouraging and. actively as sisting if n eees s ary, To brin g them into the mainstream of the PW activities, and ani t is a 'm ·or t st rf l ' d - shi , md -- - ·t' --

. 3J _ " , es_ 0 lea ersi ,lP an . UDLY.,

3,0

CHAPTER

6

,

SOME BASIC CAPTOR APPROACHES ~ - AND YOUR DEFENSES

G .n.r.Uy. In. enemy does not want to kill PW. for 0 na mA,or r .... on_ qmong others: A D'EAD PW CANNOT BE E,XPLO·IT·E:D.

. - . - ._ - .. . ~. _-

TH'E DIRECT APPROACH

You. are approached by .1:1 person, in or out of uniform, w h.om. you think is just an interrogator: 'but he is pro bably a master PW manipula tor. Part of h.is job is to "soften you up." The "softening up" process may start before or after you. meet him, For example, you may have been kept in solitary confin.ement on a etale-bread-and-ehort-waeer ration. Or you may have been living comfortably· - far better than the other P·W·s.

'FEAR

Unless you have been in contact with previously captured PW s in the camp, you ha ve no way of kn owin g if you will be tort ured. 'There are no set rules or ch ecklis ts to cover th is. It is natural for you to worry, or perhaps have some fear. You may recall horror stories about. a brutal enemy and the illegal acta performed. on PW s. The en amy, aware of your worries, will take advantage of them. He does this to gain your willing or unwilling cooperation.

THREATS - - A B·LUFF?

You, can expect the en emy to t.ry to bluff you with threats 0 f de a. th, to rture, no nrepatriation, not reporting you, or not acknowledging that you are alive and a PW~. YOU CAN'NOT MEEKLY SURRENDER TO THREATS. Because if you de, when you are repatriated, you will have .no defense. Saying you gave' in to the enemy because he threatened you is no deferrse. Nor is saying you gave in to the enemy because he threatened serious harm to other PWs if you didn't do as he asked. COMPLIANCE B,Y THREAT IS NO D'EFENSE~

Although your captor probably will not murder you, he may torture you .. Since persons differ in the amount and degree of pain they can take, NO COMMANDER CAN SE'T RULES CONCERNING TH.E DE,GREE OF PAIN Y'OU ARE T'O TAKE OR HOW LONG YOU ,ARE TO 'TAKE IT ..

It is easy to say j U Always call the bluff," But su e h ad .. vice is not given nor reco mm end ed.

If you. do not ha v.e the benefit. of the experience and advice of your SROt you will have to

11:, 1 h ~t ti b " If . bl t f th :r h d W " h th

p ay eac .. Slua. ron ny ear.': , POSS1:" e, ry not to orce tr e enemy s ranu, . elg.; ,;' e

danger of refuaal against the price of complience. If your captor does torture you" take the

31

most you ean and give as little eespcnse as you can, Keep in mind ... the more your captor uses punishment, physical or psychological, the more he 'loses his propaganda battle, And that is really what he wants to win ~ - the bettie for your gcod opinion and th at 0 f the rest 0 f the world.

DISGRACE,

'Your captor will try to dis, grace you in the eye,s of others! especially yo ur fell qw prison era.

Or he will try to make you feel dis graced and ashamed of yourself. He will also try to make you. believe you are disgr's,coo in, the eyes of othera whom you love and respect.

Your captor will 'try' to learn about ANYT',HIN'G in, your life that you might be ashamed of. 'On learning of it, he, win threaten to disgrace you if you don't do 3S he wants. This, is b l ae k m a il , If you e o m p ly , youJIl never get out of his clutches ~ .. the hi ackmailer always wants higher payments.

Thedefease is simple: Don't pay the price. If you are ashamed of anything in yourlife, tell your SRq. He will understand;' he will make you resJiz.e, hWhat has been done is done and Over with. It Remem her t what you. do to help the enemy will he far worse than any mistake of the past.

THE FILE AND D'OSSIER

This tschnique v aries~ But no m att.er how the in terra II' a tion goes, it winds up with a bunch. of papers or a phony :61& folder with documents th.at, are supposed to contain" or may contain, information about, you~ Your "interviewer" may start the session by asking you

YO" a l.· I b d d .,j,.... f' b" irth A'"' d the d, ba " "' Iese cuestion about 'UI n' me:JI 'fanA., aena. ,n,um .. er',!, an, . aLe 0 "1 . ~ 'n ·en ~ : ····,rm .. i;I~ ...... ' , .'" _ .' '""

yo ur self. I f you ,give a false answer, ,n e ch ecks his file and gi vee yo u the rig h t one. This can, throw yo,u offbalaace, especially when it happens time and time again+ You 'w,ay reach the point w her'e you say to yourselft ~!=This guy 'knows ,everything about me; w ha t' s the use of holding out?" This is what he wants you to do. DON~T!

Or your int8'lTog a tor may state, something that is not e-Xactly true. You migh t have the urge to correct, him,; 0,1" to rll] in details, :DONtT! H'e 'wants you to correct discrapancias and fill in gaps.

Keep in mind, if your in termga tor knew all he claims to 'know, he wouldn't h a veto q uesti on you.

I t' s simple fur your captor' to build a fi],e and. dossier on you+ He starts a record when you are ca ptu.red and ke,eps recording in it as long as yo u are a" PW.

Tb e eriem y can learn just about anything and everything' abo ut any American PW because we Americana, are the most open people in the world. We practice freedom oi speech and press to the, hilt, Nothing is too private, to be published, and very little is 'kept secret. sometimes not even secrets.

Enemyagente and sympathizer's operate within the boundaries of the United States .... the tatter more openly and easily'. Some have the job of gathering personal data about designated people, The information may come from a gr-e'at number of public records and sources. Person al informetlon may also come from other ,P'W S and from close, (l,aily observation, Rather than being super sleuths,; the enemy simply did some in vestigative 'research and, reporting .

. 32

Generally, THE E,NEMY HAS. ONLY LIM IT:E D IN'FORMA,TION ABOUT YOlJ, buthe u sea it to make you believe he has much more, The purpose? 'To make you talk, believing your captor knows all about you, feeling, j~Why try to, hide anything?" DON"T BELIEVE IT! lfhe knows as, much about yo-u as he says he does, why is he going to all this trouble to get you to tell him what he already knows? The answer is, heprobably knows venr little and is tryin g to use that in formation to trick yo u into filling in important details and facts.

HIDDEN EYES AN,n EARS

K,eep in mind th a.t the enemy proba bly has audio or audiovisu al gadgets hidden throughout the camp, If you make a thorough search and don't find any-microphones or other such devices, don't, assume they are not there; modern supersensitive pickup devices can be, placed a great distance from the target and pick 'Up even soft whispers, The Iatest devi e es are m ul tidirecti on al, If yo u do fin d S orne, d 'On' t assume you ha v e found all ot tbem. Don't trust 'the walls: they may well have hidden ears

Remember, everyone working for your captor is your enemy. Be particularly suspicious of those who are too friendly or ask too many questions! even though they seem, uni mportant. Doctors t- n urses, "'~'Red Cross U wor kers, guards!, even. other PW S could fall in to this category.

INDOCTRlN A TION

"Look, soldier! we're great! Join us." This commonly used technique consists of political 'indoctrina don - a discussion groups! man .. to-rn an discussion, lite'l'at ure, radio; TV j parties, meetings .. cultural prssen ta ti ons ~ social ga therings, etc ..

Anoths'l',technique 10 gain information and sway y"'our loyalty is to, get you to take partin discussions , __ maybe, by gettin,g you riled up enough to defend your point of view .. DON'T! DON'T GET INVOLVED! If you mU8,t sit through any discusaions, let your captors know by your manner and actions that you are bored, that their propagand a is not effective, A.. you know, nothing is more discouraging than trying to pres-ent a p·rogram or a lecture to a 'bored audience, The en e:my knows this and will probably leave you alone 8S an uncocperative prisoner; he may decide it is a waste of time to tTY to. "edueate you and show

you the proper way.';

Caution: Don't make any uncalled for wisecracks and "smart' remarks or get tough, If' you. do, you'll take a beating for no good reason. And .. in your condition, it takes longer to recover from each wor kin,g over you get,

THE SILENT TREATMENT

'You may he gi ven the silent treatment ~ - absolutely nothing said to you, hour after hour, day after day, You 'may also experience the silence of solitary confinement for' extended periods of time. So 'what? They'-re not hurting ynu. Some men and women voluntarily endure solitude and s,ilence fo,l"' much of their lives, and they manage to find inner peace and live to ripe old ages" They remain physically healthy and mentally alert, and are em otionally fulfilled, a,t com p lete peace with the w orld, Certainly, you" a trained profession al soldier ~ can do no less. Keep a positive attitude. You can 0 vercome the hardships.

KEEP YOUR FAITH-IN GOD-YOUR REL1GJON~YOURSELF.

33

REPETITION ,AND ~[ONOTONY

.,

You may be faced with repetition and monotony - ~ your captor asking you the same

questions over and over. in the same tone and in the same place, Don't let it upset you. Don't let it get you. down. Your captor isn't hurtin,g yo u. And he. tao! is pro bably bored, Don't give him the satisfaction of your showing less control over your emoriona than he does over his. If a n yo ne is to lose fac e, let it be the enemy. Let th e psych ologic al victo ry be yo u rs ..

PICTU'RES , .. .&\ND TV

The enemy can use movie, still, and TV cameras to exploit. you and your fellow PWs.. He ca." edit and caption the pictur-es to tell a story completely different from the true one; he can ten any story to any audience of his choice. If yOU! picture 1S taken, it may go all over the worlds telling the story the enemy wants the audience, to get. It picture' combined with any words the enemy chooses is more effective than a million denials. Remember, as a PW1, you don't have any chance to deny the. enemy's story,

Use your judgment. If it's a chance to let Americans know you are ali ve, do it. If'you must perform, give a phony, artificial show. If your captor makes a motion picture or tape, do and s ay thin gs th at are no t no till ally associ a te,d wi th yo ur cu I tu re and s ta tus. S peak unnaturally; don't use, language expected of you.

MEETING THE PRESS

Avoid meeting with the press or peace delegations, unless, it can serve a major useful purpose, such as Iettin g Am erica DS know' yo u are alive. Oth erwise, deelin e courteo us ly when you rca ptor as ks if yo u would like a press in tervi ew ~ or "req nests" yo u meet the press, or tells, you some of your C ountryme n we uld like to see y ou. Th e mem bers of the press the enemy lets you see are enemy sympathizers, and generally so are "peace delegations." THE EVENT WILL BE STAGED SO THAT THE FINAL·PRODUCT WILL BE WHAT YOUR CAPTOR WANTS IT TO BE: PROP AG'ANDA FOR HIM.

If possible, inform your SI:lO of the situation, He will instruct you as to the course of action to take, If you can't contact him, and an interview will not serve you a major legitimate purpcse, take punishment before UNWILLINGL,Y agreeing to appear. If you must appear s make a charade of the session .. If! for example, there is food, gorge yourself Often, th.e conversation between you and the press ot'''peacedelegationU 'may be too fast for your captor to understand at the time, U nder this condition, you can let your audience know the brutality of your treatment, Let, them know about some of the bestiality suffered bv the other prisoners. Try tolet ehe outside world know the names of other PWS.s,so that the. enemy win h.ave to answer for them at the truce or peace table.

Do, everything you can to turn the, tables on the enemy and use these sessions to your advantage, You may later take a beating' for it" hut it win be worth it. 'You will have made the enemy lose credihility and face,

Do not, however t shout a. t anyone, no matter he w bitter yau feel about him or wh at he stands for. If you do not agrees be swe,etly sarcastic, use ridicule or bitter humor.

Your captor may ask. you to write your story for release to your hometown newspaper and major news servicea, or to TV. D'ON'T! The story wiIl never be 'released (or at least :not as you wrote it) + An.ythin g that is rel eased will be grea t1 y distorted. 0 nee th e en emy g eta all the, information he wants, he will Hash can" the article. If he doesn't have enough information, he will try to con you into putting more details in the atory, giving all sorts, of reasons why you should, none of them valid, He will use any reason to get you to writ,e a fun

34

s tory, 1 e a vi ng out no details. Do n j/t do it! To yo ur capto r ~ yo u are only an a b feet to be used to help him accompl is h his mission. In addition! he may try you as a ~ 'war crimin al ~" based so te[y 0 n 'y(~u:r ,stnr.:y,.

W,H,~:A-T,iIIS-- .. T··H'E:,:,·:U·_·S:.'E··--."iO,·--·-'F--~D'~iS-'[',S-·,··,T·--ING··,'·'.-T'- ·E-IC,.··':HN.IQ.,-;'UE

_ _ ,,' ., " ,. , _ ,tlloJ:,;l _, _ ,,1. _ _,. . __

'This technique :is l~uentb co'mbined with one or more of the others, Using 'this a,pproa,ch" your captor tries ,to ma_ke you. quit by saying, fbr e.xamp,l;ey uWhat;S'the use of 'bo,l.di,ng out? Wb.y suffu? y'ou are a,t ourm,ercy. We- can de w'h,a,t we W'&n.t with, you", W'e~l1let the infbrmau.on out a'i Y01l a,nyhow.,"~'

Or he :may put it to you this w,ay: "You're not going anywhe-rer You'll be here ,I long tim e, Wh y not to ake it e'as:ie"r on you raeI!; cooperate, and we'll see that yo'ur s ta y .h ere is ,ple,as,an't" Afte'r all, what, h.,arm can you do by giving us the -infor.mation we want'? It~:s not secre't an.ym,lo:r,e. I t ,certainly isn'~t, seosit.i¥e,.lt can "t nu.rt ,an,Y',o:ne·~ And, :li.-t ean make, Ufe. easier' for y'O'tJ.. U

INDlRECT Q'UESTION"S

:PW in:i:errog,a,oo:rs use a, tec-hni,q,u8t as do la,wyers\~, by' w'hieh the", disguise q,uestion,a., Th,ey make s,t'atements whilc'h Y'ou may r,e:tmt, ,OF' add. to- Enou~gh oftbes,e rebuttals and additiona] iitf~rmaM,on '~n,d they~h_'a V~' thea~,swel~ they' ~~ uld not have pH~d &~~ you withdir~ct q ue,sti ons,

They m,ly also ask a number of ,seemin,gly u:nimpo'rtant questions. Answ,er ,enough of these", and ,YOU,t captor learns whae hie wants 'to' ltn,ow. [Or he ,may g,et into a '~'~rriend,[-y'-" con v e:rs ati on wi:th you. abou't;~ let'~'8 8ay':~ sports", ,A.$ the eon ver,I.a.-lion ,goes on, it w,anders~

Ma.,,·:y·:~·e. th e.·' .:ri'iIo,~- .... th , -'lli~\- a .t'4UJ' q' ueseions where: 't,h·e:.!V I:'eem, natural, In :m,et vou aon"t

. '.' Ii}. ... ",,"lLl.emy~ .. ro ~!!:II to. l~" .' ~ I .. _Q - .- - _.!"J _ _ . _ Ii ~'

think anything a't all about aDBw,ering' 'them ,.. ~ your an_Iwer-s 8im,ply slip out, And yout've

told your captor aU be wants to know .. ,

Tb'e' indirect; qu,es,t,ion tecnn,iq'l,e'is, V',ari,ed, tnc:i(y-", an d d,an,ger'on,s, to you,., The' bas,t d e'f@nse~:

Try a u thorized co mm unic.ati on; as a las t resort, s ay nothing~

35

O'FFERS OF IT'EMS!, PRIVILEGES

'T,be [en,e,my has a simpie and common blackmail. a:p,proac-h,. Hemay offer or givle you some 'i tem (food.,~ cigaret.'tes~ etc.,) Q,r ,pri vileges (mail, freedom of the !ca:m,p~ etc.) that 'Ro'ne~ o:r'very few't ofthe other 'prisOD(n",9 bave. ,He may then make sure tha.,t the other PW 8 know about this by taking' photographs or a,dually letting them see i,t happen. In offering~ Qr giving t ,"OU, these objects, or 'p,ri,vileg'H, t'be enemy will. make ,D,O demands of you AT THE TIME .. ~, he.' :,'0 !Ii~"'us:t .... Ai-::-,""" a eeod otJ!'tl~,y· r. ~,. Uhl. , Il':k.iD,-, ~~:O,1i(il~'~,t Do,D,"t ~-ln 1'I,'lI¥" "hisr

_ fiilJ' ~ _. . 1:)...,' De ~ e V'll,,!! _ ~,'!i,!j. til . ",,5 y. 'I;.!j _ _ _ _ l.al.U: ,'V !Ii, Ili\._ .. _

Ifhe "hooks' yOU! he will s,implytell you that if you don't eecperate, he 'win ten the otn,er' pris,oner,s tha't y,QU ,get extras and privileges 'because you cooperated,. He then offers what seems to b if! a 'r,e asona bl e pric e to pay" But if you aceept, he won 1 t, let you off the hook ~ ~ blackmailera never d.IO~

To ,s'tay off ,the hook, tell your S:RO w:hat i9talrin,g:p.la,ce~ He ,may approve, yo'u:r' accepting w:ha'tlever the -,- .. '.' .. ' is offering .. so lona as 'the p'rice 'I70U p.a'lf' is not ,fl'!"t'Aiater than he wan.ts

- - - .... , . enemy . .... .... ". - - D - '.. - - .T , . .I ... - - CI '"'... - -.- - - •

you, t.o pay. He may eve'D fix it so that you, pay a pri,ee that 'he wan.ts you to .pay .. Of eeurse, if you, d,o accept, a,n,y ,gifts~ you 'Win 'have. 'to, divide th,em among' Q,ther P'Wst pe:rha,ps gi rin.g 'your ahare' t:CI the w'e'ak;est" h,Qngri,e!J;t~, or otherwise m,ost· D eedy PWa!~

If you cantt :teach y'our'SRO~ ,or-don~'thave one, doni,t accept Donl't get to'u,gh abou.t'i't. In all situation~, including thist always star1 by bein,. pro'per, cou'rieous, respectful, and cool in your' Nlat.ionshi'p with yoUi:' capftor~ No "'buddy-'buddyJil o'r tt come-en, kn,oek""thi.a~bip"off-

my ... houlder~" ltu.ff~ _ .

lfy,o'u do :ret tric:k1ed, q'nj:ckly p,as;1 th1e word, to yOU'f SRO; tell him, of)'\o'tlr fu.rth[er course of action" Le,t him square tb,e m.atter with the nth eel' PW 8.

I-SAVED .. YOU TECHNIQUE

U sinl this, approa,c"h" the ene'my plU ts you in real or w ha,t s;eems to 'he real, d.an ref a nd then reecues, Y"OU~ His ide,. is to, make' yO'1Ll 80 grateful, that you feel you, owe! h.im, y'ou'r' life'~ Under' normal circumstanc.~ if' 8omeo'De' saves. your life; you might feel this w'a,,' .. ' .. but NO'T IN THIS 'CASE~

'yo:g should know that any 'time you ba'Ve' two or more ca'ptors working 0'0 you and one, or

• ~ :II h

more are nice guys, 1t sa, :p,"o:n:y a,ct.

THE FRlENDLY ACT

The enem'y m,ay try. to act like a frie'nd$ He oft,en

tho te 1.. • h .. · h

USIIS, 18,' ·:C:liDlque W .. ·en a plnBllrner UJ, . :UD,gry",

n,erV'OU8~ tired~ etc. A ,ufriendlyJ.'t enemy mil'h,t make a. lot of points under these co,nditi,oD8-'. s-.:1'e, a kin"" d word IA ... ..I &Maaret ...... e+-· I:·'fvnu.'.:ailliB .~ m,u. iii " ~. . '!III.u~,·~ ~ . :,",,"11 ""_. 1!OWo-_

Dot wise to this technique, you m.ay wind 'U.:p telling

".~ him everytb:in;1 he ,'wants to k.no'w~ Ask you'r.aelf,

.•......./ ... '<If this is true, '!W is he holding me captive?"

(' Your friends are y'our fellow PW.-not t,h,e

gu ards and in terro,a.tolS ..

THE A,C'CUSATION' APpIRO'ACa:

V.in, thia techDique:. your captor accuses you ot havin.g committed, any num,be:r of aU.ged crimes, crimes w·hieb, r&moY'e YO'U from the pt'Otection olthe GPW and whic'h permit him 'to try you 'under his system 'off"jU8tice'~ ~,. He tries to eenvmee you, 'that legi,timate acts of 'wa'f are cri.mea .. He uses 'these threats to g'et information 'in the fonn [of' contessions or detailed ex,planationa,.

uYOU·RE A SPY!'; This 1S a common approach, Your cap'tor uses it, hoping you will gi ve him valu,able mi1i.ta.ry and personal iniorm,atio,n, in tryinl' to disprove the charge. Not, o'nly doe I he' accus:e you, of heiDg aspy t bu,t 'he also buil,d., a false ease a.gams,t you and. makes it ,appear .,asreat

Y QurdefelUle: Don't give any details or by to disprove hi. phony case. If yon do, and sign a statement trying to disprove his "ease," he may use :it as a confession that coDstitutes all ,the ruilt 'he needs 'to tJ:v you 'B'nder hi,. ,system o,f "Iustice," Sit 'ti,ht!' Y O'U are, not a s:py" You an a ,Ioldier whe got [captured while d[omg :),,001' leg.i'ti'mate, duty ~

uYOU'RE A WAR 'CRIMINAL!U y'ou may be accused of beiDg: a 'war criminal. If !!1O, say' nothing; above all, DON'T ARGUE,. Don't try to prove your innocence by rivini d,etails. Th,e enemy w:an ts details to fill in, form at.ion gaps; for pr,op,aganda 0·1' other exploita tion~

Remember ~ ~ ifs tough to legitimately convict a man 'who keeps his mouth shut, when there, is no 0 ther evidence. The d,efendan t who tal ka builds the cas e a gain s t himself and convicts himself, Silence can save your Ufe~ Bear in mind, that most every P'W has been, 01" will be, accused of many of the "crimes" or "misdeeds" that. you are accused of, and these PW s are still around.

PARO'LE AN'D SPECIAL FAVO'RS

Your captor may try to brib e you by offering parole an d special f avers. Forget it! The Code of Conduct forbids it. Also, if you fall for it, your captor will then blackmail you,

Acceptance of parole and special fa vors unless your SRO for some legitimate reason approves, breaks down your intern al crganisation, its unity a nd morale. It may create serious resen tm en t and divide the camp, intb factions, severely les ssning the ability to resist the captor. (See Appendix I, Operations Order· . Rslease.)

YOU!' res ponse; You might 'q uietly ,:;ug,gest ilia t if the fa vors ~ except parole, w'ere' gran ted to all PWs in the camp, you would be pleased to be Included, adding that such so-called fa v ors are really no more til an rights under the G PW ~

THE INDIRECT1 APPROACH

Deception i_e the, key word. Many people think that all in terrog aticns are carried on in a barren room furnished with a small table and two chairs. Noe truel An interrogation can be carried on anyplace, under any circumstances .. pleasant or unpleasant ..

The In ore comforta ble the settin g t the grea.te'r 'the decepti on, and the more likely yo u are to give information yo,u shouldn't be giving, W e Americans, under friendly and comfortable conditional love to t.a1k>But as a PW~ this habit can boomerang. No matter how friendly and comfortable the setting" D'ONjT TALK! Wh.en. 'the enemy starts treating you, like a long lost buddy t ask yourself,. ~~ What's the, price?"

THE INFORMER

Informers are used 'by the' e,n,emy in the indirect approach, They ,may come, from among the PW s .. turncoats. They can keep a PW' unit off balance or cause it to fall apart .. They can corn pl e,t.ely demoralize an outfit. They are most effective w h en they work secretly - . w hen their fellow PW 8 do not know they are informers.

Enemy personnel, such ·as ~ 'friendly;I'~ guards .Iocal prisoners ~ enemy medical, clergy and welfare workers, etc., may also be informers. But these informers are a Jesser dan ger th an the turncoats becau se PW s expect en e'my personnel to help their own side.

I nformers must be uncovered, and exposed, as ;900:0 as po ssi bl e. If you think som eo ne is an informer! don't keep you.r sUIS,picions to yourself and try to prove you are right; immediately pass the word, secrecly, to your SRO. Do. not ten others: you may be wrong. Once you pass the word to your SRO:; 'wait for his instructions and follow them.

Don't weaken your defenses by falsely believing that your captor knows only one ortwo methods, approaches, or techniques to get what he wants .. He not only knows them all, but he will try them, often several at the same time.

37

,ASK QUESTIONS .

A good wa.y to keep your in terroga tori indoctzinator from gettin g military i n farm a ti on or otherwise accomplishing his mission is to ask. him q uestions, in a calm, quiet. serious manner, about camp administration; measures being taken to maintain. adequately the heal th of PW s: steps being' ta ken to provid e fo r the welfare 0 f the P'W s, e tc,

If you use the techni.q ue of asking questions, you will force the enemy to give answers, In other words, you 'Will reverse the process by becoming the interrogator with the enemy giving the answers, Do, it quietly and sincerely,

TRY TO WIN A VICTORY EVERY TIME

Try to 'win a victory over yo ur cap to rs every tim e yo u can, no matter how srn a.IL T'hen,

~

pas s th e wo rd to your fellow P W s as quickly as yo u can, E very victory you win will he a

gl' ea t m orale boos ter :for you and for those PW s you. tell a bou tit; let th em sa VOl th e details ~

A MAJOR DEFENSE

A major defense against your.- captor, and. probably the most important contributing factor toward resistance, is faith, KEEP YOUR FAIT'H' ~ ~ 'in God, your religion, your code of Ii.fe or ethics, yo ur SRO I th e P W organ ita tion, fen ow P W S, Y ourself, and the efforts 0 f you r eoun try to obtain your rel ease, And in th e me an time, try to im pro ve th e co n di tion is for you and your fellow PWs.

,FAITH' AND TH,E CHAPLAIN

A ch a. plain retained by a Dotainin g Pow er in a. P W com po und is not, accord ing to Artie] e 33 of th e G P:W l' co n sidered to be a prisoner of war. He is guarant e ed the right to' mi nister to PW s and to exercise his spirit ual functions for the benefit of PW s. But, contrary to th e la w of

I d f ' h D .. P 'II hi d h . . b ..

an,' war:,al"e, the , .. etaming Power ma.y not a' ',ow. ,,1m to .• 0 ; .IS )0 ,', - ~ mimster to your

s piritual needs.

If he is not doing his job, you can be sure it is because th.e' enemy captor is not letting him.

You can also be sure that he is making every pos si bl e' effort to minis ter to and meet your s piritu al needs.

You must also un derstan d th at alth 0 u g h each ch a pl ain is P E 'RS 0 N AL LY a mem ber of a specific religion and/or denomination, creed, sect, and/or' degree of orthodoxy, any and, every chaplain in the armed services is PROFESSIONALLY QUALIFIED AND DE,DICATE,D to ministering to the spiritual needs, on a nondenominational basis, of any person or persons of any religious belief (or of none) who desires his services,

No matter what the, situation. may seem to he! your chaplain is doing everything in. his power to meet yo ur sp iritual needs .. Keep your faith in him.

3.8

CHA,PTER 7

E,XPLOIT A,TION

,COMMUNISTS FIGHT ON ALL FRO,NT!; ... concrnic, poUti'cail,. social. paychologi'cal, and 'nii,lita,ry. ~ncluding the P'W c arnp, ThujJ'r the firafight batt-Ia'field i. merely on. of the 8"fJn.8S~

Exploitation is the uss of PW s by a eaptor nation fo·r its own advantage or- profit. It generally takes place over an extended period of time. Exploitation, within Iimits, is condoned by the GP'W. Some Communist Bloc countries, however, are not parties to the G PW or signed it wi til reservati ons to Article 8S., In. attempting to ex ploi t their PW s, thea e en un tries go beyo nd 'the bo un ds of h am an dec ency and h urn ane practices recognized by the ci vi lized nations of the wor Jet

The enemy may try to use 'USPW's to build. up morale" both on the horne front and on the battlefield, by trying' to show that, US fighting men are nei ther in vincible nor impressive,

PWS ARE USED MORE NOW THAN EVER BEFORE. Working over PWs, to gain information, propaganda, and other enemy objectives is increasing, It can give the enemy military and. other information: serve as, "legal" justification for illegal, 'immoeal, or I nh urn ane military and po Htical action s; an d. pes sibl y gain p ropag anda vi eta ties+

This Jist of enemy objectives is not all-inclusive. It is limited only by enemy ingenuity, policy! ruthleasnesa, and disregard for commonly accepted humaneness, decency, and a ccepted legal practices in the ennd uct of 1 an dwarf are.

"

COMMUNIST EXPLOITATIO'N IS NOT '~HIT OR ~ISS,.u It is a ruthless, deliberate

process, plarmad and organized. It is not superhuman) supernatural, or mysterious. In some cases, it. uses brute force, In others, it combines physical and men .. tal manipulation with little <open. force beyond that normally expected of a dedicated professional enemy. 'This Iatter type cf'explcitaticn takes advaneage of the conditions found in aPW camp and of the mental, emotional, and. physical condition o.l the captured soldier.

THE ENEMY EXE,RTS SPECIAL, PRESSURES. These pressures, may be open and direct with no fin esse, or they may be so cunn ing ly app lied as to seem a natural pa.rt 0 f normal P W' ,p'res,su:res~ I n. any case. the pressures are men tal, em otional, and .p hy sical, and g ener any pro gresei vely 0 p p ressivs.

39

One eo mmon p]oy used by Co mmun,ist captors is to parade pmo:ners of war" or hau 1 them in. open vehi,~les ~ through p1op'uia,Qo,n, een tel',!. 'T'his builds up enemY' morale and can, cause the 'p'W,!) to .feel ,helplie8s\.

Th e best resis,t,anc€: is .. , carry' your' head high wi,in quiet digni.ty., Don' t la,w'e!" yotu~self to . the e,oemy;s level by snarling Ql~'shout.in,1 back, at youf'tormentollL S lleb people are be'neath you, Don '·t show sh am e; yo Ul have eve.ry righ t to be proud of you rself~ S'h 0 w dj,gnified p'rid e ..

T'HERE A,RE MANY WAYS TO '·W'O',RK O'V',ER~' A, PW . .It can he ,lone bJ anyn,n,e ~ho b.as ,8 pro:fess:i.lon,a'i inreni't! or whose jlob it :ts, and for any chosen pu'rpose. W biether' Ule " gain g over'; ~ is simple Q,r complex depends on, the lntelligenc;e, degree of ci viliz.ation." cultural background, and SO;phis'Rca.ti.on of 'the manipulato'r~

The manipula to r m.ay 'be a hi.g hly skilled p:rofessio,nal whose job is to exp loit PW s to the fu.llest ... In ,fact, many camps mal" ha ve a m ultiskiUed, staff{:8) wii.h direct acceas to~ and. intl,uenoe wi'th~ import.an't military and plU.tic,al ,o:ffi,.ci.a1a Illf' the 'captor COUft'try'"

In today"s, w-orld 0':( declared and 'u,nd,eclued, warfare a,gainsi, enemies, ofv,arying' d,egrees, of' ei vilizatio:n, sO,p,nistic:ationJ and adherence or Ia.ct of adherenee to ac.cepcM, practices of ,ci:vU.ized warfare, th,e' combinations at,captivity situatione and conditions in. which. a PW may find him,self are almoss ,ena.les:s.

E,XPLOIT,ATIO'N M'AY BE VIllWE'O PRIOM THE STAND'POINT IOF 'TH'E 'GOALS THE ENE,MY W,ANTS TO A,CHIE,VE BY ,EXP'LOITING I.TSI PW,S,~, Some of the: maj:or purposes of' exploitation are,:

FORCl~D ,LABO'R,. A captor may use a .PW as a. source of' ].abol"~ Seeti,on. ,III~ Articles 4,9 to 5,7'~ of the G,PW' spells QU,t the, typ:es and terms of laDor lqaU,y ,permitted~ Comm,unis,t captor countries, 'h.,o'wever r. often try to 'lise P'W;s 'illeg;aUYt in direct oOD.'tr,adiction ,of this section ,of'the 'GPW. They ma.yj for e,xam,ple~ try to use PWs in degra.ding work and make' propaganda. films 'D'l TV' produ,ctions of PW's doing such. WOlk~

CONC:ESS I ON'S~ Communist captcrs may threaten to punish. PW sin. reprisal for' leg'a! aces 0,£ war' by the U·n,i.ted, S,¢a;te$, or' i:t8: al.liN~ More' gen;eraUy t in, order' to P'IY' concessions from the United S'tates~ t'he Communist cap,tor does Dot hesita'te to, th:reate.n its PWs with some illegal dire acUon~

;,

A PW' may not have an active role to play in such e'Xploita'tion~ I:f~, howev8r:t he i~ to perform some oV1erl. act" sueh as admit guilt! ,the PW must ':first perfO'ml some ap':p'rop:riate act 0 £ active resistance hefo,re the concession, can, be, eoctlaeted.

"'LE G,ALt~ J UST I FIC AT 10 N", Prisoners o:f 'W8l" can 'be exploited '~O provide cCI.'gal'" jus tifi,cati on for :p 8lst! 0 n.goin g j or pIa nned acts by tb.e' eta p'tor Comm unis t ceun try ~ 8 .. Cts 'which, are gener'a11y illegal under' the rules and Cl1sto'ms of'land wari'alL

8'UiC'b 'exploitati,on gen.erally foUows a pa tte'rn~ A PW o,r group o'f PW &I is forced to ~~ c,onieser or "~'fumish proofJ tba't 'he', they~ O~ tbe U'n.ited. States .,molrmed illegal acts h f· I h ~ ~ 'I The ~ '1.., ... .I. t.. .. :II '·'11 I arm u to t I,e ca,p:tor nation or tis 'peop e .. , "i' pu'rp.ose la, to :ma.i~ir:l!;,u,e ca'pta:r na'tlon s 1 "e,ga

acts Seem to be the natural consequence o:f, and j'ustifi,ed by, the ~~original wT"'J'nid.oinl"~ of the 0 nited 8tates o'r its agen,t(s)~

An examnle o f-t'h is, form of expl oi ta tion is an a Uem p,t to obtain state-men ts ,tb at acts such as, deUbe:rately s,h,e'lUn,.I' Oil bom bln Ii clearlY' marked. hos;pit3Js, o,r schools were: co,mmitted. Sueh acts are in di'reet viola'tion, of the la,w of Iend wam'ret and people who, commit or

40

'HCQnfeS8"~ to $u,ch, a,c:ts, can be t,ried 8S crim.inals. ,Furlh,erm,or:e" the: govemm,ent th'l.'t con do nee or orders such. acts must 'be con dem ned, By C omm unist re as,oning" such a. ·~'confes8ion'" ju.stifies ,acta ~ .. illeg,a} acts ~ ~ 'that would not oth.e1"'Yi,ae he p'ermitted.

SUPPORT OR, CORRO'BOR .. ~ TIO,N. Com:munist captors try to use, PWs 'to support or corroborate their cause. Prl.loners who make ideological shifts, from beliefin the Aluerica'n, form 0 f' go vernme:nt to the Com,m,unlst, show' or flX~lre.ss b'elie'f In. the, e'n em y ~ s W ElY -ollife an;d actions I' OJ,' show 'weakneeu!i in their belief in the Un i,ted S ta tes len d cr ed enee to, their ca,ptol'S; ,making the ,exploi,tadon ,procea;s eas'Let,.

INFO&\fATION. Information results, from interrogation, '", ~ the most eommonly pu'bliclzed. fQnn ot @;x,pl.oitation .. In terrol8,tion is; a cOimplex, pro~9. with. many.' goals. It, playa 8, maj or 'role in the life 0 f the PW and go •• beyond ",ettin r order-of .. ba HIe information, It give. th.e captor" a ,great deal 0'£ inlorma ti on about the prisoner r It ,Ii ves both actual i"nforma non and clues to Ids :psyeh,ological ma.keup and. how he reacts under a:tress. It can also, Ii:v,e the interrogator information, abo'ut the PW'I PMt and abou,t his associates.

All this can be used, to put the P'W und er greater' stress+. It can al,s'o h,e'lpl 'th,a @'ne'my to develop new, better, and more effeeti ve PW' exp l.oitati,on programs and te.ehniq ues.

PROPA,GANDA Tb~· Communists know the, q'uicltest way' to' 'poli tic'a] victo'ry is wit:n p'Mpa,· ganda that will affect public opinion within the enemy country and wo:rldwid,e., They alsn kn,o'w

- - .Ji affj:"".-" m' •. , . d

propq,anua can '-.'~ _~~ m', , tary 'o':J)er'ationt aD;',

th ·11:f' .].. fi h ,..::I ·vU'·

e Wi.'. 0' " ml Itary m,en 'm" .. t aDa ei ' nsne to

sacrifice ,and carry' on with, their WE' effb'r't,

Prisoner. ,of w,ar ,s.re used to help 'th,. enemy'l propa.gan.a.a 'program. You mll8t do what you, ca'ft to keep, the enemy from reamin B' bid lOaJa~

JI ....

, yO'~

. ,

... ' w-:

E,XPL,OITATIO,N TAKES MANY F,ORM8. Rigid rules, checkliBt.s~ and ,overs,implified id,eas of captor ,lIoa1s and techniqu,es ,are p:hony trapsF The o've%simplified. .'pp,roach blinds you. to many or:all of the enemyts in'tenDons and the ways :and means he will 'use to a.ehiev'e th.em.,

As a p'W;your capto:ro.an and will control every physic,al aspect of yOUl" life to try to break YO''U • - eo try to weaken, Y.O'lll beliel in yourself and you.r will to keep your Identi ty and maintain your lifetime' code of etbicth decency t and • tand an!s, of behavio:r.

Y ()'Ut'ca,pto,r win t,ry to, 'incre,ase:tb.e effects, ofisolatioD and, contro,l by' 'makin,g certain, that yo,u see and hear only wha t, he wanta you to and that you sp'eak only to 'whom he wants you 'to,. All. theSII!' co,mmuni~'.ations and C,O mmunicatcrs, 0,£ eour,se~ will follow the p,arty line. :Propaganda and propag,andists, tha't'''. all you'll ,Iet~

Youyca,ptoi' will try to Gploityou 'fOt your propaga.nda 'value" ,a:nd. he will 'use propaganda, to try to make you come around. to hi. way of think in, orto I'et you, to do whatever he wants you, to do .. ,HII!l' wants to m,a,ke you, the captured soldier~ both the, propagandist and the object

of propaga'nda,' .

4,'

NEWS? All i"ne,ws~~' in a Commllnist cO'lllullY'iS strictly eoatrolled 'by 'the, go"Vemmen,t" AU m,edia fornl.$ reflect the government ,point of view'~ Therefore, the mas-s of the people ,accept as truth 'what ,they ,aee and hear .. SO"I w,Mn, 8" Co:m,m un:ist ,ca'ptor uaes PW 8 for p'ro'pa;ganda~ the mass of t'h,e ,peclpme believe 'what they see or h,e\u fro'm or aheut tb,e p'Wa.

. Sometimes; a PW m,ay think what he is doing ro'r his captor in becoming a propa.ganda tool can' t. h el p his captoe. This is no t, tn1e~, His captor' has a ca,p,ti ve a udien'c:e'" con.d:itioined to, believe e""erythin,I' be puts, out, A.lso~ many ,eople' in, the wOfld who are ~ HQt captive audiences have, so little 'knowleQI',e about tbe world th,at, they believe everything 'th,s't, is, broadcas,t over radio or'televisio,n or 'that Is :printed in 'newspapers and mag82ine9~

'The,l,e is another ;ITO:U'p .of people 'w ho, for their own, reaS:O'D'91 work for 'or ,(1,0 whatever they can to help the, enemy ~ They ,are n,ot, ei tizens of the enemy country but :ra the!' ~ ci ti.z en s of' other countries" inel u.din s free coun tries~ This ,gro,'up may incl ude in teUectuals or' oth er t,ype~s, Qf a'p,inio'D ),eaders w'b.o 0101 !V'erything' they tan 'to make· peo,ple beUev'f;:in and furth,!,? the enemy's cause an.d poln:t of' view ~

TH:E COMMUNIST EN:EMY COU,NTR'y 'WANTS 'TO REA'CH ,A ,NUMBER O:F ,A,UD[ENCES WITH IT,s PR,O:PA'GAN'DA~ In p,ardeula.r! it wants 'to r,e~~u:h and convince all the peop le wi thin its boundsrtes ~ . ita ci vilian ci tiz ens, ,1 te mili tar)"~, the lomgn community, PWs, ate. It wants, to reach and. influence peopie within lta allied, countri"~

M:on im ponantlYt i,t wants to convint·, and in:t1u.en,ce' people in the free· world" in,cludin.g th,gH in the U:llited .states, .. , Tlle 'purpose is to MOute public opinion against the u.s ~"'v,apnment· and 'U.·. c.'!, al ,1'::-:_.

U'\I .~~. _ a .. a.. ,utm

'The C om:munm't enemy country m,ay also try to 'use PW,s 8;:S prop,ag,and.ists to con'v.tn,ce' peo·p,le that any US allies are corrupt Of' criminals, opposed to the belt interests, of their pea ple and, conn tries and, tba,t th.e a,Hiea, leeders are wo rking fer their' ow:n, "elfish in te'rests and pTOfit ..

You can '~erelore, und.erstand th,at anything you do or ,say for the enemy :helps 'hi.s :propaganda ,m'll! to, :tlourish,.

'THE COMMUNIST,S WANT CO,NVERTS. And they are organizs-d to gain converts. If you are a PW, you, can be certain th.ey will exert extre'me pressures to indoctrinate you" The p:re'lsures, ma,}'" lI!e direct Olr. in.direct"

The' role o,f yaur c.haplai'n is to act, as a counteriorct 'by strengthening your ability to retain and deepen those values whicb the Contmu'nista are 'trying to erase ""i'th ,th,eir 'indootrin,a:tion pro;gr,a'm,.

TH'E IN'DOCTRINATION' PROC'ESS M'A,Y BE GRADUAL It may start with r'$ading ma,teriaJ and lectu,resl, lead, on to ins,tnu:,tiQn, and. discuIsio.n, grou,p 9'1 then to self and. group, cri,tlcism 8eeudon8~ In discu.ss:lon poups" if' you let YOllllBelf g'et in volvedi, ytUL1 may' nnd you'meIf pitted against prOfes9ionaJ~ highly ,skilled debaters or persuaders ..

The :firststep may betIC lessen, YO'Q'f'fa'i'tb in yonrselfan,d your beliefs, 'then in tb.,ec-a'ue for which your coun'tl"Y is fi:ghtin,g~ Tbey m,ay tzy 'to I,e:t you t,o eonvinee yourself that everything a bou t your eoun tl:Y is wron:K and eh at ,everything a bout ,the enemy COUIl'try is good and, righ t. They know that oS person who convinces himself tha,t s,omething is right or wrong', good, O'l' bad~ is ,81 better and, more lasting' conv,ert tba'D on.e w',bo has id.eas ~:~stu:lfed d,gWD his throa.Lu,

Not all C.ommunist captors Use whips, ropes, etc. t to UindoetriDa't-e .. H Somed,m.p, however ~ w'ba.t seems to be 'ind.oct·rlna.tion. m a.y actually be. interro.g·atiODo; AD.d what see>ms to 'be an int,erro'g.ation may be an attempt to make you believe your c'ountry and s;ervic'e are' no't· living up to their obligadone to you and your famBy .. Remember: YOU H'AVE NO F:RIE NOS IN EN EMY' UNIFO.RrYl;- indoctrination is a primary goal of th,e e:n[emy J and ,ne wants you to speak for his ea use,

IT IS H:ARD, TO' TE,L,L, EXACTLY' FOR. WHA'T PURP·OSES. TH:E ENE,MY WANTS TO EXPLOIT YOU, It may be to act as a collebcratcr, a spy a.mong your' fellow PWs, a sabotage age'n tt [or' even a t.llrn.coat fig.h,d ll.g against you r own troops~ It may be to pen uade Am.erican,9 on 'the fi-refight. ba ttlefield o'r on the homefron t to take 'U'p the fight iordl-e enemy cause, 01' 'it m,ay be to con vi nc e· people 'in other 'parts of the wOl'ldt partiewar ly free world, ne·Qtr&ls,- tOI he'lp the ,e·nemy.

THE .ENEMY'S MEANS OF GETIIN,G YOU TO DO HIS BIDDING ARE ,ALMOST AS VARI:ED AS THE WAYS HE ·WILL. USE YOU~

A.n ·enemy 'AlOha wants to exploit Us PWs will increase· the natural pressures of' captivity and add. some n.eW·.ones,. He· knows that. hunger a,n,d weakness are' tools. ofmaDilli'ula,Uo,n,~

He can ,set up l[ong-rang'e program,s and modify them as requirements ch.ange~ or as he learns more about each .PW and group .. He can tailor his -tactics to fit each. PW or gr-o'u'p of priGOners~

Once the captor spots a real weakness 01' ·avenue 0,,' e,xploita.tion; the PW can neither get rest nor get away from captor pressures .. His routine is, taken away from him. His CO.ntacts and eemm un ic ft tions are strietly limited or eli minated~ His every w,eakness is exploited '00 further the ene.my's cause,

YOU M'A'Y' NOTT'AL,K" BUT YOU' TE,LL .. The 1:o·nger you. De' in. c.a..pltivi'ty, •. the mo,re you. reveal a bout yo urself ... your ch araetar ~ traininl\ p rofesaio·nalisml personality ~. how you react under ,differen't condi tiO.DS:, etc.

:nON'T DE:LIBERATELY ANTAGONlZE YOUR c.APTo:a JUST TO MAKE HIM ANGRY., M·a.ke C'eriain you have a ,·ood reason. or ale under ord,ers from your SRO to gain an advantage fer you and your fellow' PWs+ If' you do this, a.nd k.eep as physically fit as possible .• and live and act as a member of an American military unit, you can frustrate' enemy attempts to expl oit you.~ G:rim d.et·ermination, courage, reSOttrc,e:fulnes8,. and li(~yalt.y are effec:tive tools· you can use - use them!

TH'ERE[ JS A D'IFFERENCE :BE,TWEEN' COOP',ERATIO'N ,ANDI CQILL,AB,ORATIO'N' .. PW s cooperate· with the en.e·my when they work with their capt'or for the we1fare of all the .PWs~ Individual PWs may 'be.nefit o·nly 'i-ftheir S:RiO gran,ts pe.r:mi.s.lQD. The en·emy t at bes·t., ·ma.y also gain. some ben.efit from. cooperation.

p'Ws· collabera te with ·the· e'nemy' whe·n th.ey· work to'l the be'ne·fi-t. 0'£ t.he· enemy and when what they do or say help.s the enemy achieve his goals. C'OLLA.BO.RATION IS UN .. AICICEP'rABLE~ It benefits the enemy ,~aptor.; it ,dioea not ·be.D,efit the prisoner,s, .. Acts '0" collaboration are not in t'he best interests of all prisoners and may hurt oneor more ..

PF,'EVENT THE ENEMY FR[o'M li,EACHING .HIS ,GOALS ..

Generally. t anything a collaoora,tor gets fo,t worklD,g with 'di,e, e'nemy is. just a little better than before, or just a little 'bette'f than the noncollabcratfng prisonera get. But it's 'Usually temp,or,a'lY,. and for this" the enemy k'seps increasing hie "price .. ':' Also, the enemy may withdraw his, rewards afte'r the PW ccllaberatee.

Every co,naharstar caD, jiustify his ,g,cti,ons to, b.imse].f" He can and doe's eon vince. himself t,hat, what he is doing is right ~ ~ but eo does ,tbe most murderous dic:ta'tor and e'v(+ry

ori:minat '" '. ~

The colla bora tor really dces not do himself much goo d, if any. He d oesn ~ t live much bette:r~ Wha,teve:r'rewa,rds, the ene,m,y give,s, him, do no,t pay for ,tbe: harm be has dene to his 'QOuntT.YJ the ,o,ther ,prisoners" and, his, own 8eH~reBpect~ And ev@'n w'hile he is eolla'bo,ratin,g, ,t'ke enemy d'.piaes him, 'When he :I'e!$. back 'to the United S'ta'tes,t ifbe is not ,t:riedt he loses the respect o'f fo,nner frie'Zl,ds, and, perh aps" bis family. And, just as im portan t, he l oses lltSpect for.' him,self; he m us t li ve with his shame. fo'r the rest of his, life.

A,PW m,a.y know' he, is eolIabo,ra'l1ng and, dloes 80 eithet of his own free win or' 'because he is, forced to, 'Or he may not real'ize he 'is, coUaboratinl'~ Gener,aH:y" however, he has seme id.ea ,that 'what 'b"e' i8 ,cloin;g is 'h"e'lpin,g" lor will h"eip" the lenemy,. 'W'iHfn I' coli abor,a:don can r,an:gl from I~cooperating'~ in se'e'mingly littl,e matters to recognized outright treason.

So'metimj's you m.a,s,t decide w'he:the;r an act wo,uld be cooperation or cona,!:uJl,ra.tion. For examplet your capton might ek you or a, group of PWs to cenduet English language c.lass8a '£'01' 'them~ They 8S8'UN you. tha:t D'O indoctri'na'tioD:!, propa\land~, or othe'l" exploi'ta" tionisinvolved ~"Ju,st,straightla,ngu.a,retea,ehing. You might reaSOD! "Tbere's nobarm in this; in fact, all ofus,PWs might get bette:l"treatment, and conditio'ns migh,tim,prove~,'t B,ut. e.oDai"der'j one of theadvan'tases you, and you.rfellow' PW'e, have is tbe fact t.ha,t YOll know; by baviq tested ,them" that you.r captors know little or no E.nglish. Y'ou and YOQ,r fellow PW. eaa rue ,th'islac.k of ,oo.'mmo'g 'u:nd,erstanding '00 r'esiat expl,o,itatio'R and, 8't ,th'e same tim,'et eornmunicate with each ath,er with little crno danger that your'captors, can understand the c'Om,municatio,ns .. So' you can see that gi ving your captors English language lessens can weaken, remlt.nee efforts, and! 'the security of the eomm,lIDica,tlODS sys'Ee,Ill.;; In, o,ther wo'rd.~ teaching 'the enemy English, would be collaborati.on~ willing although unm'tenti,onaL

IT MAY 'BE A TRIe,It You 'must be alert to the ,fa·et that your'captors are t,rying to trick yo,u into believini th.at they know no English. So, before you communicate with y,o.u'rieilow PW 8 on the, ,188umptio,n th.a;t the ,ene·my' knows; no, En,glish" make certain, they don't, One: method is to 'talk with, o1her PWs aoo'ut a matter that will fo~:e your capto'nI to ,commit th.'mBrei'yeB or 'take an ,action tha:t win 'l"\8'veal they understand En;glish.

WILLING COlLABORATION IS NOT AL WAYS CLEAR-CUT. It may be anyone of a numbel" of shad.es, 011 gr'ay. But it, alw'ays viol,aiel Articles, I04 and. 105 of'the UCMJ (alth,Gugh a plea of mitigating cir.cumstances may be ,mad,e .. ,.. btl t 'Dot nec.·es.sarily aocep,ted)" personal and :m:i'l'itary in'te,rrilY J and the standards ,of'th,e Code of' Conduct (no't triable unless also in violation ofthe UCMJ) ..

B@ca,use cOI]Jaborati,on l .• ,'llot ea.B,y tojiudg'e, itp1rEii,ents, a tough p,roblem to 10131'8.1 PWs., an,d mat be of great:con'cem to PW eemmandees and theirsta'ffs;, It ea;n~ like, ea.ncl'r .. aifectonly' ,t'h,e aft1ieted;, or it can, Uk,e a deadly coDi.agiou8 disease, spread and conta'minate :many o,tbers, eventually 'Cl',e,atlng bi,ttemel's and dissen&,ion amen pris,oner:8t eom'ple'tely breaking down morale and inner camp discipline ..

V'ER' "-"'W-- . - . -. .. 0 HI- MO"'RALE' N'D '--'HAT O'F THE GRO'UP

E,_ ;"-- Y P IS RESPONSIB'LE F'1,R~,:S_,:- A._ .'. T', .", '. .. '-, .'_' ,.'.

Each mu st contribute, and be extremely watchful for' anythin g or anynn e 'W ho mig'n t· brea k

t- P ~ f '..lfr he enemv.Iti th £ ' rt

mora e.,:rtsone:rs 0:, wa:r muse presen t a U'nI:teu " nnt to f ,-e ene,my .... t 18 ':, .ere 'ore im po · !_ ant

that each PW' b~' alert for anyone w'h 0' breaks a way and isola,tes himself from the grou,p., Such an action may s,plit the group' and b:re,ak the solid front 'the en e'my faces. E veryth,in,g must 'be done to get each. PW to stay' and communicate in the group, Bu-t 'i.-t, must be done without puttin,g th.e grQu:pf.g security in dange-r+ Don't endanger the well-being ofthe P'W

orga,nizatioll~ ' ..

-'"

FORGIVE! The ,eRQ MUST ,MA,KE IT POL,ICY that those collaborators who see the

f-· thO • d t t h k t tho ted: b ek T- ~-h p'-W-'- :. t

," -- _ •• ,"J •• • ••• , - ... -. " , .', - _'..- 1-'" -.' _ .. - _. I', ·_t .' '.' ",'. -' ., .. ,

error 00 __ ,fur ways an, .' wan.' .. 0 eome'8C ..... 0 ... '1 grou,P are accep' .. .·.a _~" .. ,ese, s mus .

know tha.t they are ws.,nted and will be' l,cce'pted bac'k in'to the' gr'O'UPi, Witho''Il,t th.is assurance, a. eollabora tor w.iU 'be 'reluctant, or unable to, ,s'to,p his actions, even tboug h he 'realizes his mistakes, and wants to sto'p m,ak,ing themm' Simply knowing he can ,COJD,e back to the ,group ,migh,t ,give him, the reason to stop collaborating. Because forgiveness is an i.nhe.ren.t concept 'in the eha pla'in·~ 8 ministry J: he can provide in val uable assistance to 'the PW chain of command, see kin Ii to welcome back a "defector."

FLO 0 RE'D ONCE? G'ET UP AND TR'Y' AG,AIN! ,If you, a.re tortured beyond your 'limi.ts of :p hysical resis tanee {everyone has limits) or tric ked into helping your cap t'Ol! DON OT' GIV,E UP HO':PE OF FURT'H,E,R R'E8IST,ANCE~ 'i'on can come back - ~ yo'U~ can 'Hgf!t'up. off the floor on'e more sime." !batt.s the, difference 'betw,e'e'D th.e ehampjon and, 'the Ioser, Conaider each ,time you are forced to give ill as .merely one more ro und in the ,fig h t, a fight wi.th un1imi,ted rounds that gees on, until you escape or are le..gi tim;a'tely released .. , There: is alwa.ys time between, each round (sessioa) to shake off th"e effects of the previoue one and make a comeback~ This makes ,fo,reed ·cooperation, as ex:pensive and, time-consumingte the ene'my as ,pos:sible. When he quits, you have wen,

If ,you. held out as long as you possibly could - - th,s't iSt un-til you reached a porn t j-ust, befor e pc hy sica], men tal i or emotional colla ps e·· you ha ve no reaso n t .. o be ash am ed. of you-rself or m feel guiltY4 SUICIDAL RESISTAN'C,E IS ,N'iOT' DEM,ANDED 'OF yIOU.~ ,A g'o.od, P'W tJJn it, SRO!, an d s'la!f can help, @'s-c'h PW Siee h.is a,cti.o,ns in th:@ right 'Iig'ht and can. hel:p increase Individual and ,11"0iU,P resistan,ce.

45

W'HA',T'Y"OU; S"I'E"Ei'l I'S'-1 N""O"'T: N""E'C:"E"'-'S' 'So A,···'RI'I"LY'··· -T.R'U'E"· 'y,.' .--, ....... ," ..... ' . )""'. ~t'l ok I' ~f' I _ " .> .... - .. ' _ .'. ,: ':", .' .. '. ' .. ' ":', .... - , .. ','" , . ourca,pl!oorcan maAeJJ_OO ,·as lc a

P'W' ~,CIi collabo "·r!a·~ftO" when 'in f.a·,o'"!t h :e· i.a n o't, 'T-:hl ,nlIe f-·o-, :11"-& d on't ma ke 'sn' ap iud gm . I ents

, 1i.G. '. ,II .. _ _ "'a.al..,. -" .Ji..at !I' ~, , '~'...~ I - I[Ij .. ,iL~:J _., I.' , .' I ,.' J}. ' .. ," .. . . ,.::J~

EVflll'VQ,n,e ;n the, "'om i"Ii.;ri;;'''-,- Id-' coh,·:-, Id ~,-+:LhJ'!J;ld- J'",nd·· ~'e"Dt U;"ii'i<,·~'l :- b d'hl'u,t···, ly c ~'~"n, ,that- "':he,

. ....J.., ' ;!j -'.' '_!roO" -- .,t"'vMD, - ~ ou._ J'I'&tJlJ,.V, '101. _ ,1I!i"-I".!I"', .. ' _~~,w ,0, .• ,;;:I''I;;I!" ;e _," ~,,~o;;y !., _ .'. '" .'

suapeeted person(,s) is ,actively collaborating with the, enemy. The enemy can trick PW';5 into action's that can :le·;ad-oth'··e·-rP'W·.ii:I! ... ob eeome eusnieieusof a n d m l~': t .... 'IGt-~them··.!_. completelv .. :1

. _. _ . , __ ., ,. . _ .,. -..u' , , ....... _ __ ~~ _v& ...... &O __ 1;:1' ,. _. . _. So ~....,.~ _ _ _ _ _ .... _ 'y" ... .' 4 n

each such case, everyone must search fo;r the truth .. If the person is a C'oUaborat,or'~ protectiv'e security measures :m ust be taken. If ,not,.. ,be m ust 'be cleared so :that deadly s,os:p,icl.l)n can be p;ut, to rest: and a. smoeth fun.ctioning ,PW o,rganiza,ti.on, r.estond~

TH:E ENE'MY ALSO' TRIES 'TO W,EAKEN ,A PRISONER';S B,ELIE,FS;, CQ.NCEPTS;

I·D,'-e!A'-"· ·S· O-:E:!' H~ IIS·~· W· '~O·' -R' -T'-H- ~, 'G' -'--0' 'ALS· ~., AlN···· 'D' 'T-O'O'Ui G' ·HTS.'·'-- A" 'B' '0-, . UT' . -- r -H'--:IS'-" C' O"-UN','-' 'TK' ',-. 'yo 'ITS' " ' .

.c "- ,. .1;;', "_' c:_ ., ,_ ~ . ' -_ n" ~ I: _" . "",,",' ' '~ ., ' .

. POLI'CIES-t .I NS'TIT'UTIO,NS., AND O,RG,ANIZA,TIO'NS~ He 'tries to .get the .PW to ~~ba~m();11th,t<) his own ooQ.ntry and, i-ta aetions,. to propagandize about the, Hunj'ustified 9-ufferin g 'be,ing in1li,cted UPO,D, the enemy people. ~~ to 'teU "how well he is 'being' ttea,ted. ,j'

Ther,e are, 11,0 limits; to the ,ex,tent Comm,un,ist captors, t,ty to ex,plait PWs,.

CHA,PTER 8

RESIST'ANCE

A 8S ista nc,e ,s the a bi I i'ty to m o~d the PIW e. n vi ronrn6ot to '1'0 U I" n oeds and Q bj act i\ll as. Thla fi rs't re.q utres ,3 ded'· cated decisjor) 'to li've.

Discipline and pride within yours.lf and your unit p,lay major' rohls, in strengthen.ng the will ee five, but the gr •• te.,.t j m:petu8 and i:napira1 ion com aa fr'om devotion t'o a faith anda h'igh.ro,d.~rof existence that1ran.cends the human world and the sens.s of the human.

The mystery and gtea1neS8 0,1 divtne or ,supernatura~!

pow.ft'r that gh/8S men the strength to re,sis't hardships, successfully are uneoc:lu:td by fa,ith and prayer.

THE BA TILE DOES NOT END WITH THE FIR,EFIGHT. As a PW~ YOU,I most powerful and valuable weapon is resistance. It is the only honorable course of action. It is your major mission, and you will accomplish your mission if you know':

• The goals of the US Government.

• The goals of your c,aptor . - interrogation, exploitation, indoctrination.

• Captor PW management methods.

• What is ex p ected of you as a J)!'O fession 301 so ldier.

• 'What y-ou can do, and how' to do it.

PREPAR,ATION FORRE,SISTANCE STARTS WITH TRAININGjlongbeforetheneed fair resistance OCCU'l'·S. Anything a PW might do hy way of resisting has to be something that will work consistently, day after day, perhaps fat' years. Consequently, TRAINING SHOULD STRESS RO'LES, making it clear that the roles are guided by rules. A role is a consistent overall strategy by which a PW can organize his daily existence and maintain himself over a long period of time .. Whatever resistance role a PW adopts must be able to withstand. the many presaures placed upon it by the captor+ The PWts role must allow him to com m u nic ate abo ut things n eces sary for s urn val with 0 ut di vu lgin g thin gs that 'will either reveal military secrets or put him at a. disadvantage with respect to any exploitation 'the cap tor may 'try .

SURViVE HONORABL Y AND RETURN BY HONORABLE MEANS.

46

R ales sh f)U,]d d efi n:@' ~Jle G,O'A,LS, to be a€:e.o!illl.p,lish,ed., Tb ey are' n,ec:essar'y tJs tn.e' u ltima,tEl eo de by w hi ch .p ziso n er beh avio r is deB n ed, R u I 1$ S h Q'U ld, h owever, be s t2ded. as ideal condi tions, such as: do not hel p the enemy r do not hurt a feUow P'W ~ do not undermine the loyal ty of the PW grOlJ.:p'~ etc.

ONE AP.P.R'O',AC',H '~O ,RESISTAN'C,E 'T,RAI,NIN'G' is, to build strong cohesive gl"iGU P,E;, l(nlg' 'be tQ:r'Ei the possibility of ,c,a,p cure arises. This mea ns teaching units hew 'to stick ~Qgethel! how to maintain tbei'r sol idarity and loy,a,ltY'1 h ow to o.:rganize themsel ves under ClOD,ditj,o"nit of -tl"--'. : " , .. d di .-.' '~'-, - itat-'l:···:-·---'- 'h--w to esta 'b!·::·.I~s,:h: :e;. l .. :adership·. h~~r,a,"'''''''h .. 'Y":· .wh ... :·.,-.-·,

_ _ ~ y s _ ess an _ ISO n.en ... , on~" 0 'Iii~ .. . .Ii.... ~ e _ _ _ _ ~ ,., "".. en

form,al leaders are absent and how to ,develop com,m'uni,catio,ns patterns wherl CQ,mmuni·, c'a:t,~ o,n,;s, a.re pamaHy Of' to,taJly C:u t, by' U~ e' e;nem,y ~ '!' even if e'8,cn ma,D, is iso~,at:ed, in ,I, c:eH l)y'

himself. _ ..

Pr oper trai ni n g alerts the so ld 1 er to the realities of ca p ti vi ty ~ enemy P W h an dlin g techniques, the inner resources available to the PW t and prineiples and techn~q,ues of resiseance.It also impresses pers,on.ne,1 with th .. e value of and :ne!ed for group '~,oyalty" unity~, and action 'w.hUe training them to understand the fun ex,tetlt of their Qwn abilities,

E:ffecti,v',e resistance trai:nin g' which breeds indi vid ual and gro up loyaJ ty is not learned 'in the, classroom .. , It res:ults :fro'm, the D,OID},al routine of mili.'tary Ufe .. , To prepar'e tD:e scildl:eT for re~dsta,nce (possible but, no,t Uk-ely), the, ""TEAM"1t CQ1ncept, m,us;t: ,J.)i1~e'vaiL Th,,! te'am, is as nece.ssa ry for s access in the P:W n,e] d of ba,ttle ,. ~, the ca m:p .. - as it is on any o,tn er ba t.tlefie] d.

RESIST ANC,E IS COMP L,gX~, just as complex as, 'the ma ny legal, illegal, and immoral oibjlecdvles and methods of the enemy eaptor. Resiseance whlch begins upon ,ea,ptu:re and. continues durine ~'-i tivlt:y·,· :~q'. uires manv st;rate,".e·~, 8 .. t'·r·:G,'t- Cig,emi: techniq· ues ta.· ~ti:"'is. and

- - - _ - ~ - _ -:8 ' .... a.,p - - - '_ i!O'IIiO, . ,IL"'~. ~n-J- b-~. 0lII~ ... """ ~ ." _s~ " -- _lOl!'l __ .... - '''"--iii -

weapons. It m ust 'be appropriate lor each situation, and eondition ,time1y~ 'wen planned, based on sound inteUigence, and have ,3 positive group ooj ective~

'Te assure some chance of' success" ,"'011 m g,St. analyze tbe situ8,tio,n. F'Ol' 'Oniy by' an,alysis, C'I n yo'u choose the appro;pria,te m e'ans 0,1 resistanee.

WHAT TO LOOK FOR

¥ICU m ust 1'00 k. for enemy vulnera ble s pots and tu rn tn;,em to yo'(!,r ad va n t,a,ge~ For example, whatmakes him ,an.gry? Wh,atgains his ,:sympathy'? 'W:b,at pleases him'? H,GW can he be blackmailed 'o:r brlboo?' (,N OtTE~ Some captors p tit additi,onal pressures O,R :P W s who accuse them ,olusing terture, 'They 'usttally say they ,arB ~"educating and inducting you 'with. the p'ro'per attitude, and, outlook," or words to 'that effect~ 1

So;'m e a,a,p1t,ors, 'mrig]]t be m,iIit,ary en.o'llgh to, adheee to; the code, o.f mi]i tary c:on.d.u,ct and p rofessiona'] ,eth ics.

Occasionally, a captor slips out from being a small cog in the impersonal ,grind.ing'w'heel

- f- - - . d l . hi h - _. - - - h ith aet fh B h' ·

. " . . I - . 'I . . .. , . . (.' . . . . , . , . ,'I . i'" . I " . . " " . . I ' , .. . .. . '. . "" l . . ~ . ." -' -----:- . . -, . . . . ~.- : .' I' I :. I' . - 1--

Q .co mm un Ism an ' . ets is urn an natu re s ,OW WI. ~-' acts 0: . : ... u manenes s. '_ u t t 11 p.ers,o n is

g,ambl ins wl,th his ,iife. 0:( course, 'there is. ,a. I w,ass the ehanee he is puttting on an act,

EL:E,ME~~S OF RESJSTANC:E

To ortra:nl2le successfully· to resis;t the ene: - -, - - .' >. . - ,- - at know h w t, : " - th -: 'pL.y'sical-

Do' _ _ - _ my!!' you mu .. _ ,0 00 use ... e" ,u,_. -:!i

mental, and. emotienal as,peets ofPW' life~ The enemy ~ k:nowing' how and ha,v-i,ng' the pow'el~

to, T'RY' to exp,loit lds, p,ri s: on e!1! " hlas strong wea',po,n,,9,., Bu t yOll,~ 'by knowing' W'h4't 't~1 e'xJ)ieC"t: (];n,teni.lence)~ by preparing fOol' i.t (plan,nin,g); and by Qrganizing ('operations) to defeat, him~ ha Ye' ~'~ .1l'!Fhu:n~,~e:'a: :n.n,n!l~

_~. . CI!"'jIiIV~iI .. ~v .... ~""'" .~,,"¥ ..... '_

The importanc@ of lead&rshlp~ discipline {self and u:nit)1 and moeale (own and unit)

e b h ~ d C .. ~... d ... 'I

c's-nnoe, Gve:rem p,' , asize ',~ Communieation, org,an12a'tio'D,~ is n _ cooperatien 8rre al80

'n,ee-ded1, nee 0 nly for successful res istance but also 'to, U ve, 'Cio'mbi:rd:~g these fa.,eta r,s ,yi!elds ,8, unit th s:t can and. win gain its 0 bj eedve and achieve its miss ion"

You must be prepared to do, or n at, to, do, some thin.gs, in c ap ti vi ty. H ere a re til 0 me general

'_.l ']', f·· Ifin canti .

gUl~edn,es"or organl:Zln,g yo ursei: In capti VI ty:,

STA'Y' B,US'Y.,

Keep your mind and body busy .. It takes wi'll .. power, determ.ination~ Inner courage, an,d .e:lf~ dlscipline to k,ep busy 'in a PW camp, :Bu,t Y'O't.I, wHI 'b a ve no 'troll ble doin,g i't if you, k1eep in m ind:

KEEPING BUSY M:E,ANS STA'YING ALIVE.,

If you don' t have a.ny work to do, find some-« make some .. , If yOil(! d,on"t have, anything' w-itll which. to oceu,P'" ),,'0111.1. hands and, headt 'ere'ate something~ Set aehievable ,g'oals. Reach them,.

Kee,p your 'mind occupied every waking moment of the day and n:igh~ always with u.pbeat thotllhts ....... no ,self..,pit,Y,. T,ld~e positive actions t,o o,ffset 'D,e,g,g .. tive influenees,

Keep your body as busy and fit as your physical condition and environment permit, but DO NOT STRAIN. Because, u.nder' COin ditions, of id.len,es,s, maIn ut,rition {the: wr,onl kinds o:f food) orf starv',a,tii.on, (not .e,'n,o'Ugh fOiOd), ~,ack, Q,f'mediicin,$:;. an,d, l,i],a,de:q,u,ate: and improper' mooical. a"ttentio'n and faciUties,," your body may become, su bj.ed to breaks, MlIi,ses;. S prai:n,9~ strains1 and other malfunctions that may take an ex,traordinarily long time to heal, may n.ever' heal, Ot' 'may heal In a 'way ,that leaves you cri.ppled~

KE,E:P ,P:HY,SICA'LLY FIT.

G!et 'W ha. tevtr type of &X!ercise )"OU can within th e lm posed Iimits; L e., a thletic8~ calisth en ics, iso metrics, y.ora~ mas s ag e'~ etc. Do not exer else to, the po in t o,{ e'x ha u at,ion ~ fa tigu,e, or ,strain.;, maintain, muscle to ne, nothing more, W a teh fo'r bruises, In ,I condl'ti on of' maln,utri'tion or s:tarvatioOln", ot1!l.ises 'm,ay sign,al in'ternal 'bleedl:nl' and may take, a, long time ,tQ beat

There .e a :number. of ':reasons for ke~ing' physically n,t:

• For your own 'W@ll-being .. ,A peraon who is ,physically fit is gen,eraUyin a good :u,ameof' mind"

I. y O'U ,s're less suseepti ble to, dise,ase .

. You are better ableto re,sist, your CD.piCors~ are better ±It for covert activities and for th'l rigors of escape.

A 'a, ~al

• Your life may depend upon "it.

• GO()d. health ,strengthens your will to live and a bility to meet all the en,alle'ng'es 0 t' .... a,p'~~ty:. ,

'-- ~ " N'~'" __ •

DO EAT,.

Food, will .aJ-wa,ys be, en ,your mind, E,at as much and u· often ai p08si,ble~ It hall been pro van tha t, wrong or not e,noul' h food over an extended period of time can and does affect

th' e m' rind em"· ~+C-:n·I.a.. '--:-, ·d: bod - '. 'y'. O'···~· c an'taffo .. rd 'to'·" m.·I1S~' sa' 'n"y. me-:Is .. ]fy···.ou :miaa a meal undee

, it. V,"'O '. ~, an y. u.. . aul, ,_. _. ,_ . _ ,lD _ .

ea pti ve con di tions, it will ta.ite' a long' 'tim.a 'to make Up' fOlf the ]089'~

M'" A' IN' '~A1' "N' ," D' '. ]S" C· 'IPIJN' -E'

:" .", .. : .. {J J. '.' .;.. .:. ~."" . I . I., .. . ..... - '.

ResistanJC1e is im,possl.'ble withmlt discipline,: self-discipline, conducted in ac(ordanee with, a set o,f selt:imposed rules; and unit discipline~

Generally, dle mose successful people ar,e not the br,a.ve~!lrt or 'the s,martest. Rather, they are the people with the greates't gelf~iscipUne. Persons who ean set a goal a.nd, stick 'to a, COUl'se of a<etiQn th at will allow them to ac-hie,ve that goal ara the ones who succeed. SE:LF DISCI',PLlNE IS A MUST':IF Y.Q'U WANT' OUT AL1V,E,~

U'nit discipIin,e makes a unit function effectiv-e,ly;, It builds a "can-do, will-do" spirit t'h,8't goes on under all conditions. 'Without it, 'the unit oQ:&n't peno:rm;o

There is a directreiatioD,anip between unit and.$elf·discipUne. A u.nit'with individuals o,l' ,gr,ea t self~isci.pline automatically has ,g;rea't unit discipline ..

Both unit and self"discl.pline are needed in the' PW camp for 'individual well .. bein,g' an·d successful 'Nsistan.ee.

BE Q,N TH,E TEAM.

Work and cooperate wi,th, the other PW 9 ... , ~~Ev,er}' man for :himseIt~ daes Dot work in a PW ca.mp~ Th.e only w.ay to de:fea t your captor is to unita and. orl'an.ize~

MAKE A TE,AM' ,EFFORT.

If yo,u :recognize the enemy is using' a tec,nniq ue ~or ,tx'ploita'ti,oD. let all 'the otber ,PW 8 know as soon. as :PQssi'ble~ as some ,of them migb.t not, realize 'w'hat the enemy is doinl'~ Do the same a8 soon as you become a.wa're of any oth,er techniq.ues! sc.hem.es, or objectives the enemy has come 'up with. to exploit" :i'ndoctrina'te, 'propapndizet 'or gain, information~

Help ,ea.(lh other and make sacrifices w henev'e'r n e,ceS8UY. A PW en viron ment puts a man and h.is will to the test. :Kee·p yOUl" d!iffet-e.nees 'to yourself; w'ork them out q'uie'tly'~ It yo·u. don 't~ ;,'Our cap,t'o'r' 'will try to exploit them.~,

Kee·:p in mind tha.t you are' a member of a mi1itary up;i,t .. 'You have a co'mmaruie'ft and he it as a staff and a chain fJf comman,d~ Live and work as a mem ber 0" a coopeTS tmg'~ cobesi,ve' unit,

49

KE'EP A SENSE OF' HIDdO'R.

Humor :is a hig'hly effective 'weapon .. Use il; .. It. ma'k.es livinr easier :if you can find some h u'm'or in your situation, ir·onic' hu.mor' per'n aps bu~ nanethelesl, h umor'.lt w's.b; ten:!l'ioas.

A sense ofhumoT.-is :really hope -wi th a smile, Humor d!i:Yes away lear; it gi'Ve!I, :spirit to 'the disp,irited~ eoura"ge to the dis:couraged, strength, to' the, weak', hope to the '!~dQwg and Olut';;"

,Hu,mol'ls an invaluable PW w'ea,p.):n~ Its use indicate,s that, th..e challenges of capdvi,ty are being 8qu,amy and positively lacoo~

RAZZ THE ENEMY,PRIV'ATE'L'Y"

In the p'rivacy' of your' leen, in the exclusive 'oom:pany of y,o;ur p'W' bu.,ddies, UND ER ,Ai'fY

CO-"l\.1DI'TION"S" ,w,,: HE;RE Y' O'U"R' CAPTO'R"S" AR".'E' NI.'I'OT'" P"R" ES"'1Ci"ll1;,::r'T A' N-''''D'' Y'O"'U'I' C' AN"'"

'.:' .(it'.I, _'_ .1 .. 1:.· ... ':._.·. t,,' I': .. : .... :, -_': ._:l .... :~ .... '-·....:...~.··,_ .. _:I, ".,;!'" :1.,:.:".:,., ,", 1,,1.,. "',~' I··.·~~·" _ ."", 1,': " !." .... ~'._

SAFELY DO SO WITHO,UT RISKING RE,PRISAL~ mock the enemy, ridicule him, make him the butt of yo ur .h umor and j Q,k.es.

I t does w'oljl,a,@'ls: fi1n" mora Ie' and incr,e'Sisesi the: e:ffecti,ve'D,eas; olf' res:is,tan,ce.,'Ri,meulin g' 'tn,1

"f: 11" ~.. d- ,- hi 11 h 1 ~ I ~ 1 P .11... 1 '. ....'11

enem,y, even. 1': on~y ln, one s'ml,n __ 7' puts, _~l'm, on aiow.er psyc o\:CIlCa~ ~e,.~t~> .. ' SJ{CiU\O OI],Cw,Y'~

",t --_, "k' s hi '" , I - forr id abl 1" - ... --,., .... ill" - -- ---- hen ion . if him -,

1 : ma""es ·lInU8 ,nDl a -, eiH-RnID,g YOc. _ appre __ e __ 81O:~~ ,0 _ . _~_.

HARASS THE ENEMY ~ .. :MAYBE" 'You can harass th,Ei'enemy publicly IF 'YOU' DO IT SO SU:BTLY' TB'AT ,HE ,DIQ,ES NOT REALIZE, IT~ Bu,t it~s 'very r.il,ky~

'E-: oC'IC"A':-', P- Il'!'

. - I~. ,. c...'1i

G:l-u-,C'C~B:.::II'A:"l AS ---"",'",' . ,th- .... ~ uldm :"ate I'nf'm- - of resistance an. d tt:-:e'- o.'-hH.g' ation of every PW. The

;;.:;:, . ~ ~U,l ~c,gpe IS e U \0\. Iv _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. __ __ u _ . _ _ .

p rim.ary g"oal of every P W is to, ;s urvi ve honor ably and to return by any honora ble means.

Escs,p:e il'tte,mpts shou~.d ele: p~ann,ed, and, c:oordin,.ated, with, yo,ur' SR,O'., H~s instr1l,eil,O'DS

m. ust 'be 'foUo'w'ed~ fer he, is r.es'Ponsi ble fox' tbe we11 .. heing o,f th"e' e!li,tir,e ,gro'up~, I'f' h,e believes the' escape of one or mote prisoners, may result, in, the captor sev'exeIy harming any remainl'DI ,PWs"he may. wan,t to delay the escape attempt" Captors generally plac8 ,BLAME for esca:pe 8'ttempts, auccessful or 'll'rul,uccte!lsful. on those :PW 9, 'who remain behind. Support those PW:s who ,try~

if you art c',apt,ul,ed" your C',8,pt,O't win qu.es'lion yon tho'I'O,u,ghly for any in.form.'MOD he, can l,jl,s:e~ Th,! G PW ~ w'hich. th,e U'nited. Sta,R:s, signed; states "0'1, m,u,s,t give YO!Ul' name" ran.k, servi ~ 'n,' 'IIm," ber - a" "d, d.' " te - ,f, -. b' ,=""h, ,,'Y' A,tr:ii,~'...-.n. n' 0'.' t: r'Dn'U'I~re,'- d- 't- 'tit a;',v,e, any··'· more, io,:to':rm"', " , a+;,o:o' - B.'llt

. .....!Iii.!!iII . !I;i;A. _D. .. a 0, ,u:.,,,, ,,. !I,,!!''IjjI ~ ~ . ....."1. .. .. .. _. . ¥ ,.,.;1; ._ , . . . _ _. _ .. " ... _

your captor win t.TY 'to get more,

The in'lemptio:n process has 't'b,'ree p'hases~ l'esea'rchJ ,9-t'leeti,Qn~ and extraetion, :RES.EARC'H.. During ,th:~s phaa,e~ the 'en,e:my gathers all p08:si'ble mformation about his

'.

pnson,ers.

SELE,CTION~ The ene'my chooses the prisoners to inte-rl'C,gate~ determines,the'i:nforma .. tion he w's.nts, the ,iniorm.at:ioll he has, and how h,e' will go, abeu t getting what, he wants.

E:X,T'RA.CTI:ON'~ The e-ne'my puts his reseal'Cn. and. plan, 01:' operati,on to wor'k~ Durin"g'

q U6ct'tl·',on·; ." ~D i7 h.'· A 4 .. • .. ::1:1 " , '-'. - '0' 'r, "-m-;' 0: ,'iii'S' b' "a' 8l'"e- a, ':p·~'ro~'ht..: ~ S' f·~r·· AV·am',-' p,1ie IUVOu. are a. s,p-.V' ~t etc .. He

,~ ... a. _.' . ~ W:U. use one .. .&... ... p. """ .... ne I!o .V "if'A;. . IJ.'._, .T __ . ,'" _

may 'Use illegal fora to get you to tal'k;;

YO'~IIi.ii'!ilw,e .. :=t:, to • vours .... ,lf: ','1- d '~A tl"h:e.· . "*',"11. '-Ii!! m ..,.",---, l~: - ,t"h- ·-;om-,' "p"'t-o·. kno w'what,'to.e'xp· ectin 'th.e 'W,S:V

. "'" 'VI . II. . . ,~ _ _,Ii..;;:n;: a.n. IIoU . '1;,11'" @& m~n n . e c,..... '. . . ,i,ij . _ _ .- _ _ . _ . ,~

o "f'to:r.oe, and wh,a:t co ur,se('s) ,of action to take, Generally, the o;t'her :PW,s, can tell Y'ou w:ha;t to e,xpect.. Yo,ur' SRO will tell you wha .. t eeuesets) of action, to take . In beeding his .in~'t'ructions" keep in mi!];a th at he not only has the military mis$ion o:f keeping the enemy from ra.inin g v aJ. ua ble in form,s, tion that can be us ad again.st the US and ita, allies, or 'from, exp i,oi ting yo u'~, but he also has, anotbe'l' 0 bj'e:e,ti.ve .... ' to bring yiJ.U ,ou,t, 0 f' thlS, si.tu,a"ti,o'n ali ve and weH ,. wi.th h'ltllort, and, in,tegrity~

50

CHAPTER 9

FORMALIZED PRISONER-,OF~\VAR ORGANIZATION

If' you ,811'8 captlu"ad. 'Y'o,u are not likely to spend aU your captivity in compiete it:o,lation. a,way' f.rom o'the.r US pw •. And whef'ever 'ther'e, ats .,.yera. Or many PWs ... co,mmun1- """ati-n -nd o*"'Am-n' . "at' ,'·b:l ad''''' 8 T"'" ... v' g,' ,', '-JuC!ll 11:. ,,'Ion ar. P'OU1 ,'Ie, n nSIIi.ii'ee$ ry~ ..... '

resisttha enemy effec1j'vely and to give each PWa bett.,r chance to e'.caps., it it important to .I,et up a' PW or'gan iz,a1 ion.

POSSIBILITY TO ORGANIZE

To Iig h ten his administrative load, your captor may encourage PW.s to organize for recreation, discipline, religious services, medical assistance, and other activities that do not seem to pose, a three. t, This, however" is, highly im pro b a hIe if the detaining po wer is Co mmun ist. If captured by Communist personn €lIt you C8.D. expect to 'be herded into an indoctrination mill that will try to convert you and the o'tber PWs to communism.

The Communist ca ptor follows no fixed ,sys't,em. But, w ha tever the sys tem, he tries to break down and do away with the legitimate PW leadership and organiza'tion~ Officers are segrega ted; if easily mani pulated PW s can be foun d, they are put in the p lace of n a tu ral leaders.

Among the less advanced and more ruthless Communist countries, every attempt is. made to isnl ate PW s from each other and to eliminate, PW organization and comm unica don s. As ares ult, the PW s may become com pletel y disorganized, and man y may die because of lack of Ieade ~,h'~'~p, ,: d: cd' :'. -·,·,r- 'e,

. . _ "''''iL. ~ ... oj. , an . lSC1P,,;,lD •

E very soldier, therefore, must. be prepared to carry on as a leader! if his, rank and. the

situation 'require O'r "' .... c' at" . '" a'" a G''- be di at '(·'n' cludine sub -_.J,~ , -t- 'l sader) to exert

....• " "'.'.,.~ ,W . ryon.5. QU or.'lnae J.', .. ,.,.'._,~Q'U'.Otul.n8.ele ''X"I .+"10-.'_

sei f-disci plin e, and 'to con form to the disci pline 0 (his organiza cion ~ 0 vert 0 r co vert. (See Article, IV" Code of Conduct, on page '7 of this manual.) Your survival and the protection of your rights as a PW under the rules and customs of land warfare depend upon. such conduct. In addition, such conduct is in the highest tradition of the US fighting man and is expected of him by his Government.

Q,RGANIZATIO'N _. E'VERYONEJS RESPONSIBILITY

Ranking officers and NCOa must assume command, Article IV, Code of Conduct, states I "If I am senior, I will take command. If not, I will obey the lawful orders ofthoss appointed

51

oyer me and b ac k th.em up in every way." Th e PW unit mu st he buil ton the p rind pIes of SENIORITY AND CH'AIN OF COMMAND'~

TYP'ES G'F ORGANIZA,TIQ,NS

Normally; there are overt and covert units in a PW .camp. This is ,80 because unless all types of o:rgam.za,tions are ,I! n ttietiy rorbidde'n, some functions performed by PW;8 may be safel y kno wn to th.e ca'p,tor. Overt functions mig h t, if permitted, incl ude morale, work detail, mess, IU p ply! etc, C overt organiza tfone are p'rimarily concern ed wi th ~es,i9tance and esca pe. (See figure 9·1 for a type org,ani.za.ti on.)

o VE RT., If it is P068i ble to form an overt organization, do so. Keep the essential fun,ction$ as effici,ent as possible; do not overman them. Allow for rapid and. unexpected tu mover of manpower t keeping in 'mind your c,apto:r m,ay move Individuale or groups of PW s at wilL Also form sub ordinate units .. Keep them all busy.

There are several reasons to form a number of committees with less 'important functions.

FIRST} it keeps your men, busy. Continued idleness is one of'the most deadly conditions of PW life. SECOND', it helps to, overcome the feeling of having failed that some P'W s have, as a result of capture. Under prison conditions, re~,ponsibility becomes very important to the P'W towhom 'it is given. It revives the bestin him; it~a,the first step OIl. the road back .. This.In tum" is a. mst step toward building a. uni t with hi g h morale - . a working t profesaional unit,

The PW under a commander who is, a good leader will respond wen to the challenge, It' s the job of this leader to build up whet the en.e'my is trying' to tear down .. Design,adng res pons i bility to every man in the group will do thie, A good leader kn O'W 8 that gi ving every man progressively greater responsibility rebuilds bruised egos aad character, MAKE EVE,RY rvrAN IMPORTANTL

SECURITY., Security 'within a P'W unit is important because e'very PW iii at the mercy of his ca ptors, A breach of secu'rit.y can, have serious results,

52

*U.GENU

I SRO. C ml1llm.and·~'r. etc, ~

~ De~uty SRO. A.:ssisJ.lillt COrm·'m.,aride1, I!trc". '{Ii"," sub~r ~~t'1ih c..Qm,mandar~

MAT 11,= cnert p.irt of thl! time, over~ .at other timts .. or MAY ~e i combi.nation 111 ·nerf ud cnert at the Sime brie,

~ "1~.~,.~~~~

r- :""!:'.: -~ =":·£.~r--.I .... .. , .... ,':; I ~ ~ I ~u ~ .. :.::.=

~'~~'.: ~':~,~~ t: ';)

iNTEl

fllt hlltctitJn:$, IJst&d ;D,n Hlis c ~at't !In IlEPRESEMTA nVE OML Y no, :dlUl~d j·n fI,., way be CO:lIstrll e~ as J f8:quired or ~gU~ ·su,iJC'ture. ~ii n·enttodal I)fw iin:il.ati 010 III i'l ht re Q u in: Ai d fl·. Jus. or dBf,.f ut hnctj~lns-

-NOTE: W~en aU organizat~on:s .and 'C(lJI1HnU:r,'i~cith:ltls are prohibited. ail tum:ncns. will be covert

53

CHAP'TER 10

COMMUNICATION

Commu"ic.atjQn i. the lifa·blood of organization and Bucca •• ful r •• j.tance~ Without it_ there 'is no un itr no Dct,ivi1:,y.

Although communications are risky. the risk can be reduced by careful planning, initiative! and sticking to security. CQ.MMUNICA·TIONS MUST BE .ESTABLISHED AND MAINTAINED. (See, appendix J.)

E:very PW must be ·taught the many ways to communicate with ctherprisoners, i.e., codes, signa ls, secret drops I and VI ays to deliver' secret Messa reSt create writing ma terial ~ use a common foreign language not understood by captors, etc+ The PW isolation barrier and' enerny-im poeed. ban on comm unic.ation must he broken ..

Every PW must 'know that if he can see, hear, or touch other PW s, he can com munic ate, And even if he cannot sse, hear, or touch other' PWs but has some freedom of movement. beyond his c ell ,. or' if articles are breug ht in to and taken 0 ut of 'his place of confinem.en t, he can communicate ..

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION CODES

The Morse code can be learned quickly+ But it has a. aerious drawback= it conaiats of dots and dashes which sometimes cannot be distinguished .. There is a better syatem that does not require dots and dashes. It consists of a square marked. off in 25 subsquares, 5 across and 5 up anddown, with th·e letters of the alphabet in. the subsquares, (The letter "'K" is not used because it sounds, like "C,")

Ta pa are used to ide.n'tify letters. The first series of tape tells the row; after a short p a use, the second series of taps tells t.he column .. The letter is. in the block where the row and co 1 umn meet. U :Bing the sq u ate of letters bel ow ~ for exam ple, to find th e letter 4:iIl 0 i" t.hr·ee taps would designate the third row (L-M-N-O-P); aslig.htpause followed by four taps would design ate the fourth column (D· 1-0· T ~ Y); the row and column meet at the letter "" 0 .. ' ~

KNOW HOW TO COMMUNICA TE WITH YOUR fELLOW PWS.

54

1st series Df taps .... ROW

10 [I s r IU
V W X y I. 'NOTE: A row always, runs aCto,ss from 1e,ft to right; a column always runs from top to bottom.,

.A. 1 tlnige,'r' pause indi1catu tn,e end 0.1 a word. Two ta.ps inldicate th,at the werd b,as been "eeiv,ed~ ,A series of rapid ·ta·pI indieates ·that the word was RO·t r,ecei'v·ed; tha t is, it 'W 8:1 DO:t un del" $'t,o 00 .. When a receiver has e'D.oul:b letters 'to know w hat the 'word ia, he .Ii.ves tw·o ta;ps, and th,· e rae' ··n-····d·;4!jIi ~ on to th' e· n .' x·,' :t- 'w,o'-··rd··,' .

,. , ii:II .. . ... ". D"""'_" .. . ...8 L _....-

The p·hrese I'HEADS Up"t wo'uld be tapped out 3S follows::

E aeh tim,e, the cod e is bra ken by your c apto r ~ yo u can rearrange the .[etter,s .. One exam ple:

-- --
I A, F' l. a I v
.1 :
- -.
j .,
,
B , G , M R W
:
-
c 'H N s X
I '.,.;.
, - _.
I
0 I 0 T 'y !
,
E J P '1 U Z , 1[ 2' 1 2' ·3: 1[ 11 2' 3: 4, 51 I' 'I' 1 1[ 2' 3 '4
.
.. • .. " 11 un .. • . ' • • • [ E1 ;I • lA) • • • • • (D'l
1 2 ·3 4 1 2 J 1 ,2 ·3 ,4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 1 ,2 3 ·4 5
, .
III • ill I. ill • [iii [S) !II Ii! I. Ii • • • • • [ UI ,Ii ill • • : . • II [. (:p! The means and methods of getting a message acrose with this code are almostunlimited. 'The code can be tapped, whistled, winked, coughed, sneeaed, hummed'; you can use finger movements I ,eye movements .. tics, twitches, broom strokes, pushups; obiects can be banged together, etc, The means and methods are limited 'Qnly by the common sense of the prisnners.

SOUND

Both voice and contrived sounds can be used to communicate. Just by talking loudly to you r guards or oeher captor perso nnel, you can often let other PWa kn ow yo u are. p res en t, or. let an isolated PW know that be is not alone.

W'ORD-OF ·MOUTH~ Word+()f~mouth pmvid es a means by w hich to transmit information an d ideas. This m eth od lives. immediate feed back, permi ttin g q uastions to he ask ed an d an swered on the a.pot" permittin g pro blems to be surfaced and so Ived with minim um delay.

But verbal communication is subject to compromise. To. disguise the content from 'the, enemy, language variations can be used: subculture languagetstreat language of minozity groups); jargon, for example, pigeon English, pig-Latin (used by children in their play} spoken rapidly; ordinary slang; etc. Foreign languages and dialects 'may also be taught and used, If several members of the unit can converse in exotic languages, they may be used, particularly for classified con versation. The American Indian languages fall within this ca tegory, as do Hungarian and Finnish in some areas of the world.

Keep, in mind, however, that. if the enemy suspects a PW, or has him under surveillance, others seen in the PW's presence fall under suspicion or may be exposed,

T AL,KING THROUG H TH'E WALL .. This method can be used when the sender and the ree ei ver are sep ar a.ted by a wal LEach finds the spot on his side of the wall directly op posite the other PW .. The' sender rolls up a blanket in the shape of a doughn ut, places it again.st the wall at the designated spot, puts his face in the center of the doughnut, and talks slowly, The receiver listens by placing his ear against the wall, 01:" by placing the open end of a cup against the 'wall and his eat a.gainst the bottom of 'the cup. The doughnut-shaped blanket s urrounding the sender's head masks his voice from the enemy.

VARIETIES OF SO UN'DS~ Various sounds, such as clearing the throat, grun ting'f coughing, sneezing; blowingthe nose, whistIingl humming, clapping the hands, snapping 'th e fingers, or striking .an 0 bj act can be used as pre arran ged signals to ind ic ate such conditions as all is well .. nice job, enemy around, stop, go ahead, they're coming your way, etc.

SIGHT

Sig.ht communication has the advantage ,of being silent, It can, however, sometimes be seen by the enem.y as wen as the recei ver, Therefore, it must. be disguised. Visual sign als are Iimi ted only by the im agina tion and rna terial s a vaila b ie; e.g., article s of cl othing t to we Is j rocks, ete,

DE,AF-MUTE LANGUAGE. The standard deaf-mute language m,ay be learned, 'but is is somewhat difficult. There is a simple variation tha,t might be quickly learned and used. This sign language uses hand signals as they ate Seen by the person receiving the message (see HI us tradon) .. Either h and may be used, N um bers are rotated to indicate they are

5·6

num bet"s and nat ]ette'rlh 'They are th,s s,tand,ard US Navy hand sjjgna~ 'rlumber,li. ZeI'O is, shewn by' r.otating the letter 4'410.,~~ SU,btly drop the ha,nd limply after each series of letters O'f w!onia,.

To indicate ~~I nnd.eratandU or '~~I do not, unden;tandj n the reeeiv,er may nod ali.btly in a pr.ea.rraD,ed, m,aDDeT'~ Oiffere'ftt body movem.,enQ slu~h ae blin,'kmg 'the eylst, ft,exin, the Ilandl; or ,arm8.,ahmggi'ftl' the ab,o,uide'f8t ,ete~:-all Da'~u,r,al and :meanm,I'le9s to tb,e,e:n,e'ID,)" ..... ICm b:i!i' w,oiILr1\.,_"_.A 'o,u~~.f. :i, .... a,.Jiy, ",,",WI At to" ,=~~;"""a"'''' .I'::~~-''''':D' ·,t< :llIIoiIUII!ti"ioi'IIR',' S',IAG,

... ~. _ Vl A!IrU . .... U4I . _ III .":M'-". .". 1il.IUiIJI ....... ..c: ULIJJLItf..J~ _ i.JCf:CII ... 'WI'._. lIi"iI.

9i •.

Use abbreviado,ns IB, DIU'. U pOI.i,ble .. Work 'them out in, advance, For' exam,ple: :8"

BOler; RO'I' Boger: an,a Out; T? ,to be: S" is;, TR, th,er., o'r their (the context of th. meaea,le will t-eU ,th·, t'ecei.·ver what is m,e,SoJl:t)l; WL; willt etc;. The most eOJ,m.monly' used[ wOlrds, and ph r'B.Set; ,can be shortened to one or more letter8,~ ll,umbera~ or. letters ,and. numbers, Fo't ex,ample'. the ""umb"'eiM ~'·lO· n can ':'ndi~a"'e oUthilli,"". no ,iCh'\~d~:J' nr n·:t..a· t'. no' WIiI,'V 't" 0' ,ern ;; "A' '11'~" can mean- "O K'~ U

,i,~·.I·':I._1!I. ,n" IIV'i.-_.",IL!'I .. :.··hw'-_', . ,M· .... g,;.l.·' ...... :~ .. : ~[ ~,I·[·: .. :·-.· .. [~·i·.!;.'I!Iir.J ;: .. ~, I.I"II!.·:I.: .. .....;. _","',

tI," "0 aheadt U: '''.1 like that," T,bia teChnique is recommend.ed. beea Ule t.he shorte't, tb,e ti'me of tra.:nam'issioD; the less eha~D,ee o't it; bei'il,g detected by )r'OU: captors,.

Question marIo can, be indica,ted b;y' dr'il'winl' e, q,uettion mark ip, the, :air. but thlS is gener,ally t'GO o~bYiou," "I bay'e .a 'q mestioD,~" n:Wha,t did .YO'II s,ay?n, ,olr ,f,~][ do, ,Do,t uDde'lstand, youj~ can, be indica,ted by a prearraDI'eci sip.a), su,eb as 8,'bru,pg 8. shouldler~ ,Uun, the head. scratching the uese, o,r other band movement to tbe f3ce o'r' part of th,e hody;;

Wbe:n used 'in covert eonvers&t.io'n, an move:ments: and m,oltions' must 'be n,atllral in type 811,d timinl',~ $0 as no'! to appear to be signals.

,

J

I'

10'

9

, 6'

, '

I

8

, I

5,'

ALPHABET

A

D

E

F

c

N

.-

B

o

-

G

l

p

R

v

w

PERIOO

:u

t

T01JCH

s

T

Scmetimes the only safe or possible means of conversatien may be by touch. Then, a. tap code usin.g parts of the body close to the other PW can be used. For example, the captor may group the prisoners together but impose and strictly enforce silence. In such cases, messages may be sent by either tap or Morse code: fingers, elbows, feet, arms, etc., may be used to send and receive :messages.

58

x

y

THE WRITTEN W'ORD

Avoid written messages if ·possible. They are risky;w as. the enemy can pull unexpected a,pot ins peetions., It you. must k.eep' written, records, use code (words and 'names) when~er possible.

Try to make any messages instantly destructible. Ifpossible~ m.e'm'onze the message and have those, 'who m u.s! know its con ten t;s. do, the same,

'Wbether to w'ri'te or memorize depends on 'the 8ituation~ But bear in 'mind ,that 'written meSS31e8 are relatively perm,anent and easily fou'nd by determined searchers. ~

'WRITING THE MESSA,GE

'No'rmally t your capto,r 'wiU not furnish, writinJ'implements or m,aterial unless it serves h.is purposes, So I create your own.

Charceal or charred w·ood. can 'be used: ashes mix,ed wi.th a:ny au:id can be used ... Fruit j uices can 'be' used. If yo,Q have boots" yo'u can. remove th.e polis,h. or dye· and, use it~ 1'£ your foot.gear is made of tire rubber, you can mix particles 'with fluid .. Wood sa,p can be used.

You can use any' poin,t.ed object as a writin.g implement,. Bam.boo is excellent fo:r this purpoae.

Leaves; wood, cloth, toilet pa.per t or any other 8'uTface should be looked upon as a. possible sunace, on w'hieh to, write'.

TRANSMITTING 'W,RITTEN MATERIAL

Mai! orr' message drops, are Q.sed as an alterna,dve to personal deliveries and work w'eII in, PW ca,m'ps·. Drops. are· limited only by the ingenuity of the PWs,. Any possible hiding place _ ... latrinest trees, rocks, crevie •• b,olest hollo'w places, etc, .... may be used, but the place, should be changed .freqll.en,tJy~ Plae,es, where visits, by 'the com.ers seem normal to the enemy are best, AIthou,h. tIris m,ethod is rather slow, it is fairly se,cure,

59

To avoid meeting, the couriers should deposit theit: dispatches at specific times.. N 0'£

k· h h k h A..~ .. • ..._'L_ .... 1... ~ d

now"lng esc'· ot· er .1·se'PI tem, from. compromlslng. eaciJ OWJl.er In case on.e 18 uncevere .. ,

Designated ,courier,s should coUect the messages.

In a large co'vert unit;; 'the messages may:i in tum, be sorted by the addr·essed perso,n and plac ed in predeei gn a ted. pickup paints to 'be cO'lleeted by the next co urierfs). This proces s is repea'ted unti] all me8sages are delivered to 'fi.nal addressees.

•

In addi non, prede,termined. signals should he dad a,t, 'the mail droptoinform·thecouri.er

wheth,er there is any mail They may alsc be used to si.gnal that something is or has gone wrong. Using ,this sY8tem~if a cO'arieris picked up by·the e1nemy .. , he ·Kn.O'ws only·the location of the· mail drop. The Dum,ber 01 echelons i.Q a unit determines the n,umber or couriers needad and no more than that nu.m.her should be used.

An example may illustrate the BYiwm.: A. mem her or an .intelligen,ce cell baa a messa.I'e .for h is cell le ader. H'e depo,sits it, in bis mail drop within aspecl..:tled time, fr'am,e~ A courier makes a pi,cku.p within, his tim,e tram,e and moves to the next mail drop w h.ere he deposits the messal'e~ The proc:ae is repea't.ed until 'the leader picks up the messase. Throughout the process, th e're is: DO personal contact.

LIVE DROPS

80m stim es pe opl e are used as m es sage cit" ops T • kn own as 1 i ve dro ps. This sh 0 uld be avoided if possible, because live drops are less secure than mail drops; they can. be forced to

talk if tortured. .

COURlERS

Couriers are needed in all but th e sim plest un it Q r .0 rg aniza ti on. Th ei r job is to carry informa con and material fro m. one perso n or pia c e to ano ther .. E aeh eche Ion .wi thin th e .P W unit(s,} should have its own couriers as a link 'M th the next lower lev el, ~

Co u'ner missi ons should. be dis guised by combinin g th em with ordin ary acti vi ties,

In choosing the courier, the moat ordinary appearing person a vailable should be used. He must be mentally alert, a b~ e to res pond immediately to the un ex peered, an d willin g to obey orders wi thou.t q uesti on.

Theee are two types of couriers:

Knowledg eahi e

• These couriers kno w they are carrying mess ages, bu.t t,hey should not know the con ten ts,

• These courier's do not know ~they are being used to deliver messages. Guards and other captor personnel fi t in to this category, bu t i t' s risky to use them. Sometimes an UD.SUS~ peering courier may know he is bein g used to, transmit a message but dotes not know it, is covert .. He may believe the messase is, unimportant,

U nsuspectin g

DISGUISED OR H.IDDEN MESSAGES

Disguised mes sages are less likely to be uncovered th an those that are hidden.

EXCHANGE IDEAS

E xchangs ideas about comm unication methods with other PW s .. The oldtimsrs can tea ch you a number .Qf· ways to comm unicate, And you m,ay he able to teach them new' ways.

OR'G,ANIZATION,AL CONCEPTS

Tbere must be a balance between $ eeurit y and a pceed. If security is overemphasized" d.elivery and transm.is,sion delays result. These delays seriously affect the transmiseicn of intelligence, res ul tin go in delay or a b orei on 0 f activi ties and oper a tions,

In a large camp having many PWs, two, communications networks should be set. UP': A lOU tine, ea u tious, but slow net WO'l k and another w hich em phasises speed over ca u tion, but not, to thepo'int ofreckles8n,ess~ V'arious communications methods and techniques must be used to confuse the. enemy ~

60

CONT.ROL

·C'o'Diml 0'£ eomm unica·tion. n.ets,. oth,er than the simplest; sb,ould be decentralized to minimi.z:e' ·th·, thr,e's.t of p8.1',a]Ys;}i, to C~DVtl'rt, Qpe!l'ati.ons! t,ha.t, m.i,h.t, eeeur if the cclmm,'UJJli .. · cations sy~tem is compromis,ed.

'Th,e co':mmanding office'r1 'wlt'b'the ad'viles of his co:mm.unic8!tions personn,el~ sheald set 'up gener,aj guid,elinea, consisting of basic eommunica,tion ,principles and security precautions~ Th,ese principles, should, set forth, the pOI.ai,hIe te.c'hn,iq'Qes that can be used by subordinate elements~ Cen :lead,e'ls should designate the s,pecific tec,hniques and means of communicati,on to. he uaei'J b,Y their cell members, as well ,as by s,u'bordina,te cell leaders, unless the commander has removed this option,.

THE NETWO,IU(

A "well-oiled" o'f,ganizatlon has communications channels and personnel. If' possible. the, cemm anding' o.ffi,ce'l should ha v'e a eomm unications ser,gean t or other assistant 8,peci:fieally to ha'ndle, 'the no'.' of 't,r,a'me. M,essages :rela'tin8' to specific matters shculd be 'routed to previously designated penoDD,et

C'O'NTIN~U,ITY

T,o p,f,ev,e,nt ,a com,plete breakdo,wn of the ,system 'W bie,n, one channel fails, p arallel lines 0 f commU'niea'tioD. must be set. up. If the :primar,Y system is cO'm:pt"omised 0,1' .lail~ ,th,e

d ,", ~ ,.. ..--.::II

secon ~ _ ary UDlt IS acti vali!Cu~

If the enemy s.uc'c'es',sfuUy destroys ,a.U the intermedi,ary Pi arts; cf't.he eo,mm,un,j]cati.c(n,s: sysie,m; emer,g,ency messa,g,e drops and 'm,eeting places should be established.

81

1800,,7

'T ~ .. ". 'd' 'I!'d'" ..-.=. 'M' - N .

r,a,lQ.l'nl a.n ,c, ., 'UC8uOD ... _eu,ures , '. eo-

essary to Support th.e Code of Co,nd:uc,t

APPEINDIXA

RE- DEREN' C'E'S - 'UDIOVI" SUAL RE'CORD' IN-G-a- READ' ·IN· . 'G MATo'RIAL' _. FILMS

"' = ,if. ,<' ,: .•... , __ :11' AI ..' .....;_ '.,", .: ", .' r. .• ' '. '.,- ~"t'. . ,,<- -, --', ,,c,.' --'f ,...- ',".

---VE

" ',.',', .... 'I"'_-', ' .. ,'.' '. , . _- ... " .. I" ,',

D'EPART,MENT OF. D,EFENSE DIRECT] '." I

,ARMY REGULATIO:NS, ,350·1

350 .. 30

860.,2:16,

85Q...225

...... - ..

,Arm:y T:r,alning

Code of Conduct T'raining

The G enerv a, Co,n,v'e'n,Qons: (ill' ]9~,91 and Hague Conven,tion N',o~, IV of 1907

Survi,val~ EVDsiant R.istanc~ and Es,. cape Trainins

:En!emy :Prisoners lof 'W,at" Civilian In .. ternees and De,tained Persons

Na.ti,gn,a), Search and Rescue M'an'Ua~, Surv.iva1, Evaaiont and, Esca.pe

The Law of Laud Warfare

,(C) Special Forcu Operations, (U)

20\,,15'0 21 .. 76 ,27 .. 10 31.~2"O

:DA PAMPHLE:TS 21 .. 1

2,7' .. 2100

Treaties Goveminl Land Wanare

Th,e! Law orr Land Warfar&' A, Se'~l:.. Instneti,onal Te'xt

TRAINING CIRCULARS ,27 .. 1Q..2:

p . -,--. -," 'd" f' W·' , rrsonees 0, ,,' 8]"'

LESSON PLANS 5/69--9082-6 (Nov 74)

Prisoner Exploitation

US Army Aviation Center

F ort Rucker, Alabama .3636·2

5/69~9084r24 (Dec 75) 6Q..9059r22 .. 5

64-905'g.._ 22.5

66-9059- 22.5

Practical Application of SERE 'I'eehniques (FOUO)

'US Anny Aviation Center Fori Rucker, Alabama 363~j'2

INSTRUC:TOR SET 1210-N·G (SY 7·6)

s u rvi vall E v asion f Resistance and E s .. cape (For Instructors Only)

US Army Infantry School .ATrN:AWTS

Fort Benning ~ Georgia 31905

COURSE OUTLINE D"()()-O025 D~OO-OOI4 (Jul 73)

Survival! Evasion, Resistance and Escape (FOUO)

Fleet Aviation Specialized Operational Training Group

Atlantic Fleet

N av al .Air Station. Brunswick, Maine 04011

AUDIOVISUAL RECORDINGS

Flynn, John P. "Hanoi E,xperiences. of Major Ge.ner.al John P. Flynn., USAFr't (General Flynn was the senior Am,ericanPW in Hanoi, North Vietnam.j Audiovisual cassette tapes It 2., and 3. A presentation to the US Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. US Army Command and General Staff College Audiovisual Support Center. 108 minutes, 19 September 1974.

Flynn, John P .. 'IM.ajo·r General John P+ Flynn, USAF." Post theater presentation to the wives. Audiovisual easaette tapes 1 and 2. FortLeavenwcrth, Kansas: US Army Command and General Staff College Audiovisual Support Center. 72 minutes, 16 May 1974.

":PP·.O. W. Panel," (LTC Wells't USAF Retired, and LCD R Da vis, 'USN ~ were US pilots held in Hanoi as PW9~) Special Elective R235. Parts 1 and 2. Video cassette discussion. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. US Anny Command and General Staff College Audiovisual

Support Center, Approximately 12'0 minutes, Ap,ril12, 1974. ..

"Pueblo," An ABC The·a'ter presentation for television of the capture and imprisonment of the USS Pueblo crew, with specific re.ferences to the Code of Conduct. Parts 1 and 2 .. A udiovisual cassettes .. Fort Leaven worth, Kanaas: US Army Command and General Staff College Audlevisual Support Center. Ap'proximately 120 minutes, April 1973 ..

63

B~k.') FI and W'-i' G-I,O·· .... d:l .. n

1IIIii;-!V' _I IIItl ~ , .' iI I' "-U .•

&'W8t James, 'N' .• Maj:or, U'SA ... "'P.O.W. In Soutbeaat Asia.~I~' Presentation and questi,on peri'oct Audi,o tape recording,. Fo,rt Leavenworth, Kansas: US Army Command and General S'taff Colleg'e Lihrary .. 70 m.inutes:t 23 Febru,uy 1971.

R,owe., J ames ,N"j :M,ajor;. U.s,~ nInterview 'With M.ajor :Rowe'~ U ,Maj or ,Rowe was a ,prisoner of the 'Vietco'og for 5 ,ylealS,~ This ta:pe is designed somew bat like a ,d'ebl'iefi:ng,t 'with :M,aj or Rowe answ1erin'g somewhat th,e same 'qU,estio.DS you would pr:o ba bly ask about. these ,5 year8~ The interview de·a·rly po;inta out indoctrination wa·$ a major objective of the Comm'Unists~ Major Rowe also ,empb asiaes techniques of inte:rrupting the interrogation pree es;a. Communist, 'Use 01 prrop'a.g',and,a~ security II r,oced u H8,,, and. the Code 0 f C ond uct are also discussed. TV' ta,:pe 'til,e' ,n um,D'et P'-240~ U'S, Arm,y A,viau.(JtD, Center. F'ort RU,C:XCf'" Alaba:ma 47 minutes ..

READ:ING MATERIAL

BO[O.K:S·~COMMUN'IST E'XPLrOrTATlrON ~ INDOCTRIN.ATIO.N, AND INTERROG.ATION

RU'S81" .... 'B p' "ll11rg' . a- -nd • 'l!...e E'_X ... _, ...... ~:o1i!"li, .... ,Jl C- '.Ii"IJ.t!'I,

. .' .G.' 11 '.' ~ .: J:e: - I. ". tin.; i . - .:~~ ~>\.i;~' .. lQ. U..I 1_ .~JIi.:I, .. 1

fusion.s

March to Calumny

The Ma'nipulati.on. Cit H'u'm,an ,Behavior In the Pr,esence ,Gf'Mine E nemies

I ,Joined the Russians

Brainw8.shing: 'The ·Story of the Men Wh,o D'efiedllt,

In 'Every W'u .Bu!t One ,Darkne98 at N,oon. :Fa,(e '0" a Vic,tim

'The Ra:pe' of the :M"ind Battle for the Mind

C·' P .'

oerCJ:.ve . erSaaBl,Oll,

No Sette,t, Is, Saie' B;ehind, th.e' Bembee Cur .. , tain,

,I Was Stalin~'s Prisoner

'The Little Toy Dog (The 1tB47 In,ci,den't, 1960)

Communist Pe'rsuasi.'OD The Umbrella Garden

64

+

Biderman., Albert 'D~ Bider,mant Albert .D~ rCUffor,d~ ,J ohn ·W,. i(:S., ,J .) Von E insiedel, H ~ Hunter~ Edward

Kblkead, E:ugene

'ill" --ti ruth· ~ ~

~,_er·,.··· .. ur

Lennolo, Elizabeth Meer:lloo,t Abra'h,am M,. Sar:gent~ WUlia.m w., Schien, Edgar H .. T'e.n.M,"; Marlc:

'White~ Willianl L

W'in ance, Eleud\eriul Yen~ Maria

BO····.O·':·K"O- ~APT' : ~'-' ·I-V····_··lTiy '! - AN-,· - ···D'··: 'R:E',:S .. :IS,·····TAN··, ••.. ·C.···-·'~

:. .... ~'l • _ :.._: '_ ,....., ••. • ...• • _ • _. I:.i

,Attica:: 'The 'Offic:ial ,Repo'rt ID'f t~hie N ;y,. State Special Com'mission

K,'GB~ The, Secret W'Of,k. OIf Sovi,e.t Secret Agents,

'Beyond C'ouragie

S,~.ven y::~6~ Q U .... , ":" .... Y· .:

e .';;;CiY~ IOO~' .

Baa Baa Black Sheep

'Th,e Last. V1oya;gle of usa Pueblo Reach for' the Sky

Tl1.e' Endless H'nurs

,My Story

Solitary Con6n,ement Free As a Running: F~)x:, PapilloD.

Banco

Sev,en 'Yeus, in, Hanoi Priso,nl'r of Ma·o

Human :Se:ba;vior 'in 'the Co:noentr8'tlo:n Ca'mp Enorm,ous Boom

A Hel"Q' 8 Welcome

B~~' . 'C·- J'"

. Ilalf:,,' ," -,.:~" r~

'8- t ·W'''th· 'H-

~' _' • • ' t I ;' . .":' •. I .• I . : ; . :'. 'I -

.eum .1 ."ODO,f

Bene, E~,

Boyington! u'Paplply~!

B'ranld~ Ed

'BriCkbill" Paul B,f'o,wn t W'8!lla,ce' Bu,che'rt Lloyd M. Bumey. C.

C:alnan.i, T'~ D~

Ch ' 'H '.

. a.rnere,. e'D,n

:C'harri~ Hen:ri Chesl,e,y" Ltury Chelminski, Rudolph Cohen~ Elie A Cummings, E. E~ Daly', James

:Day,t Bud

"D" a'lift:Q" J', - - a""~ 'an'

" '. ,~,It.-!II on._W1.""

Th - -'Y" W'Aft]d' ·:'n··:Ii't· l' "'":" U'. -.1,8'· Di-:' ·;e ..

e .. _ .. V!!IiI. ,.IAIIiio. .

G,eneral Dean "s Story Prison W ritingis

Walkou't 'With S'tiJweU 'in. Burma, Code of' Honor'

,Nn ,H(l'pe But God

W·t·h- ,..-""~:~.. PO-' w- r't __ . -

, __ 1 ·"uw,ma·, __ .~p

Tbe T'upammo Gue,rrillasl

C haracteristics o,f Total Institu,t_ions The Re'bel C1u.ltuw

Dean, William, F'~ Debl'·aY:i R-egis Dom" Ftank [)ramesi~ John A,. .Fly t 'Claud,e Gaither.'~ Ralph G'UiOt, ,Maria. R·,. Go,fima'ft" Ervin;, Gold" 'Robert, editor

Priscner

Diary of Che' Guevara

The Price of F'r~"'..J ".': .' A' AftoIIoe' 'n, · cen P 0 w~ S, Storv

" ".... -..r" " ~om.. ,n _",I, , II;L _ "' " .. J

Captivity

From the Shadow of 'Death MeinKampf

P. 0 .,W ~ (1976): A Dennin VEt. History 01 the Am.'erican PW Experien,ce in Vietnam 1964- 1973

I Survived,

Eleven Y« ar ,;:; 1'"" S ''''ft~ Pris m C, "'am' , P,8

, ,,","," _ "l;!! ,n 0 ¥ ... ~t.o £,",rJ,;gO , , .

Befo~HQnOf

Prisoner of W,ar: Six Years in Hanoi Secret Agentst Spies and Saboteurs rmNo Hero

Operation ,Qvertligh t

The Passing of t,h,e Night

They Wouldn~t Let Us Di,e'; The P'W, Ten The:i:r Story

Five Years to Freedom The High ts of Priaoners

In the Presence of'Min,e Enemies Sakharov Speaks

Bridl'e of 'N 0 Retum~ The Ordeal ,of the, U Ss. Pueblo

Mis,sion Eacape

Gulag Archipela,go 1 Gulag A.rchipemgo 2 The Rid,e to PanmnnJom, The ,Little Toy Dog'

The Wooden Ho.rse

Will To Be Free: Great Escape Stories Reported To Be Alive

Z,apata. and th ~ M,",'· ..... '11"; can ',Re.' "voluti"'o, 'r'IP'!Io

"'" "e ,~_" _",'~

66

Gostas, Theodore Guevara, ,Ch e' Hatcher, David B. Harbert, Mary Ann Heslop, J" M,.

Hitler ~ Adolp h Hubbell, John G+

Lias; Godfrey Lippert Elinor-

,M c Dan i el :t E u g en e "Red !', McGrath, John M,.

Piekalkiewics, Janusz

Plumb, Char lie

P o wers, Francis G .. Risn,er, Robert Rowan, Steph.en A.

. Rowe, Jarn .. es N.

Rudovsky, David ,Rutledge" Howie Sakharov Schumaker, Fred,erick

s..mith~ Sldney Solzhen"tisyn~ A. Solahentisyn, A. Thorin, Duane White, William L.,

Willi· . E' +

. ~'~ __ "ams:t, _nc

W~llia E' +

1 ; ·ms,,:nc

WaItkill, G'rant, Womack, John, ,J'r.

M,AGAZINE ARTICLE

F · h R' b- F LT USNR' - ld L . R S ktill "I W P . . H · j, fiS · man .. ,-,:'0 ·,ert.~·.{ .'" '. _._ -)Asto· to '-oms '.,-.'toc·, ..... ~. " as a 'flsone;rln '., an,ot.··

Reader's Digest (December 1969):11~115.,

D,EPARTMENT OF DEFE,NSE AND DEPART'MENT OFTHE ARMY PAMPHLETS

US Department of Defens e. Armed. Forces Information and Education Code of the Ll.S. Fighting Man+ (Also known, as DOD Gen-l1~ DA Pam ,36,O .. 512t NA'VPERS 92'483A .. AFP 34·10 .. 10. Supersedes. DOD Pam 1· to, D,A Pam a55-106~ NA,VPERS 9248a~ AFP aa-ic-io, N'AVMC 1154; dated September 23~ 1957.) Was,hingt'o'.n:

The Secretary of Defense, December 23t 1'964.

US Department of Defease. PW: Your Rights and 'Obligations Underthe Geneva Con venti on, DOD Gen-35·!. September 1, 1969', W,ashington: U .S. GPO,~ 1969~

US Departmen t of the Army" Barbed W ire Comm and, Troop Topics, Departmen t of the Army Pa-mphlet 3-60-22,9. W.as,hington: U.S;. GPO, 196-7.

US Department Q f the Army., Co mm a-nist In tsrroga ti on, Indocerinarion, and Exploitation, of Prisoners of W'ar. Department. of the Army Pamphlet aO~101. W h '-.ri .-- r O' A M· - - 1'''' 19'5'6

as ; In,~I,iOn.. ~, '_ ay Cit . -. .' .•

US Department of the Army. Defense Against, Enemy Propaganda .. Department of 'the A,rm,y Pam phlet 355-18. W ashington: U ,S~ G·p'O, 1963., (Rescinded by DA Circular 310-40! Novem b e'r 21 ~ 1972).

US Depar-tment of ·the Army. Handbook fer Next of Kin of Army Prisoners of WarlMisei.n,g Personnel. Departmene c·_{ 'the Army Pamphlet 808~4~ Washington.:

TAGO, January 21~ 197',2.

'CONGRESSIONAL H·.EARlNGS

"American Prisoners of War. in Southeast Asia, 197I..~' Hearings before a subcommietee of the C ommi ttee on N ation al Securi ty Po1i.cy and Scien tific Devel op menta, GPO! 1971. Number 59-590 O.

i, American Prisoners of W.ar in So u thsas t Asia, 1971. n Hearings before a su bcommittee of' the Committee on National 8ecurity Poli.cy and Scientific Developments (Part 2:)-. GPO" 1972., Nu mher 65·310.

j ~Inqu;"y' - l' nto th U-' S· 'S--" P bl d E-' -C' 12· '1 P 'la - . I - ci d .... nts ,,!!' Hea n' n gs before ;':II speei al

_,'-- - i.&..... e .-. ,.' ue .' 0 a.n , .. ' ",-" ne n_,;;; -~,...,,' . '.. .: _ c ~~ .1!;110 '_ ~

subcommittee on the USS Pueblo. GPO, 1969., Number .37-066.

US Congress. Senate Committee on AImed Servi cas. "Imprisonment and Escape of L T (J .G.) .D sngler, USNR. Hearings before the Senate Co mmittee on Armed Services," 89th Cong. 2d, Session ~ 1966+

FIUdS

(U n less otherwis-e, indicated; films ale those Issued by Departm en t of the Army.)

AFIF 138~ "Name, Rank, and Service Number." Two, actual incidents, An army attache, sh ot down in Laos in 1961 and an Air Force captain charged with bacteriological warfare byN orth Korean captors. B& W. 21 minutes .. ,August, 1965~

67

AFIF 166. upW . Your Rights and Raspon sibilities Under the Geneva. Convention.' Opens with history of treatm,en.tof,PWs from early times through Korean conflict. Depicts the Geneva Conventions in 192:9 and 1949 which established prise n er rights and 0 bl ig a tior; s, Als 0 cites tlagran t via 1 a tion s of Geneva principles by German y and J apan in W'W II and North Korean conflict, Presents viewer 'with test questions based en film sequences and giv,es answers for scoring. B&W. 39 min utea, 1967.

"

M'F 15-5458,. "The Geneva. Con vention ReI ative to' the Treatment of Prisoners of

War, 1949.;J B&W~ 2' ree1s~ 1969.

FR 1503. "Captivity in Southeast 'Asia, 1964·73,;) (C). USAF.

min ates. December 19'73~

SFP'61.7~ "Brainwashing't-Parts I and II. Method.s used. to force confessions from military and political prisoners as practiced by the Communists, USAF. B&,W,. 53 minutes. 19,58.

Color, 40

SFP 1170~ "Comm unist P ali tical In doctrin a ti on Techni q ues." Depicts Comm unist techniques of" interrogation and indoctrination. USAF. B& W. 52 minutes, 1962.

TF 19·2749,. ., Geneva Con yen tion s: Rj g h ts and 0 bHg's.tio[).s of .PriSO'Q ers of War. U B&W. 28 minutes, February 1960.

TF 21-4154~ ~'H ere There Are Tigers- E s ca pe and E v asion." Main impact is found by observing the reactions of a p,Ho-t to v aryin g co nditions. Color ~ ,54 min utes. 19 70~ (COMM'E'NT; The purpose of showing this film might be to have the student pia ce h l1m,self in the pO., i .. _i , - 0' f: a··' .I'i: p. t· U' '. - d oi lot under va·" rvinz co,n" di ti 0: ns' -, of srresa a, n d

. s _ """ on. 'Ii,;oa _ re pL. _ _ '¥4. . oJ '" . no .. _ _ _ _ _ Q _ . ... _

assess his ability to reason under pressure,; his reaction to interrogation.)

TF 21·4228. "The Geneva Conventions an d the Soldier. j,t Color. 28 min utes. January 19,71.

TF 21455.0. "The Geneva Conventions, and the Chaplain: Not a Fighting Man." Color, 28 minutes. November 1973.

TF' 21·4719. "The 'Geneva Convention Relative 'to "the Treatment, ,of Prisonera of W,ar,~ 1949, and the Medic~!! Color. 24 minutes. 1'975.

TF 27-3616+ "Genev a. Con ventions and Insurg ency r J,! Provisions an d a p plica bi lity of Article 3 of Geneva C. - ..... nve "r';;,- - SO" f' 1"'949. 8":'; related to t, raatmant of miH~ary·.' ar d

_ . ~ _ ~ ~ v _ '!;in won . _. _ "~ ,. _ _ _ v _ ,. _ _ _ , _ v _ _ .. _-!J.!Ioo. _ n

ci vilian victims of present day i nsurgen cies, 'B& W. 15 min u tes. October 1965.

6B

APPE,ND.IX B PRISONER+-OF",WAR TRAIN'ING PROGRA.MS (See ,DOD Directive 1.300,,7' with In,ci0.9utes1. and 2)

Com m unist captor a s,u bject vanoul ca tegories of priso aers of war to differetl,t livin g con di ti.on,s and t,re'atm,tn t. The conditions and tN,s tme,n,t depend primarily upon the ,posslble military and ,political expioitativ'e use th,at can be 'made of the i"ndi vidual

, ~

'p,risoner-ilie political, primarily in 'tertns of pmpaga'ndaj ei'th.er as, a propaga,ndiat or as

the object of propag,anda.,

This basically break:!, d,o,wn into. specific items ,tha:t C:o:mm,unist e,aptors cons,ider in determining tres tmen t accorded prisoners of war:

,

Branch of service and s,peciality ~ e'l,g,":" Ar,DlY - . b.eHcopter pUot; N,RVY ., A fixed 'Winl':~ combat pU,ot;, etc.

Rank and job ..

Ra,cial~, ethnic", and, nati,onal backgrolun.d.,

E ~ d ,_'Ii tat

cono'mlC: an, ~ SOOl,itU, S -', US~

Fa:mily background,.

Oeh .A~ .,~II;;I!f

GenerallY'., th,e ca,pior expends m.ore intensive b:eatmen,t on th,ose prisoners having the grea,tes t, poten tiaI value to: him .. Trea tme'nt ma,y- V'ary from s'um,pt.uoU8'i uxury' t'o the vi] es,1:, be:! ti a1 phy sical and psychological torture '. ~ ag,ain,. dependi ng! to a great exten t, on the pot,e.ntiaJ val ue of the prisoner :to the ,capto':r,.

In 'view offhe gradations oftre8tmeD~ it is recommended that ti1:ree' lev,eh; .of priso,nezo..of ..

W8'l resistance' trainmg progra.ms be set up to ,meet the needs of'the various cate,gcnies of servi.ce' per,Bonn,e). (see DOD Directive 1800.7):

LE V EL A~ T'r,aining' is desired for all B,ernee perse,nne} imm,edia tely upon en,terin,g the' military service. The trainee win be taught the basic infonnation he must know to survivein a :PW ,e,nvironme-nt S.ltd. will be ,told wha't is ,ex,pected of' each captive service member ~

LE VEL B~ This is the minim'um lev·eJ fo'r sern,at members w'hOie military Jobs, speci,sIties" Of' 8ssignm,en,ts e'ntail m.oder,a:te risk of ca,ptl!lre~ Members of ground combat units and crew's of naval vessels, fo'r examp let fall in this ,category. Trai n.in.g will a,tart as soon as they as !nlme duties which, make them eli lib leo Tr,aining will giv,e 'them ,addltiona1 k.nowledpt above and bey'ond Level A~

LEVEL C.. This is the minimum Ievel of understanding «or service members whose military jobs,. specialtielt o,r assignmen,tI; entail signific8D,t or high risko,f ea,pt,u,r,e, andJ or- w'h,08e' posiu,on" rank", air se'ni,ority may mak.e' them wlnen,b)..e to' greater·than .. averl.ge exploitation efforts by a c'a.pto,r~ Airaewl!l, of all Milituy Services; meDl hers ,of special mislion fercea, ,such as Na vy sea .. air-land. teams (.S'EAL), S.pecial F'Cfit:,e,e (SFl", ,Ran8'er8t Mulne :F'o:roe 'reoonnaiiH$an'Ce units; Air Foree pararescue teams; andmUitary a.ttaChes faUln this eate,go'ry .. , Tr,sining will start as SOO.D as personnel ,asaume such duties and, responsibilities that make

69

them eligible. Training MIl give the' trainee at least. the level of knowledge 'required at Level B, and such additional knowledge as may be, appropriate a nd necessary.

The in ten t in providing s 11 bj ect matter guidanc e for use in ascending levels 0 f know ledg'e is to increase each person's level of knowledge according to his need. It is not. intended to. pro vi de a chec klist of topics or n urn her of hours 'Of in struction req aired .. Train in g Levels B and CJ for example, should incl ude more detailed information concerning coping skills and more complex problem, ,sQI Yin g con ceming leader shi p and, command topics' that were first introduced in LavalA instruction. ALL INSTRU'CTION MUST BE PERTINENT TO THE NEEDS OF THE T'RAIN'EE87

SPECIFICS CONCERNING A R,ECOMMENDE'D COURSE OF INSTRUCTION

FIRS,T: Fu II information a. bou t w h a.t a soldi er is going to face as a pris oner o.f 'war is important Bu t no am ru nt of c ls $··ST·-'~: instruction seminars, group .: discusaions con-

_ . . 0 .... _. v _ . _. .. _ 00 m _ ... . .. Il,iI '- .. . ,.!O'.... '-

fer en c es, or au diovis ual presenta ti ons can replace actual ex perience And the closest a p proxima tic n to actual ex,petlenc e we can manage Is the con troll sd PW exercise-« a resistance training Iaboratory .. {A resistance training laboratory is a compound or other res tricted area where realistic, stressful, practical, ~ j, hands on" rssistanc @ training is, given under close supervision. See appendix D.} This training should 'be augmented by~

Fie Id training in a com ba t environ men t. Filmed <':i . d .;j...-;,.g, d'· disc .... - Go

.. ""'_ ~n s~~e . 'll!,;ll~USSlon~~

Demonstra tion s and. skits.

* A udiovisual-assisted lectures and, conferences, ·Small group discussions and/ce seminars, Readin,Q"+

Gro up pra ctic es.

Other dynamic comm unications,

"These win be more effe,ctive if chaired, or participated in by former PW,9 ~ psychiatrists't psychologists, .and other qualified personnel.

Such tr.aining will im press upon the trainee the, real pro blems ofbeing a PW ,. ~ what it is like to li v e y,@ax after year in captivity; g"ettin g no m ail from hom e'; being Iso la ted from, peep 1 e f or m nnths Q n end; existing in fll th; being too hat OT too co ld: being su hi ected, many times and for ex ten ded periods, to such ex cruci a ting torture that you. wish yo u could die" but they won t·t let you: feel in g the weight of' depres sian as day a.fter day t week after week, mon th .after m onth ~ and perhaps, ye',ar after year gees by with co ndi tions alway s uncertain, but never becoming bette'!", perhaps worsening. Obviously, some of the 'best instructors, permanent, or visiting, are fonn.er PW s ..

E vsn putting a servic e member through a 3-day 01' even a, 2" week controlled practical field 'training PW experience carmot gi ve him a complete understanding of the actual experience . or ita effects" but it can give him some realisation of that experien.ce'. It can help him to 'know himself better, to measure his reactions to; a given situation, and thus better realize' his potential as .8, military person and leader,

70

In a,captivity situation~ each PW must assess, his strengths and weakness in crdar to use those strengths a.nd guard those weaknesses against enemy exploitation. He m,ay have an academic understanding of the problems he face's, the techniques of manipulation! the hards hips. in vol ved, but unless he is. able to r,e,alist.icaUy match his own au rvi vai, charac'teris'ties against these ,t:orces~ he is likely to lose tbe battle,.

SECO:N'D: A second part of this tTaining program, eonsista olh.vine grou'ps ,of solcliers (member, ,olth,e same unit's.) discuss in d,epth with each ot.he'r'their:re'actioDtito, tl)e streue.8 'br'o'Ugh t, out in the· prclgram~ Within poup· settings", the'se t.rainees sh~)iuld t.hhik thro·\1,gh. the, str'ategie·s. !rtratagems, tactics, techniques, and prccedures that, worked and migh,t work u.n.d'er the van ous stresses im,po,sed by the enemy.

This typ,e of discusaion would add group strength to the uni.t. It wouldt by letting each man ,see that VI hile individually they m.ay be weak, as a unified group they ar·e strong:~ f08t.e'ri'og 'the conce'pt o"f .u;'u.ni'ty above self,"

Such grou'ps must work with trained people .. These 'peo'ple 'would help the group conf!ont the leal 'issues that may ari,sefor tb.e 'p'maner. How does he feel, if someone fails'? If someo,ne bl',eaks? If someone confesses? If 90113 eone informs on, a buddy.'? Do, you hold it agains.t bim? Forgive, him? H()tW do yo-u decide what to' do?' What, standards. do y~)U l!1lse?'

Only a fun airing of the basic issues and problems facing a person in a potential PW' .sitna,tion can give a man an idea of how others will react,. how 'b,e will 'react, the kind of griOUP he· is in. This is the know ledge needed to build resistance,.

THIRD: T,raining 'Must empbas:ize the concept of loyalty; training' 'together: 'uu;it loyalty; rotational and, functional activities as teams and units; and leadWSI,hipt with emphasis on functional, commonsense lead,ership of'the ur.dt..

The, lea.dersnip trainm,g' should pain,t o,ut the f:act 'tha,t ev'e'lY sold.ie'r IU)lientially carries a gen er al "s .stars:, lettin g each man tak e Olve'r comm and und er t,s'cticru stress sit us,tion S', re,!.rdle,sa, of' rank.

71

.FOUR'TH: ,A trainee should learn what is meant by the original shock '01 capt.ur,e: how much he is dependen t on the ord inary creature com forts; how a skilled in teno8'a tor can 'tnc:k him into giving in'formatioD,: and the val ue of rele:ntlessly identifying h.is captors as theenemy~

The trainin,g m,tlst ha we the trainee participate in the roles. of being in,teuogs'ted." in.dc,.c-t.rina.ted~ p'rop'a,g,a.n,dized, and, intimidased, in. order t.h,a.t he may test his ,fa,dUty in, using resistance techniques' a.nd discover and eorrect his e·rrnrs· and inadieq,uacie's,.

In order to give the trainee the a,.,surance that he can p,enorm properly undef' 're,alistie conditions" the controlled Iealism of a PW resistance .tleld e'xercise is required, T'his realism m I.l:st be ,9 ufficien t enough t'D gi V,I th,e trainee SO ME of the actual experiences he might expect aa a ,PW ~ but it must also, 'be safe for' the tr,ainee. It, must also a;fret :him ehe oppo,rtun'i'ties 'to meet the chaUen"g G'f,the situ.ation success,fully., A 'PW camp ex'perience is tbe key to total understanding of ,tb'e PW experience and PW reaistance, The impa' ct, is

dr ' , · d 'I lasti ft ........ ,·d' ~ ... erial fil '. b - be . ed

ama,tlc an long AD".ing .. ,.n.e. lng ma~~ i IS,. . ,ms" sem"in ars~ ete., can ~ est .' . us _, as.

g,upp,lemen,t'ary material to, wha,t is learned in the traini'Dg environment.,

ATY·~···P:E B':AS' -"1i'C"-' ·R··E· ··~S·1'S·" ··T·!A,'N, ·.··Ie· :E· T-'RA' ,··!·N- IN·: "'G .. P,:··R·:·:·O: ·G···RA:~··M·· p'O' R

' .. ,~-. . .. ~ .. }:...._. _- ,~,_ . .n_. " , _. " . ,'" _.~._ ',""

A RES1STAN'C.E TRAINING LABO,RATORY

,A :possible basic reslstance 'trainm.g :p:rogra'm/coul"1e 'would contain the following

,eiemeo'ts:

,Realsta Dele tr.aining I.a'b.oratory and experience ..

Field training, includin,g escape and evasion, in a combat-theater-like locale and under the stresses of s, com,bat evasion and escape situatio.]l.

Filmed and stag'ed discussion,.,

Au,diovlsQ.aJ-88Sisted lectures and reading.

S:mall ,roup discus.io,ns or sem lnara,

Gen,erai, U,aU in attenda'Dce,:t debriefing,.

"One-on-one' discussion/de'briefing betw,een instruc:to'l' sponsor and ,students spensored by each mstru.ctor,.

One p'os;~3ible training plan involves three phases:

• AN INITIAL! DET'E:NT'IO'.N P'HAS·El' d,uring whic:h. train,ee., win be'su.bj,e:c:te.d '00 c:ertai.n d,epriv'snoD,s and su.btl:e privileges and to mild i nterN.'a,g. on. and indoctrination., The, ,purpose of this is to provide 11Iffi,cient .stresa and demonsu'atiion of llnpreparedn,eI8'~ to increase motivation for subsequen't leamin .• and to provide an ,a'Dslysis of traininr 'neect.~

• AN' :INTERMEDIATE LE·ARN:INGITRAININ,G PHASE to 'fuUil1 the 'training :neede (leetu'res, de'mQnstr,at~iona~ sk its t films, group praC'tice~ etc',.:) relative to resistance to In terroratiJon, indoctrina ti OR, and ,other enemy flr8Ssn:res 0 D 't'he PW. [The Iearnin Ii' in this phase win be accomplished without ·any extraneous s-tresl; but will bec1early identified as a prepar ation lor sUc'c'essful perfo,nn,ance in the fin al ph ase, which 1.S ,s tressful.

• A F'INAL 14,E,ARNING .ANDI ,EVAL,UATI.ON PHASE, at the' end of an. i:vaeion and. escape, exer'd8e"" This consists primarily of an eXJ)er.ien,ce in resisting in.1:er.ro,l..,tion, attempu ·at ind·oetrinatioD; propagandizin.g', and iDtimid.atio'D~ under- reaJis.tic'ally aim· u)s'led conditions, for which ·the trainee has been prepared in the preceding' phase,~

72

A,P'P:ENDIX C'

E-XT'~:~: -R:"A' CT··--; O: ..... F·_· D1Cip~A ~T~A'E,N: T' 'O·F DEFE~:N"~,S:' ,E' (:D,~',O-" 'D-',), D·'IR-:-E::C-'TIV'E

, __ •• _! _'. ",; , I:i .ft.l\ ( ~Y.'I. .' _ . . . . _ - ' . _ ( ".' ., ", . [I" '. ,

NUMB,ER iaeo, 7; DATE,DMA Y ss, 1980

Su,bj.ect: TrainIng and Edue8'tion Measu,re;S Necessary' 'to ,Support 'the Code o:f Conduct ,Rele'ren.icles~:

(a) OO,D Directi"v'e 1300,.:1" suhJect as: ,a:bove .. July ,8" ,1964 (,heR-by can,ee]ed)1

II!! !Ii

(b') Execu'tive Order :10631" uCode of-C'oruiuct for Mtm,bers, of the Arme4 F'o'rees ofth,e 'United StaleSt" August 1·7'~ 1955~ 38 ,a,:IQ,eruied

(0) Report, 01 the, '1976 D1elense' Review' C~o,mmittee torr the Ciade: at C~o,ndu,ct,

(d) DO'D Directive 5000.,191 "Policies fo'r th,e Managemen,t an.d Co'ntrc1 of Infor .. m,at,ion Req uiremen ts,~ n March 1.2i, I ~976

~ (e:) Ex,ecutive Order 1201'7 ~ Novietnber 3:; 1971 (I) GeD'eva COD'ventlons of 1'949

(I') U'D'ifor.tJi, Cede of Military' ,J'U9:tice: ,(UCMJ)

,A. 'REIS8UAN'CE AND PUR'POSE Thia Direetlv'e nissues 'reference (.a) to:

1.. Establish, policies and prooldu'l"u and pl'Ovid,e guidance for the develop.eD,t aad execution, of traja,in, in fu!therantle ,0,' the aims an.d, objectives of the Code of Co,n.du.ct p1romu 19'ated 'by referen.ce (b) for p'u!m,bms IIJ,f tbe Alm,ed Fo,rc. .. ~ and.

2~ 'Prg,vide"ilain'i:og :to,r members o·ftheArmed Fo'rces, in, S\1,p"po,rt;,of'the Code·o"fC1ondu,d.,

B;~ A,PPLICABILrrY

Th,e' p.rovisio'DS ol this Dir.'e:G;ti ve apply to th.e. Office ot'th,e Secretary' of. Defense ,( 08D), and, the Military 'D"epart'me'uts. T'he. term, Mili.tary Se'rlice refer's, to! the' Army" Na.vy ~ ,Air' FOlfc:e'; Marine Oorpi~ and, by arrEH~men't with the Department of Tra,n,portati,ollt- ,the' Coast Guard.

C.. 'DEFIN'rr1'ONS,

FIGH,TIN'G MAN ~ 18 used in the leD,erie sense, and re,f'erl 'to all members ,0,' the, Armed, For,ces~

n OBJ,ECTIVES

The objectives. of this Directi,ve are 'to ,ensure that;

1~ The Military De.partme.D'ts, rnain,tain enerB'e~ u,niforDl" and continuing' training pJ.'OlTam8, in support of the Cod" of C~n,duct,,, in clU.diD"I' inetrncti.o'D in m,ethods of e'vEliio,n1, ..:IoIII!IIJ'l-a- pe" ·a'~":' ;ole-"'~d!·""D"""e ~~'r-.iii,~ V, • ...nD6 d~- o' f b,o"sr'';!'e'" ex' p' C]'o',ita' t.i~'OD-

~~- . _'II! _uU "I' _ J:;IiilPl:JltG _ ~ 1LU.U.~1I1 . III!IY:JI'''' 8 - !!.I!fi'''l~~ ... _ -, .J"".. . -_" ,." " ... !II -_. I. l' - ..

3.. There is c'onsistenc:y in all DOD Code of Conduct training prcgrams, materials I and ins truetien al inform ation.

4. Code of C ond uct-re la ted instructi onal material develops in all rnem bers of the Armed . Forces a uniform, positi ve a tti tude th at they m us t. and can resist captor efforts to exp loit them to the disadvantage of themselves, their fe.11ow prisoners, and their country. The theme 0 f all instruction shall encourage this po si ti v e attit ude,

"'I .;;

5. Trainin g programs i mpress upon all trainees th at th e inherent rasponai hi Ii ties of

rank. and leadershi p, nrili tary bearing" order and discipline, tea m wor k, devon on to fellow

m mb _. _. - d th d t" t . t th . . - t les - - n d b a - ture .

. e·· _ _ . era ,. an '. . . e ". u ·.Y' 0 reSlS .e enemy are no .. - .esse:-, ,_'-e' -y c· p -', _ ',.

E,~ PO LIC LES

.

1. DO.D· personnel who plan, schedule, commit, or control the use of the Armed Forces shall fully understand 'the, Code 0'£ Conduct and ensure that personnel have the training an d ed uca tion necessary to support thee ode of Conduct, Reference (b) and. this Directive

ate the basic policy' do .... u -n , : t f' o· t n-i . ,a a.. . d. - d ·c·· .. a·· tic -

. . - . . _ """ men is ,r r ~nln~ _n _ e . U ' ... _OD ..

2. Examples, statements, writings, and material of a defeatist nature shall not be used in training programs, excep t when directed towards pos.iti ve laarnin g outcnm es,

3. In do,ctrin,a tion in the Code of C on duct shall be ini'tia ted with ou t, delay upon the en try ofmembers into the, Armed: Forces, and shall continue 'throughout their :m.ilitary careers.

4. Whil.e· re,alistict stressful training is appropriate and is au til orized, it mus t be cl osel y supervised to prevent a buse.

5. Code of C on duet-re la ted trainin g sh all be focused 0 n three levels of train in g 'W hich is given to:

a. LEVEL A. All members of the Armed Forces

b~ LEVE L B~ Personnel w h ose military role en tails modera te risk of ea ptu reo

c. ,LEVEL C,. Personnel whose roles entail a relativelv high risk of capture or make them vulnera hie to graater-than -3. ver age exploita ti on by a captor.

-6. Detail ed training policy guidan c e for instruction in support of the Code of C on d net is preseri bed in inclosure 1 ~

* * * • * * *

G. INFORMATIO,N REQ,UIRE,MEN'TS

Records will be maintained by the Military Services to indicate completion by individual personnel of Code of Co nd u ct-re lated instruetion. This reeordksepin g req uiremen t is exempt from formal approval a.n d licensing ~ in accordance wi t:h DO'D Directi ve 5000r 19·.

* * * ~ • * *

74

INCLOSURE 1

GUIDANCE F'OR INSTRUCTION IN SUPPORT OF THE CODE OF CON'DUCT

A. INS.TRUCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

1.. The Co de of C on d uct as prom ul gated by Executi ve Order 10631 (reference (b») an d as am en d ed by Execu ti ve Order 12017 on 3 N ovem ber 1971 0 u tlines basic. re spensi bilities and obligations of members of 'the Armed Forces of the United States. All members of the Armed Forees are expected to measure up 'to the standards embodied in tile' Code of Conduct, Although designed for prisoner of war situations, the spirit and intent ofth.e Code is applicable to service members subjected to other hostile detention, and.such members should conduct themselves. consistently, in a manner that will avoid discrediting themselves and their country+

2., The Code of Conduet.dn six brief articles, addresses those situations and decision areas that, to some degree, will he encountered by all personnel. It. includes basic inf arm a tion useful to prise ners of war and those s u bj ectad to other hostile detention, in their task of surviving honorably while resisting 'their captor's efforts to exploit them to the ad vantage of the enemies! cause and the disadvantage of their 0 wn. Such survival an d 'res is tance req uires v aryin g degrees of kno w led ge oftb.e me ani n ga 0 f the six sta tements that make up the Cod-e of Conduct.

3+ The degree of know ledge req uired by mem bers ofth.e Arm ed F orces is dictated by the fa) military service mem bel'S' susceptibility to capture, (b) amount ofseneitive information possessed by the captive, and (c) captor's or detaining power's likely assessment of the capti v e' So usefulness an d val u e ..

a. Consequently, the military jobs, specialties; assignments, levels of position, rank, and seniority of some individuals require detailed training in the principles, procedures, a.nd techniques of evasion ... ca pti:vi ty survi val, and resistance to ex.pl oita tion, For others, basic explanations of the, problems, duties, and obligations of the captive win suffice·.

b. The complex circumstances of detention which are not incident to an arm ed conflict by a foreign power will require speci al ins,troctio,D,s ..

c. The degrees of knowledge required by individual service members will change with changes in job assignment and levels of responsibility. N'ew information may become a vailable co n cemin Ii poten ti al enemies' p'W mana gemen t techniq ues, Sup plemen tar.y trainin g will be provided as re.q uired,

d. As a convenience to training managers, trainers I and those being trained, required levels ,oJ understanding are provided, based on knowledge needed, Designation of persona el to these levels wi II be determined by the mil i tary servic e concern ed.

4. Training guidance for:

LE,VEL A. Represents the minimum level of understanding for all members of the Anned Forces to be imparted during entry training of all personnel.

LEVE.L B. Minim um level ,of understanding for service members whQse military jobs, specialtiea, or assignments entail moderate 'risk of eapture; fo,t example, members of ground combat units and crews of naval vessels. Training will be conducted for such persons as soon as their as sumption of duty rna kes them eligi ble.

75

LEVEL C. Minimum lev@lofunderstandingforservicemembers whose military jobs, specialties. or assignments entail significant or high risk of capture and whose position, ra n k, or seniority make t hern vulner able to gr eater- th an-a ver age exp 10i tation efforts hy a captor. Examples; A.il'CI"eWS of military services and special mission forces such as Navy special warfare combat swimmers, Army Special Forces and rangers, Marine Corps force reconneiseance uniza, Air Force parareseue teams I and military attaches. Training will be conducted for these members as soon as assumption of such duties or responsibilities makes them eligi.ble.

The intent in providing subject matter guidance for use in ascending levels, of understandin g is to' direct th e military services to increas B' each mem bel' ~ s depth of know ledge de'pending upon his or her needs) not to pro vid e a checklist of topics or number of hours of instruction required" Training toward Levels Band C, for example" should include more detailed information concerning coping skills and more complex problem solving concerning leadership and command topics that 'were firs:t introduced to the member during Level A training.

B,. ARTICLES OF THE CODE OF C:ONDUCT AND IMPL,EMEN:TING INSTR'UCTIONS

(NOTE~ The Articles ofth.e Code of Conduct and Explanations, as published in 00:0 Directive 1300.7, are contained in chapter 1, pages, 5 to 10 of this manual.)

TRAINING GUIDA.NCE

ARTICLE I

LEVELS, At B, C. 'F amiliari ty wi th the wording and, bas ic meaning of Article I is necessary to understand that:

a. Past, experiences of captured Americans reveal that honorable survival ,of capuvi'ty requires t"hat a member possess a high degree of dedication and motivation. Maintaining these q uali ties req uires know ledge of, and a stron g belief in:

(1) The ad van tagea ofthis country; s democratic ins titu tions and co n c epts;

(2) Love of and faith in this country and a conviction that the country's cause is just;

(3) Faith in, and loyalty to! fellow prisoners.

h. Possessing the dedication. and mosivation fostered by such beliefs and trust. will enable prisoners to aurvive long, stressful periods of captivity and return to country and family honorably and with their self-esteem i ntaet;

ARTICLEll1:

LEVELS, A, B~ C~ 'I'raining should ensure that each individual ia familiar with wording and basic meaning of Article IL

L,EVELS 1St C~ Training should be oriented specifically toward additional depth of

76

knowledg'e on the following tOP'lcs) first Introdaced at 'Level A. Specifically, members must , ..

a, Understand that when they are eut offt sbot down. lor otherwise isolated .in lene,my~ contrclied territo.ry, 'the,Y must make eve'ry effort"to a'void, capture .. 'The courees of,ac'tlo.n a vailable include concealment uD'tU recovered by Eriendly 'rescue ferees; evasive ·travel to a friendly ,or neutral territOf)'i and. evasive travel to o·ther prebriefed areas,

b" Understand. that capture does not constitute ,8 disb.onorable act if 811 rea,sonable m.ean.s of .''Voiding it. bave be,en, exh,austed. and. the only altem,a.tive is certain dea,th",.

LEVE'L C. Training should ensu're th.a't mem bel'S undel'stand and have confiden c'e ,in the pr,ocedures and te,chniques ofresC'ue by search and recovery 'forces and the procedures fof' properly 'Utilizing s pecializ ed avasion des tina tiona.

,A.RTIC·LE III

LEVElS A.t B, C .. Training should ensu're that m,embem are.filun:iliar with the wording and 'basic' meaning of Article III~

L,E:VE:LS, B I,nd C~. T'r-sinin.I' SbO'ldd lJ"e' oriented tow'ud addi Uonal d,epth. 0.£ k:n,Orwledge of the fol1o .. wi.ng topics, firs't introduced at Level. .A. Speeitic',allYJ members m,us,t ~.

a~· Understand that eap,ti vi ty ia a situ ation invel Yin g' eon tin uous control by a captor. who :m·ay atiiem:p't to use the PW as a SOUlIc,e, ,of military inlorDlatio:nt for :politi,cal purpoe8S'i

, __ ..J " lal b'· . ~ a .. t4 .......... t "nd~ t ~ t"

__ ,._u as a pote'ntl ~ .' SU· lect ,or po .'1' 1.tiaJ. n ~. oet ·nn.a. lOD,.

b. Be familiar with the rigb.ts and c:.bligatiQ-ns of·bo·th the prisoners of'Wal' an·d the captor UDder the provisions of ·the Gen,evR Conventions of 194,'9 lind, be aw'are o.f the 'increased significance g,f resistanee ,sh.ould the c'a,ptor refuse' to a.bi.de by th" pro....nsions, of the Genf.·v8. Conventi,ons~ Be aW8r'e tb,at, 'th,e rnistanc'e' l'equired by' the· Code! '0" Conduct is directed at captor exploitation efforlst because such effo'rts vi-olate the Geneva. Conventio'nsi Under'" stand th at resistance beyond that id en titied above is u bj ects the USPW to p08si ble punishment by the c',ap'tor-punishment th.at the ,ca.ptor reserves for serious offenses agains,t order and discipline '01" criminal O'ff,enselJ 8g,ainst the deta'ining .pow'er;o

'C", Be familiar witht and p.repared fo·r.. the im.plieations of the CO[QmuD:ist Bloc' Reserv,at.i.on 'to Article 85 of lbe Geneva Cony'entiODS~ Article 85 offers pro·tection to a PW legaUy eon vieted of a crime, committed prior to eapt.ure'~ 'U'Dderstand that Communist captAOT.1 often. 'th'rea.ten to, UBS their rese·rva.tion to' Article ,85 as a balis· for a,djudling' aU. members ·of o·ppos;ing armed :forees, 8S "war eriminru,s:.:Iit' As I. result, PWSi ma,y :find themsel ves accused of be in g "war criminals" simply because they wa goo .'ar against their C om.m unist captors prior to 'their capture, The US Govemmen t does not recognize the validity of this argument.

d" Co,neerni"ng e9cape,~ under.8'tand. ·that a succesafu.lescape by 'USPWs (3) causes the enemy to divert fo,re.es th,at mi8'ht o'therwise be tightin8. (b) returns the escapee 'to mu'ntry' and family', (e) furnishes the U'S lorees, valuable into'no.'llon on captivity ~ and (d) serves as an exam'p,le to all membees of the A.rmed Forces.

""

(1) 'Understand the advantages of early escape, in that members of the ground forces are usually relatively near friendly forces, For all captured individuals", an early escape attempt takes advantage ofthe facts that the initial captors are usually not train ed guards. tha t the security system is rel a:ti vely lax! and that th e prisoner- is not yet in a debilitated physical condition.

(2) Be f amiliar with the com p lie ations of esc ape after am val at an. es t~ blished prisoner-of-war camp; such as, secure facility and. experienced gu,ard system, usually located far from friendly forces, debilitated physical condition ofprisoners, ps ychol ogic al factors which reduce eSC8,p e moti va ti on (" b Ell: bed 'wire syndrom e' ')" and the often diffe'ring ethnic characteristics of escapee and enemy population.

(3) U nderstand the importance of being alert for escape opport,unities, especially for PW 9 immediately a fier capture or when confined alone.

( 4 J Understand 'the co mm and su pervis ory role of th.e senior m iii tary pers on and the PW org aniza tion in esc ape,s fro m es ta blish ed prise ner-of-w ar camps. U riderstand the reaponsibiliries of escapees, to their fellow prisoners.

€:r Understand that acceptance of parole means a PW has agreed Dot to e'ngage in a specified act, such as to escape or to beer arms" in exchange for a stated ,privilege~ and 'that US policy forbids a PW to accept s urn, parole.

f. Underatand the effects C'D prisoner organization and morale, as well as the possible, leg al ccnsequeneee, of accepting a fa vor from the enemy that results in gaining benefi ts or privileges not available to all prisoners .. Such benefits and privileges include acceptance of rel eas e prior to' 'th e release of sic k or wounded prisoners a r those who have been in captivity longer. Special favors include improved food, recreation) and living conditions not a vail a ble to other PW s,

LEVEL C. Training should be oriented toward additional details concerning the above, as well as understanding the necessity for, and the mechanics of covert organiz,ations in capti vi ty. These org'aniz a tion s serve the ca pti ve' s ends, .such as effeenn go escape.

ARTICLE IV

LEVELS A" B, C. Training should ensure that members are familiar with the wording and basic meaning of AIticle IV and understand that,· ~

8. Leadership and obedience to those in command ar,e essential to the discipline required to effect successful. organization against captor explcitation. In captivity situations involving two. or more prisoners, the senior ranking prisoner shall assume command; all others will obey the orders and abide by the decisions of the senior military person regardless of differences in service affiliations. Failure to do so will result in the weakening of organiaation, a, lowering cf'resistance, and" after repatriation, ma.y result in legal proceedings under the Uniform Code of Military Jus. tice (U ClvIJ)..

b. Faith, 'trust~ and individual gro'u,p loyalties have great value in establishing and maintaining an effective prisoner of war Orff'.anization.

c. A vol un te er informer or collabor a tor is. a trai tor 'to fellow prisoners and C oun try and" after re pa tria ti on, is s u bj ect to punia.hme:n t 'under the U CMJ for such actions, ..

LE'V'ELS BAND C. Tlra.inln,g' should ble'specifically orie,nf.ed toward a.dditio,nal d,e!pth of know ledge On the followin g topics I first in trod aced, at Level ,A. S peeifieally, mem hers mut~·

a, Be nlmiliar' 'with the pri,nciple$ otb,ygi,enel sanitation, hea i'eb. maintenance, first aid, physica,j condit,ioning'j and food. utUb,aUo'Il" incllllding' re:c,()lgnidon, and e'm,e'rgen.cy sf),lf .. trsatmen t of ty'p.ic al PW cam p HInes ses by em ergency use of prim iti ve materials and a vaila ble substances I(fo:r exam pie, toothpa:s'te'l salt, and, chareoal), Such kn.'ow~edge ,ex,erts an important .influence on prisoner abilib' to resist and assist! an ,e,ffeetive" p'W

~J

O'N7an-" ;..,. .... u .. OD' '

"e·' ~' ..... .J

b. Understand the importance of and the basic procedures for establishing secure co'mm.unications be'tween, separated .individuals and grlou.:pa ,of ,prisoners a,temptin" 'to ,est a bli8h and maintain an effective organization",

B f" ·1" j,_,'I!.. t"h .' t't..· . 1 d ,'" 1 h cteri '. I' ,I;"L.

c. e rami lar WI Wl '. e m,B] or e : u l'llC I raCUI t. an ". na tl on a c' .. ,ar,Iit'-;,ens;uc',s 0, ~,e Sl'ntmy

th,&,t can effect prisoner.captor relationships to the d,etrtment of individual prisoners and p,risoner o:r.g,a'ni:za'tion.,

d .. , Further un,ders,tand tcha,t ' ;

(1) An informer or oollahorato,r should be insulated from sen~dt,ive iniormati.on concerning ,PW 'org,aniza:t.iont but that ,eontin'uing effo:rts sheuld be madle by mem hers of the PW organiza'tion. to encou'rage and perlu,ade the collaborator to eease such. activiti,es;, .

(2) Welcoming' a repentent collaborator "back to the fold" is generally a 'more leffed.i ve PW org,anization res.istan,c e technique than CQn tin ued is olation, w hie.h may' only enCOll'rap t.be colla,borator'to CO'D'ti'Due such treasonous conduct; and

(3) There is a, significant difieren,ee betw'Hn the collaborator who must be j)'trstZ,aded to return and i,he ree;is,t.an,t whe, baying 'been 'physically' or mentally tonured into co,mplying with a. captorls improper demand (such as information. or 'p'fopaganda sta'te:me:n,'t)t 8,houid be helped to gather $ir-ength and be returned to resista'nce.

a, U nd,erstand t.ha:tj, in situations where military 8,nd civilia.n, personnel are imprisoned to'gether, the senior military prisoner should make t'very effort to Pft'$uade ei vilian pris'onel',s tn,at the military mem bert s as,Buming overall command leadersbip of 't'he entire p:risoner' gl'(U411t. based. upon experien.oe' and, specific'

... _,;: ,j .. d to &.L,,,,", ~.. ..

w;cuDlDI; 1.5 a _ v&nugeous .' :Uu: enttre pnsoner commuDlty ~

L -

LEVEL C. Understand the need. for and the mechanics of establishing an. effective, covert 'o'rg,aniz~a'tion in ,situ81tioRS whete the cap tor. attem pte to pre "len t or frus'trate a pro pe-f ly constituted or,anbation ...

ARTICLE V

LEV,ELS A. B t C~ Traini,n g' ahowd ,ensure that ID,ember.s are familiar with the wording and 'basic mes;ning oJ Article V ~

79

LEVE:LS B, AJ.~D C+ In addition to, the, fundamentals introd,uced at Leve1 A" ad.d.it,i,onal understanding should be acquired at Levels 8 and C. Specifically, members must ~ ~

a, Be familis.'r with the Varl.,OUS aspects of the in'te:rro,ga non process, its phases, the procedures, methods and techniques of in tft'rog,8'tion; and the int.erro,ga tor' s goals, 8tre:n,gthS~1 and, weakn.-eQes.

b. U nderst,and tha t a pl'iso ner of war is required by the Gen BV a Con yen ticns and the Cede of Conduce to disclose name, rank, service number,~ and date ,ot birth,., when qUtiltioned. 'U nderstand that ,a_n,Bwering further questions 'mus't be avoided. ,A prisone:r is eneouraeed to limit, further disclosure by use of such resistance teehniqu,es as ,claiming inahii.lity to furnish additio;nal info,tm,a,tJ.on. beeaese of pre'vioiul' orders. poor m,emory" ignorance o,f answer or lack of comprehension. The prisoner may never willin,gly give the ca ptor addido n,al infor,ma t'io:n't but must resist dol 1'I.i' so even i:f it in vo I ves wi tbstandlng men,tal and phy'sical duress.

c. U n.ders,tand t:h at, S;hOlrt, oJ( death. it, is; un1ikely that a USPW can prevent a s;killed enemy interrogator, using all available psychclcgical and physical methods of coercion, (ro,m 'Gbt,iining some de,gree, of rco,mpliance by the PW with captor demands. However, understand 'that if taken pas,t the poin tot maximum endurance by the cap,tort the PW In nIt recover 8S q u.iekly as p0l8i.ble and, resist each ,9,ucc:essi va captor exploitation, effort to 'the utmost., U'n.de'fs,tand that a f~)!rced ans,wer on Oin,e po,in,t does not, autbO'rl2,e' e:ont,in,u,ed, eompliance, Even the same answer mus't be resil!l't.ed again at the next interrogatien S'e$sio,n~

d, Un.d,erstan.d tha.t a prisoner i8 authorized by the Code or Conduct 'to cQ,mm,unle'ate wi th, the ea,pto,r on indi.vi.d ual he'alth or welfare maJters, and, 'when 8Ppropria,te; on routine matters o,i'camp administration+ Conversations on these, m,atter's are' not c'ons.idered to be

· i dd"'£': &1"' ~ ti (S A""'::cl V" dEl ,. · h " 1 f" thi al ')

IIV1D,g a, ,"l,w,on "" mrormat '" cn.t "ea'. ' .("~,'e', anxpan,atlon In c' iapter l ¢' , liS manua . '

e, Un,der,s,ta:nd that the PW' may 'fu:rnish limited informadon concerning family sta'tua and ad.dress'in filling out a Geneva Conventions card. Be aware th.at a ,pmoD,er may write person al co' rrespond !ne'e., Be aware tha t the ~aptor will have :fuU access tOI bO'tb, the' infonnation on the capture card and the c'O,nte,nts ,of personal correspondence,.

f. 'Be familiar with the captor's reasons for and m,ethods ,of attempting to, in vol "Ie' prisoners, 'in both, in.ter.nal and external propaganda activities~ Understand tha ta prisoner m list utilize, ,every means a vaila b] e tOI a vo,id par'ti'cipation in such a,ctivi ties, and m Q,st not, make oral or written 8,tatements disloyal to country and allies or detrimental to fellow prisoners. ,ot war,

,. Be .familiar with the captoes reasons for and methods of attemp'ting to indoctrinate p,risoners, po Ii ti c'ally .' 'Be familiar' with the m,e,t,h ods; of resis'un,I' such inaoctrin,a tion.

L,EV:EL C. T'rain ing sh 0 uld pro vi de addi tional d e,tai ls, and members should s'pecifically · • a, Unde'rstand thg;t._, even when coerced, bey'o:nd name, rank, service :n'u'mbe,r, da'te of bi,rthj and claims of inB,bJ.Hti,es, it ifi poui'ble to thwart, an interrogator J, efforts to obtain useful informati,on, by th,e use, of certain addition al rUle,s and s,t,ra.tagems.

b, Understand and develop confidence in the abillty to use properly the ruses and stratagem,s deslg,ned to th wart interrGI,ation.

aD

ARTICLE 'VI

LEVELS Aj B, C. Trainin g' sh ould ens ura th at mem hers are fa mil iar with the wording an d basic meaning of Article VI, and ..

a. Understand the relationship between the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the Code of Conduct, and realize thatfailure to follow the guidance of the Code of Conduct may result in violation of the provisions ofthe UCMJ. Every member of the United. States, Armed F orces should undsrs tand that mem ber s can he held. Iegall y ecco un ta bl e for personal action s 'while d etained.

h. Be knowledgeable of the national policy expreesed by the Presidentin promulgating

the C ode of Cond uct:

"" N 0 American pris oner of w ar 'will be forgotten by the United S tates ~ E very a vail a bls means will be employed by 'OU'f governm,ent to establisb contact witht to support and to obtain the release of aJ lou'! prisoners of war ~ Furthermo ra, the laws of the U ni ted S ta tes provide for the support and cars of dependen te, 0 f the Armed Forces, incl udi ng those who become prisoners .of war. I assure depend en is of such prisoners ilia t these la ws will con tin ue to provide for' their welfare. jJ .

c Understand til at both the PW and dependents will be taken care of by the Armed F orees and that pay and allow ances, eligibility an d proced u res :for promotion, and benefi ts for dependents contin ue while the PW is detained.

d. U nderstand the importance of military service mem hers ensuring that. their person al affairs and family matters (pay, powers of a ttorney, 'will, car paym ents, children ~ s sch 00 ling) are kep,t current thro ug,h, discussion ~ co unsaling, or filing of d ocumen ts prior to being exposed to risk of capture,

e. U nderstand th at fail nre to accomplish the abo ve has resulted in an alm ost overwhelmin g sense of guilt on, the part of the USPW',s and. has placed unnecess ary hardship on. family members,

c. SPECIAL A.LLOW ANCES FOR ME.DICAL PERSON'.NE;L AND CHA.PLAINS

The additional flexibility afforded medical personnel a.nd chaplains, under the circumstances cited in the explanation to Article, I~ is further clarified as foll-ow,a:

ARTICLE I

a. Madieal personnel and ,chaplain,s are granted, by virtue of their special retained s tattle un del" the Geneva e'en ven tiona ~ certain latitude und er 'the Code !(Jf Cond uct if the policies of the captors adhere to the Geneva, Conventions' requirement permitting these

..

personn el to perform their prcfessional duties.

b. If the eaptors allow medical personnel and ch a plain s to' pedo nn their professional duties, these personnel may exercise a d,egn8 of flexi bili ty concerning 80m e of th e specific provisions o:f the 'Code ;0£ Conduct to perform their protes sicnal duties ~

c 'This degree of O,e'xibUity can only be employed if it is in. the best in terests of the medical and spiritual needs of their fellow military service members and their coun try ~ 'Like all members of the Armed, Forces, medical personnel and chaplains are accountable for all of their actions,

81

ARTICLE II

No a ddi ti onal flex! bill ty "

,AR,TICLE III

Under the Geneva Conventions. medical personnel and. chaplains who fall into the ha nd S 0 f the enemy are, en ti tlad to, be conaidered "retain ed person ne I n AN D ,ARE NOT TO BE CON SID1!;,RE D PRISO':NERS OF W AR~ 'The enemy is req uirad by the Co n veri tion s to allow such persons to continue to perform their medical and religious duties, preferably for PWs. of their own country. When the services of these "retained personnel" are no longer n eed ed for these d. u ties, the enemy is 0 blig a ted to return them, to their own forces.

a, The medical p-ersonnel and chaplains of the US Armed Forces who fall into the hands of the, enemy must assert their rig,ht as "retained personnel" to perform their medi cal and religious d. u ties for the hen efi t, of the PW',s and must tak e every 0 pportuni ty to do SO~

b. If the captor pEftmits 'medical personnel and chaplains to perform their profeesional fu.nctions for the welfare of the. PW community, special latitude is authorized the'se personnel under the Code of Conduct as it applies to escape,

c. Medical 'personnel and chaplains do not, as individuals, have a duty to escape or to acti vsly aid others in escapin g as 1 eng as 'th ey are treated as ~ 'retained person n el ~ t by the enemy. However, US experience since 1949, when the 'Geneva Conventtons WeI'e written, reflects no compliance by captors of 'US personnel with these provisions of the Conventions. US medical and chaplain. personnel must be prepared to be subjected to thesame treatment as other USPW s.

d, I n the even t the captor d.oes :not permit 'medical person nel and c haplains to, perf arm. their profession al "functions, they are consid ered ideo tical to all other PW',s with respect to their respon 8i hili tie-s, under the Code of Ccnd uet, Un der no cireumstan ces wil 1 the Ia ti tude granted medical personnel and chaplains be inte'rpreted to authorize any actions or

conduct d'· ........ " t~l t th' p .. W· th int ·t f· th·,,· . U ited S· t..::..te'.:f

....... ', .. :oe""nmen,wo' ·,e ... s or·· 'e IDe-res 0; .. e .. nLe .. '1I;iI, . ~.

,ARTICLE IV

Medical pers onaei are generally 'P rohi bi ted fro m assu ming corn rna n dover nonmedical personnel, and chaplains, are generally prohibited fro m assuming' command over mill tary per so nnel 0 f any bran c h., Military service regulatio us' w hi ch restrict eligi hili ty of these person nel for command will be ex plained to personnel ofall is ervices a. t an appro p ria te level of understanding to preclude later confusion in a PW camp+

. ARTICLE V

This article and .its explanation also ,app.ly to medical personnel and. chaplains (retained. perso nnel). They are required to comm uniea te with a captor in connection with their

~ "1 ib "I" . bi h ints d "' d i A icl I d v~I

prores sion a responsim 1 ties ~ S u J ect to' t . e restrain ts ' rscussec In rticles .anc . . ..

ARTICLE VI

N dditi I n ibili

o a,', mona ..... e:Xlllty,"

82

A'D'PENDIX' , D .n..r><~_:', -, I:

EL'E'!!M- '~1:!i:NT": -"'S',: '0:" "F: . A B A C;l!'IC" -', 'pD"S' ,'0:' "'N"" -ED "01 F': 'W"~AR-:' U-" -'8- 1'8: 'T- '"A:-' :N-' cs 'T-' 'R' AI' -'N':' ]'N"O< C'IO' 'u'~aE"

, '", ·1l.iI·_._.l~~ _ 1_ :"." "" .. i_" :._:--: , ,:'~', '" <. ", "~"-'.,: ',_ "'. I ""~ ..:_."_. _" .... ~. :.,",: '-.'.-.- . ,.>:'. [~. ~'. ", ,g , ,-.': .. , .:', . ',.- -', I<.~.-": "," "'~ '.

(TO BE PUBL),S"HED)

AP'PENDIX ,E

EXTRACT O'F THE MOST IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF THE GPW

N10T,E: 'The co:m,p,iet.e ,Artici:e is 'q uoitedt un:~ess lotherwise sta.ted. For com" plete text, refer to DA Pam :27 .. 1 t Deeember 1956,~ Treaties Governing Land Warfare ..

LEGAL STATUS

AR;TI CLE T. PrisoID,ers; of w'a'r may 'under no ci'rcu.ms:tance reno,u'n,ce in part or in en,tiret.~(' the rights s scured to them by the presen t Con yen ti on, and. by the special agream f,Hl ts referred to in the foregoin g Artie Ie,. if such there be,

ARTI C LE 13,. Prtsoners of w, •. r :rn ust a. t all tim,g be h u rna n ely trea ted. An y un la wful act 0:[" ,o:missl,o'n. by the :Oetainin,g' Power ca'uing death or 5e:ri;oQsly le,ndanger.in:g the health o,':a 'prisoner in ita custody is 'pro;h:ibi,'ted; and 'will be regard.ed as a serious breach ,otthe presen t

C''-'olPlLventl'on' 1'-- rti ilae 'IPi_Q p~li:Iioner ...... li0:ii. be . 'b'" """ted, '._ ph-- _. - ~ .... _'I mutl"lation or to

N,' '.' '.... ~ ,n 'pa cu w'~ &'1 :,L'.LiiiII"", ~.y ._ SUle".· !IoU ·.·,YS1Cl;ll, '" -' . . .... ,.

medic,al or seien ti:fic experiments, ,0£ any kind w hieh ar,e not justi.'fied by the medical, dental, or hospi.ta.l treatmens of the pm.oner concerned and carried out in his interest,

Uk,ewise~ prisoner,s of war' m,u,st, a,t aU tim,es be p,tO'tected~ partie:ular'ly' a,gains:t a ets: of' violenc:$ ,or intimida,tion and agains:t insults and public curl.osity.

M e'a8 u r'ee of rep ris al a,gainst p,risoners of war are prahi bi ted~

-

ART,IC'L;E 174 'Every prisoner ot'war~ when ,questioned Q,n the su.bject~ is bound to give

only hi,s surname. first 'Dame and rank; date of birth~ and armYi 'regimen tal, personal cr serial n um ber or ~ 'fajUn., thi8~ equiv'alent information~

If he willfully infringes this rule" he may render himself'lia.ble to a r.estriction of priviw leg'e8 accorded 'to his ra:n.k orr status:"

Each P arty 'to a conflict is req uired to furnis h the person s un der its j U Msdi ti on. w ho are 1 Ia bl e to become prisoners o,f 'W,ll' wi th an iden t.i ty card s hOWl ng the. 0 wner' s s u rn arne, :first 'n,amleSt; rank; army, ,re,glmental~ personal or aerial number' or equi'v,aient informa'tiiOn,~ and date of birth. The identi.ty card :may t furthermoret bear 't'he signLltu.re or 'the fingerp ri:nts or both, of the ownert, and may' bear as w,e11~ a.ny other information the party' to the CQ,nlliet m,ay 'wish to add concerning persona belonging to its armed ferees. As far as possi'ble the card shall measure 6.5 x.l 0 em, ,and shall be :lsSU'ed in duplicate" The identity card, shall be shown by; the .p'tisoller or war upon demand, but may in no case be tak,en from him.

,N 0' physical or mental tort'Ure~ nOl' any other form of coercion, may 'b e in fU~t&d on pri,son eX's ,0£ w U' to secure from ,them inform a tion or a ny kind w ha tever'. Prisoner s of war who refus e to Q,D,SWer m,ay n,ot be tb;rea tened, insu Ited, 0,' exposed to unp leas an t or disad v;anta"eQu$ 'treatm,ent of any :ki:nd.

Priso,ners. 0,1 war wh.o. owing 'to th,eir physical or men'tal ,condition, are 'unable 'to state thei'r' iden ti.ty.t shall be handed over to the medical service, .. 'The identity of such prisoners $hall be established by all pemble mean8~ 8ubject;, to the provisions of 'tb,£' preceding paraIT8,pb",

84

The q ues t:ioning 0 f prisoners 0 f war sh all be carried .0 u t in a la n gua g'e which they understand.

ART! C LE 25 (Extract), Prisoners of war s hall be q u artered und er co ndi ti on s as favora hie as those for the forces of the Detaining Power who are billeted in the same area. The said conditions shall make allowance for the habits and customs of the prisoners and shall in no cas e be prej u die ial to their health,

The foregoing provisions shall apply in particular' to the dormitories of prisoners of war as regards both total surf ace an d minim um cu hie space, and th e general installations, beddin g and bI a" kets

, " ,D_ ~+

The premises provtded for the useof'prisoners ofwar individually or collectively, shan be en tirely prote eted from dam pn es s and ad eq ua te ly heated and lighted, in p artieul ar between dusk and lights out. An precautions must be taken against danger of fire,

FOOD

ARTICL,E 26. The basic daily food rations shall be sufficient in quantity, quality, and variety to keep prison ers 0 f war in goo d health and, to pre yen t loss of 'weight or the development of nutritional deficiencies, Account shall also be taken of the habitual diet of the .prisoners.

Th.e Detaining Power shall supply prisoners of war who work with such additional rations, as may be necessary for the labor on wh.ich they are employed,

S ufficient drin kin g water shall be su pp lied to prise ners 0 f war. The use, of tobacco shall be permi tted.

Prisoners of war shall, so far as possible, be, associated with the' preparation of their meals; they may be employed. for that purpose in the kitchens. Furthermore, they shall be given t,b,e means of preparin g, themselves! the ad dition al food in their poe session.

Adequate pl",emis,es shall be provided for messing.

Collective disciplinary meat :,: es affecti ,g'.' food ar c prohibited,

. _'" m SiU r ,ue In ,O!IJ'U _ e _ '

CLO'THING

ARTI C LE 27 (E x tract), Cloth ing, und erw eat t. a nd footwear sh all be sup plied to prisoners of'warin sufficient quantities by the Detaining Power, which shall make allowance for the clima te of the region w he're prison era, are detained.

MEDICAL

ARTICLE 30 (Extract). Every camp shall have an adeq uate infirmary where prisoners of war may h a v e th e a tten ti on they require, as well as a. pp rop ria te diet, I solation wards shant if necessary, be set aside for cases of contagious or 'mental disease,

Prison ers of war sufferin g from seriou s diseaae, or whose condition n eces 8 ita tes special treatmen tt a surgical operati on 0 r hospital care, must be admitted to an.y military or ci vilian medical unit w here s uch tre a tm en t can be given, even if their repatria lion is contemplated in the near future. Special facilities shall be afforded for the care to be given to the di sa bled, in 'particular 'to th e bl in d .. and for th eir re h a bili tation, pendin g rep a tria.tion.

85

Prisoners of war shall have the, a'Usn u()nt ,prefer,ahly of medical personnel of the Power on, which they depend and, if ,possi'ble', of. their na,tionalit,y"

P':ris:o!Der'_s, OIf W'U ma.y not be, pre'V'ented, IT'Om, p,r.es;en. dn.g' tb,em,se'1ve's, to the, medic's} aut h arit'ies for ex amin ati on+

:RELIGIO:N

_~ I!-

ARTICLE 34.. Prisoners of war shaU enjoy complete Iatitnde in, th,e exercise of their 'Z'-eUgiOUSI d.uties~ in,cl,uding atrendanee a,t the service of'thei.r fai tn" on cOD,dition that th,elY

'] ith ~,L, dl; "II·' t" ib d' t.. .,'l... "1" , 'll... 'Ot"

comp·y WI . " ~ue .- lsmpdnary rQU lne' ,pre'SCI'!,e-, Qywl mlltary' aU'taO,n·leS.

,Adeq 1.1 ate premises shall be pro vided where re I igi 0 IJS servi CaS ma,y be, h eld.

EDUC,ATI-ON

,A:RTE'C'LE 38., 'WhU,e respecting the indi,vid ual p'le,ference's of ,eve:r.y priSQ,n,el\ the, 'Detain,· ing Power shaU encourage the practice' of'in.te1Ieetual. educational, and recrea.tional pursuits) sports and ,gam es amo n g~lt prisoners, and ,sh all tak e the me as ures n ecess ary to ensure the exem5e ther1eof by ,Pl"ovi1din;g' them with ,ad,eq'uat~ ,pt;e,mis,es and nec,es:sary eq'uipment.

M:ILITAR,Y COURTES,Y'

AR,TICLE 39,. I,v-ery prisoner of' war shall be put under the, immediate authority of a res ponsi ble com missioQ,ed, officer bel o,ngin g to the regular arm ed fatees of the D e'tai nin g Power, Such (.,fJic·er shall have In ,hls ~!h)sses,sio:n a eo:py of tbe present ICon v,e,n'tion:; he shall el'unl're that its pfO'visio:M are kno'w,n 'to the eam.:p ,s,taff 'and the guard shall be r,espoDsibl.~ under the direction of bis ,govemmeut, for its application.

Prisonera ofw'ar I' wi,th, tn,e: except.io"n ,0,' Offw.e~IS~, m,ust ,sal ute, and show to an ,offic:ers, of the Detainin,g P ower ,the extern al marks of res pect provided, for by th.e re rule; ti ens a p plying to t,h eir own f orces ..

'Officer pnso:ners, ,of-wax are bo und 'to salute on ly Q,fficler,s ofa higher ra n k IG,( the D,etai:n.in,1 P'ower; they mustl howl!-v,er] salute't'h,e camp eo,:mmander r,egmdl~8 ,of hls rank,

A.RTI'CLES P:OS,TED'

AR'TICLE 41., In eve,I"Y c,amp the text, 0 f the present Convention and its Ann exes and 'th e ICO ntents of any ,s:pecial agreement :pl'Ovided for in ,Ard,cl,e 6 shall be poseed, in the prison ars' own language~ in places w:here all 1118;)1' 'read them, C,o:pies shall be supplied~ on request, to the prisoners who cannot have ,access to 'the copy whieh bas been 'posted.

Regulation.s, ,or,dars. notices;, arad, pu bli~a,ti.on,s of e'v'ery ~,kind, relating to tn;e c()nd:uct of prison ers' of' war shall be iss ued 'to th e'm in alan i'ua ge w'hich ,th,eIY \l nd erstand, Such regula tinns, orderst and publications sh all be posted in 'the manner -deseri b ed a bo VI and ,copies shall be handed to the, ,pri:9Ione'r,a,' reprIQsen,tati-ve. Ev,er,Y order ,and command ,add'ressed. 'to pri.SQ,n,erg ot'warin,di;viduaIly'mllst Uk.ewlse 'be gl'ven:in a :language 'w hieh ,th,e,y

U'l:'lid' A'W'Q"_-- d ,I,,,; .'''''11; iQ~D ~ ~

8S

LABOR

ARTICLE 49... The Detaining Power' may utilize the labor of prisoners of war who are physically fit~ taking into account their age, sexy rank, and physical aptitude, and with a view particularly to maintaining them in a good state of physical and mental health,

Noncommissioned officers. who are prisoners of war shall only be required to do supervisory work. Those not so required may ask for other. suitable 'work which shall, so far as possible! be found for them,

I f officers or pers ons of eq ui v alen t statu s ask for s uita ble wo r k, it shall be fo und for them, so fat as possible ~ b u.t they may under no eireums tances be compelled to work", ...

DANGEROUS WORK

Unless he be a vo 1 un teer y no priso ner of war may be em ployed on labor w hie h is of an unhealthy or dangerous nature.

NO' prisoner of 'war shall be assigned to la bor w hich would be 100 ked u po n as h urn ilia tin g for a mem ber of the Detain in g Power' is own fa rces,

Th.e removal of mines or similar devices shall be considered as dangerous labor.

CAPTURE CARDS

ARTICLE 70. Immediately upon capture, or not more than one week after arrival at a camp, even if it is a. transit camp, likewise in case of sickness or transfer to hospital or to another camp, every prisoner of war. shall be enabled to write direct to his family Ion the one hand, and to the Central Priaoners o.fWar Age·ney provided {orin. Article 12.3 .. on the other hand, a. card sim ilar '- if po ssi b let t-o the mood el an n axed 'to the p res. en t. Con ven tio n, in formin g h is rel a ti ves of his capt ure, address, and state of health. The said c. ards s hall be forwarded as rapidly as posaible and may not be delayed in any manner.

MAIL

ART! CLE 71 (E xtract), Prisoners of war shall be allowed to send and receive letters and cards. If the Detaining Power deems it neceasary to limit the number of letters and cards sent by each prisoner of war, the. said number shall not be less than two letters and four cards m-onthly, exclusive of capture eards provided for in Article 70, and conforming as closely as possi hIe to the mod els annexed to the presen t Con vention, Furth er limi tati one may be imposed only if the Protecting Power is satisfied that it would be in the interests of the p rise n ers of war C oncerned to do so owing to di fficul ties of tran sl a ti on caused by the Detaining Power's inabilky to find sufficient qualified linguists to carry out the necessary censorship. If limitations must be placed on the correspondence addressed to prisoners of war, they may be ordered only by the Power-on which the prisoner depends, possibly atthe request of the Detaining Power. Such letters and cards must be conveyed by the most rapid method at the disposal of·the Detaining Power; they may not be delayed or retained for disciplinary reasons.

PACKAGES

ARTICLE 72 (Extract). Prisoners of war shall be allowed to receive by post or by any other mean s i ndi vid ual parcels or collective shi pm en ts containing, in particular, foodstuffs 1 clothing'. medical supplies I' and articl as of a re ligio us, ad uea tional, a r recreation al

87

character which may meet their needs, irrcludirig books. devotional articles, scientific equ iprnent, examina tion papers, m uaical instruments, sports outfits, and materials allowin g' prise n ers of war to 'P ursue th ei r stud ies 0 r th eir cui t u ral act i vi t ies,

SEN'IO'R RANKlNG OFFICER (SRO)

ARTICLE 79, In all places where there are prisoners of war, except in those where there are officers, the prisoners shall free1y elect by secret ballot, ,every six months, and alsc in case of vacancies .. prisoners' representati yes entrusted with representing them before the military authorities, the Protecting Powers, the International Committee of the Red Cross and any other organization which may assist them. These prisoners' representatives shall be eligible for re-election, (NOTE: This conflicts with Article IV of the Code of Conduct. y..' h ich sta tes that the seni or so ldier ""1] 1 take ch ar g e. )

In camps for ufficers and persons of equivalent status or in mixed camps, the senior o fficer amo n g t h~· prise n ers () f "'AT ar s hal I be recogn ize d as th e camp prise n ers' representati ve, I n camps for officers .. he shall be assisted by one or more advisors chosen by the officers: in mixed. camps, his assistants shall be chosen from among the prisoners ofwar who are not officers and shall be elected by them.

Officer prisoners of war of the same nationality shall be stationed in Ia bor camps. for prisoners of war for the purpose of carrying out the cump administration duties for which the prisoners of w'ar are responsible, These officers may be elected as prisoners' represen (ati ves un der the fi r s1.. para grap·h 0 f thi a Artie Ie, In su c hac as e. the as a is tan ts to the prisoners' representatives shall be chosen. from among those prisoners of war who are not officers.

Every representative must be approved by the Detaining Power before he has the right to commence his duties. "·her~ the Detaining Power refuses to approve a prisoner of war elected hy his fellow prisoners of 'A'aT, it must in form the Protecting Power of the reason for such refusal.

In all cases the prisoners' rspresentati ve must ha ve the same narionality, langu age;. and eustorns as the prisoners of war w horn he represents. Thus, prisoners of war distributed in different sections of a camp, according to their nationality .. language, or customs, shall have fore a ch sect i on their ow n prisoners j' re pressn t a ti ve, in acco rda.n c e with the fo regain g

par agraphs, .

LAWS O.F DETAINING POWER

ARTICLE 82.. A prisoner of war shall be subject to the laws, regulations, and orders in force in the armed forces of the Detaining Power; the Detaining' Power shall be justified. in taking judicial or disciplinary measures in. respect of any offense committed by a prisoner o.fwa.r against such Iaws, regulations.or orders. However, no proc,eedings or punishments co n trary to the pro vi s ions of th is Ch a pter shall be all ow ed,

If any law, regulation, or order of the Detaining Power shall declare acts committed by a prisoner of war to be punishable! w hereas the same acts would no·t be punishable if committed by a member of the forces of the Detaining Power, such acts shall entail disciplinary punishment only.

88

BLANKET C:LAUSE

-

ARTlCLE 85.. Prison,en orwar pr.osecuted~under the laws, of the Detaining Power for acts

commi.tted prio'rto capture-shall ntain~ EVEN IF CON'V'JcrED., the benefits of the ,present Convention.

(,N OTE: Certaln ,nations, ha ve im,ponant reserv,ationl 'to tbis article. These countries i:ns'ist ,any prisoner of'ws'r convicted efan A'LLE Q,E,D war crlme under the lawe oftbe re,s't'rainin'i power' loses the protection afforded by the Q,P'N,.

Th is means ANY adm is sian by a, PW' is s u bj: ect to in terp,reta tion by a c,apturing po'wer~ 11 it $uri:ts, the:ir pll,rpo.se" the, catl.n'tr,Y makin the, reserva;ti,on can, in,terpre,t, th"e: normal combat duties 01 a soldier as war crimes. Ev'en if tbe charg,ed P'W is, Jiven a trialt th.,e rQults and sentence ,are p,redetermined, as THE O'NLY EVIDENCE C'ON .. , SIDERED IS THE; PRISONER'S ADMISSION.)

DISCI.P,LINARY 8.ANCTIONS (ARTICLES 89·,90)

ARTI C'LE 89.. The discip linary p u nishm en.ts a p,plica ble to prisoners of war are the followin g:'

(1) A fine which shall not ~eed 50 percent 01 the advances of pay and working .pay which the ,prisoner of war would otherwise receive under the provisions 01 Articles, 60 and 62 during a period of not more than t'him days.. -

(2) Discontinuance 0,1 privileges granted over and above the treatment provided for by the 'p:rese.n't Con vent,io.D.

(3) Fatigue duties not ex c eedi.n g two hours daily. (4.) Con,fin,emen,t~

The punishment referred to 'liDder (8) shall not be ,ap'plied to officers,. ~

In no case aban disciplinary 'punishments be inbu'maD1 bru tal, or da'DgeroUS to, the health of 'pn' -,n,"""s' af . ar- .

. . .. 1Ii7V .. ~. 0, 'II" - ..

ART! C'LE 90.. Tbe duration o:r 8'IlY single (discipUna'l:yl punisbmen t shall in 'no case exceed th irty days.. Any period of confinement a w ai tin, the hearin,g 0 f a discipllnary offense or the award. of disciplin,ary punishment shall be deducted from an award pro·

no unced arainst a prisoner ,of' war. .

The, maxi.mum oftb.irty days ,provided above may n;ot be ex,ceeded? even if'the ptlsoner' of war is, answerable for severa1 acta a,t the same tim,e when he is awarded ,punishment~ whether such acts are related or' not..

The peeled between the pron,o'uncing of an award or di8ci'plina'ry punis,hm,ent and its execution ,hall :not exceed one M,o,n sh,

When a prisoner of'wuis aw,arded a fu,rthetdisclpUn,ary p'un,ishment! a period of'atleest th.ree d,sy:s, sh all ela.pse betwee'D, the e'xeeution:o'f any t,w 00 f the p uni ~3'hmen:ts4l,1f thedura,tion of one of the,se is ten, days Or m,ore' ..

B9

E S:C-A- p-: -E--

,-,,_.:.-",", ,'_". '. -',

ARTIC'LE 91" The eseape o.f a prison·&r o'f war sball be deemed to have succeeded w'hen: 3.. He has joined 'the armed forces of the Power on which he depends, or those of" an ally 0 I the sai d. Power.

b- He has le·ft the territory under the control of the Detaining Power on which be depends, or those of an ally olaaid .Power~

c. He has j..oin-ed a ship flying the flag of the Power ,o·n, which he depends, or of an allied Power, in ·the ·tern.t,orial wa.te:rSI of the D·etainin.g Power, tbe, said ship not

heing under the :control .of the last named power- ...

Peiseners 0.1 'war who ha've made good th.eir escs'pe in the sense of this .Article and who are 'reeaptu red, 9 ha 11 not be liable to an y punishment 'i n respect. of their previous es cape.

ARTlC,LE 9·2., A plrisoin.e·r· olf w·ar· who at,tempts. to escape and is 'recaptured hefb;re· ha ving' made good his escape in the' sense of Article· 91 shall be liable only to a discipUnaor punishment 'in respect. of this act, even if it is a repeated offense ..

,A pris oner 0 f 'war who is r·eeaptured sh all be ha n ded 0 ver with 0 u·t d e'l ay to the com pete·n t

'l' . to • .

m 1 '.ltary au tnon ty ,.

Article 88~ fourth paragrapht not.withstandingt prisoners of war punished as a result or an 'u.nsuccess.fUl escape shall 'be su~j ected. ·to special surveillance·" Such s.u·l'veillane·e shall :n'o't a'ffect the .sts·ee ofth.'ei:r health! must be under:I·Q·n,e in a p'ri-soner of war camp, and mus·t not entail the $uPP'!"e5s1on, of a:oy of the $·afeguards granted, them by the present Con.'V'e-n tion.

(NOTE: Offenses committed by PW $; with the, sole :inteR'tion of faeiH:tating their escape a nd w:hich do not entail a:ny violence .ail,ainst life or '1 im b, such as offenses ag'ainst public propert~", theft without inte'ntion ofself-e·nrich.m·ent, the drawing up of falSie pa.pe·rSit O;t the' wearin.g o.£' civiUan. cloth.in.1 sban. occas,ioll1. disciJ;ltlinary punis,h, .. ment only~

'The use· ,0:£ weapons against, PWs" I-sp-e.cially ·those ,a·t·te;m,pting to escape, shall cons·titute an extreme meas·Ule and shaH 'be preceded by warnings~

Killin.g· d.urlnS· an escape C'.aD be pu.n,isbed. by d,eath.~

If an esc.,pe is successful and ·th~ .successful escapee is la.tel recaptured, he may be au bj eet to [udicial action for those o rfenses entailin.g viole:n.ee 'to life or lim b or fiO·t otherwise wi thin Artiel e g.3., GPW.

It should be noted tha.t a .soldier 11u::cessfuUy' efiecUng an escape is ,a.gain. a combat,. an t (his lei'al status.) and subject to t:he la.w of "'·ar ~ Killin, 01 ci:rilians~ o'r other breaehes o:f the Conven tiO·R". to eiTect :b18 escape .8'ubject him 'to prosecution under the U niform C ode of MUita'ry J ustiee. (Articles 4 2 ~ 91, 93 G PW ~n

ARTICLE· 98 (Ex.tract) •. lacs.pe· or a.t,tem.pt to; esca,pe', eve'D, if it is a, re'pe'8ited. oltle·nse: shall. DO,t he ·deemed an aggrav.ating circumstance if the prisoner of' war is .subjected ·to trial by 1udicial proceedinp in. res,pect, of an offense co'm:adtted durin, his eeca.pe or attempt to ,.ca·pe~

In CQnfo·rm.ity wl.th dle 'p'nnciple s·tated in Article·83~. offense.s committed by priseners of

., tho -, th ",. ten ~ t4: ~l~ - .. ...l.._ + d bleb d t t ~ 1 . I

war Wl_ - _. ' I.e ·sC),e In.- . tlon 0 -, ,·8a. Itatlng W,Jell' escape.an w • -. e ". - - - 0, no • enal. any'Vlo mee

'90

agains't life or Umb~ such as offenses; against pubUc ·propert.y, theft without :int,e'ntion cf self,,'enrichment; the drawing up or' tu!·e of false papers, or the wearing of civilian clothing, shall eeeasion disciplinary p·unishment only.

Prisoners o.f war who aid O'r ahet an escape 01" an at'tempt to escape $ha.U be Ua'ble o:n ,thIs

" di ~ 1"" .. 1:.

oouu·t to· 'lSClp.·lnat'y punIShment onLY~

REFERENCES\~ For' ·the com'plete text of the GPW without diseussien, see D,A Pam

27'~1,. '1'readn Gov·erning Land Warfare" pages, 6·7~118~

Sie PM 21:"lO~ The Law o'f Lan,d, W'a.d.are:,. pages 2S.82~ for diseussicn and tex.,", Referen,ee is mad e' tOI o,ther c:o-uve'nU,Olns, and treanes in this text

DA Pam 27·!,61~2). Inte'rn.ational Law, Vat II! pa.ges 89-101, covers prisoners of w'ar by top:ic. The pamphl1et. pu.bUsbled in 1'96\2~ discusses US ex'peri1e.nces from the Revolu't'ion to t'he 'Ko'r'ean co:nflilc·t~ It expia.in8:, i:n la" language, the :mean'ing of some of the .m'ost im,por·. taat articles of the GPW.

AP'PEN'D.fX, F PQ,LICY

COMMAND

CHAIN O,p C~ OMMA,ND., The chain of eommand is tiI:e m,ost, 'rundam,en:tal and im port,,a,n:e ,Qrg,aniza,ti!on,al technique ussd by the ,Ar,my,.

COM:MAND RE'SPO'NSIBILIT'Y'. Command is a. res'ponslbUlt,y 't'bat must: be,,a's,8umed by the senior member presen't and able 'to function .. This RsponsibiU,ty may' no't be declined,

COMMAND O,F ME,MBERS OF QTH,ER SERVICES~ M'ember,s gf any service can commend mem'bers of oth.er serviees,

ASSUM,PTIO,N OF COMMAND~ Assump:tion of'oDm,ma,n,Q will b,e, announced by erders, ~n at manner ,a:PP10pria.te to the PW situa,tion, and conditt,oris.,

DEATH' DISA' BILITY' OR' ABSC'I"NCE' O'F C'O"M"M' ANDER' I th f' d iL

I, ~ .. ~,'" ' .. ~._,_~ .'. ," ,','~l:,' ',:_"_-,',, _:.:::_ n tne event ,o.',ea-t"~

dis a hili ty or 'tern porary a bsenc e, the next senior' comm iasioned 0 fficei!" 'w'srr'9 n t 'officer'~ cadet ncncommissioned 'ofB,eer _ necialise . or p·ri V'8:t·e p. rese:n t and nc ,t IneUaib i- bv vi, . ti' . e

- , - - _ .. - .. .. . .. ~ Ii.l"'...... . -.~ .'" . . . . t ., Q , 'Ci e. iI' r - u

t' '} t· '. d "1:1I.l - -11 '... ~ b 'L, ~

e regu'& 1,1))0 S, err' m,lICOD' 'Uct .. W1IJJ assume co,m'm,anu un tlJJ. l'e',!l).e'velll ,~y pmp!@r a,ut~,~,O;n,ty",

ABSENCE OR DIC!A BIUTI' 'YO'-'F A- L'I O'-'FF!' "C"';E'D~ I" 'th ..... ,··t·· r' d' ,":h d '.. ·b~'],,,,t·, .. '

.. "", _ "_' ,,~,~_: .' ". '.:~ .'. -, '~~ .' ,n __ e even. o."eat'!!I.ls.al 1 y, ,Dr

a bs enc e of all officers I t'h,e sen:ior w arran t Olfi,Cff, cad at" non com missi oned offl,eer', sneciruis"'- or p. iiva"''''' 'wi~'I. as~u'm.;·,e· eomm ..... a nd, '0'-'8" tri~:;1"II-n8, 'nPrta'" ·l·,n:t"oG' ,;j;. ...... diGO-U· .. ,P"'l'"',--:,· .. f::

;t'" IIi'p _ -- ,~ -.Ii. - I!!I' _. '!!;,oV ... - _ - . . QC - _.~""!I,"" r- _ _ .... .,. ""'" QlJi:IIO. m .. on 0,.

eom m and fo 1I1iOt:;;,. 'belo-

.... I¥'I_ I, ~.: ,Q ·~·11.·· ¥T' ".- . r ... : w:

E,MERG'EN'CY C~O.MMA,ND.. I.n, an eme:rgeDCYli the, senior commissioned otticer~ w arran t officer:, eadet, noneo mmiasioned o:ffie er; speci.a.list" or ,p,ri vate, AT THE S C EN'E of th,e emergency will assume, comm,and, of the military personnel preHn't .. ,Res'trictiona foHow below:

INI,LIGIBJL,ITY FOR, COM,MAND'. Offic,ers, of tb,e Arm.y M:edical COrp$II' Arm,y ,N urses C,o,r,p.s~~ and the ,Army M,edical Specialist, ,CO,l"pS m ay exercise command 0 nly wi,thin. their :respecti.ve hi: anches" and, ,over ,peI'Sr)ns placed under their char,ge. Other offi,cer:!, of the ,Army M edical Departm en t (AME'DD) m,ay exercise command 0 nJy withi,n the AMED'D~ As an exce,ptioD to ,th.is I,.neral rule,., officers of the, Medical Service C'orps (MSC) may' command persons (Jither than t'.hos~ 0" the' AM]lDi,D when directed by,the senior eornmander o:f,the PW ,oom.,pound~ li'the senior'offl,cer in :the PW compound is. an MSC~ o,fficer~ he, m,ay aSS:lUne' e(,Hn.m"~uld,, j,fi,t,doeSl ,n,ot j,n.terfer.e'with his, medical fU;Dctiona~

C'H'APLAINS. A chaplain 'h.as ran,k without comm and, A,It.hou gh a chaplain may n,ot exercise co ' . nd h - h ... . .,lh - '.- +..... _ .... -" . ,4. ... ,'''~ _. f - .. t·~ - '1 _... '--' - . d '._ .... ','. _._' '._ .·,mmai_ u, .. e~'_as 8'U",Ol'b;Y w exercise ,IUnC:W,ona Q •. opera:·l,ona· s'uperVlS'lo:n ,an,.·

control

RE'r'LI'E' 'F

."' '"." ; ' ..

FAlL'UR'E TO COMPLY,. Any eom,mand« wbo faiJs 'to adhere 10 'the 'UCMJ, 'the 'Code 0,( Co nd uet, and hig'ner ec'neIon po Ueiest 0 rder,s,~ and direct! v'es' m a.y be r,e'li e'V'edJ of' b i s command. res:ponsi'biIiUest d:u.'ti,es~ honors; and ,the· p:rhrUeges accorded his rank,

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E"M OT IOINAL, INST AB.ILITY., Any commaader 8ufferi,n,g fr~lm e'm,otion,al i.ns'ta,bUU:y S(JI· s,eriO'l!DlS, as Co' hn pair his j udgmen,t, wU,]. be relieved or' m,ay req,u,est to be relieved wi tn,o,u,t p;rejudie.'e~

WHO M,A Y REUE VE~ Designs ted commanders on ly' (depending on the o'rga:n izatiall in each PW camp or group) have' 'the a:u.t.horit,Y '00 reli.eve O:r reinsta:te ..

All relief actions must be based on objective". substantiated evidence, -based on,

_.

PRESENT actions and performa,nce.

ASB,UME YOU'R RESPO',N'SIBILI.TTES~ ShoaJd. the' ,se-nio,)t person fail to, right'fully assume command as IS his duty (su,bje:ct to p,re't'iotlsly' lis,ted, e'x.eeption5)~, he shall suffer'th.e loss of the rights~ privUeges, and honors accorded his rank. Such actions and determinattons shan be made by a'ppr-tl:priately designa ted persons based. on substantiel t 0 bjecti ve e'videnc~'.

,MAJ'OR O'PE'RATIO,NAL ICiO,MMAN:D' RES,PONS,IB.I:LIT:r:[ES~ 'The foUowtns rank am 0 n .. the leadin g general 0 p er B'ti onal rsspon s i bili ties with in a P'W corn po un d, I t is th.e res,ponrdbility of the senior' cQmma,n.aer/senio'r ran-king officer eo ~ -

Te,ke command, serve as, ecmmsnder, and COM,MANIl AND SUPE,R,VI'S:E,. This,

" ,

req!Q,ires a!CCf!'p,ta,n.ce and, a.s8um,ption o.f th,e d,uti.es, a,n.d res,pons,ibiUti,esinnerent 1,n, tn,e

ecmmand ..

Organize the uuit(s) and :set up chains of command (overt and co'V'ert:)~

Establish pohcies co:ncerning 'missions .. o'bjectlvest 'respo:nslbiUties., and eenduet of'tbe chai [1, ,o:f command and 0,£ all other USPWs in the c:o,mpoun(L

Ise ue dir ect.i yes and ord,ers necessary to im plemen t pc licy to as,811 re they are carried out.

As,s:ure rniasians and 0 bj ecti vee. are achieved and, taa ks perfotlned~ Assure the Code of' Conduct is lived up to.

Ex~rt sUeP. UOUS and continued effQ'rts to assist in the, administration 01 'the camp,

O'L. ." • ' ~ 'I ~ p. b - &' d 1" , di . "

otain nnprovement In camp ure ~ •.. ··ettef .LOO 'it living con uticns, a'pp:rop:r,mte

eloeh ing~~ pr'op,er ;ahelte:r ~ :!1u,J:fti,ei,e:n t medicines and medical 't'rea tmen t, religious ,sler'vi'ces~~ 'welfare and sports acti.vities" educatiQnai opportunitiee, adequate sanitary condltions~ an d a congenial environ ment,

I)i,T AC:HE;D UNrrS~, The' sen i,or' ran.k.in,g' per.s~on wiU camm and; unless prevlous.ly FeU.Ef\f'ed,~ The next. in command assumes, eommand w'hen th.e senior' ,perSJ()fi, is ineUgi,ble' O'l' fails. Relief and assumption of eomm,an.d. under these circum,stan.cest must be based on o'bjectiv'e ,evidence and mature j'udgmenL

,DE'VIATIO:NS FR'O',M PO,Ll'C'Y'", C,om:ma:nder,s, o't detached units may revise poUcie!t 'ta,c.Ucs,~ pfocedureS,t in,s'tl'UJctio,ns ~ ,etc. ~ 'to, 'fit the, needs '0 f each situ.ation" 'Tbey wl 1 l, however, be he,ld, res,ponsible to justHy such deviations. (Reference'! AR 600-20~)

them e orne u,p through channels,

P'ERSO'" 'N' AL U-'AT-Tl:;I'R'S-- H' " .. nl .,'11.., di ]

-_", ....•. , ,,' r>I',_ . ~,,:-,~', ,anu~,e w:e'm, ~ nec:t y.,

'.

TH:E C'OMMA.N,DER,

OPE,N DOOR POLICY~ Following are 'recommended actions fol'" the commander:

Have a:n open door :policy, so as to solveirnmediate preblems, a.dJas,t grievances, and gr,an't exceptions to poUcies and, orders.

Predeslgna 00 personnel to paaa judgm ent in cas e co m m unieations ,at,e dis ru pted.

SUGGESTIONS AN'D RECOMMENDATIONS.. Encourage them:; do, however, have

M,ISSION ~ Have a mission statemen,t as d.o all oth,er' military- units ..

M OTrO.. Have a tl,nit motto,:. i't lifts the spirit; itj s a. 'ready ~ inspirational referenee. STAN,D,[NG' O:PERATING ,PROC'E,D'U:RE (SOP).. Set 'lI:P SOP=s; for the various functions If)'f,the ccmpcund; keep them oral, if possible,

DATE O'F RAN'K,. Compute date of rank from the date of earliest capture, Men senior 'th en rem ain san ior until, other proof 0 f sen iority is p resen,ted.,

R,ECORD'S., Ke!e!}J' r,eco;ras o'I::

Letters wri.tten and, receive,d and, the Dum bel' of me'D receiving Ietters. ,Packages received, and the number of men receiving ,t"b,em ..

P:i,ctura received and the number otmen l'eC,eiviog 'them,.

,LISTS. Keep Us its of siek, wounded i-nJuredt dead,

RESISTANCE

TOR,TURlt Take~ torture' he lOire; wri,tlng' or ta,p,ing p,ropasan.da, .. , making p,ropag'a,n.da, appearanc\es~ bowing .. WTi,t]ng or siSBing "confessiens," In.akin.g pleas for leniency for allegedly havin,g "committed orirnQ against humanitg," ,si:ving information mati v'. to' the co'veri PW orga nization, its plans and operations and eemmunieati one and security systems .. infomling against other PWs. and giving inteUig,ence of infermation T:HAT COUL'O SIGNIFICANT'LY INJ'URE THE CA'USE O,F T,M,!: .. U,NlTED STA'TES~ O:R, 'MATERIAU:Y :H,ELP T:H:E ENEMY,.

STOP T AKIN'G T'ORTURE". St op taking torture at a po int prior to losing em,otl.onal con tro 1, s,anity I perm an en t loss of use of limbs, or you r Hfe. This po in t is no l e" s th s,n sign,itic~an.t, plain~

DON'~T QUIT,~ RoB with the, 'punches, ~ - don't quit __ Look to your fellow PW's for ,encouragement, advice, and :!rtrength~~

j\fI'A'KJ!: YOUR CAPTORS WO,RK~ Make them work ,for a..nythlng ,they get. Give your: c'aptal,s the least pcssible net ,gain. Ma.ke them ex pend ,their ,gr,ea'itest 'possible effort ,aga'i:nst :y,Q-nr least. Discourege 'th'em by m;aking anything ,th,,~y 'wa,D, t hard Ito :get ,~ .. Dot 'worth 'the pri'ce.

USE YOUR HEAD·· K,EEP T'HINKIN'G. Use your i'llg'en,uity and initiative.; use trickery. ,If' D.ece'saar.y ~ teU simple, easy to, remem be~ s:to,:ri,g,;: gi,ve jj,n.formati,o-n. tba t, is,

9'4

common knowled~leL M,a.ke U, all, 'beHev,abJe'(Cl"edi ble), no;t necess,ari1y factual, If you intend to in,e! ude other P W'St prebri,ef the,m, if possible; if .nQt" d,g 8:0 immediataly afterw',a,rds.

KEEP FAETH AND COURAGE. Rely on your fa"ith~ PW organization~, moral cc,urage,., ,a,nd 'physi,ca'i gu,ts and seren rth.

P,LACE 'U'NITY ABOVE ,SELF~ Unified P'W,s r,e'pr'esent a serious threat eo the, e,ne:m.y ,~ .. to their plans and achievement of ,obJecdvles,. 'I'he American adage, "'UNI'TED WE STAND't DIVIDED' WE FALL,'I was never mote true than in a PW camp.

..

TELL YOUR COMMANDER. Submit important interrogation information and items to yOlur' commander. Also submit d.etails. of events of. concern and intere,st. t!)1 P.Ws~

DO NOT ACCEPT F A VORS~ Accept no favols fr'om the enemY',~ except, with the: approva.l or under order' of yo'ur comm'.D,der ~

Sbare any special gifts;. it,emsll o:r fa vom you receive with the more needy PWs ", .. t'h,! siek~ injured, dlsptrlted, shackled, ete, S,p'read the wealth, Each PW is a link in a chai'n~ Keep ,the:m all equal in strength ~ ," phy,sical:p. mien tall moral ~ emotional, spiritual ... ,SIG 'th,at there are no weak links at w'hic.h the chain will break.

Do not let your captors us,e necessities, of life ~ ~ medi,cal tf,eatment and ,fJ,upplies! food~ clothing; shelter, etc, .. ~ for propaganda purposes, It, however, under bestial trea'tme:nt yOlla, m~,s,t d,Q SO~ srp10ljJjl th,e elfect, or' minimize, it IDly any possi ble gim,mick~

PROTESTS~ To protest, cruel and unusual treatmentt Uret the heat off" a PW w'hQ you think is at the brea'lringpoiD,t, or whose life is in danger, ,or whose health is so poor that be m,ay ,9u'ffer considerable perm8nen't damage, a,eaa! 8. diversion(8.)~

,DI'V ERS,IONS,. One of the best diver sion S., and one le,alt likely to bring about 'toriu're. 01" ether bestial t:r·ea:tnlen t, 1s mass singing. This win a~,8,'O viol ate, in anion violen t lor physic'al manner, your captor's ban against noise, ,

Th e sin.gin'if co uld stsJrt on a. prearranged si gn al p. and p refers b 1 y incl ude s peci.fic pr.'earr,'anged, :s:ongs,;: Le .. ;, oUT'he' Star' Spangled Benner .. ". "You Are' M:y Slun,sbine'/" uAmerica the Bea,utiful,Jo'" ~·'Notr,e' Dame Fighting Song/'" uT,n,e Marin.es Hy'mn"t~ the Army-Navy .. AJr Force sOllgSt ete~

ADDITIONAL P'RQTEST ~ The protest. may escalate by banging, clanging, whistlingt

shouting'!!, etc, . -

FlOOD,. DO NOT~ AS, A FORM OF .pR.o,rTEST" REFUSE OR TU'RN 'B,AC'K FOC'D. You!' physical and. men tal ccnditicn deteriorates toe rapidly in the PW en vircnment to p erm it this form of pro tea t. I t takes too 10'0 g to bo U nee ba e k p. m akin g you in effecti v e· for an ove;rlong period of time. Orders to, t,his effect must be issued by commanders.

PEACEFUL R,ESISTAN'CE.. So tar' as possible" 'u,s.e peace,ful resistance to protest .. Pe,aeeful actions such as slowdowns. following precisely ~~ to the letter· a'M,ers ,liven, by your captoN, misinterpretatiODt unc,ertainty with repeated questions to 'be ~4absolutely" certai:u yo'u understand 'wha't 'is mea'nt Of' wan'ted,t etc~~ are far more eff.ecti've than 'violence in a PW envlr'o:D,ID,ent ..

WHEN 'T'O STOP. Stop an mass. resistanc e befo re th e enemy takes. their un'civi liaed, psychotic', "antiriot" measures ..

AS A SOLDIER. You are a soldier - - a soldier in a. unit __ act like one! Make it a unit in w h ic h you tak e p rid e, an d. 0 new h ich takes p ri de in you, M ai n ta in order and dis ci pline. Obey th e 0 rders 0 f you r 1 e gi ti ma te Arn er ica n 1 e ad ers in a, wi IBn g a n d cheerfu 1 mann er and, wi th al acri ty .

Respect rank. If a leader, respect your peers and subordinates. Recognize that the only privileges of rank in a PW camp are the privileges to lead and assume the responaibifities of your rank.

'Move 'in formations.

M ake you r unit a better u nit,

YOU ,A,ND YO'U'R C,'··APT'O'.·~R,··S.·· .. Y·.'·" iob .. to '.' .. , ··-t to t,h .. 'C' .i um and ret ontimu:

our}o Hi 0 reens ,0 . ,_e max "m , .. _, a" ge, ,p ,m

results with low risk, Use subterfuge; be devious, Do not be openly belligerent, You can outthink, outsmart them" They have the PHYSICA,L weapons. You cannot beat them in open combat"

If yo u must cooper ate, I et them know w hy ~ If you m us t in crease yo u.r coopera tio n, be prep ared to justify your a ctions to yo Ut com m anding offi c er,

COMPLIANCE REACTIO'N. In order to train p'Ws to respond consistently In a su bservien t manner, ce pta rs will enforce trivial or h urn ilia ti n g re gula ti ons:

• Requiremen t to bow when meetin g a guard or cadre,

• Re-quirement, to ask permission to go to latrine, take food, obtain water. bathe, etc., phrased, "Please, sir, may I have your permission to ?" (This is p articul ar Iy effecti ve when a senior PW is req uired to ask a youn g gu ard for permis s i on to do s om ethin g,.)

• Requirement to give exaggerated form, of polite ,address, when speaking to guards+

RULES;,

• I G N 0 RE ints n ded ,8 ub Old ina ti on to capeo r whsn mseti n g req u irem en t

• Don't risk punishment just to resist following a. regulation which. in the long run, in evi ta bly W'ILL BE en forced,

• Regard these regulations in terms of form only - ~ not the intended meaning a tta,ch ed to them, I f yo u res f st or refu se ~ captors. k no W they ~ ve to uch ed a n erv e an d th ey 'll redouble th ei r at tenti on to d etail,

Be coldly proper. If respect for rank is due, show it. Do not, HOWEVER" BOW' OR IN A,NY M',ANN ER SHOW SUBSERVIENCE~ You, a professional, having al ways conducted yourself as one" must maintain thepride ofa professional who has done his job well. Do not parmi t. yon rse 1 f to be exp loitad for in tel] ig ence or propagan da or' to be in dcctrina ted by yo ur captors: discourage all attempts to' do so,

Die before, revealing sensitive information whose know ledge, by the enemy we uld present a grave, clear, and present danger to the United Szates or its allies.

Peris h a. ble t n form a tion/j n tel ligen ce sh 0 ul d be retai n ad un til it is of no use _, - generally, no longe-r th an 48 h ou rs.

96

ST ATEM ENTS. You may make statements to protect YOUI' life" sanity. emotional stability! or to keep from permanently losing use of your limbs, except as ordered by your senior USPW commander. However, any statements that will help the enemy must be justified to your immediate and higher US compound commanders.

W'ritten statements may be made:

To save American Hves,

To minimize a net gain for the enemy. For reasons of health.

Any statements that might be used as enemy propaganda' or for enemy propaganda p u rpos.·es. S. h 0 ul d be so 0 ISO.'U I SED as 'to he clear 1 y discerned by liter a te E nglis n· speaking persons as being clearly contriv.ed.1 unusual" not appropriate' to the person making the statement, illogical! irrational, meaningless, or without merit. If possible, statements should have a backlash effectt to, backfire upon the enemy .

.I t is also possi bl e to use sirn pie wo rds and ph rases that ca n be in terp reted by trai n ed US inte,lligence scanners to get a message out. to the US Government family, or others,

PUBLICITY. See visiting "peace" groups ONL'y WITH PERIvIISSION ,OF YOUR COM'MANDER. Then, by your actions at the meeting, let the peace group see the tesults ofyour mistreatment Give closeup views of skin breaks ... bruises, and results of being in chains .. blocks, stocks, or other restrictive, devices, and reveal in any wa.y possible dietarv d efi ci ~.I" (~it·~ and la c k of medical a tten ti on,

A2:§k. th.a.t you be sent medical supplies; wolf down food. and. drink: make obvious, by any mean s- poss i b l,e, the bru taJ ity of the en em y.

MAKE IT POLICY FOR ALL PRISONERS OF WAR TO, RETURN TO THE UNITED, STA'TES WITH .HONO'R •. ON TH,EI'R FEET AN'D WITH THEIR HEADS HIGH.

97