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Urdu emerged during Muslim rule in Central and Southern Asia where Persian was the official language. The word Urdu is itself
derived from the Turkish word ordu, ultimately derived from the Mongolian word "horde." In addition to vocabulary, Urdu also
adopted the Persian use of the enclitic ezāfe and most poets used takhallus (noms de plume). Urdu is renowned for its poetic tradition
dating back to Mughal times when, as mentioned, Persian was the court language; thus the reason why Persian vocabulary and
elements are so notable. A mixture of Urdu and Hindi, called Hindustani, is the form heard in most Bollywood films, that try to
appeal to the widest audience possible.
Pronunciation guide
Urdu, as mentioned earlier, is written in a modified Perso-Arabic script called abjad. An abjad does not write short vowels, except at
the beginning of a word with alif' serving as a place holder. This can make it frustrating for the learner as the words I and in are both
written ﻣﻴﮟin Urdu. Urdu is also written in a stylized form of the Arabic script called nast'alīq ()ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ. Developed in Persia, it is
still used for religious and poetic calligraphy in Iran today
, while Urdu still uses it as its standard script. Therefore, if you want to read
an Urdu newspaper, street sign, etc. you will have to learn to read nastaliq, which can prove difficult for the beginner. As a result, a
simpler style called Naskh ()ﻧﺴﺦ, as used in other languages using the Arabic abjad will be used for two reasons: 1. to ease the
learner into nastaliq, and 2. because Unicode does not support nast'aliq. Vowel diacritics do exist, mostly used to modify the alif
vowel holder at the beginning of a word but also used for educational purposes, in the Qur'ān, and for clarifying ambiguous spellings.
The Arabic system of writing is cursive. Most letters have four forms. Others, which do not attach to the letter coming next to them,
have only two. These forms are quite self-explanatory: initial, medial, final, and isolated. When written alone letters are written in
Urdu consonants
English Name Transliteration English equivalent Urdu example Glyph
alif a, i apple, uncle aap, nahi ا
be b bee, bomb, brother bhai, behan, baap ب
pe p pipe, pen, pencil, party Pakistan, paani, pahaar پ
t
te tum, tareekh ت
(with soft ‘t’)
T
te time, telephone, taxi tamatar, tang ٹ
(with hard ‘T’)
se s sun, sample saboot, sabit ث
jim j jet, joker, jar, jam jahil, jahaaz, jang ج
che c China, cheese, chat cham-ach, cheez, chaat چ
ba-ri he h hall, hockey, hen haal, nahi ح
kh kh sheikh, khaki khay-aal, khoof, kho-aab, khan, lakh خ
d
daal dust, dentist, dental dhaak, د
with soft ‘d’
D
daal demand, donkey, darbaar, daal ڈ
with hard ‘D’
zaal z zoo, zip, zinger, zone zubaan, zaalim ذ
re r Russia, Romania, rice raja ر
re r butter, cutter mutter ڑ
ze z zoo, zip, zinger, zone zubaan, zaalim ز
zhe zh television television ژ
sin s safe, size, snake, seven sa-mun-dar, say-b, saa-mp, saal, saabun س
shin sh shampoo, share she-har, shoo-har, shayr ش
swad s ص
zwad z zoo zar-roor ض
to-e t talib ط
zo-e z zalim, zulm, za-ay-a ظ
ain a, e Arab arbi ع
ghain gh gorgeous ghareeb غ
fe f fan, free fa-righ, fa-zool ف
qaaf q quran quraan ق
kaaf k kite, cab kaala, kon-sa, kub, kya, kyu ک
gaaf g go gaana گ
laam l london, lemon, liar laazmi ل
meem m my, music, mother maa, mach-ar م
noon n new, november nahi, naya ن
wao w, v van, valid, was, what walid, wajah و
do-chasmi he h ھ
hamza ء
choti ye y yard, yes, you yaar ی
bari ye e, y ے
ن+آ+ت+س+ك+آ+پ
when these isolated letters are joined together they look like this:
ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎن, Pākistān
Vowels
At the beginning of a word alif serves as a placeholder for the diacritical mark. Due to directional issues with unicode the
medial/final occurs before the initial example, when they should appear after, i.e., to the left of the letter. A final ﻪis sometimes used
do represent an inherent 'a' at the end of a word (c.f. Arabic usage). When choṭī ye and baṛī ye occur in the middle, both take the ﻴ
form. For further reference, in Urdu transliterationai is ae and au is ao.
Grammar
There are two genders in Urdu: masculine and feminine. Those nouns ending in aa are normally masculine whereas nouns ending in
ii are usually feminine, such as:
masculine feminine
da-daa (Grandfather) daa-di (grandmother)
Ab-baa (father) Am-mee (mother)
Larka (boy) Larki (girl)
Phrase list
See Project:Pseudo-phoneticization guide for guidance on the
phoneticizations below Common signs
Basics OPEN
ﮐﮭﻼ
CLOSED
Hello. ﺑﻨﺪ
( آداب۔Adaab) ENTRANCE
How are you? اﻧﺪر ﺟﺎﻧ ﮐﺎ راﺳﺘ/ داﺧﻠ
( آپ ﮐﯿﺴ ﯿﮟ؟AAP kay-SAY HAI?) EXIT
ﺑﺎ ﺮ ﺟﺎﻧ ﮐﺎ راﺳﺘ ۔
Fine, thank you.
ﺷﮑﺮﯾ ۔،( ﭨﮭﯿﮏ ﻮںTheek hoo, SHukriaa) PUSH
دﮬﮑﺎ دﯾﮟ
What is your name? PULL
( آپ ﻛﺎ ﻧﺎم ﻛﻴﺎ ؟Aa-pka naam KIaa hai?) ﮐﮭﯿﻨﭽﯿﮟ
TOILET
My name is ______ . ﭨﺎﺋﯿﻠﭧ/ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺧﺎﻧ/ ﺑﯿﺖ اﻟﺨﻼ
( ﻣﻴﺮا ﻧﺎم ______ ۔Mera naam ______ hai.)
MEN
Nice to meet you. ﻣﺮد
( آپ ﺳ ﻣﻞ ﮐﺮ ﺧﻮﺷﯽ ﻮﺋﯽ۔Aap se mil kar khushi WOMEN
ﻋﻮرت
huee) FORBIDDEN
Please. ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋ/ ﺣﺮام
( ﺑﺮاﺋ ﻣ ﺮﺑﺎﻧﯽ۔Ba-raa-ay may-har-baa-ni)
Thank you.
( آپ ﮐﺎ ﺷﮑﺮﯾ ۔SHukriaa) Greeting
Yes.
The most widely used greeting in Pakistan
ﺎں۔/( ﺟﯽJee/Haa)
is "As-salamu alaykum" which is widely
No / not.
used by Muslims around the world. It
( ﻧ ﯿﮟ۔Nahee)
literally translates to "peace be upon you",
Excuse me. (getting attention) and is the equivalent to "hello", "hi" or
( ﺳﻨﺌ ۔Sun-ni-ay) "good day" in English. The greeting is also
Excuse me. ("begging pardon") often accompanied with handshake (only
( ﮔﺴﺘﺎﺧﯽ ﻣﻌﺎف۔Gus-taa-khi maaf) between the same gender). it is
I'm sorry. considered impolite even in less formal
( ﻣﻌﺎف ﮐﯿﺠﺌ ۔Maaf kee-jee-ay) situations to use the shorter greeting of
Goodbye. 'Salam' vs the full greeting of 'As-salam-o-
( ﺧﺪا ﺣﺎﻓﻆ۔Khud-da Haa-fiz) alaikum'. pronunciation of this greeting
I can't speak name of language [well]. varies country to country but in Pakistan,
( ﻣﺠﮭ اردو ﭨﮭﯿﮏ ﺳ ﺑﻮﻟﻨ ﻧ ﯿﮟ آﺗﯽ ۔Muj-ay Urdu people tend to pronounce it as 'ssalam
aLAYkum'.
theek se bool-nay nahi aa-ti hai.)
Do you speak English? The standard response to As-salamu
اﻧﮕﺮﯾﺰی ﺑﻮﻟﺘ ؟/( آپ اﻧﮕﻠﺶAap Ang-ray-zi/English alaykum is "Wa alaykumu s-salam" which
bool-tay hai?) translates as "And unto you peace". Make
Is there someone here who speaks English? sure to respond to "As-salamu alaykum"
( ﮐﯿﺎ ﯾ ﺎں ﻛﺴﻰ ﻛﻮ اﻧﮕﺮﯾﺰی ﺑﻮﻟﻨ آﺗﻰ ؟Kya ya-haa
otherwise its considered very uneducated
kisi ko Ang-ray-zi/English bool-nay aa-ti hai?) and impolite.
Help!
"( ﻣﺪد۔Ma-dad")
Look out! Accha! OK? TK!
( ﺧﯿﺎل ﮐﺮﯾﮟ۔Kha-ay-aal Kar-ray)
One of the most useful words to know is
Good morning.
accha. It is both an adjective and
( ﺻﺒﺢ ﺑﺨﯿﺮ۔Subah ba-khayr)
interjection. Its meanings include (but are
Good evening. not limited to!): good, excellent, healthy,
( ﺷﺎم ﺑﺨﯿﺮ۔Shaam ba-khayr) well, OK, really?, awesome!, hmm..., a-
Good night. ha!, etc.! If you learn no other word,
( ﺷﺐ ﺑﺨﯿﺮ۔Shab ba-khayr) remember this one.
I don't understand.
( ﻣﺠﮭ ﺳﻤﺠﮫ ﻧ ﯿﮟ آﯾﺎ۔Muj-hay sam-maj nahi aaya)
Politeness
Where is the toilet?
( ﻏﺴﻞ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻛ ﺎں ﭘﺮ ؟Ghusal-khaana kahaa hai?) Urdu vocabulary reflect a three to four
tiered system of politeness. For example,
the verb to speak in Urdu is "bool-naa"
Problems and the verb to sit is "baith-naa". The
imperatives "speak!" and "sit!" can thus be
Leave me alone.
conjugated five different ways, each
( ﻣﺠﮭ اﮐﯿﻼ ﭼﮭﻮڑ دﯾﮟ۔Mujhey akela choor dain.)
marking subtle variation in politeness and
Don't touch me! propriety.
( ﻣﺠﮭ ﺎﺗﮫ ﻣﺖ ﻟﮕﺎﺋﯿﮟ۔Mujhey haath mat lagayay)
I'll call the police. Literary: [tu] bool! / [tu] bai-th!
Casual and intimate: [tum] boo-
ﮐﺮوں ﮔﯽ۔/( ﻣﯿﮟ ﭘﻮﻟﯿﺲ ﮐﻮ ﮐﺎل ﮐﺮوں ﮔﺎMai police ko loo / [tum] baith-oo
call karoon ga/karoon gi) Polite and intimate: [aap] boo-loo
Police. / [aap] baith-oo
Formal yet intimate: [aap] boo-
"( ﭘﻮﻟﯿﺲ۔Police")
lay / [aap] baith-ay
Stop! Thief! Polite and formal: [aap] boo-li-ay
!( رﮐﻮ! ﭼﻮرRukko! Choor!) / [aap] bai-thi-ay
I need your help. Ceremonial / Extremely formal:
[aap] far-maa-i-ay / [aap] tash-
( ﻣﺠﮭ آپ ﮐﯽ ﻣﺪد ﭼﺎ ﺌ ۔Mujhey apki mad-dat reef rakh-i-ay
chahie.)
It's an emergency. We've mostly used Polite and formal tiered
( اﯾﻤﺮﺟﻨﺴﯽ ۔Emergency hai.) system of politeness in our phrasebook.
I'm lost.
( ﻣﯿﮟ ﮔﻢ ﻮ ﮔﯿﺎ ﻮں۔Mein ghum ho gaya hoon.)
I lost my bag.
( ﻣﯿﺮا ﺑﯿﮓ ﮔﻢ ﻮﮔﯿﺎ ۔Mera bag ghum ho gaya hai.)
I lost my wallet.
( ﻣﯿﺮا ﺑﭩﻮہ ﮔﻢ ﻮﮔﯿﺎ ۔Mera battwa ghum ho gaya hai.)
I'm sick.
( ﻣﯿﮟ ﺑﯿﻤﺎر ﻮں۔Mein bimaar hoon.)
I've been injured.
( ﻣﯿﮟ زﺧﻤﯽ ﻮﮔﯿﺎ ﻮں۔Mein zakhmi ho gaya hoo.)
I need a doctor.
( ﻣﺠﮭ ڈاﮐﭩﺮ ﮐﯽ ﺿﺮورت ۔Mujhe doctor ki zaroorat hai.)
Can I use your phone?
( ﮐﯿﺎ ﻣﯿﮟ آﭘﮑﺎ ﻓﻮن اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﮐﺮﺳﮑﺘﺎ ﻮں؟Kya mein apka phone istamaal kar sakta hoo?)
Numbers
1
( اﯾﮏAik)
2
( دوDou)
3
( ﺗﯿﻦTeen)
4
( ﭼﺎرChaar)
5
( ﭘﺎﻧﭻPanch)
6
( ﭼﮫChay)
7
( ﺳﺎتSaat)
8
( آﭨﮫAath)
9
( ﻧﻮNau)
10
( دسDass)
11
( ﮔﯿﺎرہGayara)
12
( ﺑﺎرہBaara)
13
( ﺗﯿﺮہTayra)
14
( ﭼﻮدہChooda)
15
( ﭘﻨﺪرہPandra)
16
( ﺳﻮﻟSoola)
17
( ﺳﺘﺮہSattra)
18
( اﭨﮭﺎرہAthaara)
19
( اﻧﯿﺲUnees)
20
( ﺑﯿﺲBees)
21
( اﮐﯿﺲIkees)
22
( ﺑﺎﺋﯿﺲBaees)
23
( ﺗﯿﺌﯿﺲTaees)
30
( ﺗﯿﺲTees)
40
( ﭼﺎﻟﯿﺲChalees)
50
( ﭘﭽﺎسPachaas)
60
( ﺳﺎﭨﮫSaath)
70
( ﺳﺘﺮSattar)
80
( اﺳﯽAssi)
90
( ﻧﻮےNawway)
100
( اﯾﮏ ﺳﻮAik sou)
200
( دو ﺳﻮDou sou)
300
( ﺗﯿﻦ ﺳﻮTeen sou)
1000
( اﯾﮏ ﺰارAik hazaar)
2000
( دو ﺰارDou hazaar)
1,000,000
( دس ﻻﮐﮫDas lakh)
100,000,000
( دس ﮐﮍوڑDas karore)
1,000,000,000
( اﺭﺏArab)
100,000,000,000
( ﮐﮭﮍبKharrab)
number ______ (train, bus, etc.)
( وﻏﯿﺮہ، ﺑﺲ،( ﻧﻤﺒﺮ ______ )ﭨﺮﯾﻦNumber ______ (train, bus, waghairah))
Half
( آدﮬﺎAadha)
Less
( ﮐﻢKam)
More
( زﯾﺎدہZiyada)
Time
time
( وﻗﺖWaqt)
now
( اﺑﮭﯽAbhi)
later
( ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﯿﮟBaad mein)
before
( ﭘ ﻠPehley)
morning
( ﺻﺒﺢSubah)
noon
( دو ﭘ ﺮDou pehar)
afternoon
( ﺳ ﭘ ﺮSeh pehar)
evening
( ﺷﺎمShaam)
night
( راتRaat)
Clock time
one o'clock AM
( ﺻﺒﺢ ﮐ اﯾﮏ ﺑﺠSubah ke eik bajey)
two o'clock AM
( ﺻﺒﺢ ﮐ دو ﺑﺠSubah ke doo bajey)
noon
( دوﭘ ﺮDo-pehar)
one o'clock PM
( رات ﮐ اﯾﮏ ﺑﺠRaat ke eik bajey)
two o'clock PM
( رات ﮐ دو ﺑﺠRaat ke doo bajey.)
midnight
( آدﮬﯽ راتAadhi raat)
Duration
minute(s)
( ﻣﻨﭧminute)
hour(s)
( ﮔﮭﻨﭩGhanta)
day(s)
( دنDin)
week(s)
( ﻔﺘHafta)
month(s)
( ﻣ ﯿﻨMaheena)
year(s)
( ﺳﺎلSaal)
Days
today
( آجAaj)
yesterday
ﮐﻞ/ ( ﮔﺰﺷﺘ ﮐﻞKal/ Guzishta kal)
tomorrow
آﻧ واﻻ ﮐﻞ/ ( ﮐﻞKal/ Aaney wala kal)
this week
( اس ﻔﺘIss hafte)
last week
( ﭘﭽﮭﻠ ﻔﺘGuzishta hafte/ Pichley haftey)
next week
( اﮔﻠ ﻔﺘAynda hafte/ Agley haftey)
Sunday
( اﺗﻮارItwaar)
Monday
( ﭘﯿﺮPeer)
Tuesday
( ﻣﻨﮕﻞMangal)
Wednesday
( ﺑﺪھBudh)
Thursday
( ﺟﻤﻌﺮاتJum'eh'raat)
Friday
( ﺟﻤﻌJum'a)
Saturday
ﺳﻨﯿﭽﺮ/ ( ﻔﺘHaftah/Saneechar)
Months
January
( ﺟﻨﻮریJann-warri)
February
( ﻓﺮوریFarr-warri)
March
( ﻣﺎرچMarch)
April
( اﭘﺮﯾﻞAprail)
May
( ﻣﺌﯽMayi)
June
( ﺟﻮنJoon)
July
( ﺟﻮﻻﺋﯽJulaayi)
August
( اﮔﺴﺖAgast)
September
( ﺳﺘﻤﺒﺮSitambar)
October
( اﮐﺘﻮﺑﺮAktobar)
November
( ﻧﻮﻣﺒﺮNovambar)
December
( دﺳﻤﺒﺮDisambar)
Calendar
In Pakistan and other Urdu speaking place, two calendars are used: the Gregorian and the Islamic. Months of Gregorian calendar are
used as these are in English so the Islamic will be discussed. The Islamic calendar is a lunar Calendar. Months are usually 29-30 days
long. The Calendar dates from the hijra, or migration, of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺfrom Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. The
abbreviation for Muslim dates is AH a( nno Hegiræ). When writing in Urdu, the word ی, hijrī should precede/ follow the date.
Arabic Transliteration Arabic Name
Muharram ﻣﺤﺮم
ّ
Safar ﺻﻔﺮ
Rabī al-Avval رﺑﻴﻊ اﻻوّل
Rabī‘ As-sānī رﺑﻴﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ
Jumādī al-Awwal ﺟﻤﺎدى اﻻوّل
Jumādī As-sānī ﺟﻤﺎدى اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ
Rajab رﺟﺐ
Śābān/ Shabaan ﺷﻌﺒﺎن
Ramzān رﻣﻀﺎن
Śavvāl/ Shavvaal ﺷﻮّال
Zī Qāda/ Zil Qad ذى ﻗﻌﺪه
Colors
black
( ﮐﺎﻻKaala)
white
( ﺳﻔﻴﺪSufaid)
gray
( ﺳﺮﻣﺌﯽSur-mai)
red
( ﻻلLaal)
blue
( ﻧﯿﻼNeela)
yellow
( ﭘﯿﻼPeela)
green
( ﺮاHarra)
orange
( ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﻰNaran-ji)
purple
( ﺟﺎﻣﻨﯽJam-ni)
brown
( ﺧﺎﮐﯽKhaaki)
indigo
( اوداOoda)
violet
( ﺑﯿﮕﻨﯽBeygani)
Transportation
Directions
Taxi
Taxi!
!( ﭨﯿﮑﺴﯽTaxi)
Take me to ______, please.
ﻣﺠﮭ ______ ﻟ ﭼﻠ ۔،( ﺑﺮاﺋ ﻣ ﺮﺑﺎﻧﯽBaraayay meharbaani, mujhay ______ lay chal-lay)
How much does it cost to get to ______?
______( ______ ﭘﺮ ﺟﺎﻧ ﮐﺎ ﮐﺘﻨﺎ ﮐﺮاﯾ ﻮﮔﺎ؟par janay ka kitna karaya hoo ga?)
Take me there, please.
ﻣﺠﮭ و ﺎں ﻟ ﭼﻠ ۔،( ﺑﺮاﺋ ﻣ ﺮﺑﺎﻧﯽBaraayay meharbaani, mujhe waha lay chal-lay)
Lodging
Money
Eating
Bars
Note: Alcohol is only available in some bars inside five star hotels. vAailability is limited to non-Muslims holding the
proper license and foreigners with passports. Bars serving drinks have English-speaking staf f available.
Shopping
Driving
Authority
This travel guide page was last edited at 17:45, on 24 January 2018 by Wikivoyage user
Traveler100bot. Based on work
by Wikivoyage users ﻓﯿﺮوز اردوواﻻ, ShakespeareFan00, Wrh2Bot, Ypsilon, Ikan Kekek, WOSlinker, RaviC, Saqib and
Pashley and others.