898 SAKSIN — SALA
Arabic materials of the late Middle Ages on Eastern
and Central Europe"], in A.S. Tveritinova (ed.),
Vostocnle istocniki po istorii narodov Yugo-vostocnoy i
Tsentral'noy Europe ["Oriental sources on the history
of the peoples of South-Eastern and Central
Europe"], Moscow 1964; B. Spuler, Die Goldene
Horde, 2nd rev. ed., Wiesbaden 1965; F. Westberg
(Vestberg), K analizu vostocnlkh istocnikov o Vostocnoy
Evrope ["Towards an analysis of the oriental sources
on Eastern Europe"], in Zurnal ministerstva narodnogo
prosveshceniya, xiii, xiv (1908).
(V.F. BucHNER-[P.B. GOLDEN])
SAL-NAME (T.), a term of Ottoman Turkish
administration:
1. Official yearbooks issued by the Ottoman
central government, by provincial authorities and a
number of civil (ministries) and military (army, fleet)
institutions, appearing between 1263/1847 and the
end of the Empire (1918).
They unite characteristics of European handbooks
(Almanack de Gotha, French Annuaires Officiels), a synop-
tic calendar and traditional Ottoman historical and
bureaucratic materials (condensed history of the
dynasty, itineraries, defter I'registers such as budgets).
The sal-names are reliable instruments with almost all
details on state officials (at the supervisory level), ad-
ministrative organisation, toponomy, communica-
tions, laws and regulations, although one should refer
to the Takwim-i WekaW for up-to-date information.
The Imperial sal-names give summary population
data; the provincial editions often provided informa-
tion on male and female population down to the kadd
level, data on migration, numbers of household,
births and deaths in urban areas, population by millet,
and city and even village size, though the depth and
quality of information varied according to geographic
area(J. McCarthy, Muslims and minorities. The popula-
tion of Ottoman Anatolia and the end of the Empire, New
York 1983).
The first imperial sal-names were modest, litho-
graphicJally-produced booklets, but their size and
quality improved gradually (for the content of the first
state year book, compare Sdlndme. Le premier annuaire de
I'Empire ottoman ou tableau de I'etat politique civil, militaire,
judiciaire et administratif de la Turquie depuis I'introduction
des reformes operees dans ce pays par les sutians Mahmoud II
et Abdul-Medjid, actuellement regnant; traduit du Turc et ac-
compagne des notes explicatives par TfhomasJ X[avier] Bian-
chi, Paris 1848 =JA, Ser. 4, x [1847], xi [1848]). After
1888, the Personal Records Administration (Sidjill-i
Ahwdl-i Me^munn Iddresi) was responsible for the
governmental almanacs. In the provinces, the first
almanacs appeared in Sarajevo (Sdl-ndme-yi Wildyet-i
Bosna, 1283/1866), Aleppo (Haleb), Konya, Suriye,
and the Danube province (Tuna). Like the official
provincial newspapers, they were the responsibility of
the mektubdju-yi wildyet. Some provincial year-books
appeared with Arabic, Greek and "Bosnian" transla-
tions. Many included illustrations and tables. They
were an instrument to demonstrate progress made by
the government and to encourage competition be-
tween administrators,
2. Semi-official and non-governmental an-
nuals. Some of these were annual reports of welfare
organisations (e.g. ^Othmdnli Hildl-i Ahmer Djem^iyyeti,
1329/1331; Djem^iyyet-i tednsiyye-i islamiyye, 1332/
1913). Ebu '1-Diya5 (Ebuzziya) Tewfik [q.v.] was the
publisher of the most successful almanacs for a vast
reading public. The first appeared under the name
Sdl-ndme-yi Hadika (1873). Later, it was published
under different names such as Sdl-ndme-yi Ebu 'l-Diyd^
(the first edition was destroyed in the printing press by
order of the sultan) and Newsdl-i Ma^nfet.
3. Republican Turkey published a series of
Turkiye Djumhuriyeti Dewlet Sdl-ndmesi (first 3 vols.
1925-6 to 1927-8 in Arabic script; 1928-9 under the
title Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Yilligi). There were
several attempts to revitalise the provincial almanacs
under the name of H yilliklan (1967 and 1973).
Bibliography: Hasan Duman, Ottoman year-books
[Salname and Nevsal}. A bibliography and a union cata-
logue with reference to Istanbul libraries, Istanbul 1982;
A. Ubicini and Pavet de Courteille, Etat present de
I'Empire ottoman. Statistique, gouvernement, administra-
tion, finances, armee, communautes non musulmanes etc.
etc. d'apres le Salnameh (annuaire imperial) pour I'annee
1293 de rhegire (1875-76) et les documents officiels leplus
recents, Paris 1876; M. Hartmann, Das erste Jahrbuch
der geistlichen Behorden des Osmanischen Reiches, in WI,
iv (1916-17), 26-32; K. Kreiser, Quellen zur
Landeskunde und Geschichte des Jemen in tiirkischer
Sprache, in Resultate aktueller Jemen-Forschung, eine
Zwischenbilanz (Bamberger Geographische Schrif-
ten, 1), Bamberg 1978, 93-122; J. McCarthy and
J.D. Hyde, Ottoman imperial and provincial Salnames,
in IJMES (1978); C.V. Findley, Ottoman civil of-
ficialdom. A social history, Princeton 1989. Many of-
ficial and private sdl-ndmes are available in
microfiche (Ottoman Microform Project. The Uni-
versity of Chicago/Middle East Documentation
Cente_r). (K. KREISER)
SALA, dialectically Sla, current French and
English form SALE, a town of Morocco on the
Atlantic coast at the mouth of the Buragrag (older
Asmir), situated on a flat, sandy stretch of land. Pre-
18th century sources often mix up Shalla, Sale and
Rabat. *Seld would mean "crag, cliff" in Punic
(though not in fact attested in extant Punic texts) but
a Phoenician past for the town is based only on
hypothesis.
Ibn Hawkal, tr. Kramers-Wiet, 78, mentions a
town and some ribdts on the river of Sala, whilst al-
Bakri states that clsa, the son of Idris II, was the ruler
of the town. But this could also refer to Shalla rather
than Sale proper. The town was probably founded by
the Banu cAshara during the 5th/llth century. At
first the Banu cAshara were at Shalla, but left it for the
right bank of the river where they built palaces and
held a court which rivalled those of the Spanish Taifas
(M. Bencherifa, Usrat Bant CAshara, in al-Bahth al-^Ilmi
[Rabat 1967], 177-219). Under the Almoravids, the
Banu cAshara retained their prestige in the town,
whose agricultural and commercial prosperity is des-
cribed by al-Idrisi. Sale's resistance to the Almohads
provoked the destruction of its ramparts and the
elimination of the Banu cAshara, whose palace cAbd
al-Mu5min requisitioned. The town became a royal
encampment, although if the army stopped in the
region on its way to al-Andalus, it was, rather, from
the Mediterranean ports that it embarked.
The re-foundation of Rabat [see RIBAT AL-FATH]
does not seem to have harmed Sale, whose role con-
tinued to be important; the caliphs often stayed there
and undertook important building works: the provi-
sion of water (sur al-akwds or wall of the arches), and
construction or restoration of the Great Mosque,
Masdjid al-Talica, which has always occupied the
same place. The Marlnid conquest was marked by the
seizure and sack of the town by the Castilians in
658/1260; goods were pillaged and burnt and a
substantial part of the population massacred.
Amongst the inhabitants carried off as slaves was the
ka^i, who was a descendant of the Banu cA§hara. The
Marlnid Abu Yusuf (656-85/1258-86) came to the
help of the town and took part iiv rebuilding those
walls which had not been rebuilt by the Almohads