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1. Digital multi-meter
2. Function Generator
3. Breadboard
4. Probes [3]
5. Resistors ( 1K, 10K)
Theory:
In alternating current (AC, also ac) the movement (or flow) of electric charge periodically
reverses direction. An electric charge would for instance move forward, then backward, then
forward, then backward, over and over again. In direct current (DC), the movement (or
flow) of electric charge is only in one direction.
Average value: Average value of an alternating current is expressed by that steady DC
current which transfer across any circuit the same charge as is transferred by that AC during
the same time period.
Root Mean Square (RMS) Value: The RMS value of an alternating current is expressed by
that steady DC current which when flowing through a given circuit for given time produces
same heat as produced by that AC through the sane circuit for the same time period. In the
common case of alternating current when I(t) is a sinusoidal current, as is approximately true
for mains power, the RMS value is easy to calculate from the continuous case equation above.
If we define Ip to be the peak current, then in general form
Where t is time and ω is the angular frequency (ω = 2π/T, where T is the period of the wave).
For a sinusoidal voltage, . ,
The factor is called the crest factor, which varies for different waveforms. For a triangle
wave form centered about zero.
Circuit Diagram:
Type of Waveform
Sinusoidal Square Triangular
Peak voltage Frequency
Avg. RMS Avg. RMS Avg. RMS
(Input)
2V 100 Hz
4V 100 Hz
6V 100 Hz
2V 1000 Hz
4V 1000 Hz
6V 1000 Hz
2V 10 KHz
4V 10 KHz
6V 10 KHz
Peak voltage V1= Peak Voltage across 1K V2= Peak Voltage across 10 K
(Input) resistor resistor
2V
4V
6V
8V
Type of Waveform
Pure DC Pulsating DC Pulsating DC
Peak voltage (Sinusodial) (Square)
(Input) Avg. RMS Avg. RMS Avg. RMS
2V
4V
6V
Conclusions and Inference:
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Exercises:
1) Calculate the RMS value (using integration approach) for (any one peak value) of
sinusoidal square and triangular wave.
2) For same peak to peak value which signal has highest RMS value?
3) Which signals have same RMS and peak value?
4) Which signal has same RMS and average value?
5) Verify the voltage divider rule for resistive circuit.