Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Overload trip
Preferential trip
Under voltage trip
Over voltage trip
Reverse power relay (No voltage trip)
Reverse current trip
Fuse
A .C .B( Air circuit breaker )
Earth lamps.
Low frequency trip
Meters
Synchroscope
Emergency synchronizing lamp
Ebonite handrail and Rubber footstep
What are the functions of a lubricant?
1. Separate entirely the contact surfaces, thereby reducing static and dynamic friction to least possible
value to prevent wear and tear.
2. Remove heat generated within the bearing.
3. Protection of the working surfaces against corrosion.
4. Removal of contaminants.
5. Dampen noise produced.
6. Act as a sealant.
What are the Types of Lubrication on Ships?
Hydrodynamic Lubrication or Full fluid film lubrication.
Boundary Lubrication or Thin film lubrication.
Hydrostatic Lubrication or Thick film lubrication.
Elasto-hydrodynamic Lubrication or Thin film or square film lubrication.
What are the Properties of crankcase lubricating oil?
Viscosity: To be suitable for the purpose
Viscosity index: To be high
Pour Point: Must be low
Flash point: Must be high
Oxidation stability: To be high
Carbon residues: To be low
Total acid number or TAN: To be suitable for the purpose
Total basic number or TBN: To be suitable for the purpose
Detergency: For cleaning
Dispersancy: To facilitate purification
What is viscosity?
It is a measure of internal resistance to flow between liquid layers.
Viscosity of lube oil reduces when temperature rises and vice versa.
For engine crankcase lube oil, viscosity is 130 to 240 Redwood No-1 seconds 60°C.
For cylinder oil, viscosity is 12.5 – 22 Cst
What is viscosity index?
It is the rate of change of viscosity of an oil with respect to change in temperature.
An oil with low viscosity index has greater change of viscosity with change in temperature.
An oil with high viscosity index has very little change of viscosity with change in temperature, which is a
desirable property for lubricating oil.
For crankcase oil, viscosity index is 75 to 85.
For cylinder oil, viscosity index is 85.
Viscosity index of mineral oils is highest, about 115 and this may be raised to about 160 by
adding special additives.
Hydraulic oils should have high viscosity index for faster response of the system. It is usually around
110.
What is a pour point?
It is the lowest temperature below which an oil will stop flow.
Pour point indicates that oil is suitable for cold weather or not.
Pour point of engine crankcase should be -18°C.
What is the flash point?
It is the lowest temperature at which the oil will give off a sufficient inflammable vapour to produce a
momentary flash when a small flame is brought into the surface of the oil.
Close flash point for crankcase lubricating oil is around 220°C.
Why flash point is important?
Fuel oil flash point is to be high because if it is low, there would be a possibility of fire in storage.
Engine crankcase lubricating oil flash point should be as high as possible to prevent crankcase explosion.
For safe storage, oil storage tank heating temperature to be limited to at least 14°C lower than flash point
to prevent fire.
Average Closed Flash Points
Petrol = -20°C
70cSt Fuel Oil = 71°C.
Paraffin = 40°C
Lube Oil = 220°C
Diesel Oil = 65°C
What is Total Acid Number or TAN and Total Base Number or TBN?
The ability of an oil to react with a base reagent which indicates the acidity is expressed as TAN.
The ability of an oil to react with acidic reagent which indicate the alkalinity is expressed as TBN.
The results are expressed in milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralise one gram of
sample oil for both TAN and TBN.
TBN for an oil used for cross head type diesel engine crankcase is 8mg KOH/gram of oil.
TBN for an oil used for trunk type engine using heavy oil is 30mg KOH/gram of oil.
What type of engine are using high TBN and why?
If blow pass occur in a trunk type engine using heavy fuel oil, incomplete combustion products reach
directly into the crankcase and may cause the contamination of lube oil with acid. Thus in this type
of engine to neutralize the acid contamination must be used high TBN oil.
* Piston cooling L.O system (check scavenge space & under piston space {entablature})
* Check L.O return valve from crankcase to sump tank close or not
What will you do as 2/E, when decrease in lubricating oil pressure observed?
1. Start stand by pump
2. Change & clean L.O filter
3. After engine stopping, check bearing clearance and L.O pipe connection
4. Check L.O pump discharge & suction pressure
5. Check L.O temperature
What is meant by hydrodynamic lubrication (full fluid film)?
1. Moving surfaces are separated completely by the pressure of a continuous unbroken film or a layer of
lubricant, generated by the movement of the two surfaces relative to each other.
2. Essential requirement is formation of a wedge of lubricants between surfaces.
3. Thickness of film 0.025 – 0.10 mm.
4. Happens in lubrication for Journal Bearing, Bottom End Bearing, Tilting Pad Thrust Bearing
What is meant by boundary lubrication?
1. It exists when a full-fluid film lubrication is not possible.
2. The sliding surfaces are separated by only a thin film of lubricant.
3. High friction between the surfaces and some degree of metal to metal contact occurs
4. Lubricant oil film decreases, until asperities of mating surfaces touch
What is meant by hydrostatic lubrication?
1. A form of thick film lubrication, but instead of being self- generated, it is supplied from an external
source by oil under pressure from a pump.
2. Lubrication for Crosshead Bearings, with attached pump.
What is meant by elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication?
1. Applies to line contact or nominal point between rolling or sliding surfaces, such as rolling contact
bearings and meshing gear teeth.
2. Thin film or squeeze film lubrication limits metal to metal contact.
3. Elastic deformation of the metals occurs, and there is effect of high pressure on the lubricant.
What will you do as 2/E, if lube oil is contaminated with sea water?
1. When sump oil is contaminated with SW, find sources of leakage (may be from LO cooler during ME
stopped) stoppage and rectified.
2. In port or while ME is stopped, transfer contaminated oil through purifier or transfer pump into settling
tank, settled for at least 24 hours at about 60 C°, and water and sludge drained out periodically.
3. Oil passed through purifier at 78° C with optimum efficiency, and pump back to settling tank.
4. When sump tank is empty, interior cleaned and examined.
5. Purified oil sent to laboratory and tested
6. During this time, new oil should be used
7. Oil should be reused, if lab results recommended that it is fit for further use. (Straight mineral oil 3%
water washed. Additive oil 1% water washed).
What are the difference in Cylinder oil and System oil?
Cylinder oil is detergent / dispersant oil
System oil is straight mineral oil
What are the lube oil tests carried out on board Ships ?
Viscosity Determination
The simplest method is three tube rolling ball viscometer
Assuming the oil in the engine to be SAE 30 grade, one tube is filled with minimum safety viscosity
(about SAE 20) and another one filled with maximum safety viscosity (about SAE 40). The last tube is to
be filled with test sample.
All tubes are placed in a bucket of warm water until the oils are at the same temperature.
The three tubes then mounted on a tilted board and inverted. An internal hollow ball in each tube then
rises to the surface.
If the time taken in the test sample is between that of the lower and upper limit oils, the oil is fit for
further use. If not, it must be replaced.
Insoluble Content
A drop of sample oil is released from a given height onto a special filter paper.
Compare the result with the known varying insoluble content. The upper limit for straight mineral oil is
1% to 1.5 % and for detergent dispersant oil is 5%.
Water and other Contaminants
A known amount of sample oil in the test tube is heated and must be shaken the while doing
so
If there is no cracking, the oil is dry
If there is slightly cracking, the oil having a trace of water
If there is a heavily crackling, the oil is heavily diluted with water
Acidity / Alkalinity Determination
Acidity is tested by extracting the acids from the sample by means of shaking with a known amount
of distilled water. The acidic extract is then placed on a watch glass with an indicator solution
of known strength. The mixture is then drawn up into a glass tube and its colour compared with a
series of colour standards, each representing a known PH value, from which the sample can be
determined quite accurately.
Another method is :
A drop of indicator solution is placed on to blotting paper and this is followed by a drop of sample oil
placed at the centre of the drop of previous absorbed indicator.