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    2-Herbert Blumer Symbolic Interactionism

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    Ana Claudia Silva Silva
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    Symbolic Interactionism Perspective and Method University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London ave Cae es esl oa aie “om, gd 91D Pata Sugeno Cah ey ‘hep inthe ment he ‘To My Daughter, Katherine Hide Preface The pret ohne sting publ in sponse 1 many rm Kemer stants trom pa! alg oe Te oo ee ped hve dente They Eve ‘Shel ht Fn rete ns sng ac sever fy {ler now store In fer psn nding fi ch Sm anengerest wind be bee them nd tthe dene inventing thor ren ave setlist sich da wy me oma erst rh eth ibpal petlone "Ths ev eso ary here bare Cvs chap const me se ny pene dye when Ire “beuldavatn on heidi Sol Pryce Th king {fhe econo a ring of mec wer bat Signin non Ty comin hat on ompil eneneca ‘Gy hart vp theatre ofthe cial ord that {Bj Inn jadgnent bac erate shows at ‘eet forthe nature of Manan gop ea sac et at ‘ape neces i tum the Serpe of method onpecte cng with teste fhe empl mel er ma ‘Varios of my atic, hic the og together thi volo, touch one way anthro he pu fe of pm ‘ntti ro holes mates rite tt nt of von. Toate th of hee artis however fr sme Purpose Thun cen when grouped together they 80 m8 ge the Sided pct ave sought to present to graduate tents over Kernen. rl cl i ed Thane eared lengthy Invedutory ey for he preset vole. This Sat the oly previ uopulatedbaly of wring inthe Selo Treconmend thatthe any be ea rt inode fo arp {he import of any of he sequent ates. Tek to thnk tho of sy former tudents who sped and prodded ne tops iis vole. Thy se many, sed woul be retro to ft theists fel led om eve, gle [ik the evo who have bn mst pestent over the yas n ming {hs request" TanotseShbotant and. Howard Becher To thet ames fad that of my find ames Crk omer of Preto Hal, wbo shove all hes pre getiy but snelentingy t2 tring outst of my wring Int ight of tae snow tn hone ain repo the pletion ofthe present Selume Bcrmes sn antcental vertire Hoaexr Buon Berle, Catforts Contents ‘THE METHODOLOGICAL POSITION OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM SOCIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE THOUGHT OF GEORCE HERBERT MEAD SOCIETY AS SYMBOLIC INTERACTION ATTITUDES AND THE SOCIAL. ACT PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPORT OF THE HUMAN GROUP AN APPRAISAL OF THOMAS AND ZNANIECKTS THE POLISH PEASANT IN 'BUNOPE AND AMERICA a 10 ul 2 SOCIOLOGICAL. ANALYSIS AND ‘THE “VARIABLE” WHAT IS WRONG WITH SOCIAL THEORY? SCIENCE WITHOUT CONCEPTS ‘THE PROBLEM OF THE CONCEPT IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY SUGGESTIONS FOR THE STUDY OF MASSMEDIA EFFECTS PUBLIC OPINION AND PUBLIC OPINION POLLING a wo 183, 195, Symbolic Interactionism . 1 The Methodological Position of Symbolic Interactionism ‘The term “symbolic ntersctionie” has come int use aa abe fora relatively distinctive approach tothe sty of uma group. Me and bumin cindact* “The scholars vwho have used the ap- preach or contbuted tp it otelecal foundation are many, aod {elude such notable American Sure: as George Herbert Mead, John Dewey, W. 1 Thomas, Raber E. Park Willam Jamey, Chrer Horton Coty, Florian Zaanieci, James’ Mark Baldwin, Robert FRedleld, and Lous Wath Despite sgncant diference in the tough of such scholars, there ia gret smarty inthe general ‘way in which they viewed abd studied man grovp Me. The oo ‘rp of symbole lteractionin but avund hs sand of general Similar. There hasbeen no clear formulation ofthe postion of Symbolic interactionlsm, and above all reaooedstateract of the ‘methodlogcl postion of ts epproad is lacking. This ena san ‘for to develop such atatement. [rely chely on the thought of George Herbert Mead who, sbove all thers, laid the foundations of the symbolic interactions approach, but T have been compelled to develop my own version, deling explictly with many erotal mat ter that ere only impli nthe thought of Mesd and ober nd covering eta topic with which they were not concerned. Thus {o's major ent f must bear fll sporty forthe views and ‘Gale preted hee Tats eptaly te of my testes of ‘Meldaby, the dscoson of ie tpi ssolly my own. MY ‘Theme of Ueateat rt to onli the notre of smb ter ‘ont, nent ety te guling principle of methoslgy ia iRocase cf empineal sc, amt aly to deal spect wih he tnethedlogod portion of amb interaction, Symbolic interaction reste in the last analysis on thre simple promises The ist prem Is that human beings act toward things fn the bas ofthe ieaings that he things have for them. Such Chingy inlade everything that the man beng may note in his ‘work plial bjet, sch as ros or cals: eter human beings, oc ara tother ora store cle eateries of human Beings, such I friends or enemies, Intition, as school or | goverment {uiding als, such andl tndapendence o honesty, ati fies of others such ae their commands ot requests and such st ‘thon ae an individual encounters in his dally hie, The second Premise ital the meaning of rach hogs i derived from, aries Sct ofthe sca otretion Bat one has with one's fellows. The ‘hind peels that these meanings are halen, and madd tn interpretative proces sed bythe person in deing with the things be encounters T wish to dscss brief each of these {tree fundamental prem, Te would soe thet few scholars would see anything wrong with the it premise-that human beings act toward things on the bass tf the meanings which these things have for them. Yet oly ‘ough this simple view gnred or played doe i acti all tthe thoght and work in contemporry soil sence and psycho: login scence Meaning ir ether taken for grated aod thas pushed tides unionpotet oe rognrded ar ere nettl ink between {he factor sesponsble for human behavior sod this Behavior the product of such factors. We can see this lal nthe predominant ptr of peycologel and socal science today. Comme to both EF these Beli i the tendency to teat human Behavior a the prod ‘tof vos ators ht ply pon aman bg: concern wth {he dvr and with te factors regarded a profcig then “Thus, pyehologit tum to moch facto: atin ates, com ‘is uncnstousmodves around of pyc fecepton ndcopn, ond verbs fete of peal rane Eons account on ven form or ances of ams condact Ins Similar Thon selgiterey on ch faces at sca poston Status demands scl ele, cokers pensions me aod vale focal prema, and gros st Ii both such plea poyhoga tmeeings of lng forthe ena blag war acing ate eer {ypu or vrelowed pi he facts wd to ccustfor thei ‘tEiir te declares tha the gven Ki of behav sr he elf the prelr faces egadeds prodciog them, thee ‘To ned fo cone onl wih the meaning ofthe thing toward hemi ng oy ets ining ae 3c erltng behavior Or ane tay if pred, sk t accom ‘edhe he lon caning by gg in he nitating fore by craig iar earl ak trong betwee he iting ‘est the behavior thy are allged to prouce In the et of ‘hes ltr ess the mening dappers hy bring merged int he {siting or eau Factor inh second ce meaning becomes + se no tk can rl ee ig “The postion of symbole interactions in contrat that th scans that things have for ha bigs re etal in ho ‘ht "To gore the meaning ofthe things toward which people nt ienastaing te bho nde dy. To byes We mean. lng in avr of acon ged to prodace he bahar ser st fives mplet of he of eating in the formation of bhai “The simple premise Gt man Bogs act toward ings on the tsi of the mening of such hg sch oo spl al fo Aiferntiate ymbolsstrcnan~hore are sevtal ter 4 frowche tt arth penise”A ujorline of diferenc etweee ii ia ytotio terse ie st by the second prem, wich resto the sours of meaning, There are two wel owe ‘ditional ways of acountig for the origin of mening One {Rene rprd mcg ing ne tothe ting that ha SSinng snarl part of the objetve makeyp ofthe ng, Thue ars tnt ot ne ik wiiaiwmie cote Shei ricire cates Se Gacummestcs meer emai at titlac mt cele a Tanda herheoet trmecr a feel aad nt erates Sot Seer Mites ethene oemn keto ele areata ae ie, ats gegen ante Senin eect as my eee reece pe Sesame eee Shcseee ie cme pores aSpaaeogeert ee iene is tebg mo gacgeeest wanenicate Semone tesee Eerie Searrianal ements Se sherman Sabor mcn tamearenn aes seit see at pote dd i err ee Seep Se ohuemeate cate eat Sera tuna dog wi Shoes ae eee erg ee Sear te fe ene eae be Ss pte cea peg ee Bee api th ropa Me ea og tole reece ale rig Sle oie metas nae meet eee Peormoais athe sagen SES seaateee Se Soom rete tee Seton eka ng rper pod Eactatuerate stearate cd Sry niece son. Ths bolic itrtoni teasing soi ‘Stererton that re fomed ns through the fing ace of Pople a they itera This point of lew gives symbole inter toni + voy dinate potion, with profound imps: ‘tate dcased ter “The thd premise mentioned shove farther diferentes sym tate ners While the mening of tiger formed he conte fc interaction and drive bythe person from tht fneracnn, ii mike to thin that thee of mening by + ern sta ppirton ofthe meanings derived. Ths ite rly mare the work of many scar wh other flow the ‘pmboke traction pprsch. They fail torr thatthe we of ‘menings by «pron a ston nove an interpretative proces In thisrepct hey ar mrt the adherent ofthe vo dons ‘ews spaten of sbve-to tore who lodge meaning in the objetve Inskeup ofthe thing that has and tore who rgd ara expe Sonofprcloga elements Ail tree like i ing th ‘tmering by fe human beingin hs ston sr eing no more than =n ect teplstion of aleadystblshed mening Asch 1 thee fl to se that the se Of means by the Ar occ through «prover of interpretation. This posers has fo ding Spe Fn the actor indents to his he things toward which he's acting: he has to pot out to hn the things tha have ennng fhe mango oth ideation i anne scl process nth the acto tercting with nse" tr awh el smmbing oer tha an tray of pycolog ‘al element am sntane ofthe peson cgagng It # pro i immnication wh howell” Sco by vse of i roe of ‘Sommunicting with wel, becomes ater of ‘nding nating The str sl, cock, pend, ror ‘nd trae he meaning in the ight of he ston wc be itpliced ad the ston ef his action. According, interpretation Shu not be repre as mere stomate sppcton feta. ied mennng Bt as «formative procs nich meen sre ed and eviews nsrment forthe guidance and formeton of Scion ei nsenay toss hat meanings play te patna Brough a poco stration. TR's ml ny prpee to dacer at thi polt the mers ofthe Aree ‘viens th ge meaning respecte) the thing the pryche and in sil cin, oo laborat 0 the contention hat te mid extiy by te acto in he course of orang Ee actin, tad Twas tvely to aot thet by blag based on the thee premie symbolic interaction i nec Te to de ‘elop an assy scheme of aman snes tnd human conduct Tavs qute dante, Tis sheme that Tw propor foo ie Jeter is rounded on 3 number of base es, ce tot mage os etre cn These rok mages reef Sha epi he oat ofthe following mates: human oops Socesocilnteacon, bjt Se man beng ea 2%, Sonu acon andthe ners of he ie ln Taken {ogee thee sot ingest the way in which symbaic Intanctonn sis husan sty and conduct They constitle the fameverk of dy nd aaa Let me dscebe bie each oft rot ages Nirwre oF wena HOY oF NAN ROU Lae Human rope soca a costing of an Binge wh ae engi in ‘action. ‘The action ‘cmt of the multitudinous activities ee = {stiideals perform nth ea hy encounter one aete ‘hy et ces tons om The ‘fades my at sng, hy ay nt colt and ty may Sn bel of os epee of some organ or oP Sf shen The sets bong to the slg eda wed are lsd on ty the abays wa og to te stots in which they hae tet The ipo oft spe and essentially rede {ur churatrztn the fondarectally aman groups ose) fren comand st be se a ems fst Ths pcre of fina soaety a act mtb he sting po (and the pte ‘a ye tr Tsay empl Come same vert ins SOE TSRDN Sony be Serna om te Cpl © ngs Sty tnt cs opie Tito th we dni Sf sc i ontemprry cater tnt of scl artre Cie 2 conception, whee ted a castor, tad nor, vals, or uc is ery drive om whet people do” Slay, sod scr 35) of is spects represented by sch om hr socal poston, at tole authority, and prestige, refers to slaionshipe derived from ‘bow people at toward cach other” The fe of any human society comists becessrly of an ongoing process of Sting together the ‘tives of te members, It isthe complex of ongoing activity ‘hat establishes and portray structure or ergenization. cardial principle of symbolic Interaction i that any empirically oriented Scheme of human society, however dered, must respect the fat ‘hatin the fst ad lat tstances human soit const of ‘engaging inaction Toe empirically vai the scheme must ‘oanitent with the mature ofthe socal ston of human beng erowe or socut eenicron. Croup lle nicely pes pore inracton between th group teers ep teri, + Fecity coi of ndvualsteracg with oe acter The fetes ofthe members oscar prediiantly Sr response to one tnother oto ration to one acter Eventhough hn eco. sind met wivry i deities of aan sock, soil ate ‘clon sully taken fr grate and teat shaving itl ay, Sguicsne in ts own igh. This evdet i pla soca tn prychologaschames~ hy trea sol itr at merely 4 ‘mean through which the determinant of Beaver pst to. ‘ice the bebavr "Thus, the typi soil! scene behavior to ich factor state positon tel preci ‘oem, vale, scons, tle demas and soil yen Fee ‘ent; explnatin Interne of uch factors safes witht peyng ‘en th ac ern, tt i py mos ‘poses nthe types! false sch {Perens in coupes Se tp ‘sl ongeiation i proces are ond to Secount ‘hate within srl of oligo tracon One {amps from such erative str to th Bearer they ar upped {0 produce. Social lotracton tomes mee fru ough which ‘olla or prydogal determinants ove to ting bea en forms of human behav. Tay 2 tht this ignoring of socal fnteracon i not comected by speaking of an itrctn of soctl laments (et when 8 socogt spinor of sel ‘sla ora bteactin betrem the comport of trl eon) tr an interecon of prychnagieal clement or when « pyholgit ‘perk ofan interaction betwen the tude ld by dierent peo pe). Soi eterna iteration Between actor and ot be ree factors inte to them. Sybok interstonlen dove not merely ive eens nod to il teraction Te recogniae soci interaction to be of ial ns om night Tis importance ote fat tat ‘otal Interaction i= pros het forme human conduc intend of ng mya mn ating yh xen leo Monta conduc."Pt spy, con beings i trcing with one oth have take cre of wht ech ter dig Sr et {0° thy ae forced to diet thee ow condocto handle ter ‘Stations fo treo wht they tak int acsnan Thus, the et {ir forbes eater a poste factor nthe formation a he ow tonduct i he face the ston fetes one may abandon 29 ineton or parpore, reve check or pend iene oe sen tT ct hte la ‘may oppo or prevent sch plas, may rogue a reviaon ‘st, may demand very deren sco och plas One at pon ov line of ecrky in vome manner to te actos af schon Tha ects of oto vet be ton ap cod tad ‘Sonat be roared snr an cena forth exprenion af what ‘is dope do st out od, ‘We are indbted to Gorge Harber Mead forthe ot peta sng sas of wil tetany at ears wh the liacteonnt jun gen” Mead eater two forms or leva a0 ‘Sitesi tr bson sty. Hl refer fo thar eapetvy x ‘ibe conversion of estere andthe of igen yar 1 ‘hata en snpectely “nosy ration” aad "ym ‘se interact” Ron symbol iteration taken place when 206 ‘ponds diy to the ston af abate eihot iterprting thst ‘ton, symbote lteractiontavelves intepetation ofthe ston. ‘owsyoiske atracon tens rely eparent In ree re ‘poms an the cave of boner who staal rates sr 0 iow However fhe boner wee eect ten the sow rom is opponent ar fit Sgn o tap in, te would be engaging in symbn interaction. In Sis se, be ‘old endesvor to sersin the meaning ofthe blow-tht wat the Bow signifies as to his opponents plan. In thi sociation ‘rman ting enggeplentiflylnnonsymbolic teraction 28 hey ‘spond ined snd usa teach thers boly move amet, expres, and tans of ve, batter charter mode ft nection ron the ymbac level, a they srk to undetad She meaning of each ees at, Men's analy of symbole interaction is highly importast. He scsitasa pretation estes so rrp ote esig of those getre A geste any pt or tpt ofan enging aon tages there et f hich prt for camp the Sako «i os indo a poole tek we he ele tin of war by naton ata indica of «posture and nef ‘con of ta non” Sach tinge ques oe, commen Shop rains grt a ny te pen io ‘eognzes than an es of te ltain and plano orton {ion efthe nde who promt them, he pos who re ‘pods ognize spose ote bs owt he pore es {Phin the paso who reas he pss sane! hen sad ‘to or sg of wht he plang to doa wel a of hat ho ‘rants the expondeat odo of undertand Th the geste has ‘aning for both he pen who male tad fr the pero fo thom fi deco. Wea the eure he the se mein or inthe two pares ended sah ther,” From ts Bel t- oun can vc hat he mean fhe gre ow ot log Ane lines (Meads tere of meng) Isc wht the ron to whom tis Gece to do; gies hatte person ‘io mang the gesture pln to do; and spe the lt so tin dats tare by the aftaton fhe act of bth Ts for isan, robes aman to hs wt opt opie ha (aan indian of what the vin to dor (0) a indeation of ‘hath robber pls ott rele the vt of heey, tnd () anton of tho Jatt boing formed inthis ae 6 heldup If ther i conn or misndorading slong my ove of thse tee les of meaning communication Beer era, ton is impeded and the formation ofl sction i blocked ‘One ational feature should be’ added to round out Meads ‘analysis of symbole interaction, namely, that the partie to such Interaction mst neces take each othe role. o indicate to soother what be ist do, one har to make the tiation frm the ‘andpoint ofthat othe; to order the vei to put up hs hands the ‘obber has to see ths response in terms of the vit making [Cocespondingy, the victim has tose the command from the ssn psa of he robber who gies the commands he ha to grap the [Eteton and fetcoming ton of th robber.” Sch otal rl {aking he one qu ne oman and elie symbolic ‘Shenton, “The ceil place and kapatance of sym nteracton fn hae ‘man froup ie ad conduct shouldbe offre A me cy or pp ron ef people mocaion Such sudan et sary tthe foro people sng ovat on oor tnd thas Testing a anal interacton Sich erachon I buman sxe SEREticaly and predomi onthe bole level wor iva acting nda lacey a age of ome fanlatn counter ove state they tre ney rege to {Set thane ne at hy ie {ton They do thi by + dl poco of netng to fo ut and of inet he inane mde by Sher Homan {oup lleva vst proces of ach dein others what 0 3 ad ‘Tinterpeting ti Odeon, ough tis procesr pope come 2 ft tho sete to coe ante and to fon tht ow india onc Both such at act and dal rect re formed ‘nd trmgh te eaging poe: they ae no mee expres Sr roduc what pope bing to the interaction o of onions Gl ce anecadentte trea. The fare to somo. {htc to thr wn pout contr the fndamental decency of ‘hh ea ua rhe ty nor ‘Sranttion or pycolgil factor oof any combination of he ie by vr able trncon, man gmp Be ace ‘ity Lamutie proce ad ot mere sea 6 he expen of pouting coe [Naruna or ony. The poston of symbol teractions i ht eo mg a fy i oe te composed of “objects and tht these objects ar the product ‘yr interaction. An objet anything that canbe idiot, iything that pointed to refered toa oud,» book, legisla ta nk, ris Sci ih Fe pose of convenience one can clay objets thre eatgoris: Bhysal objects, such as chars, tres, or bcyls (bs objets Foch aston pit, presidente mother or fiend; and (©) ab- fact objects, such as moral principle, plosophcal doctrines, or 10 ‘eas such a jt, entation, compassion. T repeat tht an thie is nythig that can be nicted ord te The ature fan objactof ey and every cjet~comit of the meaning that tas for the penon for whom tian obj Tie meaning st the vy in whi he ser th bj the wy in which he ie repre to {tor nd the wy in whlch be ready ttl An bjt my havea dierent meaning for dient ida a tee wl bea dferent objet os betas,» lan por, ads Trme gardener: the Preset ofthe Unted Sater can e's ey diferent bjt to «devoted member of poli party nto ‘member ofthe oppsin, the members fs etl group may be Seon a «diferent Ln of object by members of eh gross, "The Imei of objec for peron ster fndameetly oo the way ‘hey ae deft by ster with wow be tract. Thus ne ‘ome to lear rough the ination of ther that ca cha {he doctors re a rae od af profes tha th Uned Stats Censor pen ind of legal acer, en ofr, Out paces of maul indeston coven ats emerge bjt tht ave th same mesg fr pes ot of ppl ad re sen In he sSne mamer by them ‘Several noteworthy conquers ili fom the oeoing di cosnion of objects Fst ves ss diftest pcre of te er ‘trenment or mai of oman begs. rom thc stndpit the nvtcnment sonst only ofthe objets thatthe given human beings ‘ecole and know. Te nture of his coven at bythe teaning that he objets comporng tv fo thne human Blogs Tndividals ko groups oompring o ving Inthe stn opt location ny ave wecrngly, ery ferent environmen: 8 We sty, people ty be ig ke bye yr be tng a dillecat troll deed, the trl i more wb than the word “avroment 10 dengue the acting, he mrroadings, and the terre of hinge tat rent them Ifthe word of et ojecs ‘ith whieh people have to del ad toward which hey develo the Stone Ifallows that node to wodetand the seon of people {Fi neceney to ently tr wed of objcts-onnpoan poet ‘ha wl be elaborated ater Second obj in he ste of thir meaning) most be seen as socalerestont-as bl formed in snd aang oat ofthe proces {ton and interpretations ths proces tale lace the ater section of people, The meaning of anything and everything has to te formedlesed and treated throogh a process of ndeation i proces that i nscessrya soci proes: Huan group ie on ‘he level of symbolic lnteratton ira vast proces in which people tr forming, utlnng, and tranformig the objects of their world ‘S they cote to give meating to objec, Objects have no Bred Sats eacept as their meaning I sustalned through indications snd ‘Scations tat people make of the ebjcts. Nothing sore appr fot than that objets inal fan undergo change in the ‘meaning Asari the ky ls very diferent objet to's modern “Strophyoict than was to 8 sbeepherder of bal tmes; ma ‘nge was a diferent objec (oats Homans than to ever Romans: the preideot of ation who alto act successfully through eieal ties may beorne avery diferent objet to the eas of his land. Tn short, from the standpoint of symbolic fatratonsm human group hfe tu process in which obj are being eeated, fired, Ennformed, aid eastside. The life and scion of people neces rly unge ia line withthe changs taking place In Get wold of oes, ‘Tw mca memo As 4% AcTMG oncann. Symbolic interac tions rcogues at human Beings mast hve awake that ts the nature of roa interaction. ‘The human beng i sen 36 an forgniom that not only respond to others on the non symbolic level ‘ut ar one that maker indation to oters and interprets ther nd ‘tons "He can do thar Mead has shown so emphatically, only by virtue of possessing a “sel” Nothing esoteric is meant by this fxpresio,lemeans merely hat a human being can be an object of Frown action. ‘Thus, beet recognize himel for instance, ss be ing man, young in age 4 stent, in debt, tying to become lover coniog fron an undistinguished family apd oth. Tn all ‘uch isances be an objet to nse, and at toward himself ‘ed guides hie n he stone toward others on the bss ofthe ind of abject be i to nee, ‘This notion of oneself a an object fiat the ere disusion of object Like other objets, the sl object emerges from the proces af socal lnteraction in which other ‘oop are dering = person to himsll. Mesd has traced the way in ‘whlch ths occur in is dscamion of raletaking He point ut that In ander to become at objet to himelf «person has to see himself ee pana cone eeeeae ceaointinie aaa cot AG ah oaratme set peer reread ees pach eect Beever Ree ee Pipe Sere rete teeter eee Es mand ale fankncme eb ge pa ee Serer s Respected oe ‘have been mentioned. That one forms an object of himself through a ees Simeone Sic pak ame rere ee etre eerie eins Scam eeoeie Sites eeraiabemeee sce saeonenete soe Tein pbneece eins poe delete erent Sangeet Sestonm once a sch fw nots ht he yh Selgnon mani tow SS eee Scone Spee ety eta Mle’ oe ate tl olf ores or Oe Elcues nae ie, aoe Peer mere soa ieiaaneaee Speen oa Seseicecerstibec Seige Sar Aoterc with ua thogh soil proce of king inden to fst Ths «rads iret view ofthe man being from that which dominates contemporary soca and peychologal ‘Sica ‘The devant preeng ow othe bumen tng ort Compl erguninn wane Uchavior reponse fo fas payog on {he option ofthe eras. Ske of thought the ol ‘snd prychologesl sence difer enrmowly i wich f wah fac tor hoy regu a sigan ssh in uch a ive trys ‘ial outed, eed spostons, cous natives, soe ‘ous motives, emotion, atten, dem, ela prep, ‘erm, vues at demands, sl sles, vleence group i ‘ton and inetonal pres.” Schols of tought fer so In ow ty vow the rgnisaton ofthe human being wheter 4 Endo bagel rgniston a Kd of prclog oranton, ra kind of imported social organization incrorsted from the Sd cractre of onet group,” Newerhlen, Whese tho of ‘fgh re lik sing She Rene ig an ¢vespendg npr {nm ith hs beri bg» proc ft ft plying one ‘guint ora expen ofthe tray of prt of ogo {i Under ths wily shred vinw the bento lg ea iyi th sae of ie Being tuber of sacl sper, of ‘eipondng tobe (soa sine ev of ving ocrporsted ‘ihn the organist of is roup. "Te view of te human being eld nse intercon is fundamentally difrct ‘The man big i sec tol in 8 ‘much more posundsnse—in the eae oft nana ht engages in sci itraction with Wl by mag ndctos to sel and responding to such indsstone” By vite of engaging msl {nterction the man being stand oa markedly diferent elton {ois enizonnet than espa bythe wiend cane ice ow deeb! above Sted of Clg ero en osm that repr fo the play of actors roe the man be: ing sce at an eget thet sf deal wth wt tar ‘ets whut to nts by sogagng hn proces of elndcton in sich Wake an bj of eka tnt ies a meaning nd ther the meanings the bs for etn fo sto. Ts Heke wth oar to what notes i ot sepa ele fr by the revnaton of what ots ut ted aston ae ot SF te lnerpetation sade though the gros of siden —— mn thls sese the human being who i engaging in self interaction x rot a mere responding orgazm but an acting organism an or {ania that har oad eof action onthe bass af what aes Sto account instead of merely releasing a response to the play of ome factor on ts organization. Narune or meas acm, The capacity ofthe haman ing to rake Indications to himself giver a dsinctive character to human ction. Imean Hat the human indivseal confronts 4 werd hat be must interpret in oder oa instead ofan envizooment to which he responds Beenue of ir organization He ha to ope with the stustlons in which hei clled on to act, ascertaining the mening ‘ofthe actions of others and mapping ot hit own line af action in the light of such interpretation. He has to contract ad guide his ac tn instead of merely releasing in response to factors plying on him or operating trough him. He may do a miserable join Com structing his action, bute has to contact "This view ofthe human being dieting bis action by making Sn lations to himself stands sharply in contrat to the view of uma ‘ction hat daminater current prychololal and vocal scene. This ‘ominant view, as alresdy implied, ascribes human action to an inating factor ofa combination of cach factors Action ced ‘ack to Such matters a8 motives, atitudes, need dispositions, uncon scious complenes,stinul configurations, sats demands, role 1 ‘qulremeot and sitatonl demands.” To nk the action to one ot tore of such Iniiatng agents fs regarded a ulling he sceatie tsk. Yet such an approsch ignore and maker no place forthe proces of selsinteractionthroogh which the individal Inds bis ‘Word nd constructs hie action. ‘The door i lose tthe vital pro- ‘of iterprettion in whic the odio notes and asses What te presented to bi and through which he maps outlines of overt behavior pir their execution. Fundsmertally, action onthe part of « human being consists of taking account of veri things that he note and forging line of fenduct onthe bass of how be interprets them. The things taken into account cover much mater a is wither and want, hi objon tives the aval mean for their achievement, the ation and 85- tiated action of other, his image of himself and dhe ely result ofa given line of action. His conduct formed and guided rough 6 sucha proces fn and interpretation. Eth proc, gen i Paci ed opp iy may Sd tr ponponed thy nay be conned mere pening o (0 a0 Felten ort iatd they maybe rnsforme. My parpose {sotto aaa hs pres bt ll tention tos presence ad pean Inte formation of haan atin. We tilt rege Et he ectty of human bigs cont of meting» fiw of. Atos in whch tiny Bove oats tht ther eto bat on he ‘iss of what they note how they ane nd interpret wt hey ‘sand what Kind of preted sof action they mp ot Tat [rots ot eught by sncbing ston ome End of ace or Elanpl, metres, neel-dapeien sole requrmens, scl = "socal re) at tog o nite the ston sd rope tos comea sch factor some epenion oe te the Rms takes ft ccount mapping hi ie of {con The nating factor dur oo embrace ores Bow {nd other mates ae then iat accoet inthe toton a cal {Reaction "Oca to pt iid lhe dbring poses of the acae inode to undrtand ston. ‘This vow of heen ection pis ogi welt joint cles tivencton a which monbers of add are mpicted. Jat ot Coles acon contiotes the domain of clog cancer, Scenpliled in he behavior of oupe, into, ocgeiations, tcl cer Sach insane sce boo wate {ey mny bo, cont of indus Bing te es of ao to one Srctier” ris both proper and onset view and stay suh be rin sit cote character ed ff tial Components" Such it Bevo oor ot ow character of blog ‘Sree hough an iterpretatve proces meting este ‘Shin which the colt lad om tact Whee the ol icity bean ary engaged in campaign, + cxporaton ering toenpend it oprtion, ora natin tying fo comet a wfaoreble Teittoco tradename ston hough an ere: tation of wht happening in sae of operation, ‘The interes {ie proces takes pace by partis sakngIndtions tone tock not mes eac © Kall Jot orcs acon a9 tome of such rosso fterpetetv nteaton eremuneace oF cmon. As stated earlier, human group ie conto ad exits nthe Bing of line of ation to each ther by 6 the penta ofthe group Such txation of sof aton ges ‘ue and consis it stona socal xpintion Co ‘ct of diferent at of diverse pripeate AP ation, wide Imad up of dive component ss tat eter fo formation, (Set from tay aoe ft ad fn the mee aggepton. ‘Theft ton has tinie chance in on oii a str hate nthe atone kage a apart root wha my ‘earls or kod. ‘Thos, ot Sto ay be antied ‘Sich and may be poken of nd tated witout avg to break dwn nto te verte cts that compris Te What e 30 ‘sien we pao such ng mga a tadng tana, ‘tars pelmentary cum ors cnch service Say we i speak ofthe cleo tat engages in ft ation wot sagt ently the dul monbur of Ctcolety, a doin speaking of «fly snes corporation, + churey a ‘erator ution. Te eidnt hat the Sra fhe socal so {et conte pel by the sy fot ston aad of the Coles tat eogage not ston In daling with colecvn sd with alt action one cn easly te tapped nan enon postion by fling to rcogale ha be fin acon ofthe cally is an iinage othe spate act Site pape Ths fare ede one to ovetonk te fac tat 1 ja ation sivas a oandegp pose of fermton ven though tay bes wile and eptive form of ch tc cach tance of asf be formed mew. Fr is Savor of fomaton rough wich come to blog nessarly tpl gh he tr of digetion wd ton tat was sce cbove The propel have oe (ha pate oat by toning end eg teeing, "With th eas at « balou Iwi o ake tre cee sons on the patios ef he internkage a oat at nT with cones St toe late fat acon tat Srerepttve sd aba The pin of sol action {n't Baman voy, partly sete sosety, xt ne form of recaent pater of nt son In mon stations In ‘ich pepe nt tard one another hey have In aance ‘ersanding of bow tat sd of kw ter pre willact. “They ‘hare common and prtbliied meanings a wha expe a {heaton af he partpans und srordngly ead partipeat ‘Bio's guide hs cen Bev by voc meniogsIntanet ofc ” tive and preestablad fms jit ation ae fequst ad omnon that trey to undertand why chlars have vowed he 8S the enene or marl form of human gop if" Such ew ‘peclyappret in the concept of “ere” and “oil ode” Wit are to Dnt inal sence etre, Mont soloed! schemes at on the al that «Bonn society extn te fo of fm etablabed order of Uvng, wih tat or rsa it ode Irene to set of rk, nor value sid tance tht spec fo peopl bow they ae tact thee rent stations, vert conan se in eder wih oar to ths next scheme ris tot toe thatthe fall expe of Hens hora fn any barman sock, bt en eprnion of peiablaed forme oft acon, New Stations re costal ang win the group hl tht are pcbenatic snd for which existing res trelmdaqune ave never best of ay scety that wats f robles fray society which br ed ot have to ogg 2 “Escnson to wank oot ays of acon Such areas of wopresatbed ‘ondut ste jst attr indigenous and secret sna iroup lea re hoe areas covet by precede {aly followed preseptons of at action” Sond, we have ore ‘ognize thet oven th cto pressed td pete fit ‘on cach instanceof such ft ston bas tobe formed ew ‘The partiput il have to bud up ene of aon ad Bt them to one another though the dat roe of destin and Interpretation Tey do th in th cas epee fat stn ‘court by sing the san eet snd contantmenigs If we ‘ong thine se foc to else hat the lay and fate of ‘eecings ew important nthe ant sctonn te tabs form. Repttve snd stable fit stn i ft rach sre of sn interpretative procera ow for of at elon tat elo Alevloped for the Bt tine. Ths at an leo peda oi {he meming thet unde eae nd reat on ston re {henucies je fo prea wel st reafrcetet ns ot dtactn ar oll indie they may be al {5 vel a armed lowed to sip lng wit eae a well ‘bj tokio of ew vig, Bekind the fade te see ely perceived at acon the sct of eninge tat aie tat jie ation a life that he oil eet cal aflod to gore 2A fgatitus acceptance of the cone of noms, vale, il 1” ‘ules, and the lke should 2ot blind che social sient to the fact that anyone of them 6 subtended by a process of social iteraction a proces that is necessary ot only for ter change bat aly ‘vel for their reteaton In ed form tis the socal proces in ‘roup life that eeates und upholds the rls, ot the rls tater Ste and uphold group ie "The seond obervtion onthe iterinkage that constitutes joint action refers to the extended connection of ston Hat makeup 20 ‘auch of Boman group life We ae falar with these large om plex networks of ation involving aa lterihage and 7 ‘ency of diverse action of diverse peopl ia the division of bor ‘extending from the growing of grin by the farmer to an venta Sale of bread in store, ori the elaborate chan extending fon the test of suspect to his evental eeu from a penitentiary. These ‘etworks with their regulated partition of diverse people by diverse ation at diverse pints yields «pte of tations that have been appropeiately a major concern of soxslgite, They aaa five substance tothe den that human group life has the character Of system. Ta seeing mocha large complex of dversied active, I hanging together ns regularized operton, and in scng the ‘complementary organization of partiipants in welt interde feat relationship, eis easy to understand why 30 many shales "ew such network or insttaton a slf-operating ete, Fellow Ing thet own dymumice and ot requiring that stention be ven to the participants within the networe Most ofthe socalogil nay. ses of institutions and-scial ganization adhere to this view. Such ‘erence, ny fdgment, is serious mistake One sould recog. ize what is tue, nual thatthe diverse aay of pstipants occupying dierent paint nthe network engage in the atiooe st those pots onthe bse of wring given sets of mesnings. A network ‘or an instition doesnot function automaticly beens of some Inner dynamics o system requirement: Fncione becuse people a diferent pots do something and what they do is result of how ‘hey define the stuation in which they are‘called on to actA Timed appreciation ofthis pint x reed today in some ofthe swank on decson-making. but on the whale the pelt ie gros ig. fored Te neceary to recognie thatthe sett of meanings that lend participants to act a they do at ther stationed points inthe network have the on Sting ins lcalied proces of ail intr: ° sstoncatd th hee menos ae forme, state, wthoned ‘Hrengened, or transfonmed, asthe cate may be through a scaly ‘efning proce. Both the fonctoning and de fate of insttons Ure et by this proces of interpretation as taker place among the ‘Brae to prints “tir epatant Cserration neds tobe ade, manly that any inane tation, wether wy Toned ot ong eae, {nr mc anf of bckgroond of prev scons a the preps Age’ dof fn tion neve comes into et tnct ape rom sock 2 bachgoand. The purple fn the teraton of te new jn ston sys tengo at oration the word of eject the sto meaning andthe shee of tr ‘paton tt try sendy poms “on the ne form of ft en eye eee oto connected with comes of re: ‘ost Stn Tt sanot be undo pa fom tht content, Ue ast bring into cones his kage i receding form taut en, Ove non teachers and empcaly val {pound bens a any ges far of facto a be led EF mts hnorl ages 3 sepa character oe Get ofthe thengh span geceton aed of rowig ot Sct wen es tfc ray Geet sd seal Staats props may Ye edt vp orm of tation {tore mikey dere on he wich thy hve pei, Sng yet eves noch cae tee alayr oe conection Soe win what went on before One xno wader the ‘So orn what ncrposting Hroiedge of theo fat Uc anja of the nee fom’ ose oot oxy represent 8 total nage st weak of the sts of he paren tao verte kage with previous oat sin Sowntany mewars. The general perspective of symbolic inter actionto shouldbe ler from our bre etch of rot images. ‘This approech sees bunan society ss people engaged In living. Such ving «pres of ongoing avy in which participants are ‘developing line of action inthe meltudioous stations they en Counter, They are caught up ins vast proces of interaction in ‘which they have to thelr developing actions oooe another. This process of interaction const in making indeatons to others of what edo tnd interpreting the indicatlons ss made by others. They lve In words of objets and are guided in thi retton and action bythe meaning of tho ajete The bjt, inching Bice ohne rm tied, weak td we {omed in heir interaction with one another, Ths general proces shouldbe sen, of couse inthe diferetnted carter Waich ‘ecesary has hy vse of the fact that people cater in diferent troupe blog t diferent asociton, and eccpy diferent pos om Theyaecordingly approach each ther difercty, vet i ferent world, and gue Hemacves by diferent sets Of meanings Neverties, wheter ones dealing with fami, a boy ang ‘nda copoation, or polit pry one mst se thea ties ofthe collet a being formed trough proces of desig ton and interpretation, [METHODOLOGICAL PENCILS OF BAPMCAL SciENCE am dealing with ymbobieiteraconism nota philosophical Aocne” but asa perspective in empiri soil ences an ‘approach designed oye erable Inowledgeof human group Ke land human conduct” Accordingly, te methodological pines Inve to meet the fundamental requiements of empiric scence What ae thse requirement? Carent thought abd dicusson of 1methoelogy in the socal and peychologetsieces ae marked by ‘och misunderstanding and confusion on these mater. I iad ‘visable to sketch several base prncpes shall bog with the redundant aserton hat an empirical sence resppost the existence of an empire world, Sach an empirical ‘word exists as something available for observation, sto, and "alysis It tans ver apes the slentie observer with char ‘cer that as to be du out and eased through absenation, sph meas tse fa te ‘Sh hero Seo ta on high Ss ar fibro hemes pea cited i oi exper "Te go Exec a acetates n study, and amis Thi empl world mt forever be the cn tral point ef escent ise pb of departare sod th pl of Fett in che ce of expat esting rund or Shy sertone made shut the empirical word. "Realty for em ‘la scence ust only in he empl worl can be ght oly [Bee and can be vere aly there Thode ht ths bid yo nde detrton mo be mis understate inert fow eds sot he tran poston GT idaigm sod" rem, sce these plies! poston pro foundlyifocnce mui uy in cent oil nd psyholeg sslacene “The tata poston of ala thet the “world of realty xis ony fn ea exprence snd that spears oly he fon Srvhch bam bg“ that word 1 ik that this pston ‘incontestable itt inponble oct = sige stance oa cha. Sctrztn ofthe “word of ety hat ct nthe form ‘Noman imagery. Nothing Enown ta angst he orm of sorting tn they toy date ler f. To indicate ‘apthig, bunan beings mote en hr peepee, ey mot dol tas tapens thom Lots sat no el can be found with th cotenon tht the copii word neers SIvays nthe form of human ptr ad conepton af How” ver this dos ot si "realy at so many onl, fen the Epoical word the ral af ager and sonception One rs {Fie tne at snc the empleo xn exit for haan be 1p nly tome of iags conceptions of therefore realty Imut be sought ages er conception independent of an rp ‘Blworid“Sechsmlgistepotn ir ntenbe and would make npn scence npn. "The poston tenable Dense of {htc atthe empl word a teal back” to our ples of {tb mets about talk back nthe ese of chaloging ad ‘suing or tx bending, oor imager or enceptos off Ths ‘unc ves he empirical worlds burt character at the mk of relly. Te fat that ne can scommodate o resco tho sesstance ol by forming stew nage ov conception dos ot fe the empire wand of fs Garatecaraer es ths be fe mace ofthe epi words sity fo test and ta eatin bat calle ors otis empire lence Fudan {ay empl slene an eter tat ees t develo ges and conception that cn ccf bani a accoodie the ‘actos tered hy the empl weld ede dy “The secopaton ht the empl word hasan obras cher acter wh woe aso coef tam ges al ataton to {he vealits inne thatthe empirical wad ha 4 weal charac te. "Hower ft secsey fo ld vo conceptions that eve ‘goed Cation ram snd that hove sresly impede Eelfcnan One of Ue conception i atthe oblate charac te or ealty, ofthe epic wil aed or mutable a some “iit foot whee scaring the sfatve of empl cre {roth contrary, the bitory St empl ene thows tht the ‘aly ofthe cpa wold appt in ther ad now” Sd ‘Sotnay set withthe alevenent of tow duces "The ‘Banger ofthe beta the ety of the pica werd exits oa ‘erally Bred fon crea he natral pont t ken Teg inovldge of tt ray a coming th pore Bed fotm uch dpontion, a bay hows fan bt formic ‘chads to new try and new covery‘ scond stein ‘conception i tat he ly of the ep word ast Be sect Sct in tre of the ndings of vanced phyla cence oncepion tt ha been partly prio a ect on oil Sd pyelogea scence. Thre ho warat forthe concept. ‘The orate arate of the emp worl what found te trough etfl and ones dy To force ll ef th empl word Bt ssceowe that hasbeen devised fora given sgt of That world plonopicldectaing and See 40 epee the Sppronch of gel emp scence. The proper pate of empl cece, im my adgment that of cate drt for newer to quson ded tthe restan ‘barat ofthe gen empiral maid under tay.” Ove aro: ‘eect arr of tel wth ne the cardinal pring of empires eno. Empirical scence ‘ses its ques by ding megs ofthe empiel world under stly fd by testing these ges though enacting sortiny ofthe pl Slowed Thi tingle Svevation poor cot p the te of ‘medalogy nope fous. Meth resto cont the [indple that under and guide the fo paca of sg the ‘Shiurte character ofthe ven empiric! word. Thre are tree Igy import pus np by hr concrpon of mology: Be er een ce te rept at mmo seats Se ea Sree rate eee ey ee pecan ote oa Sie ltr aren tea Peer pian lrtn trregt ten fete sme rel torn ete isl eee een eee ae res es pee eceneeeee eae ae pee re oe coms oceania. tree ett atl ae eta ka een prca Toy ea Sere eee ae ree Ee len eee sree atl pe se pentane ert gmt on rice et pent sors omen cio oe ene mt es Sh creep heat to setae ee aay ete eit eon eo 2 eae, cepensn yey oieme gto rs pete eine coset, get Soroka steed ee teats nes weg gee sr neg aa, A ce eect eat een erga nome ere ree de Pa peg errr (a) The Fomeaton and Us of a Por Petre or Shame of the Rs real Word wae Study As pesos enor, i ah ‘oiablepreruste for any study 2 te enpial wo. ‘One can sc the tne! word nly thowgh sae sen Image of The ont oct of etic sly ote ad Shaped y th undying plete ef he empl ed tat ™ 4 1 ed, This ptr st the section ad ormalatin of pecans, {ho detain of wht te data the mean to ete In ipting dis, the nds ‘flan aught between, dy tnd See wth ps ‘se ct In ew of thi nd pelted pan la wlohe i a of Inqly by the ninting pare of the epi woh ‘lie to ore the pare The undying picture of the pial weld aby capa of Wetton the ors of 3 Sat prenses ‘These prea ae cored by the ace {Gren ter excl oily tothe ky sles tat comprise Ahepactre. The unaveidae oso genuine meio! wet. tet Wend ses hse premise (0) The Ailing of Question of the Empl World andthe Com ‘eon of he Quest to Problems Ts contest beg ning ofthe at of tay It ovis Bat the Hd of ques ‘shed andthe indo problema ped vet nd de the stant Ines af age. Acordaghy ir ih porta fr the ‘matndologst to examine ety and appre etl hew Problems at aed aed folate” Sipe, hd ‘Scvestielty, and slavish adherence to cine ine sltion Sed sting of Poker cnet wel inv bane pal ce (6) Determination ofthe Det tbe Sought and the Means 1 be Bnployed Gating the Dat. bv, ta ae ot by the problem which nde the imprane of ng sre of he Sstfactry character ofthe prblen Even ongh st by the robe, the data end to content ean tose thy (Gore a reviton or rjcton ofthe prob Reo thi fmpatan to vcoge tat th an ed ote dete depend tn he ate of th date t be ugh wevese aon of Towing the mend wed in searing to deter the male tbe data titer eine emp sur. These few seer tins sgt the der eed foe cereal nd teal comeston ha dts re tbe determined ad allt. (@) Detonation of Reson Betton he Det Snce the eh Inet of connections between the data yl the Bad of the ‘dy, Rgly impart ot aware of how wach comment fe teat. Tht otro wheter on eter tthe somes "troogh facia react on wat ane omcees ight be i cant lations or whether on leon mechanical prover Such a ctrl liso theme of computer carl (o)Imertton of the ndings The emia op ashe en tit ty the cones ofthe problem he ha tdi, since Inking interprets he ha relate he Ending to an tie {ay ctr tat fences hat tend the oy ihm’ Tpit tnd pula ert ‘ctl satiny theese of cdl tal pho ‘See Ti a pt wpeaing metry, a ers ty be lpg ts te dh contering on the terre an “hearted “cent tate merely bese the rseing sep: fh sy hae brn wel doe.” The eat body of then rst feces eed fete ipa ty be we teed sd may be abe (0 The Uwe of Concept ‘Throughout the act of siti ingly ence etal rl They ae iat eens inte fir thc that the ahr bar the tal wor they ee TG) tae the terms nw hs problem eas hy ar lly the eater for wh data ae ght td iw te ate feel ly bh ce ant ating EEE beeen dt, eye aly the sche pout stepson the fdngy "Decne of ch «deci le Seti ngy concepts eed especialy to be subject o method stolen. Any treatment of methodology worthy of ts name has to cover the above matter since they af cley the seta parts of the ctf erp ng i scenes. They mast be cover not nthe Sense of advancing» given scheme of he empirical wel, outing ‘et of problems in deciding onthe data aod ow they are to be Secured pregurag the ines of connection to be sought etching the framework to be employed i making oteretations ad en: efjngthe ocr ot Inte thy mut be eed the seme of developing the pincpes to be served in doing the ‘Rigen ich ya oes came to pip wth hob rate character ofthe empirical world under Teis i ths sen that much of present.day methodology i the s- al and pyehologial sence imadoquate and misguided. ‘The ‘overwhelming bulk of what pester toiay as methodology is made ‘po such preocspations a he felling” the devising and we of ‘ophisiated research techniques uly of an adaterd tate eal characte: the construction of tga tnd mathemati odes Ttoo fequently guided bya citron of elaguce, the elaboration ‘formal seme on how fons anceps ad here; ant 2 ste fraser Sanders pr ee eer td Saleen ines mas Sparta aerate gent saab tas en 5atwsfmuaiagsiees am Shite ee hes cat sh Saree eer ae ests Selpeeahdieame raters ee detente ean ce Shetymamatetan pean ewe aaa eae pare ae eit Rotana a ee Ree Eker teceen ae cepa tiaecesemeite Seeirhimoaralceearna ta ipieioc era aenterae Stars fe cena eee are Sau eie maces warame Ratan neas pac Sig ane mm ore maaan Eunmrerennnamertes Eedeenrrmeeiaiclegtes i dip iceamanten ant ita iehaiederctitaceme incre eee eecomred Soitebisiestemsareers ie ot oeeeaaateat saints Aenea ees Stereos eet tn cach prt ofthe acto cet nguy shold and must be a ‘eed in ens of wheter they respect the mature ofthe empl ‘worl under tudy~wheher what they signify or imply to Bethe inure ofthe empirical world actly the ese Ths he snder Tying scheme of fh empl word cdi he at of sei iy needs to be erly examined to se wheter i te, the ‘rotlems set for tuly need to be eieallysuled to see whether {hey are genuine problems tn the empecel wot, the data corn ‘eed to be inspected to see infact they have inthe en ‘rl the character given tothe i the sod ml. thee ‘Bra world has ob examined, independently of the toy, to see {Fhe relations staked ot between the data ate found In thet sere form; the interpretations of the Endings, pricy since they aris rm sours oud the study need toe given emp testing ad the concepts sed thoughout the corse of the ody ‘ein special need of rutin to se they match he emp! worl what hey porpor wo refer to. Nothing les han hs alle Torin methodologeal estment. ‘Yeti is evident that och srtny and assessment of siti in qty ae rare fn what s advanced today as metolclogy tn the so ‘al and poycholgia sciences Premise, probes, dt, rations, interpretations, ad concepts are slam sways accepted sx gen sd 0 spared rect examination in terms ofthe erp! World. Instead, current methodlogy sess other ways of Uylg to etab- 1h the empl! vay ofthe schemes, problems dats relatos, concept ad inerpretatons These oes ways tat re advocated Sed widely ued are the fllowing (0) adhering tos ecentifepro- toca (b) ngaping nreplstin of research std ) relying 09 {he tetng of hypotheses, and (2) employing sald operational Droedures Twit css each of thes aterntve sees. “Theres a widespread and deeply entrenched eli nthe ial snd peycoloicalslences that fatal adherence to what fom tony accepted othe prope potcl of research proedare sat. imate rent that ae vld forthe ep word Te tocol of “prope reereh procedure wll andaced inthe Focal and pepchologial sence tis wel represeted by what we ‘peak of ay athe prnper of research Gevgn,, Sach a proto it presented to stdents asthe mode fr research itis wed ceglsly by scholars and editor in asening research ste; and ed i i i | rather rigorously by fnd-remting bodes in evlating research opos Allott Dnest shalt that ffl ahertnc othe Frotclof search pocare garnets one apctiog themtweof the empireal weld ig of couse wo such gucetes {all Tesi of th set proto one an operate weitangly ‘ith alse premise, ronan pooner data, sprowse Intions, nace oncpt abt ive inerpetatcns Thee {sno bulin mechani i the poacl to tot hehe Ue prom ts problems, data, relation, otcept snd iatrpretatos a a tency the nate of the empire el “This observation spies lt the cance onthe repltion of states ug an estated reser pcocl Such ropleaton dos ‘ot tty the ned of emp isan of remies, prblens, onceps andthe ther anchor prope of sete sy "Whether not replicated study following & en potocel ye the sume ‘ess aan arr sty tends pat othe arson fhe vd frp tats ofthe premise problens, dat eaten, con Sn interpretations hee wd ‘Undebtedy. th ef menor usd in eset day soci nd stologea sence t ealch the npc valilty af ene ap owch the toting of hypothe. Te resoning ere i ne stars withthe contrition of scheme, thay er model ae cenit world or area under study.” The scheme, hear, odd ‘presents the way in which soe bee the empire! wordt be ‘Stuctured snd Yo operate. One then dadnes fom ts seme ‘tonto whet one would expect to happen under uc and ‘chase ef empl ccumsances, The ssron te hypothe 5" One thn rages yo a given emo aen that fens thse dremtnee If th Bigs um seh a stay ely thehypotesis one assumes tht th scheme, the nel cr the thea frm hich the hypotheses been Swe cnpscally ai gly hve foto nar on, ten aprons the epic wold of had sch and sch a male Sacre ‘ar pec consqunnes to what ene wuld Edi the em. rl werd ed the maeup atte toi and then ge Uo fat Such consequences rt be found in the sop word “There nt means of rth in hs view bt oly (ifthe by pothesis genuinely eptomie the made or the theory ram which $s dodeced snd (it the te ofthe bps followed by » scropulo serch or nga empl asl oo foqucntly {SE contin arent et nth cal en pry og sane ‘Tie loth uy nbc or efits te thor ool 0 ‘cul ht the hry o del eso fl with he ate af the hinged Further, he ing the hypothesis tly nadogst sled othe ple emp st ton that ir reamed by the hypo ence toe sheet ole ins sri ofthe reevnt empires eatin, {area moch spol hr sting Unie these 0 spe Ebon ae met ons mer tng the putes a at these or tcc shee rm wth te ed. he we ‘tse In, sod endosteal for vary gio eon, creel ‘cheoesin the sec nd pry! niece have ben moins {ortho ere with which bypthere dedocl rm them ae vero rar occa happens ach scheme show a earabl sity to moinain tats re stats even ough some deduced others ae fod mts be sie We an seis dns {nach teorelasemes athe dor of itt, Watson tehaviorsm, Gestalt pyehlogy, the stimu sponse conception frrcinaales the inpatoutpt mode the organi conception of omen socey atl determin, and rata Fannin ‘The adc and aderets of uh thera sheer ever have iyi wepiog te poten hey Sone ont mor Nor do a tat how honey that ew pant duappered coon of dace hat hypthes deed on then ed ok Sand. ‘Th cass of er dnppesrance mate sought in ther sores. Thee cnervations soe ad os to be ery wary ofthe widepread reliance ln sal aod prychologie slice 02 the tengo he hypothe enn of termining the em Pir web of theoreti schemes snd male There re gave ponds, merely on the aif the oor fr doubting the efesey Sf ths roedare in soil and pryclagal cere neta inthe ay empl a rat on "The final type of procere—the socalled operational procedare ie even less suitable for eablishing the empl validity of key ‘nchor points in the tof scent guy “Operational proce dre ats onthe ides tht theoreti assertion or concep can begiven bth empl reference and abdtion by developing « spe repli’ rca for sponge cmp wo. “Re geen poo ooprton aay be the oft aa ¢ imetng rumen or andurded mode ote” The Ps Cedar pentane? the tert! popostion we Concept? the given operon mets teas of relay fe pertion token at ond inden fr dhengaeing speci pla ata, Tn tm, ‘hse date are hop tobe Spe res of he ome or propionate personel The we of nlf $5 can exumple of oprtona roedureie tes te cable tod sandardard instrument; ey yeldceanco spt ata ‘Spsbeofsepaton andthe data (he ntligence quiet) cane uty regarded contig sound nd val ep efereces tthe concept of islgens.” cul, ie tre election Shows tht operational ordre sgt sal an ena alton ef wats bg opetinalond The concep x pops hate ‘ring operate such the corp tlie lr fo something Wats repude a roe nthe empl wa ad ‘ene forms and verse tinge Thy wan cumple, inline Sen mempr ie prsn toch ue things thesia ‘itary pating of sty gece ingens Sptatn a a ‘vk sant by bs espera cece metas of ‘Srv by a dndvetage thin dc, he Seer mega ie froloms of hs word by 4 peat cr 2 priv btn the Sing of low-grade delintentget moron ne dete Rowe, tthe contraction of lng vere by pet shouldbe tne: ‘Sty cearbownilelour ond unwanted tte bel tht Speratonlnng of tnlignce tough gen ltligcnes tet $iiise tinny plu of gece" fom a Sopely dace petro itligenoe « pre hat uy be eno ingen eto cet teat snd sty tee eee iin lay natal rpc lated ego {pecan and sly aftr ston of oe aren oH ned manferaton Tas etcrnton apps ely td uly {toca of ld peo rors te concep or Proportion hts bng operon tent sw oes ‘ing ta prem nthe empl wor oo anew opti sce sap the cy of covering mad sing ‘procaine fom of ch epial poe’ Te sel (oly ‘vay sane oe fom of eal tens no ee tt a esp ny of fr iy een overage ofthe cone or proponion i of cou, egiag te sqrt. dlengy& dey ht run 0 any {heowth operons! poser, that thw thet pert ale farsherea providing he empl vlan netony 0 empl “To memmain the forging dieton, the foer customary smean-adhering to sete proc, eoqayig in rept to Inghypotbeses Sn ning operational posere—do wot provi the pla validation that groin engl scl since reques ‘Tey sve mo asranc tht pemiesproblony, at relent on epee tnd ieprettios ate emplicly wl Very spl pa, ‘Brey way to gett snrene fo go del tothe empire Socal wrl-to se hroogh metus examination of k whether nes premicr or rot imager of one quetns and podem fone Tork the dats one hoses ou of te concept ough ‘ich on ee aod uy nd the ntprctatos ove apes ‘biter actly toe out Conent metboogy gies wo ero, ‘gement ortnon to sch Sct eamieaton of copia ‘inl wold Thus, slg eflo, sper from the sserch dy ne ondraks, tse if the empl ea under stay coven infuctto ones undering tages iessanty. Sinden wae ‘llndopendert cramnntion thecal ara to se if ep lem on ts posing represents caning wht eng om Ua pial aren socly done” Sry, an inde cael ‘cman ofthe empire tose wha one costes a ata are gensnely meaning dts in that empl re sinost Sheard eStore eaten of what one co ‘Spt are suppor oferta then an independent examination ‘ob impli are tose content vsti reject or qualia {he coop a fa om being catomery working paciecs And {o.on To not bee at Kinareprectt curt eal end py ‘Solo rscarh by saying tat he pedoosnnt procedure bo {ake rooted ones penis abate stare of te ep ‘rid and ot o ean hoe prin to ke co's bles ‘ald cease they sod gon or because they en fo some {heal cheme to cing ome ode este 8 logan td logealy gto regards eprally val he data oe hoes ‘ue soth date ton’ conspn ofthe problem to be ed withthe empirical relevance of en's concept case they have & ‘ie connate rng or becuse hey ae en intellect ois of the eal (8) Ttisno wonder that tho Broad arena of esearch ngury inthe social and psycholgialsienots has the character of rand di lay and clash of socal philosophies. Instead of going t the et Pica socal world inthe fist and lt lntances resort is made Instetd ta peor theoetcal themes, to ste of umeried conept, snd to canonized protools of research procedare. Thee come tbe the governing agents dealing with the epi socal word fore ing esearch to sere their sharacter and bending the empiieal word to thee premise. If ths Indctinent seem unwarranted T ‘merely call ateton to the following the aeray of confiting ‘Schemes as othe nature and compotion of uma society and the Eeonspicuus ease with which the adberets of each scheme “eal ‘ate the scheme Hough their own reset the astonishing fact thatthe overthelning proportion of ey concepts have not been pied down in teis empirical reference dn the peoper sense that {ne can goto Instances i the empirical world aid tay safely that ‘his an istance of he coneet snd tht I nota tance ty this ‘outwith such representative concept as mores, alienation, vale, Integration, scialzstion need dnpotion, power, ad catural dep. rivaton; the innumerable instances of scholars designing and pat Suing elegant schemes of research nto areas of sola ie wth wich they have litle f any familiarity, and an ends pcade of rere stulies that consist of no more than applying a already vised Instrument, such as scl ott a dierent eting of group ie Without wishing tobe ovely harsh I believe one must recoguiae thatthe prevaling mode inthe social and peychologial sine s to tam away from diet exanoation of the empineal socal work ad to give preference, stead, to theoretical schemes, o pecon- fsved models, to arrays of vague concept, to sophcate tech igus of research, and fo an'almostsavah adherence fo what esas the proper protocol of research lagu. The fact that ‘och theores, such models, och concepts, sch techaigue, nd such {scenic protocol are brought to ear on the expiial word ‘means lite cll the aplction were done systematically to tes the empitclvlldity of the teary, the modal the concept, the technique, andthe seni protocol all would be well But tis Py seth order ofthe day. The peevang depot od price {low the thoy, the model tho concept te technique and the ‘Skepta cometh esearch ad tha to bd the rea ing analyte! depos ofthe empirical wend fo st ther frm. Init se, och eres soa ing the el od Bolo senor rst socal pooophiig Tsopnt once mae that what stead sto gin empl val ston th penn the robles, he dt Dc in of cone ten the coneeps, and th interpretation olved the at Sete ingiry. The oad ose vaiation docs ot he {Ste menus of te method of aga, er inthe tai tno th pil soa word, tit be acheed by ome Inting and laboring sey hors, by devising nga nde ty song to ermal tho advanced procedures iw phys sh ce by sdoping the tres muita sod staal sees by coining new concepts, by developing more precise quantitative ‘stages, or by tng on edhe te cas of search ign Such preoeupaton, who price to tir et lo elie respects, te tnt hed inthe drcton tt ld or ee‘ Wat needed a turn tothe emp! oil word “hl fr dct examination fhe cop oa ward i ot aly to ke any eset taille Thy woul sy that iss exaty nt they ae Sng thi oer They ‘ould hl hat thy are existing the empiri ety ‘when they do sch Bags scl and sly varios ide of ‘nis dts, make soda stv, sce decheatone fom people ‘rough gunslonares, we ol adele Gacy Saal ‘im, employ se ah eed ene rane, ng ‘ocalacton ins contoied iahratiry oat wadertake cartel Comper scl of octal ett wcrc enprl dato tex bypathace ‘They woul oarhr say nec of he ‘oor nation tht nt ony do they examine he eal sal sword ect ut tht they exe inthe only allowable proper manner by adhering rigrvy to the coon of og ested en {ie procedire Thur, poe ofthe lore, agua pressions {i unum that come fom laymen eis they rove ‘rede and etd empl ate ood ina decve way oh ven [oblene snd enabling the lation of lent stone The ‘ew, hatin following bled sete pool Uy te {nga rect examin ofthe emp il wel i deeply Py entrenched among socal scents. For tis reason I ind naces- ‘Sry make clear what I mean by the exhortation to rn to diet ‘zation of the empl weal wer ‘Letme begin by identifying the empirical sce wold i the eae ‘of human beng.” This world isthe actual group Me of human be- logs Te consist of what they experience and do, sndvdally and clcively, as they engage ta their repective frm of living, ‘coves the irge complet of interlaced stiles Wat grow up as the actions of some spread cut to ae the stone of eer, and tmbodies the large variety of relatos between the prtiipnts ‘This empricl world is evidenced, to ake afew examples, by what fr happening in the life ofa boy’ gang, or among the top manage rent of an industrial corporation, oro entant aca groupe, or “mong the pice confronted by each group or among the Jong peopl ina county, o among the Cathie dey, o in the expe ‘oct of individual in thie diferent walls of Ma. The copia Sock worl in shor, the world of everyday experience, the tp Iyer of which we see it our lives and vecopoize inthe Vive of hes.” Tho life of human sce, or of say soment of or of ‘ny ongaioaton into fs patepants conte ofthe action sted experience of pple at they moc Ue stations tat are i hie respective words, ‘The problems of the social and. pychologial ienes neces are ut of, abd go back to, this body of on- ving grovp fe. Ties tve wheter the probs refer to what SSimmetatly taking place a inthe case of stent oto othe Tckgroued causes of such srt tothe organization of lst tions or tothe atid relations of people, or tothe ways in which people gue heir ves, rt the personal onganntion of inv ls formed through paticpation in group Ife. Ongoing group fe, ‘wheter in the pst o the present whether nthe car of thio hat pevple, whether i one or another geographical area, the empiri Social werd ofthe socal and pyehoogial scence ‘Several imple yet highly anprtant obsessions need tobe made with veged tothe sody of the wor. The fet that lost by ‘efaton the research scholar doer not have «shad scqusitance vith the sphere of soci ie that he proposes tostidy. Heerarly Patcpant n tat sphere ad usly fot in lose touch with the {cton and the experiences of the people who are involved in that ‘per. His postion is snot lays tat of an outsider, x such ‘Fimarkedly Hite i simple knowledge of what takes pce in the as Gren phere of ie, This no action apna research srs Feit ple cca tht spl tall oma Beings ‘ei tan aren of ie tht thy o ot ow sly hough pe ‘nal asin, The scloget who popese to study cine or Sedat unrest in Latin Amerie pola eit nA pd the poychologst who underasta a) adsest dag, ap [i among Neg hol chite, or oi ment song de lnquents Semple stot ineiable nen of tate ogoitance wih te ar fe under comers, The ita oton of te scl scents andthe peycolgit is pracy “ays ob of lc of family with wha racaly eng lace {2th sper of ie cove for sy “Thi lade me to 1 scond simple obervation namely, that de- spite thick of Bethan equnintane the rere stole ‘Ertingly form some indo pcre of the sea of ie he pro: tottidy.Herwl bg ints py the bbl od age hat EeSeedy hs fan sme rw ow fe ree fife tn ths eapet he ele al aman beings Whether we Be Isymen orsehlrwe ecevay vw ay nfo eof rp iv trcogh imager we sendy poet We may have mo rthsnd toquitunce wth enon Senqueat poup orn abor enor, {' lnglatve comiteey, or snong bank eacates, or in 2 ‘ign yet pen fw cus we xl fr erable pio {Great vache Tin, x wo loom the pina wich tro. {ype iages enter ad take contol." wars, ave our Ris ofemmon stereotypes thet we ue oe x epere of enpeal ‘oc fe that we do not brow Inno, he research seb the scl sens ha aoter a of presides tat ho Sen These Imager te comtitted By is thor, by the belies ‘orent mht own pfesnal cl, ad by hate hw the tempi werd mar be set pt allow hi flows research [rordare No carl carver con honesty deny tat hi ve. ence t cle inthe shoping of pres of the onpaca word fo ‘rons there othe eping of soc ptr interme of the ‘Sncops and bts that ey cement sccaptace among one St Fagen, nd in the mading of uc itr to he Soma {seats pata We mt yin al net hat the esearch ‘chor in the socal aences who undertake to uy «given sphere ‘focal ett he Jos ot Kowa Bt hand il hon x pre ‘fat opr aterm of pease ge “ ‘There no quarrel with hs naturales nd practic ifthe given rere ingly i guided hy a erslestioe a continous ‘Sor to tet and reve one's tags, but this nt the preva Ing moet in preset day socal and paychologil selene, Thos ‘eteal portions are bel tenuclouy the concept and bls In ‘onc Sed are gratuitously aceped a Inkerenly tue, and the ‘tons of scenic procedure are sacronanc TW Dt rues ‘Srocqueny, that he images that ten fam these sources ont the ingly and shape the lture ofthe sphere of hfe under mud. In plce of being tested and odie by Stand acquaintance wih the sere a fe they Become a rub for sch acai nce Sac his a sexo carge let me explain ‘To begin wth, most research guy (erty research inguiy ‘modeled in terms of cutent methodology) isnot designed to de ‘elo close and reasonably fl amiarty with the aes of He der study. "There no demand on the research scholar to dot Ie of free rperaton inthe ae geting cle to the people ln volved ining na variety of tations they meet, noting their problems and observing ow they handle them, eng party thet ‘Sceverations and wathing ther fe a & flows loge In place of Such exploration and exible porto imate contact with what i going on, reliance i put on starting witha they or model, posing 1 prolem inter of the model etng a ype wit eg to {he problem, outing + mode of inguiry Yo te that hypothe, ‘ing standard instrament gt proce data, and 0 forth. rmeety wish to reset ere that crrent designs of “proper” re {earch procedire donot encourage or provide flr the development ‘of fisthand acquaintance with the sphere of Me under stady.* Moreover, the scholar who Tacks that Brand family shighiy they to recognize that he mising anything. Not beng aware ef tho Snowe hat would cme fa hand sequins, be ds ot mwa tating Toei Sloe the sh ‘Seed schon ofan eke or gate athe caret ‘meant of eaten and ana fe no Sad to be concer {Sih estad fon with that oper fen this way the ‘ublihed prtocel of eet ingly Income the uniting sb State for ¢ Set caninatin fe copia socal wed The etn ate asd the probes that are atthe en that re {Bed te hand of dts that are sgh the welts that are ‘onc so the de of interpretations tht se sven toward Si tae tam fom these frre ingly Send of rem ielary wth he empl se nde stay “here fan be no question tat he abttion of wich X write taker pla og quer tht se So what” Why is {Thmpitan rnc Yo hve «stand owiehe ea cis Me ders? One wold guy mi sa) {Trt were tnt ipo wo cently aed pony in the SSG tl percha search of our tine*™'So the Queton Soul be eed Te newer fo rsp thatthe empl il srr cot oqo rope and one hast get los oh Tico ny war go ona Ione egg torsos the ‘oc word, e's plo, dig conception, dts, schemes ot ‘nlp an sof retain tae to be atl ott petal fol Ths ep tre the cue farang Aiea othe peratet tendency of human eng nthe o- Iestve fe to bull up separate war ared yan opering tle of aferent if iusto and y the poseion of sient Tit and conception for nding thn stato" One erly ‘sothink ofthe diferent woe the cowry et he tlengy of» rh ern cy pote» prsat reltonary ‘preemie pees, tm clothe vecing mange. ent ote rg inde coponton » gushing aye “ur Et eer ying 9 eine Hirata tppoas ips me ee tal ee we Desleal pa ees So scene oa very fat, apd soon enlendy. ‘The modes of living of such {zoups the parade of station they must handle, er nstttons Sod thelr organizations, the relations between thelr members, the ‘iw and mages throagh which they sce Uh wel the personal ‘organizations formed by Wis membersall tse and more rellct thet diferent empirical words, One should nt bind onesalf 0 = ecogution of he act that human bogs netting on thir calle tive ie form very dileent Kids of world. ‘To std them Inte Tigently ope has to know these Words, and to know the worlds one Isto caamine them dosly. No therzing, however Ingeious, and no observance of scene protocl, however micas, are Substitutes for flac with what estoy going ‘on inthe sphere of ie unde study. We shoud that engong group fe, wheter in ts enity oF {n any of ts spheres, takes place, as fora: our perceptions of tare encerned on diferent level. The person who peretves nothing of ‘ean know exestialy nothing oft The person who peeves at eat distance, secing jst ite bit of can have correspond- {ingly only ited knowledge of The person who partite fa ‘tw have a geatr aowledge of, although ihe i a natve and tiabservantparticpent hi Knowledge may be very restricted apd ltaceuate, The patcpant whofe very observant wl have fller tnd more accurate Knowledge. But there are levels of happening thatare hidden tal prtipants. If we view the proce of ongoing frou fe inthis way, as Deiove wear compelled odo, the sadly sch group fe equines sto expand and Seepen oer perception fof This the diretion of movements we wish to form 28 ac: ‘arate knowledge of t-moverent fom ignorance or an sniaforsed Priton to pester and more accurate awarenes of what is aking lice. The metaphor tat | ike i that of tig the vel that abe eure or hide what x ging on. The task of seni tay 8 to it ‘he vel that cover the area of group fe that one proposes to study. ‘he veils are not fed by susttatng, in whatever dgre, pre- formed inages fr Ssthand knowledge "The veils refed by get ting cove to the wen and by digging deep Into i through areal tty. Schemes methodology that do nt encourage or allow this tery the cardinal pine of rexpeting the mature fon mpl. cal worl, How does one get clove tothe emplal social world and ig Aeeply into 2 This not simple eater of just approaching 2 fGen area and Tokiog at 8. Tt is tough Jo requrng 2 high Grder of cael std honest probing cretive yet deplined mag ‘ton, resourcefulness and exit in study, pondering over what ‘needing, nd «constant reading to tet sd reat ne views Sd image of the ares, Tes exemplified smong the grand Bgurcs of the natural scences by Charles Darwin It ir not “sal study erly because it doer not wre quanttatve procedure or flo a remapped sie protcol ‘Tht ie demanding i «genie Figoour sense can be seen inthe anaes oft eo fundamental pan term thee parts respectively at “exploration” ad “lgpee fon" These two mode of ingury clearly distinguish the deect arate examination ofthe erpal socal world fon the mode (Finguiyeopoed by caret sntbonalogy. I wis to sketch what is involved it explotation sod iepection xmonaron, Explrstory sndy of bomen group eis the neat of eoing Sntancoaly foo completa aed te Tater Oethe oe hath wey by wich eurch ‘Sharan fom «che and competence soja wh 8 tsa tat nina and heat uno Sotho od tthe mens of developing ad sharpening hs {Eu hte roblan rts of guy, at analy) ‘lich an ites te en nd erin ode {ecmpbial ie urs.” Exo by dele exe foseire in wich the scolar ite om oot to ante Noe of Epi, stop new pls of oberetin us he aly progeny, sme a new dct revolywathonght of and anges is of wht re evant dats se eqs more ir: ‘ona beter undemtandng. In thee ropes explotony sy Stands in ous tote pscbed and Curse? poset

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