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Architectural concrete
(/wiki/Architectural_concrete).
Braced frame (/wiki/Braced_frame).
Composites (/wiki/Composites).
Concrete (/wiki/Concrete).

Concrete vs. steel (/wiki/Concrete_vs._steel).

Design of durable concrete structures
(/wiki/Design_of_durable_concrete_structures).
Galvanised steel (/wiki/Galvanised_steel).

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CEAGESP -
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Contents
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1 Introduction COMPANHIA DO M
2 Composite slabs
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3 Composite beams
3.1 Downstand beam CEAGESP -
3.2 Shallow floors COMPANHIA DE EN
4 Composite columns R$130.80
5 Standards
6 Find out more
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6.1 Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki

6.2 External sources

Introduction

Structural members that are made up of two or more different materials (/wiki/Materials) are
known as composite elements. The main benefit of composite elements is that the properties
of each material can be combined to form a single unit that performs better overall than its
separate constituent parts. The most common form of composite element in construction is a
steel (/wiki/Steel)-concrete (/wiki/Concrete) composite, however, other types of composites
(/wiki/Composites) include; steel (/wiki/Steel)-timber (/wiki/Timber), timber (/wiki/Timber)-
(https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/adserver/www/delivery/ck.php?
concrete (/wiki/Concrete), plastic-concrete (/wiki/Concrete), and so on. oaparams=2__bannerid=40__zoneid=1__cb=1f68a59bf1__oadest=https%

As a material, concrete (/wiki/Concrete) works well in compression, but it has less resistance in
tension. Steel (/wiki/Steel), however, is very strong in tension, even when used only in relatively
Featured articles and news
small amounts. Steel (/wiki/Steel)-concrete (/wiki/Concrete) composite elements use concrete
(/wiki/Concrete)'s compressive strength alongside steel (/wiki/Steel)'s resistance to tension,
Strip foundations (/wiki/Strip_foundation)
and when tied together this results in a highly efficient and lightweight unit that is commonly
used for structures (/wiki/Structure) such as multi-storey buildings (/wiki/Multi-storey_building)
and bridges (/wiki/Bridges).

Composite slabs (/wiki/Composite_slab)

Composite slabs (/wiki/Composite_slab) are typically constructed from reinforced concrete

(/wiki/Reinforced_concrete) cast on top of profiled steel (/wiki/Steel) decking, (re-entrant or
trapezoidal). (/wiki/Strip_foundation)
The decking is capable of acting as formwork (/wiki/Formwork) and a working platform Strip foundations are used to provide a
(/wiki/Working_platform) during the construction stage, as well as acting as external continuous, level strip of support to a linear
reinforcement (/wiki/Reinforcement) at the composite stage. Decking is lifted (/wiki/Lift) into structure. Read more here.
place in bundles (/wiki/Bund) and distributed across the floor area (/wiki/Floor_area) by hand.

Slab depths range from 130 mm upwards. Slabs are most commonly made of concrete Management of time in major projects
(/wiki/Concrete) because of its mass and stiffness which can be used to reduce the floor (/wiki/Guide_to_good_practice_in_the_manageme
(/wiki/Floor)'s deflections and vibrations (/wiki/Vibrations), and achieve the necessary fire
(/wiki/Fire) protection and thermal storage (/wiki/Thermal_storage). Steel (/wiki/Steel) is often
used as the supporting system underneath the slab due to its superior strength-weight and
stiffness-weight ratio and ease of handling.

Re-entrant or trapezoidal decking (/wiki/Trapezoidal_decking) is usually 50-60 mm deep and

can span around 3 m unsupported. Trapezoidal profiles of 80 mm deep can span around 4.5 m
unsupported. Deep decking is trapezoidal decking (/wiki/Trapezoidal_decking) that is over 200
mm deep, and if required, additional reinforcement (/wiki/Reinforcement) may be placed in the
decking troughs. Deep decking can span around 6 m unsupported.

Galvanised steel (/wiki/Galvanised_steel) is used for the decking and is usually around 1 mm
thick. To avoid local buckling, stiffeners may be used to stiffen the upper flange (/wiki/Flange)
and support hangers for relatively lightweight items to be suspended from the soffit
(/wiki/Soffit). Dimples known as embossments are rolled onto the decking profile which trap the (/wiki/Guide_to_good_practice_in_the_manageme
concrete (/wiki/Concrete) around the re-entrant parts of the profile and allow for interlocking.
Management of time is critical for big project
Where openings are required in composite slabs (/wiki/Composite_slab) these are best formed success, reveals the CIOB in new good practice
at the construction stage as opposed to having to cut out sections of concrete (/wiki/Concrete). guide.
Up to 300 sq. mm openings do not need additional provisions, but up to 700 sq. mm require
additional local reinforcement (/wiki/Reinforcement) around the opening. If openings are in
excess of 700 sq. mm, trimming steel (/wiki/Steel) can be used as support. Inspiring future engineers
(/wiki/Inspiring_young_civil_engineers)

Composite beams (/wiki/Composite_beam)

Downstand beam (/wiki/Downstand_beam)

A downstand beam (/wiki/Downstand_beam) is connected to a composite slab

(/wiki/Composite_slab) by the use of through-deck welded shear studs (/wiki/Stud).
Alternatively, a precast concrete (/wiki/Precast_concrete) slab sits on top of the steel
(/wiki/Steel) beam (/wiki/Beam)'s top flange (/wiki/Flange). The effective span range is around
6-12 m. Other variations (/wiki/Variations) on downstand beams (/wiki/Downstand_beam) can
(/wiki/Inspiring_young_civil_engineers)
reach spans of 20 m or more.

Why we need to bridge the lack of civil

Shallow floors (/wiki/Shallow_floor) engineers, and suggestions for how to do it.

Shallow floors (/wiki/Shallow_floor) are where the main part of the steel (/wiki/Steel) section is
within the concrete (/wiki/Concrete) slab depth, and can be used for a span range of around 4- Minimum energy efficiency standard
9 m. As opposed to downstand beams (/wiki/Downstand_beam), the slab sits on the upper (/wiki/Minimum_energy_efficiency_standard_(MEE
surface of the bottom flange (/wiki/Flange) instead of the upper surface of the top flange
(/wiki/Flange), with a key consideration being the torsion that is applied to the beam
(/wiki/Beam). The slab may be either in situ concrete (/wiki/Concrete) on deep steel
(/wiki/Steel) decking, usually around 225 mm, or precast concrete (/wiki/Precast_concrete).

The benefits of shallow floors (/wiki/Shallow_floor) are that since the slabs and beams
(/wiki/Beam) are placed within the same zone, there are none of the interruptions found with
downstand beams (/wiki/Downstand_beam), and there is often no need for additional fire
(/wiki/Fire) protection.

(/wiki/Minimum_energy_efficiency_standard_(MEE
Composite columns (/wiki/Composite_column)
The government's proposed cap on landlords'
financial contribution is flawed, according to
Composite columns (/wiki/Composite_column) can have high strength for a relatively small
sustainability expert.
cross-sectional area, meaning that useable floor (/wiki/Floor) space can be maximised. There
are several different types of composite column (/wiki/Composite_column); the most common
being a hollow section steel (/wiki/Steel) tube which is filled with concrete (/wiki/Concrete); or Carillion (/wiki/Carillion#Jobs)
an open steel (/wiki/Steel) section encased in concrete (/wiki/Concrete). The concrete
(/wiki/Concrete) infill adds to the compression resistance of the steel (/wiki/Steel) section,
preventing the steel (/wiki/Steel) from buckling. Its fire (/wiki/Fire) resistant properties can
permit the column (/wiki/Column) to be left unprotected or only lightly protected.

Rectangular and circular hollow sections are most commonly used, although rectangular
sections are beneficial for being having flat faces suitable for end plate beam (/wiki/Beam)-to-
column (/wiki/Column) connections. However, fin plates can be used for rectangular and
circular shapes. (/wiki/Carillion#Jobs)

A further 230 redundancies takes the total

Standards number of job losses to 1,371.
The design of composite beams (/wiki/Composite_beam) and composite slabs Sir Vince Cable interview
(/wiki/Composite_slab) (for buildings) are covered by BS EN 1994-1-1. Composite slabs (/wiki/Vince_Cable_interview)
(/wiki/Composite_slab) with profiled steel (/wiki/Steel) sheeting are designed to BS 5950-4,
while the profiled decking used for those slabs is designed to BS EN 1993-1-3.

Find out more (/wiki/Find_out_more)

Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki (/wiki/Designing_Buildings_Wiki)

Architectural concrete (/wiki/Architectural_concrete).

Braced frame (/wiki/Braced_frame).
Composites (/wiki/Composites). (/wiki/Vince_Cable_interview)
Concrete (/wiki/Concrete).
Concrete vs. steel (/wiki/Concrete_vs._steel).
The housing market is made "much worse by
Design of durable concrete structures (/wiki/Design_of_durable_concrete_structures).
Galvanised steel (/wiki/Galvanised_steel). Help to Buy ... it was an absolutely terrible idea".
Precast concrete (/wiki/Precast_concrete). Watch our interview with Sir Vince Cable here.
Prestressed concrete (/wiki/Prestressed_concrete).
Rebar (/wiki/Rebar).
Reinforced concrete (/wiki/Reinforced_concrete).
Smart concrete (/wiki/Smart_concrete). Planning Delivery Fund
Steel frame (/wiki/Steel_frame). (/wiki/Planning_Delivery_Fund)
Structural steelwork (/wiki/Structural_steelwork).
Superstructure (/wiki/Superstructure).
Tube structural system (/wiki/Tube_structural_system).
Types of steel (/wiki/Types_of_steel).
Weathering steel (/wiki/Weathering_steel).

External sources

'Building Construction Handbook' (6th ed.), CHUDLEY, R., GREENO, R., Butterworth-
Heinemann (2007)
Steelconstruction (/wiki/Steel) - Composite construction
(http://www.steelconstruction.info/Composite_construction)

(/wiki/Planning_Delivery_Fund)
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