Origin of the Term

An English term “communication” to the Latin term “communicare” which

means to “share” or “to be in relation with”; this suggest that communication is an
act that brings people together, or an experience shared by individuals who
subsequently establish relationships and communities.
Communication from the Latin noun “communicatio” which means
“sharing” or “imparting”; from this perspective communication involves an
exchange or transaction of goods.

Process of Communication

Message Noise Message

Sender Barriers Receiver

Feedback

Nature of Communication

1. Communication is a process.

2. Communication occurs between two or more people. (the sender and the
receiver)

3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words,

actions or both spoken words and non-verbal actions at the same time.

1
Encoded by: King Rhondel A. Layco
Elements of communication
1. Speaker – the source of information or message.

2. Message – the information, ideas or thought conveyed by the speaker in words

or in actions.

3. Encoding – the process of converting the message into words actions or other
forms that the speaker understands.

4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal verbal or non-verbal, in

which the encoded message is conveyed.

5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by

the receiver.

6. Receiver – recipient of the message or someone who decodes the message.

7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver.

8. Context – the environment where communication takes place.

9. Barrier – the factors that affects the flow of communication.

The Communication Process

1. Sender – this is the person that initiates the process. The sender delivers or
transmit ideas to the receiver.

2. Receiver – this is the person that decodes the message transmitted by the
sender.

3. Message – this is the idea encoded by the sender. The message entails both the
context that the speaker wishes to transmit and the formulation or structure of the
ideas.

4. Medium – this is the channel through which the message is delivered. The
medium may be oral, written or non-verbal. Specific guidelines are followed when
using particular medium from the communication process.

5. Feedback – this is the response for the message. The feedback confirms that
the message has been correctly interpreted. By extension feedback validates
that the communication process has been effective.

2
Encoded by: King Rhondel A. Layco
 Models of Communication

1. Linear Model – Suggest that information flows sequently during the

communication process. Linear Models was proposed by Laswell (1948) whose
model culminates with the outcome or effect of communication is a one way
processes in which only the communicator is the active participant. The recipient,
meanwhile processes the information but does not reciprocate the message.

Sender Message Receiver

2. Shannon and Weaver’s Model (1949) – Which resembles Laswell’s framework.

Both employees of the Bell Telephone Laboratory, Shannon and Weaver came
up with a model that resembled the transmission of a telephone message. While
the “Information Source” and “Destination” represent humans the “transmitter”
and “receiver” stand for devices or instruments with the “signals” ranging from
electronics signals to radio waves to gestures.

Information
Source Transmitter Receiver Destination

Message
Noise Source Received Signal

3. Interactive Model – Explains communication as a dynamics exchange, for

Scharm (1954) the communicator at the recipient takes turn to speak and listen
to each other. The key element in scharm’s interactive model is feedback; the
reaction to the message. Through feedback the communicator and the recipient
can clarify and develop the ideas in their conversation.

Sender Receiver

Message
Feedback

3
Encoded by: King Rhondel A. Layco
 4. Transactional Model – Presented in Wood (2009) “respond to this flow”. The
model presents an even more realistic view of the communicative process a
spontaneous rapid flow of ideas. The transactional model also takes into account
the personal and professional background of the participants as well as the
changes that occur within the changes that occur within them and their
environment.

Sender

Noise

Receiver

5. Gatekeeper Model – represent mass communication, that is how an audience

receives information the intermediaries of information. It is assumed that the key
players of mass media have access to information and more importantly have
control over what is disseminated to the public. Therefore media takes the role of
the gatekeeper who essentially has the capacity to control what the audience will
know.

Speaker Gatekeeper Audience

The Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) takes
functions as the gatekeeper.

G – General Patronage SPG – Strong Parental Guidance

PG – Parental Guidance R18 – Restricted for 18 below

4
Encoded by: King Rhondel A. Layco
 6. Ecological Model – The most complex of all communication model purposed by
Foulger (2004). This model expounded on the role of mass media, as well as
individuals and groups that control these outlets of information. This model
considered messages to be embedded in language which is subsumed within the
context of media. Note also the value of “creators” and “consumers” play in this
model. In this model there are roles that are productive and receptive.

Imagine and create observe attribute interput

Creators Message Consumer

Languages

Media

Functions of Communication
1. Control – communication functions to control behavior.
2. Social Interaction – communication allows individuals to interact with others.
3. Motivation – communication motivates or encourages people to live better.
4. Emotional Expression – communication facilitate people’s expression of their
feelings and emotions.
5. Information Dissemination – communication functions to convey information.
Features of an Effective Communication
1. Completeness – complete communication is essential to the quality of that
communication process in general hence, communication (process) should
include everything that the receiver needs to hear for him/her to respond, or
evaluate properly.
2. Conciseness – does not mean keeping the message short, but making it direct
or straight to the point. Insignificant or Redundant information should be
eliminated from the communication that will be sent to the recipient.
3. Consideration – to be affective, the speakers should always consider relevant
information about his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preference,
education, status, and needs among others by doing so he/she can easily build
report with the audience.
4. Concreteness – effective communication happens when the message is
concrete and supported by facts, figures in real life the receiver is more
connected to the message conveyed.

5
Encoded by: King Rhondel A. Layco
 5. Courtesy – the speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the
culture values and reliefs of his/her receiver being control of all times creates a
positive impact on the audience.

6. Clearness – clearness is communication replies the use of simple and specific

words to express ideas. It is also achieved when the speaker focus only on a
single objective in hidden speech to as not to confuse the audience.

7. Correctness – in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and

increases the credibility and effectiveness of the message.

Verbal Communication
- Refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a message.

1. Appropriateness – the language that you use should be appropriate to the

environment or occasion whether formal or informal.

2. Brevity – speakers who often use simple yet precise and powerful words are
found to be more credible. Try to achieve brevity by being more direct with your
words. Avoid fillers and insubstantial expressions which do not add to the
message, such as “uh” “you know” “I guess” and others.

3. Clarity – the meanings of words, feelings, or ideas may be interpreted differently

by a listener; hence it is essential for you to clearly state your messages and
express your clearly state your messages and express your ideas and feelings.

4. Ethics – words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender, roles,

ethnicity, preferences, and status of the person or people you are talking to.

5. Vividness – words that vividly or creatively describe things of feelings usually

add color and spice to communication. Hence, you are encouraged to find ways
to charm your audience through the use of vivid words.

6
Encoded by: King Rhondel A. Layco
Non-Verbal Communication
- Refers to an interaction where is used to convey and represent meanings.

1. It enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech, thus making it more
meaningful, truthful, and relevant.

2. It can communicate feelings, attitudes and perceptions without a saying a word.

3. It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them engaged in the speech.

4. It gives the audience a preview to the type of speaker you are.

5. It makes you appear more dynamic and animated in your delivery.

6. It serves as a channel to release tension and nervousness.

7. It helps make your speech more dramatic.

8. It can build a connection with listeners.

9. It makes you a credible speaker.

10. It helps you vary your speaking style and avoid a monotonous delivery.

Verbal Communication Strategies

1. Volume – this refers to the loudness of your voice. You can modify your voice
to make it loud or soft. Adjust your volume to make sure that all your listeners
will hear you. At times, you can make your voice very loud or very soft if the
volume is appropriate to the message you are delivering.
2. Enunciation and Pronunciation – enunciation refers to the proper pronunciation
of the sounds on a word or the blending of he sounds to produce a word.
Enunciate and pronounce every word that you say so that your listeners can
perceive all your ideas.
3. Pitch – this refers to the frequency of your voice. You can modify your voice to
make it high or low. When conveying a statement, you should lower the pitch
of your voice towards the end of the sentence. When asking a question, you
should raise the pitch of your voice towards the end of your voice.

7
Encoded by: King Rhondel A. Layco
 4. Stress – this refers to the emphasis on a certain word. You can stress an
important word by varying the volume of the pitch of your voice.
5. Phrasing – this refers to how you group the vowels in a sentences. You can
set apart words by pausing at certain points. The grouping of the word should
be determined according to the meaning you want to put across.
6. Speed – this refers to how quickly you speak. You can modify your voice to
make your speech go fast or slow. At times you can make your voice very fast
or very slow if that volume is appropriate to the message you are delivering.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
- When we use non-verbal communication we employ communication strategies
other than spoken vowels. Our non-verbal cues are just crucial in conveying our message
in our oral communication skills. Non-verbal communication strategies are the following.
1.Eye contact - by looking at the listeners as we speak, we can engage then in
the communicative contact give the expression that we are uninterested in the
discourse or the audience.
2.Facial Expression - adjusting the eyebrows, lips, and their facial features can
help convey the emotions in our message.
3.Head Movements and Body Movements - We can turn our head and move our
arms, hands, legs, and feet to emphasize certain points.
4.Posture - in general, we should stand upright to attain a level of dignity and
formality as we speak. When appropriate to the message, bending forwards or
backwards may be done.
5.Proximity - in public speaking situations, we can walk from one side to another
so that we can reach out to our audience on both the right side and the left side.
We can also try to walk towards them or away from them.
6.Personal Appearance - our clothing will be determined by the formality that the
communication situations demand. Thus we should know when to dress in
business attire. Semi-formal attire or casual attire. In all cases we should look neat
and presentable.

8
Encoded by: King Rhondel A. Layco
BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

A. Sender Oriented Barriers

1.Poor structure of message - this happens when the sender fails to organize
properly the ideas in his or her message. The receiver then becomes confused as
to senders the content or intent.
2.Noise - In the context of oral communication, these refer to the sound that
impede the transmission of ideas. In the context of non-verbal communication
noise may also refer to facial expression or bodily gestures that distract the
receiver from understanding the message.
3.Faulty Choice of words - This occurs when the sender user terms that are
suggested or ambiguous in meaning. The blurs the true content of the sender ‘s
message. Also the sender may use terms that understate or exaggerated the idea
of the terms may be too difficult to the receiver.
4. Inappropriate quantity of information - Here the sender reveals little or too
much information. In the case of the former the receiver will struggle to fill in the
gaps of the message. In the case of the former, the receiver will not be able to
process the ideas efficiently.

B. Receiver - Oriented Barriers

1.Poor retention of ideas - this happens when the receiver fails to remember
points from the sender message. If the deceiver does not retain ideas well, he/she
will get lost in the flow of the sender’s ideas.
2. In attentive - listening this happens when the receiver’s pays little or no
attention to the sender message. This may be because the receivers are not
interested in what the sender is saying or the receiver is thinking of other things
while the sender is speaking. Inattentive maybe caused by resistance to change or
difference in position.
3. Tendency to Evaluate - Here, the receiver judges the validity of the sender’s
message even before the sender finishes communicating. In this case the receiver
dies not pay attention to the rest of the sender’s message because the receiver
has already rendered judgment. Hastly evaluation may be caused by the
receiver’s attitude, prejudices or knowledge that is in conflict within the sender’s
message.

9
Encoded by: King Rhondel A. Layco
CULTURE:
 is linked to communication and a wide range of human experience including feelings
identity and sense making.
 provides people with different ways of thinking, seeing, hearing and interpreting.
 involves a number of man-made, collective artifacts and is shared by the member of
social group.
 is something that shapes one’s behavior or structures one’s perception of the world.

Culture and Communication

Culture is often defined in Culture is communication
Interrelation to communication and communication is culture

It means that culture is passed on via communication reflects one’s culture “We
may say that intellectual communication is communication among those people who
have different cultural references that they perceive themselves as pertaining to
different culture.

The Shortest way between two

people is a smile
Non-verbal language may have the following basic function
A. to communicate attitudes and emotions.
B. to support the sense of words
This may take place in different ways
 completing the sense of words
 cotrolling synchronization
(among different speakers of the group)
 producing feedback
 maintaining the behavior
C. substitution of verbal language
 body language, gesture
 gaze behavior

10
Encoded by: King Rhondel A. Layco
 Non-verbal language, depending on authors, makes from 50% to 70% of direct
communication among human beings.
STEROTYPES
Stereotypes often, reflect the differences in socio-economic status, region or
dialect
 It is important to suspend judgement avoid misconception, narrow
perspectives and immature reactions.
 Stereotypes often contain a grain of truth but not characterized an entire
culture.
 Setting the whole picture of culture needs active participation.
IDENTITY
 Identity is the relationship between the “I” and the “other”.
 There is no identity without the “other”
 So when talking with the own identity we also have to consider the foreign-
identity

TWO KINDS OF IDENTITY

1. Personal Identity
Based on the culture in which we were socialized.
2. Cultural Identity
Founded on the sense of belonging to a community with certain characteristics.
TIME BEHAVIOUR
THE CONCEPT OF “TIME”
Monochronic Cultures Polychronic Cultures
 Also called Rigid time culture  Also called: fluid time cultures.
 Do only one thing at the same  Do several things at the same time
time. engagements are more flexible.
 Appointments (time) are  Work is considered less important
inescapable. than being polite, nice, helpful, etc.
 Punctuality is the norm of conduct. with other people.
 Time is money.  Time is an opportunity.

11
Encoded by: King Rhondel A. Layco
 It means that
Two people, participating at the same task, one monochromic and the other
polychronic.
 Will consider the whole process from very different points of view.
 Will have different objectives
 Will have different priorities

The developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity

Stage 1: Denial- the individual does not recognized cultural differences. An individual in
the denial stage might be heard saying: “All cities have the same they all have tall
buildings, fast food chains and coffee shops”
Stage 2: Defense – the individuals starts to recognize cultural differences and is
intimidated by them resulting in either a superior view on own culture or an unjustified
high regard for the new one. An individual in the defense stage might be heard saying
“This culture does not view life the way we do; our culture is certainly better”.
“Their ways are better than my own, I wish I were one of them.
Stage 3: Minimization – individuals see cultural differences they bank more
universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences. An individual in the minimization
stage might be heard saying “Once we see through the cultural differences we really are
just the same.
Stage 4: Acceptance – the individuals begin to appreciate important cultural
differences in behavior and eventually in values. An individual in the acceptance stage
might be heard saying “these people and I have different values and experiences, and I
think we can learn from one another”.
Stage 5: Adaption – the individuals is very open to world views when accepting new
perspectives. An individual in the adaption stage might be heard saying "To address our
issue. I have to adjust my approach to consider both my own and my counterparts
background".
Stage 6: Integration – individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and see
themselves and their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints. An individual in
the integration stage saying. "I can look at things from the perspectives of various
cultures".

12
Encoded by: King Rhondel A. Layco