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M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
v3 v4
A B C
R2 i3 R3 i4
i2 i6 i5
v2 v6 V0 v5 I0
α v4
R1
E i1 D
v1
v3 v4
A B C
R2 i3 R3 i4
i2 i6 i5
v2 v6 V0 v5 I0
α v4
R1
E i1 D
v1
* Kirchhoff’s
P current law (KCL):
ik = 0 at each node.
v3 v4
A B C
R2 i3 R3 i4
i2 i6 i5
v2 v6 V0 v5 I0
α v4
R1
E i1 D
v1
* Kirchhoff’s
P current law (KCL):
ik = 0 at each node.
e.g., at node B, −i3 + i6 + i4 = 0.
v3 v4
A B C
R2 i3 R3 i4
i2 i6 i5
v2 v6 V0 v5 I0
α v4
R1
E i1 D
v1
* Kirchhoff’s
P current law (KCL):
ik = 0 at each node.
e.g., at node B, −i3 + i6 + i4 = 0.
(We have followed the convention that current leaving a node is positive.)
v3 v4
A B C
R2 i3 R3 i4
i2 i6 i5
v2 v6 V0 v5 I0
α v4
R1
E i1 D
v1
* Kirchhoff’s
P current law (KCL):
ik = 0 at each node.
e.g., at node B, −i3 + i6 + i4 = 0.
(We have followed the convention that current leaving a node is positive.)
* Kirchhoff’s
P voltage law (KVL):
vk = 0 for each loop.
v3 v4
A B C
R2 i3 R3 i4
i2 i6 i5
v2 v6 V0 v5 I0
α v4
R1
E i1 D
v1
* Kirchhoff’s
P current law (KCL):
ik = 0 at each node.
e.g., at node B, −i3 + i6 + i4 = 0.
(We have followed the convention that current leaving a node is positive.)
* Kirchhoff’s
P voltage law (KVL):
vk = 0 for each loop.
e.g., v3 + v6 − v1 − v2 = 0.
v3 v4
A B C
R2 i3 R3 i4
i2 i6 i5
v2 v6 V0 v5 I0
α v4
R1
E i1 D
v1
* Kirchhoff’s
P current law (KCL):
ik = 0 at each node.
e.g., at node B, −i3 + i6 + i4 = 0.
(We have followed the convention that current leaving a node is positive.)
* Kirchhoff’s
P voltage law (KVL):
vk = 0 for each loop.
e.g., v3 + v6 − v1 − v2 = 0.
(We have followed the convention that voltage drop across a branch is positive.)
v di
Inductor v =L
i dt
v dv
Capacitor i =C
i dt
v
Diode to be discussed
i
C
BJT B to be discussed
E
v
Current source i(t) = is (t)
i
v
Dependent VCVS v (t) = α vc (t)
i
v
VCCS i(t) = g vc (t)
i
v
CCVS v (t) = r ic (t)
i
v
CCCS i(t) = β ic (t)
i
i2
i1
V2 i3
V1
V3 P(t) = V1 (t) i1 (t) + V2 (t) i2 (t) + · · · + VN (t) iN (t) ,
VN where V1 , V2 , etc. are “node voltages” (measured
iN with respect to a reference node).
i2
i1
V2 i3
V1
V3 P(t) = V1 (t) i1 (t) + V2 (t) i2 (t) + · · · + VN (t) iN (t) ,
VN where V1 , V2 , etc. are “node voltages” (measured
iN with respect to a reference node).
* two-terminal element:
P = V1 i 1 + V2 i 2
v
V1 V2 = V1 i1 + V2 (−i1 )
i1 i2
= [V1 − V2 ] i1 = v i1
i2
i1
V2 i3
V1
V3 P(t) = V1 (t) i1 (t) + V2 (t) i2 (t) + · · · + VN (t) iN (t) ,
VN where V1 , V2 , etc. are “node voltages” (measured
iN with respect to a reference node).
* two-terminal element:
P = V1 i 1 + V2 i 2
v
V1 V2 = V1 i1 + V2 (−i1 )
i1 i2
= [V1 − V2 ] i1 = v i1
* three-terminal element:
P = VB iB + VC iC + VE (−iE )
VC
iC = VB iB + VC iC − VE (iB + iC )
VB = (VB − VE ) iB + (VC − VE ) iC
iB
iE
VE = VBE iB + VCE iE
* A resistor can only absorb power (from the circuit) since v and i have the same
sign, making P > 0. The energy “absorbed” by a resistor goes in heating the
resistor and the rest of the world.
* A resistor can only absorb power (from the circuit) since v and i have the same
sign, making P > 0. The energy “absorbed” by a resistor goes in heating the
resistor and the rest of the world.
* Often, a “heat sink” is provided to dissipate the thermal energy effectively so
that the device temperature does not become too high.
* A resistor can only absorb power (from the circuit) since v and i have the same
sign, making P > 0. The energy “absorbed” by a resistor goes in heating the
resistor and the rest of the world.
* Often, a “heat sink” is provided to dissipate the thermal energy effectively so
that the device temperature does not become too high.
* A source (e.g., a DC voltage source) can absorb or deliver power since the signs
of v and i are independent. For example, when a battery is charged, it absorbs
energy which gets stored within.
* A resistor can only absorb power (from the circuit) since v and i have the same
sign, making P > 0. The energy “absorbed” by a resistor goes in heating the
resistor and the rest of the world.
* Often, a “heat sink” is provided to dissipate the thermal energy effectively so
that the device temperature does not become too high.
* A source (e.g., a DC voltage source) can absorb or deliver power since the signs
of v and i are independent. For example, when a battery is charged, it absorbs
energy which gets stored within.
* A capacitor can absorb or deliver power. When it is absorbing power, its charge
builds up. Similarly, an inductor can store energy (in the form of magnetic flux).
v1 v2 v3 v
A B A B
i R1 i R
R2 R3
v1 v2 v3 v
A B A B
i R1 i R
R2 R3
v1 = i R1 , v2 = i R2 , v3 = i R3 , ⇒ v = v1 + v2 + v3 = i (R1 + R2 + R3 )
v1 v2 v3 v
A B A B
i R1 i R
R2 R3
v1 = i R1 , v2 = i R2 , v3 = i R3 , ⇒ v = v1 + v2 + v3 = i (R1 + R2 + R3 )
v1 v2 v3 v
A B A B
i R1 i R
R2 R3
v1 = i R1 , v2 = i R2 , v3 = i R3 , ⇒ v = v1 + v2 + v3 = i (R1 + R2 + R3 )
i1 R1
v
A B A B
i i2 R2 i R
i3 R3
i1 R1
v
A B A B
i i2 R2 i R
i3 R3
i1 R1
v
A B A B
i i2 R2 i R
i3 R3
i1 R1
v
A B A B
i i2 R2 i R
i3 R3
i1 R1
v
A B A B
i i2 R2 i R
i3 R3
i1 R1
v
A B A B
i i2 R2 i R
i3 R3
i1 2Ω
4Ω i2
3Ω
6V
5 2.5 2.5
(a) 3Ω
Example
i1 2Ω
4Ω i2
3Ω
6V
5 2.5 2.5
(a) 3Ω
Example
i1 2Ω i1
4Ω i2 4 Ω i2 2Ω
3Ω 3Ω 1Ω
6V 6V
5 2.5 2.5 3Ω
(a) 3Ω (b)
Example
i1 2Ω i1
4Ω i2 4 Ω i2 2Ω
3Ω 3Ω 1Ω
6V 6V
5 2.5 2.5 3Ω
(a) 3Ω (b)
Example
i1 2Ω i1
4Ω i2 4 Ω i2 2Ω
3Ω 3Ω 1Ω
6V 6V
5 2.5 2.5 3Ω
(a) 3Ω (b)
i1
4Ω i2
6
6V
3
(c)
Example
i1 2Ω i1
4Ω i2 4 Ω i2 2Ω
3Ω 3Ω 1Ω
6V 6V
5 2.5 2.5 3Ω
(a) 3Ω (b)
i1
4Ω i2
6
6V
3
(c)
Example
i1 2Ω i1
4Ω i2 4 Ω i2 2Ω
3Ω 3Ω 1Ω
6V 6V
5 2.5 2.5 3Ω
(a) 3Ω (b)
i1 i1
4Ω i2 4Ω
6 2Ω
6V 6V
3
(c) (d)
Example
i1 2Ω i1
4Ω i2 4 Ω i2 2Ω
3Ω 3Ω 1Ω
6V 6V
5 2.5 2.5 3Ω
(a) 3Ω (b)
i1 i1
6V
i2 i1 = = 1A.
4Ω 4Ω 4Ω+2Ω
6 2Ω
6V 6V
3
(c) (d)
Example
i1 2Ω i1
4Ω i2 4 Ω i2 2Ω
3Ω 3Ω 1Ω
6V 6V
5 2.5 2.5 3Ω
(a) 3Ω (b)
i1 i1
6V
i2 i1 = = 1A.
4Ω 4Ω 4Ω+2Ω
6 2Ω 6Ω 2
6V 6V i2 = i1 × = A.
3 6Ω+3Ω 3
(c) (d)
i1 2Ω i1
4Ω i2 4 Ω i2 2Ω
3Ω 3Ω 1Ω
6V 6V
5 2.5 2.5 3Ω
(a) 3Ω (b)
i1 i1
6V
i2 i1 = = 1A.
4Ω 4Ω 4Ω+2Ω
6 2Ω 6Ω 2
6V 6V i2 = i1 × = A.
3 6Ω+3Ω 3
(c) (d)
Home work:
* Verify that KCL and KVL are satisfied for each node/loop.
i1 2Ω i1
4Ω i2 4 Ω i2 2Ω
3Ω 3Ω 1Ω
6V 6V
5 2.5 2.5 3Ω
(a) 3Ω (b)
i1 i1
6V
i2 i1 = = 1A.
4Ω 4Ω 4Ω+2Ω
6 2Ω 6Ω 2
6V 6V i2 = i1 × = A.
3 6Ω+3Ω 3
(c) (d)
Home work:
* Verify that KCL and KVL are satisfied for each node/loop.
* Verify that the total power absorbed by the resistors is equal to the power
supplied by the source.
R1
V1 V2
R2
R3 v3
I0
k v3
0 V3
R4
R1
V1 V2
R2
R3 v3
I0
k v3
0 V3
R4
R2
R3 v3
I0
k v3
0 V3
R4
R1 R2
Vs R3 r1 is
i1 i2
is
R1 R2
Vs R3 r1 is
i1 i2
is
* Write KVL for each loop in terms of the “mesh currents” i1 and i2 . Use a fixed
convention, e.g., voltage drop is positive. (Note that is = i1 − i2 .)
R1 R2
Vs R3 r1 is
i1 i2
is
* Write KVL for each loop in terms of the “mesh currents” i1 and i2 . Use a fixed
convention, e.g., voltage drop is positive. (Note that is = i1 − i2 .)
−Vs + i1 R1 + (i1 − i2 ) R3 = 0 ,
R2 i2 + r1 (i1 − i2 ) + (i2 − i1 ) R3 = 0 .
R1 R2
Vs R3 r1 is
i1 i2
is
* Write KVL for each loop in terms of the “mesh currents” i1 and i2 . Use a fixed
convention, e.g., voltage drop is positive. (Note that is = i1 − i2 .)
−Vs + i1 R1 + (i1 − i2 ) R3 = 0 ,
R2 i2 + r1 (i1 − i2 ) + (i2 − i1 ) R3 = 0 .
* Solve for i1 and i2 → compute other quantities of interest (branch currents and
branch voltages).
2Ω
i1
18 V 4Ω
3A
Example
2Ω i1
4Ω
i1
18 V
18 V 4Ω
3A
Example
2Ω i1
4Ω (1)
i1 i1 = 3 A
18 V
18 V 4Ω
3A
Example
2Ω i1
4Ω (1)
i1 i1 = 3 A
18 V
18 V 4Ω
3A
Case 2: Keep Is , deactivate Vs .
2Ω
i1
4Ω
3A
Example
2Ω i1
4Ω (1)
i1 i1 = 3 A
18 V
18 V 4Ω
3A
Case 2: Keep Is , deactivate Vs .
2Ω
i1
4Ω (2) 2Ω
i1 = 3 A × = 1A
2Ω+4Ω
3A
Example
2Ω i1
4Ω (1)
i1 i1 = 3 A
18 V
18 V 4Ω
3A
Case 2: Keep Is , deactivate Vs .
2Ω
(1) (2) i1
inet
1 = i1 + i1 = 3 + 1 = 4 A 2Ω
4Ω (2)
i1 = 3 A × = 1A
2Ω+4Ω
3A
i 12 V
v 3Ω
1Ω
6A
2i
Example
i 12 V
v 3Ω
1Ω
i 12 V
v 3Ω
2i
1Ω
6A
2i
Example
i 12 V
v 3Ω
KVL: − 12 + 3 i + 2 i + i = 0
1Ω
i 12 V ⇒ i = 2 A , v(1) = 6 V .
v 3Ω
2i
1Ω
6A
2i
Example
i 12 V
v 3Ω
KVL: − 12 + 3 i + 2 i + i = 0
1Ω
i 12 V ⇒ i = 2 A , v(1) = 6 V .
v 3Ω
2i
1Ω
6A
2i
i
v 3Ω
1Ω
6A
2i
Example
i 12 V
v 3Ω
KVL: − 12 + 3 i + 2 i + i = 0
1Ω
i 12 V ⇒ i = 2 A , v(1) = 6 V .
v 3Ω
2i
1Ω
6A
2i
i
v 3Ω
KVL: i + (6 + i) 3 + 2 i = 0
1Ω
⇒ i = −3 A , v(2) = (−3 + 6) × 3 = 9 V .
6A
2i
Example
i 12 V
v 3Ω
KVL: − 12 + 3 i + 2 i + i = 0
1Ω
i 12 V ⇒ i = 2 A , v(1) = 6 V .
v 3Ω
2i
1Ω
6A
2i
i
vnet = v(1) + v(2) = 6 + 9 = 15 V v 3Ω
KVL: i + (6 + i) 3 + 2 i = 0
1Ω
⇒ i = −3 A , v(2) = (−3 + 6) × 3 = 9 V .
6A
2i
V1 V2
R1 A R3 B
Vs R2 Is
V1 V2
R1 A R3 B
Vs R2 Is
1 1 1
(V1 − Vs ) + V1 + (V1 − V2 ) = 0 ,
R1 R2 R3
1
−Is + (V2 − V1 ) = 0 .
R3
V1 V2
R1 A R3 B
Vs R2 Is
1 1 1
(V1 − Vs ) + V1 + (V1 − V2 ) = 0 ,
R1 R2 R3
1
−Is + (V2 − V1 ) = 0 .
R3
V1 V2
R1 A R3 B
Vs R2 Is
1 1 1
(V1 − Vs ) + V1 + (V1 − V2 ) = 0 ,
R1 R2 R3
1
−Is + (V2 − V1 ) = 0 .
R3
» – » – » – » –
V1 G1 Vs V1 −1 G1 Vs
i.e., A = → =A .
V2 Is V2 Is
V1 V2
R1 A R3 B
Vs R2 Is
» – » – » –» –
V1 −1 G1 Vs m11 m12 G1 Vs
=A ≡ .
V2 Is m21 m22 Is
V1 V2
R1 A R3 B
Vs R2 Is
» – » – » –» –
V1 −1 G1 Vs m11 m12 G1 Vs
=A ≡ .
V2 Is m21 m22 Is
V1 V2
R1 A R3 B
Vs R2 Is
» – » – » –» –
V1 −1 G1 Vs m11 m12 G1 Vs
=A ≡ .
V2 Is m21 m22 Is
V1 V2
R1 A R3 B
Vs R2 Is
» – » – » –» –
V1 −1 G1 Vs m11 m12 G1 Vs
=A ≡ .
V2 Is m21 m22 Is
Circuit A
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS) B
Thevenin’s theorem
RTh
Circuit A A
(resistors,
voltage sources,
VTh
current sources,
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS) B B
RTh
Circuit A A
(resistors,
voltage sources,
VTh
current sources,
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS) B B
* VTh is simply VAB when nothing is connected on the other side, i.e., VTh = Voc .
RTh
Circuit A A
(resistors,
voltage sources,
VTh
current sources,
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS) B B
* VTh is simply VAB when nothing is connected on the other side, i.e., VTh = Voc .
* RTh can be found by different methods.
Method 1:
RTh
Circuit A A
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
VTh
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS) B B
Method 1:
RTh
Circuit A A
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
VTh
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS) B B
RTh
Circuit A A
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS) B B
Method 1:
RTh
Circuit A A
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
VTh
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS) B B
RTh
Circuit A A
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS) B B
Method 1:
RTh
A Is
Circuit A A
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
VTh
CCVS, CCCS, Vs
VCVS, VCCS) B B
B
RTh
Circuit A A
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS) B B
Method 1:
RTh
A Is
Circuit A A
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
VTh
CCVS, CCCS, Vs
VCVS, VCCS) B B
B
RTh
A
Circuit A A
(resistors,
voltage sources, Vs
current sources,
CCVS, CCCS,
Is
VCVS, VCCS) B B
B
Method 1:
RTh
A Is
Circuit A A
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
VTh
CCVS, CCCS, Vs
VCVS, VCCS) B B
B
RTh
A
Circuit A A
(resistors,
voltage sources, Vs
current sources,
CCVS, CCCS,
Is
VCVS, VCCS) B B
B
Method 2:
A
Voc
* Find Voc .
Thevenin’s theorem: RTh
Method 2:
A A
Voc Isc
B B
* Find Voc .
* Find Isc .
Method 2:
A A
Voc Isc
B B
* Find Voc .
* Find Isc .
Voc
* RTh = .
Isc
Method 2:
A A
Voc Isc
B B
* Find Voc .
* Find Isc .
Voc
* RTh = .
Isc
* Note: Sources are not deactivated.
6Ω 2Ω
A
R1 R3
3Ω RL
9V
R2
B
Thevenin’s theorem: example
6Ω 2Ω RTh
A
A
R1 R3
3Ω RL ≡ VTh RL
9V
R2
B
B
Thevenin’s theorem: example
6Ω 2Ω RTh
A
A
R1 R3
3Ω RL ≡ VTh RL
9V
R2
B
B
VTh : 6Ω 2Ω
A
3Ω Voc
9V
B
Thevenin’s theorem: example
6Ω 2Ω RTh
A
A
R1 R3
3Ω RL ≡ VTh RL
9V
R2
B
B
VTh : 6Ω 2Ω
A
3Ω Voc
9V
B
3Ω
Voc = 9 V ×
6Ω+3Ω
1
= 9V × = 3V
3
Thevenin’s theorem: example
6Ω 2Ω RTh
A
A
R1 R3
3Ω RL ≡ VTh RL
9V
R2
B
B
VTh : 6Ω 2Ω RTh : 6Ω 2Ω
A A
3Ω Voc 3Ω
9V
B B
3Ω
Voc = 9 V ×
6Ω+3Ω
1
= 9V × = 3V
3
Thevenin’s theorem: example
6Ω 2Ω RTh
A
A
R1 R3
3Ω RL ≡ VTh RL
9V
R2
B
B
VTh : 6Ω 2Ω RTh : 6Ω 2Ω
A A
3Ω Voc 3Ω
9V
B B
3Ω
Voc = 9 V × RTh = (R1 k R2 ) + R3 = (3 k 6) + 2
6Ω+3Ω
1 1×2
= 9V × = 3V =3× +2 = 4Ω
3 1+2
Thevenin’s theorem: example
6Ω 2Ω RTh 4Ω
A A
A
R1 R3
3Ω RL ≡ VTh RL
R ≡ 3V RL
9V L
R2
B
B B
VTh : 6Ω 2Ω RTh : 6Ω 2Ω
A A
3Ω Voc 3Ω
9V
B B
3Ω
Voc = 9 V × RTh = (R1 k R2 ) + R3 = (3 k 6) + 2
6Ω+3Ω
1 1×2
= 9V × = 3V =3× +2 = 4Ω
3 1+2
A
Circuit
(resistors,
iL
voltage sources,
current sources, RL
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B
Maximum power transfer
A
Circuit
iL
(resistors, * Power “transferred” to load is,
voltage sources,
current sources, RL PL = iL2 RL .
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B
Maximum power transfer
A
Circuit
iL
(resistors, * Power “transferred” to load is,
voltage sources,
current sources, RL PL = iL2 RL .
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
* For a given black box, what is the
B value of RL for which PL is
maximum?
Maximum power transfer
A
Circuit
iL
(resistors, * Power “transferred” to load is,
voltage sources,
current sources, RL PL = iL2 RL .
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
* For a given black box, what is the
B value of RL for which PL is
maximum?
* Replace the black box with its
Thevenin equivalent.
Maximum power transfer
A
Circuit
iL
(resistors, * Power “transferred” to load is,
voltage sources,
current sources, RL PL = iL2 RL .
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
* For a given black box, what is the
B value of RL for which PL is
RTh maximum?
A
iL * Replace the black box with its
Thevenin equivalent.
VTh RL
B
Maximum power transfer
A
Circuit
iL
(resistors, * Power “transferred” to load is,
voltage sources,
current sources, RL PL = iL2 RL .
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
* For a given black box, what is the
B value of RL for which PL is
RTh maximum?
A
iL * Replace the black box with its
Thevenin equivalent.
VTh RL
VTh
* iL = ,
RTh + RL
B RL
2 ×
PL = VTh .
(RTh + RL )2
Maximum power transfer
A
Circuit
iL
(resistors, * Power “transferred” to load is,
voltage sources,
current sources, RL PL = iL2 RL .
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
* For a given black box, what is the
B value of RL for which PL is
RTh maximum?
A
iL * Replace the black box with its
Thevenin equivalent.
VTh RL
VTh
* iL = ,
RTh + RL
B RL
2 ×
PL = VTh .
(RTh + RL )2
dPL
* For = 0 , we need
dRL
(RTh + RL )2 − RL × 2 (RTh + RL )
= 0,
(RTh + RL )4
i.e., RTh + RL = 2 RL ⇒ RL = RTh .
Maximum power transfer
A
Circuit
iL
(resistors, * Power “transferred” to load is,
voltage sources,
current sources, RL PL = iL2 RL .
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
* For a given black box, what is the
B value of RL for which PL is
RTh maximum?
A
iL * Replace the black box with its
Thevenin equivalent.
VTh RL
VTh
* iL = ,
RTh + RL
B RL
2 ×
PL = VTh .
PL
(RTh + RL )2
Pmax
L
dPL
* For = 0 , we need
dRL
(RTh + RL )2 − RL × 2 (RTh + RL )
= 0,
(RTh + RL )4
i.e., RTh + RL = 2 RL ⇒ RL = RTh .
RL
RL = RTh
RTh : 3Ω 2Ω
A
R1 R3
6Ω
R2
B
RTh = (R1 k R2 ) + R3 = (3 k 6) + 2
1×2
=3× +2 = 4Ω
1+2
Maximum power transfer: example
1×2
=3× +2 = 4Ω
1+2
Maximum power transfer: example
RTh A
PL is maximum when RL = RTh = 4 Ω
iL
Pmax 2
L = 2 × 4 = 16 W .
B
4Ω A B 4Ω
6A 48 V
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
Thevenin’s theorem: example
4Ω A B 4Ω
6A 48 V
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
RTh :
4Ω A B 4Ω
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
C
Thevenin’s theorem: example
4Ω A B 4Ω
6A 48 V
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
RTh :
4Ω A B 4Ω
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
C
A B
3Ω
≡
4Ω
C
Thevenin’s theorem: example
4Ω A B 4Ω
6A 48 V
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
RTh :
4Ω A B 4Ω
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
C
A B
3Ω
≡ ⇒ RTh = 7 Ω
4Ω
C
Thevenin’s theorem: example
4Ω A B 4Ω
Voc :
4Ω A B 4Ω
6A 48 V
Voc
12 Ω 48 V
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
2Ω 6A 12 Ω
C i
RTh :
4Ω A B 4Ω
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
C
A B
3Ω
≡ ⇒ RTh = 7 Ω
4Ω
C
Thevenin’s theorem: example
4Ω A B 4Ω
Voc :
4Ω A B 4Ω
6A 48 V
Voc
12 Ω 48 V
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
2Ω 6A 12 Ω
C i
RTh :
4Ω A B 4Ω Note: i = 0 (since there is no return path).
VAB = VA − VB
= (VA − VC ) + (VC − VB )
12 Ω = VAC + VCB
2Ω 12 Ω
C = 24 V + 36 V = 60 V
A B
3Ω
≡ ⇒ RTh = 7 Ω
4Ω
C
Thevenin’s theorem: example
4Ω A B 4Ω
Voc :
4Ω A B 4Ω
6A 48 V
Voc
12 Ω 48 V
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
2Ω 6A 12 Ω
C i
RTh :
4Ω A B 4Ω Note: i = 0 (since there is no return path).
VAB = VA − VB
= (VA − VC ) + (VC − VB )
12 Ω = VAC + VCB
2Ω 12 Ω
C = 24 V + 36 V = 60 V
A B
3Ω VTh = 60 V
≡ ⇒ RTh = 7 Ω RTh = 7 Ω
4Ω
C
Thevenin’s theorem: example
4Ω A B 4Ω
Voc :
4Ω A B 4Ω
6A 48 V
Voc
12 Ω 48 V
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
2Ω 6A 12 Ω
C i
RTh :
4Ω A B 4Ω Note: i = 0 (since there is no return path).
VAB = VA − VB
= (VA − VC ) + (VC − VB )
12 Ω = VAC + VCB
2Ω 12 Ω
C = 24 V + 36 V = 60 V
A B
A B
3Ω VTh = 60 V
7Ω
≡ ⇒ RTh = 7 Ω RTh = 7 Ω
60 V
4Ω
C
4Ω A B 4Ω
6A 48 V
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
Graphical method for finding VTh and RTh
SEQUEL file: ee101 thevenin 1.sqproj
4Ω A B 4Ω
6A 48 V
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
4Ω A B 4Ω
i
6A v 48 V
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
4Ω A B 4Ω
10
6A 48 V 8
i (Amp)
6
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω 4
2
0
Connect a voltage source between A and B.
0 20 40 60
Plot i versus v. v (Volt)
4Ω A B 4Ω
i
6A v 48 V
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
4Ω A B 4Ω
10
6A 48 V 8
i (Amp)
6
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω 4
2
0
Connect a voltage source between A and B.
0 20 40 60
Plot i versus v. v (Volt)
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
4Ω A B 4Ω
10
6A 48 V 8
i (Amp)
6
2Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω 4
2
0
Connect a voltage source between A and B.
0 20 40 60
Plot i versus v. v (Volt)
RTh
A
VTh
B
Norton equivalent circuit
RTh
A A
VTh RN
IN
B B
Norton equivalent circuit
RTh
A A
VTh RN
IN
B B
RTh
A A
VTh RN
IN
B B
RTh
A A
VTh RN
IN
B B
RTh
A A
VTh RN
IN
B B
RTh RTh
A A A A
RN
VTh RN VTh Isc Isc
IN IN
B B B B
RTh RTh
A A A A
RN
VTh RN VTh Isc Isc
IN IN
B B B B
RTh RTh
A A A A
RN
VTh RN VTh Isc Isc
IN IN
B B B B
RTh RTh
A A A A
RN
VTh RN VTh Isc Isc
IN IN
B B B B
5Ω i 1A
20 V 10 Ω
Example
A
5Ω i 1A
20 V 10 Ω
B
Example
A
5Ω i 1A RN = 5 Ω
20 V
20 V 10 Ω IN = = 4A
5Ω
B
Example
A
5Ω i 1A RN = 5 Ω
20 V
20 V 10 Ω IN = = 4A
5Ω
B
A
4A i 1A
5Ω 10 Ω
B
Example
A
5Ω i 1A i
RN = 5 Ω 3A
20 V
20 V 10 Ω IN = = 4A 5Ω 10 Ω
5Ω
B
A
4A i 1A
5Ω 10 Ω
B
Example
A
5Ω i 1A i
RN = 5 Ω 3A
20 V
20 V 10 Ω IN = = 4A 5Ω 10 Ω
5Ω
B
A
5
i = 3A ×
4A i 1A 5 + 10
= 1A
5Ω 10 Ω
A
5Ω i 1A i
RN = 5 Ω 3A
20 V
20 V 10 Ω IN = = 4A 5Ω 10 Ω
5Ω
B
A
5
i = 3A ×
4A i 1A 5 + 10
= 1A
5Ω 10 Ω
Home work:
* Find i by superposition and compare.
A
5Ω i 1A i
RN = 5 Ω 3A
20 V
20 V 10 Ω IN = = 4A 5Ω 10 Ω
5Ω
B
A
5
i = 3A ×
4A i 1A 5 + 10
= 1A
5Ω 10 Ω
Home work:
* Find i by superposition and compare.
P
* Compute the power absorbed by each element and verify that Pi = 0 .