a.

Isomerism
Isomerism is the phenomenon whereby certain compounds, with the same
molecular formula, exist in different forms owing to their different organisations of
atoms. The concept of isomerism illustrates the fundamental importance of
molecular structure and shape in organic chemistry.

Saponification
Usually, a process by which triglycerides are reacted with sodium or potassium
hydroxide to produce glycerol and a fatty acid salt, called 'soap'. When sodium
hydroxide is used, a hard soap is produced. Using potassium hydroxide results in a
soft soap.

b.
Chlorobenzene

Cumene
3,3-dimethyl-l-butyne

1,2-dimethylcyclopentance

1-penten-3-yne
 c. Name and draw the structural formula of the product formed
when propyne is hydrated
d. Name the structural formula of the product formed when

tertiary alcohol is oxidized

2.

A. define the term petroleum

a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons which is present in suitable rock strata and can be extracted
and refined to produce fuels including petrol, paraffin, and diesel oil; oil.

b. What are the uses of petroleum to mankind

Petroleum is necessary for a great number of human needs. Today, petroleum is

mostly used as a source of energy, being rich in combustible carbon in the
production of electricity or running some sorts of heat engines.

When thinking of petroleum, the average American usually equates it with

gasoline, since this is the one petroleum product that the average consumer has to
purchase on a regular basis. It is relatively common and low-cost, often fluctuating
in price due to economic, political, or supply level concerns. Therefore, gasoline
gets the most attention, but petroleum is used to make several other products which
in turn have several uses themselves.

Raw petroleum (also known as crude oil) is used in three major

ways: Transportation, Electricity Generation, and Material Production.

Here are some of the products of petroleum refining and their uses:

Gasoline - used to power automobiles, planes, boats, and many other forms of
transportation
Diesel Fuel - used for powering automobiles
Kerosene - used in lighting and cooking
Heating Oil - used to provide houses with necessary warmth
Lubricating oil - keeps machinery cool
Grease - necessary in automobile repair, train tracks, machinery upkeep, etc.
Tar - used in construction
c. What are the major problems of petroleum production.

d. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) – One of the biggest Disadvantages of

Oil is that it releases Carbon Dioxide which has been sequestered for millions of
years in the dead bodies of plant and animals. This transfers the Carbon from the
Earth to the Environment leading to the Global Warming Effect. Global Treaties
have failed in putting a Cost on this, though individual countries are tying to
account for this through Carbon Taxes and Cap and Trade.
e. 2) Pollution of Water and Earth – Oil Spills have caused massive pollution of
water bodies as massive oil supertankers lead oil. This leads to the death of
thousands of animals and fishes every year beside devastating the local ecology.
The BP Oil Spill caused billions of dollars in losses and even to this day small Oil
Spills keep happening.
f. 3) Growth in Terrorism and Violence – Oil is drilled in some of the worst
dictatorships like Saudi Arabia, African countries. This Oil Money goes directly
into the hands of these despots who have amassed trillions of dollars. They give
rise to violence and growth in terrorism as this oil money is used to fund these
organizations. Osama Bin Laden comes from one of the richest Saudi families.
However the powerful Oil Money also manages to suppress the voices of protest.
g. 4)Emission of Harmful Substances like Sulfur Dioxide, Carbon
Monoxide, Acid Rain - Oil Plants emit harmful substances such as Sulfur
Dioxide which cause health hazards among the surrounding population and Acid
Rain. While modern equipment has reduced the emission of these harmful
substances, it is still very harmful to humans.
h. 5) Leads to production of very harmful and toxic materials during
refining, Plastic is one of the most harmful substances – Oil exists as a
mixture of hydrocarbons with traces of sulfur and other compounds. Refining of Oil
leads to production of harmful gases and solids like Carbon Monoxide and Plastic.
 d. Why is petroleum regarded as a strategically natural resource

Crude oil is regarded as a strategically natural resource because It can

generate heat, drive machinery and fuel vehicles and airplanes. Its components are
used to manufacture almost all chemical products, such as plastics, detergents, paints,
and even medicines. As it is such an important resource it is very important to expand
our technical ability to discover new sources and extend the production lives of existing
oil fields. Life without oil? Impossible! Within our daily lives oil is used almost
everywhere: Every year, 18 million tonnes ofcrude oil are processed into synthetic
materials in Germany. Oil within our materials: 40 percent of all textiles contain oil; for
functional clothing this may be as much as 100 percent. Oil within our leisure activities:
40 billion liters of oil a year are used to make CDs and DVDs. Oil helps us relax: A single
sofa contains 60 liters of oil. Modern life is inconceivable without crude oil. The world
consumes almost 14 billion liters of oil each day. This affects us all.

4. With the aid of hydrocarbons phase envelope, discuss the following terms

i. Bubble point
The point at which the first few molecules leave the liquid and
form a small bubble of gas is called the bubble point.

ii. Dew point

The point at which only a small drop of liquid forms from the gas is
called the dew point.

iii. Cricondemtherm
The highest temperature on the saturation envelope is called the
cricondentherm – (point M on the phase envelope).

iv. Cricondenbar
The highest pressure on the saturation envelope is called the
cricondenbar – (point N on the phase envelope).

v. Critical point
The upper limit of the vapour pressure line is the critical point