ES 13 – Mechanics of Materials

GUIDE FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS – 1st Long Exam

Disclaimer
 This problem solving guide will not make a student pass the exam. Without practice and understanding of the
underlying concepts, a student will not attain his goal of passing or even getting a 1.0.
 To better understand the steps shown in this guide, practice solving different problems (from Hibbeler, Beer, or
other authors). Use this guide to solve them until you don’t need this guide anymore.
 Understand the theory and logic behind all the steps in the methods shown in this guide. This way, even if you
forget some steps, you can easily remember them by relating the basic concepts to the current problem you are
solving.
 This problem solving guide may still be incomplete and may be inapplicable to difficult problems I have never
encountered before. I recommend practicing different type of problems and please tell me if there are any part
of this guide that didn’t work with a specific type of problem.

Sec 1. Problems Involving Strain

𝒅 = |𝜹| + 𝒈𝒂𝒑/𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅/𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

CONSUMED? Force away from Force towards

member (T) member (C)
Clearance
 
Gap
 
Yield
 
NOTE: When being asked the displacement of a point, ALWAYS INDICATE THE DIRECTION.
 ES 13 – Mechanics of Materials
GUIDE FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS – 1st Long Exam

Sec 2. Allowable Stresses and Factors of Safety

Note: If you are already given the allowable stresses, there is no need to apply factors of safety.

Problems that involve finding 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 (maximum permissible force)

Given: Allowable stresses of all the components of the system
Step 1. Statics
Using equilibrium equations, find the relationship between the unknown forces (let’s use 𝐹1 , 𝐹2 , and 𝐹3 for this example)
and the maximum permissible force 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 . Most of the time, you will find one equation with 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 , while the rest are in
terms of the unknown forces only.
Step 1a.
If the number of unknown forces (not including 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) is still greater than the number of USABLE equations from Step
1, you have to use COMPATIBILITY EQUATIONS. For details, please refer to “Sec 4. Statically Indeterminate
Systems of Axially-Loaded Members with Thermal Deformations”.

After Steps 1 and 1a, your number of equations SHOULD NOW BE equal to the number of
unknown forces.
Step 2. Calculate allowable forces
Compute for the allowable forces for each component of the system using.
𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Step 4. Computing for 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
Mode 5 (equation mode) method
MM1. Rearrange your equations such that all the unknown forces are on the left hand side of the equation and ONLY
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 is on the right hand side. NOTE: You cannot use this method if one of your equations have a constant on
the right hand side of the equation other than 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 . One example of this case is when you have gaps or clearances
in your systems.
MM2. Input the coefficients of your unknown forces on your calculators after going to Mode 5. Let 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 be equal to
1. Press enter.
MM3. You have now expressed your unknown forces in terms of 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
𝐹1 = _____𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐹2 = _____𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐹3 = _____𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
MM4. Plug in the allowable forces for each component that you calculated from Step 2 to 𝐹1 , 𝐹2 , and 𝐹3 in the equations
in MM3. You should get a corresponding 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 for each unknown forces (we will have 3 values in this example).
MM5. Your final answer should be the SMALLEST 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 that you computed from MM4.
Table Method
TM1. Construct a table that looks like this:
𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐 𝑭𝟑
Allowable Forces
Let 𝐹1 = 𝐹1,𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤

Let 𝐹2 = 𝐹2,𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤

Let 𝐹1 = 𝐹1,𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
TM2. Fill the first row with the values of the allowable forces you calculated from Step 2.
TM3. For the next row, let the first force reach its allowable force (or stress for that matter). Using that 𝐹1,𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 , compute
for the corresponding values of 𝐹2 , and 𝐹3 using the equations you wrote from Step 1 and Step 1a. (Of course,
you can’t use the equation that contains 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ).
TM4. You want the forces NOT TO EXCEED their allowable values, so put a check on those values lower than the
values from the first row, and put a cross mark otherwise.
TM5. For the remaining rows, just do what you did in TM3 and TM4, only this time, copy the values for 𝐹2 , and 𝐹3
respectively, and compute for the corresponding values of the other forces.
TM6. After completing the table, it should look something like this,
 ES 13 – Mechanics of Materials
GUIDE FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS – 1st Long Exam

𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐 𝑭𝟑
Allowable Forces F1,allow F2,allow F3,allow
Let 𝐹1 = 𝐹1,𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 F1,allow  𝐹2 from 1  𝐹3 from 1 
Let 𝐹2 = 𝐹2,𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐹1 from 2  F2,allow  𝐹3 from 2 
Let 𝐹1 = 𝐹1,𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐹1 from 3  𝐹2 from 3  F3,allow 
TM7. Now let’s say the third row have checks in all columns as shown above, then it should be the governing case. It
means that even if 𝐹2 reaches its allowable value, the other components of the system are still safe.
TM8. Plug in now the values of these three forces to your equation from statics that contains 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 . Solve for 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 and
that will be the final answer.
 ES 13 – Mechanics of Materials
GUIDE FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS – 1st Long Exam

Sec 3. Statically Determinate Systems of Axially Loaded Members with

Thermal Deformations
Axially Loaded Members in Series/Segmented Members Problem
Step 1. Statics
Since the system is statically determinate, solve for all the unknown reactions/forces.
Force Diagram
Draw the force diagram of the whole system. Tensile forces are positive and compressive forces are negative in the force
diagram. If your system is already drawn horizontally, then draw the force diagram from left to right – just remember
the sign convention. If the system is drawn vertically, then you can start from any point – either from the top or from
the bottom.

Step 2. Deformations
Solve for the deformation of the member using

𝑷𝒊 𝑳𝒊
𝜹𝑨/𝑩 = 𝜮𝑩 𝑩
𝑨 (𝜹𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳 ) = 𝜮𝑨 ( + 𝜶𝒊 𝑳𝒊 𝜟𝑻𝒊 )
𝑨𝒊 𝑬𝒊

Remember that this equation can be used to determine the deformation of one point with respect to another point. Just
sum the 𝛿𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 of the segments BETWEEN those two points. So, if the question is the total deformation, then the
summation should be from one end to the other end.
The values of 𝑃 for a segment that will be substituted into the equation will come from the Force Diagram you drew
from Step 1.

System of Axially Loaded Members

Finding the final location of a pin
Step 1. Statics
If the load is applied at the pin of interest, use the FBD of that pin. Since the system is statically determinate, you can
solve for the internal forces on each bar connected to the pin. If the load is applied elsewhere (this case happens with
systems that have rigid bars), use the FBD of the rigid bars to find the INTERNAL forces on the bars connected to the
pin of interest.
Step 2. Deformations
Solve for the total deformation of each bar using
 ES 13 – Mechanics of Materials
GUIDE FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS – 1st Long Exam

𝑷𝑳
𝜹 = 𝜶𝑳𝜟𝑻 +
𝑨𝑬

Take note that you should be consistent with the signs. If temperature is increased, 𝛼𝐿Δ𝑇 should be positive, and it
should be negative otherwise. If the force you calculated from Step 1 is compressive, 𝑃𝐿/𝐴𝐸 should be negative, and it
should be positive otherwise.
Step 3. Geometry
1. “Unlock” the pin.
2. Let ALL the bars elongate or contract depending on the value of 𝛿 you calculated from Step 2. Skip this step
for those members that are rigid since they won’t deform.
3. Draw perpendicular lines at the final locations of the ends of the bars after they deformed in Step 3-2. We do
this because we assume RIGID BODY ROTATION – right triangles instead of circular sectors.
4. The intersection of THOSE PERPENDICULAR LINES is the final location of your pin.
5. Using geometry, solve for the vertical (upward or downward) and the horizontal (to the left or to the right)
displacement of the pin. DON’T FORGET TO WRITE THE DIRECTION.


System of deformable members

 
System of deformable and rigid members

Note: For systems of deformable and rigid members, since rigid members won’t deform, they are the ones that will
dictate the final location of the pin. Let’s say the rigid member is horizontal, then the pin will only be located along
the vertical axis passing through the initial location of the pin.
 ES 13 – Mechanics of Materials
GUIDE FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS – 1st Long Exam

Try answering the following problems using what you learned from Sections 2 and 3:

Allowable Stress + Segmented Axially Loaded Member Problem

Bar ABCD is subjected to the following loads as shown. Determine the maximum value of force P that can be applied
to the bar if 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 used for design is based on ultimate strength and 𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 (of Bar ABCD) = 1.2 mm.

PROPERTIES ALUMINUM COPPER STEEL

E (GPa) 70 120 200
yp (Mpa) 180 200 300
ult (MPa) 310 400 580
FSult 2 3 4

Answer: 215.13 kN (allowable deformation will govern)

System of Axially Loaded Members Problem

The steel truss supports a 6000-lb load. The cross-sectional areas of the members are 0.5 in.2 for AB and 0.75 in.2
for BC. Compute the horizontal and vertical displacement of B using E = 29 × 106 psi.

Answer: 𝒙𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟕 𝒊𝒏. →; 𝒚𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝒊𝒏. ↓

System of Axially Loaded Members + Allowable Stress Problem

A solid 5/8-in. steel [E = 29,000 ksi] rod (1) supports beam AB, as shown below. If the stress in the rod must not
exceed 30 ksi (kips per square inch) and the maximum deformation in the rod must not exceed 0.25 in., determine the
maximum load P that may be supported.

Answer: 11.30 kips

 ES 13 – Mechanics of Materials
GUIDE FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS – 1st Long Exam

Sec 4. Statically Indeterminate Systems of Axially Loaded Members with

Thermal Deformations
NOTE: The following procedures will require consistency in assumptions and signs. Practice solving the same
problem using different assumptions and you should get the same answer every time.

Axial Members in Parallel and/or Series

Step 1. Statics
 Use every equilibrium equation that relates the unknown forces.
 For axial members in series, if there is no applied load between the reactions, all the members will experience
the same axial force.
 You may ASSUME ANY DIRECTION OF THE FORCES as long as you are consistent with (1) the equilibrium
equations you are writing, and (2) the sign of PL/AE in Step 3.
Force Diagram
For members in series, it will be helpful to draw the force diagram in terms of the unknown forces. Please refer to Step
2 of “Sec 3. Statically Determinate Systems of Axially Loaded Members with Thermal Deformations: Axially
Loaded Members in Series/Segmented Members Problem” for further details.

Step 2. Deformations
Write the expression for the total deformation of each bar using

𝑷𝑳
𝜹 = 𝜶𝑳𝜟𝑻 +
𝑨𝑬

Take note that you should be consistent with the signs. If you assumed a force to be compressive, 𝑷𝑳/𝑨𝑬 should be
negative, and it should be positive otherwise.
Step 3-4. Geometry of Deformations & Compatibility Equations
VERY BLOODY IMPORTANT: The values of 𝛿 here should be consistent with your assumption of
the forces from Step 1. (i.e., PL/AE should be positive if P is assumed tensile and v.v.)
CASE 1. Axial Members in Series
𝛿1 + 𝛿2 = 0 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 − 𝑔𝑎𝑝 = 0
 ES 13 – Mechanics of Materials
GUIDE FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS – 1st Long Exam

CASE 2. Axial Members in Parallel

𝛿1 = 𝛿2

NOTE: If there is a GAP in one of the members, just subtract the gap to the side of the equation corresponding to
that member.
Use similar triangles to relate DEFLECTIONS

CASE 3. Axial Members in Parallel + Axial Members in Series

For this case, you’ll just have to plug in the left hand side of the equation from CASE 1 to the side of equation of
CASE 2 that corresponds with the member that is composed of axial members in series.
𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 𝛿𝑎𝑙 + 𝛿𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒

Step 4. Solve
The number of equations should now be equal to the number of unknown forces. If your answer turned out to be
negative, it means that your assumption regarding the direction of the force is wrong. JUST REMEMBER that when
finding the final deformations using the equations you wrote from Step 3, plug in the forces you solved AS IS
without changing its sign. Indicate the corrected assumed directions ONLY at the end of your solution to avoid
confusion.
 ES 13 – Mechanics of Materials
GUIDE FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS – 1st Long Exam

Axial Members Connected to a Rotating Rigid Body

Step 1. Statics
You may assume any direction for the forces. JUST BE CONSISTENT IN WRITING THE EQUILIBRIUM
EQUATIONS.
Step 2. Deformations
Write the expression for the total deformation of each bar using

𝑷𝑳
𝜹 = 𝜶𝑳𝜟𝑻 +
𝑨𝑬

Take note that you should be consistent with the signs. If you assumed a force to be compressive, 𝑷𝑳/𝑨𝑬 should be
negative, and it should be positive otherwise.
Step 3. Geometry of Deformations and Compatibility Equations
You may assume ANY ROTATION OR MOVEMENT on the rigid members. Just remember that RIGID BODIES
DON’T DEFORM NOR BREAK. For example, for the figure above, you can assume that rigid bar ABCD will rotate
clockwise or counterclockwise. BUT YOU CAN’T ASSUME THAT BOTH BARS (1) and (2) will elongate or
contract at the same time because it will cause deformation/breaking on bar ABCD.

For any bar, the relationship between the deformation and the displacement is:
𝒅 = +𝜹 (for members that ELONGATED in your assumption)
𝒅 = −𝜹 (for members that SHORTENED in your assumption)
You can also use these relationships with problems involving Axial Members in Parallel and/or Series.
 ES 13 – Mechanics of Materials
GUIDE FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS – 1st Long Exam

After relating the deformations and displacements, write the relationship between all the displacements using
SIMILAR TRIANGLES. For the figure above,
𝑑𝐵 𝑑 𝐶 −𝛿1 𝛿2
= ↔ =
36 84 36 84

Express the 𝜹’s in terms of the unknown forces by plugging in equations from step 2 to equations from this step.

Step 4. Solve
 If one or more of your resulting forces are negative, it only means that your assumed direction from Step 1 is
wrong.
 If you are to find the correct displacements of the members, plug in the forces you solved AS IS without changing
the sign (if some answers are negative) to the relationship between the displacements and deformations from
Step 3. If the displacement turned out to be negative, it means that you assumed the opposite of the actual
movement of the system.
 AGAIN, I’LL EMPHASIZE THAT WHEN WRITING YOUR FINAL ANSWERS, ALWAYS INDICATE:
o If a force or stress is COMPRESSIVE or TENSILE. (Remove the negative signs, if there are any,
since you are already putting the correct direction of the force or stress)
o The TRUE direction of the displacements, not the assumed. (Remove the negative signs also)
 ES 13 – Mechanics of Materials
GUIDE FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS – 1st Long Exam

Example Problem 1
An aluminum alloy cylinder (2) is clamped between rigid heads by two steel
bolts (1), as shown. The steel [E = 200 GPa; 𝛼 = 11.7 × 10−6/°C] bolts have
a diameter of 16 mm. The aluminum alloy [E = 70 GPa; 𝛼 = 23.6 × 10−6/°C]
cylinder has an outside diameter of 150 mm and a wall thickness of 5 mm.
Assume a (length of aluminum cylinder) = 600 mm and b (length of steel
bolt) = 700 mm. If the temperature of this assembly changes by ΔT = 50°C,
determine:
(a) the normal stress in the aluminum cylinder.
(b) the normal strain in the aluminum cylinder.
(c) the normal strain in the steel bolts.

Solution:

Step 1. Statics
For this example, I will assume that all bars are in tension. Therefore, by
summing forces along x,
2𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = 0 (1)

Step 2. Deformations
Since I assumed that all forces are in tension, their respective PL/AE ‘s should be positive.
𝐹𝐿
𝛿1 = (𝛼𝐿Δ𝑇)1 + ( )
𝐴𝐸 1
7𝐹1
𝛿1 = 0.4095 +
128000𝜋
𝐹𝐿
𝛿2 = (𝛼𝐿Δ𝑇)2 + ( )
𝐴𝐸 2
3𝐹2
𝛿2 = 0.708 +
253750𝜋
Step 3. Compatibility Equations
Because there are two bars of the same material and dimensions on both sides,
𝛿1 = 𝛿2
7𝐹1 3𝐹2
0.4095 + = 0.708 + (2)
128000𝜋 253750𝜋
Step 4. Solve
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously,
𝐹1 = +11971.5517 𝑁
𝐹2 = −23943.10341 𝑁

Since 𝐹2 is negative, this means that our assumption is wrong and 𝐹2 should be compressive.

Normal Stress in the Aluminum Cylinder

𝐹2
𝜎2 = = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂 (𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆)
𝐴2

Normal Strain in Aluminum Cylinder

We will plug in the value of 𝐹2 as is on the equation for 𝛿2 from Step 2.
3𝐹2
𝛿2 = 0.708 + = 0.6179 𝑚𝑚
253750𝜋
𝛿2
𝜀2 = = +𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝒎/𝒎𝒎
𝐿2
 ES 13 – Mechanics of Materials
GUIDE FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS – 1st Long Exam

Normal Strain in the Steel Bolt

7𝐹1
𝛿1 = 0.4095 + = 0.6179 𝑚𝑚
128000𝜋
Of course, the two deformations should be equal.
𝛿1
𝜀1 = = +𝟖. 𝟖𝟐𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝒎/𝒎𝒎
𝐿1

TRY SOLVING EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1 USING DIFFERENT ASSUMPTIONS:

1. 𝐹1 is tensile while 𝐹2 is compressive. (this is the actual direction)
2. 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 are both compressive.
3. 𝐹1 is compressive while 𝐹2 is tensile.

Example Problem 2
A pin-connected structure is loaded and supported as
shown. Member BCDF is a rigid plate. Member (1) is a
steel [E = 200 GPa; 𝐴1 = 310 𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝛼 = 11.9 ×
10−6 /°𝐶] bar and member (2) is an aluminum [E = 70
GPa; 𝐴2 = 620 𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝛼 = 22.5 × 10−6 /°𝐶] bar. A
load of 6 kN is applied to the plate at F. If the
temperature increases by 20 oC, compute the normal
stresses and of members (1) and (2) and the
displacements of point B and D.

Solution

Step 1. Statics
For this example, I will assume that 𝐹1 is tensile and 𝐹2
is compressive. We can only use one equilibrium
equation, and that is the summation of moments about
C.
𝐹1 (100) + 𝐹2 (300) − 6000(350) = 0
𝐹1 + 3𝐹2 = 21000 (1)

Step 2. Deformations
Since I assumed that bar (1) is in tension and bar (2) is in compression,
𝐹𝐿
𝛿1 = (𝛼𝐿Δ𝑇)1 + ( )
𝐴𝐸 1
𝐹1
𝛿1 = 0.119 +
124000
𝐹𝐿
𝛿2 = (𝛼𝐿Δ𝑇)2 + ( )
𝐴𝐸 2
𝐹2
𝛿2 = 0.180 −
108500

Step 3. Movement of System

For this example, I will assume that the rigid plate will rotate clockwise as shown.
 ES 13 – Mechanics of Materials
GUIDE FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS – 1st Long Exam

Step 4. Displacement-Deformation relationships

Since in my assumed movement, bar (1) will elongate and bar (2) will shorten,
𝑑𝐵 = +𝛿1
𝑑𝐷 = −𝛿1
Plugging in the expressions for 𝛿 from Step 2,
𝐹1
𝑑𝐵 = 0.119 +
124000
𝐹2
𝑑𝐷 = − (0.180 − )
108500
Step 5. Compatibility Equations
By similar triangles,
𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐷
=
100 300
3𝑑𝐵 = 𝑑𝐷
𝐹1 𝐹2
3 (0.119 + ) = −0.180 + (2)
124000 108500
Step 6. Solve
Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously,
𝐹1 = −17328.84507 𝑁
𝐹2 = 12776.28169 𝑁
Since 𝐹1 is negative, it means that the force in bar (1) should be compressive.

Stresses in Bars (1) and (2)

𝐹1
𝜎1 = = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 (𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆)
𝐴1
𝐹2
𝜎2 = = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂 (𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆)
𝐴2

Displacements of B and D
Plug in the values of 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 as is to the expressions for 𝑑𝐵 and 𝑑𝐷 in step 4.
−17328.85
𝑑𝐵 = 0.119 + = −0.0207 𝑚𝑚 → = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟕 𝒎𝒎 ←
124000
𝐹2
𝑑𝐷 = − (0.180 − ) = −0.0622 𝑚𝑚 ←= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎 →
108500

As you notice, both 𝑑𝐵 and 𝑑𝐷 turned out to be negative. This means that our assumed movement of the system is
opposite of the actual movement which is COUNTERCLOCKWISE. This implies that the 6-kN force was not
enough to overcome the elongation caused by the increase in temperature.
Also, this means that even though your member is under compression (or tension), if the system underwent a change
in temperature, your member will not necessarily shorten (or elongate). Similarly, even if the system underwent a
temperature increase, it does not mean that your member will always elongate.
 ES 13 – Mechanics of Materials
GUIDE FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS – 1st Long Exam

TRY SOLVING EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2 USING DIFFERENT ASSUMPTIONS:

1. 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 are both compressive.
a. Rigid plate will rotate clockwise
b. Rigid plate will rotate counterclockwise (this is the actual scenario)
2. 𝐹1 is compressive while 𝐹2 is tensile.
a. Rigid plate will rotate clockwise
b. Rigid plate will rotate counterclockwise
3. Both 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 are tensile.
a. Rigid plate will rotate clockwise
b. Rigid plate will rotate counterclockwise
4. 𝐹1 is tensile while 𝐹2 is compressive.
a. Rigid plate will rotate counterclockwise

Also, try solving the following problems using different assumptions:

A rigid beam AB with negligible mass

is pinned at O and supported by two
rods as shown. If the beam is subjected
to a 30oC increase in temperature, find
(a) forces in rods A and B, and (b) the
deformations of rods A and B.

Answers:
(a) 𝑃𝐴 = 40.29 𝑘𝑁 (𝐶); 𝑃𝐵 = 30.22 𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)
(b) 𝛿𝐴 = +0.916 𝑚𝑚; 𝛿𝐵 = −1.221 𝑚𝑚

The pin-connected structure shown consists of a rigid bar

ABCD and two axial members. Bar (1) is steel [E = 200 GPa,
𝛼 = 11.7 × 10−6/°C ] with a cross-sectional area of A1 = 400
mm2. Bar (2) is an aluminum alloy [E = 70 GPa, 𝛼 = 22.5 ×
10−6/°C] with a cross-sectional area of A2 = 400 mm2. The bars
are unstressed when the structure is assembled. After a
concentrated load of P = 36 kN is applied and the temperature
is increased by 25°C, determine:

(a) the normal stresses in bars (1) and (2).

(b) the deflection of point D on the rigid bar.

Answers:
(a) 𝜎𝐴 = 31.524 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝑇); 𝜎𝐵 = 58.087 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝑇)
(b) 𝑑𝐷 = 0.292 𝑚𝑚 ↑