Design Flow & Parameter Calculation of Operational Amplifier

Design Flow of Operational Amplifier
Hong-Yi Huang
Department of Electronic Engineering
Fu-Jen Catholic University
Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang
Outline
Op Amp Specification
Op Amp Parameter Calculation
Op Amp Simulation Method
Comparison of Calculation and Simulation
Op Amp Measurement

Outline
Op Amp Measurement
Ideal Op. Amp. Practical Op. Amp.
Voltage control voltage source Finite gain
Infinite voltage gain Finite linear region
Infinite input impedance Offset voltage
Zero output impedance CMRR
It is free of frequency and Frequency response

temperature dependence, distortion,
Slew rate
and noise
Nonzero output resistance
Noise
Dynamic range
PSRR
DC power dissipation

Outline
Op Amp Measurement

Two Stage Op Amp
Expect Specification
Low-frequency gain A0=75dB
Unity-gain frequency GBW=10MHz
Slew rate SR=10 V/us
Common mode rejection ratio CMRR=80dB
Phase margin PM=60o
Load impedance CL=10pF
DC supply voltages 0~3.3V

Two Stage Op Amp Parameters
Device Parameter
u n = 0.05m 2 /V ⋅ s
Device
NMOS PMOS up = 0.02m 2 /V ⋅ s
Parameter
K ox ε 0
µCox 2 2 Cox =
74 µA V 24 µA V t ox
2
K ox ≅ 3.9, ε 0 = 8.854 × 10 −12 F/m
Vt0 0 .6 − 0.8
tox and Vt0 can be found in spice
model

Hand Calculation
1
1.choose CC = CL = 3.3pF
3
2. According to the spec. of G.B.
gm2
10M =
2πCc
gm2 = 209.44 uA
V
3. Determined current bias by slew rate
I5 I
SR = = ref = 10V/us
Cc Cc
IREF = I5 = SR × CC ≥ 10 × 10 6 × (3.3 × 10 −12 ) = 33.33uA
I7 I7
SR- = = = 10 V
CL 3CC us
⎛W⎞ ⎛W⎞
I7 = 100uA It means ⎜ ⎟ = 3 × ⎜ ⎟
⎝ L ⎠7 ⎝ L ⎠5
Hand Calculation (con’t)

O
4. Because of PM=60
−1 ⎛ G.B ⎞ −1 ⎛ G.B ⎞ −1 ⎛ G.B ⎞
PM= 180° − tan ⎜ ⎟ − tan ⎜ ⎟ + tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ P2 ⎠ ⎝ Z ⎠
⎛ G.B ⎞ −1 ⎛ G.B ⎞
∴ 30° = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ − tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ P2 ⎠ ⎝ Z ⎠
By the small signal analysis
−1 1
Pole1= ωp1 ≅ where R1 =
gm6R 2R1Cc g ds,4 + g ds2
− gm6 1
Pole2= ωp2 ≅ R2 =
C2 gds6 + gds7
−1 C1 = Cb
Pole3= ωp3 =
R c C1
C 2 = CL
1
Zero= ωZ =
⎛ 1 ⎞
Cc ⎜⎜ − R c ⎟⎟
⎝ gm6 ⎠

1
set Rc=
gm6
⎛ G.B ⎞
30° = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ P2 ⎠
⎛ 10M × 10p ⎞
30° = tan −1⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ g m6 ⎠
gm6=1.088m
RC=0.919kΩ
5. Determined the gm of Mp3,Mp4

I5 100
(W/L )3 = (W/L )4 = 2 = 6=1
(W/L )6 (W/L )6 I7 100 6
up C ox ⎛ W ⎞ I5
gm3 = gm4 = 2 ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ L ⎠3 2
up C ox ⎛ W ⎞
gm6 = 2 ⎜ ⎟ I7
2 ⎝ L ⎠6
⎛ W ⎞ I5
⎜ ⎟ ×
⎝ L ⎠3 2 1 1 1
gm3 = gm4 = × gm6 = gm6 × × = × 1.088m = 181.3 uA
⎛W⎞ 6 6 6 V
⎜ ⎟ × I7
⎝ L ⎠8

6. Calculate the A0 and CMRR

gm1gm6 gm1gm6
A0 = =
(gds2 + gds4 )(gds6 + gds7 ) (λI5 )(2 ⋅ λI7 )
209.44 × 10 −6 × 1.088 × 10 −3
≅ ≅ 79.53dB ≥ 75dB
(0.06 × 33.33 × 10 −6 ) × (2 × 0.06 × 100 × 10 −6 )
λ = 0.06V −1 for L = 1um
2gm2 gm4 2 × 209.44u × 125.6u

CMRR = ≈
gds5 gds2 λI
λI5 × 5
2
2 × 209.44u × 125.6u
= ≈ 85.53dB ≥ 80dB
33.33u
(0.06 × 33.33u) × (0.06 × )
2

7. Determined the dimension of M5 and M7
It depends on the current mirror M10.
⎛W⎞ ⎛W⎞ 1 ⎛W⎞

⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ L ⎠10 ⎝ L ⎠5 3 ⎝ L ⎠ 7
⎛W⎞
If set ⎜ ⎟ = 10
⎝ L ⎠10
⎛W⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 10
⎝ L ⎠5
⎛W⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 30
⎝ L ⎠7

8.Determined the dimension of M1~M4 and M6
unCox ⎛ W ⎞ I5
gm2 = 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 209.44 uA
2 ⎝ L ⎠2 2 V
⎛ W ⎞ 33.33
209.44 = 2 74 × ⎜ ⎟ ×
⎝ L ⎠2 2
⎛W⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 8.89
⎝ L ⎠2
L = 1um, W1 = W2 = 8.89um
2
⎛W⎞ ⎛W⎞ gm4 (181.3u)2
⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = = = 20.55
⎝ L ⎠3 ⎝ L ⎠ 4 4 upCox I5 4 × 24 × 33.33u
2 2 2
⎛W⎞ ⎛W⎞
gm6 = 6 × gm3 ⎜ ⎟ = 6 × ⎜ ⎟ = 123.3
⎝ L ⎠6 ⎝ L ⎠3
9. Determined the dimension of M8
1 1
RC = 0.919kΩ = =
⎛W⎞ ⎛W⎞
upCox ⎜ ⎟ × Vt 48 × ⎜ ⎟ × 0.8
⎝ L ⎠8 ⎝ L ⎠8
⎛W⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 28.3
⎝ L ⎠8
L = 1um W8 = 28.3um

Device W L Device W L
Mn1 8.89 Mp5 10
Mn2 8.89 Mp6 123.3
Mp3 20.55 Mn7 30
Mp4 20.55 Mp8 28.3
Outline
Op Amp Measurement

Two Stage Op Amp
Operational Point
.op
Determine the operation region

of MOS

Frequency Response
vinp vinp 0 dc 1v ac 1v
vinn vinn 0 dc 1v ac 0v
.ac dec 10 100 100000MEG
.print vdb(vout)
Frequency Response
Because of stray capacitance, finite

Large Signal carrier mobilities, and so on, the
Voltage Gain
gain A decrease at high frequencies.
Gain
Large Signal Voltage Gain(A0) : The

Phase
gain at dc and low frequency.
PM 3dB Frequency (f3dB) : The maximum
f3dB
bandwidth of dc gain.
Phase Margin (PM) :the stability of

Op Amp.

Frequency Response
Vout vinp vinp 0 dc 1v ac 1v
Vinp
Vout vinp vinp 0 dc 1v ac 0.1v
Vinp
Transient Operation
Input Signal Vp-p = 25mV
Frequency
=1Mhz
Frequency Frequency
=10Mhz =50Mhz

Input Voltage Noise Density
Noise: because of shot noise,

thermal noise ,and so on, the MOS
generates noise.
.noise v(Y) X Z
Y: the point wanted to analysis
X: reference point
Z: frequency resolution
Input Common Mode Range (ICMR)

Input Common Mode Range
(ICMR): the range of input
common mode voltage
.dc Vin 0 3.3 0.1

Unity gain Response
Vcm < ICMR-

Output Voltage Swing
Output Voltage Swing:
The range of output voltage which can operate normally.
10R
VOUT = − VIN = −10VIN
R
Transient response, Output saturated


Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
Common Mode Rejection Ratio

(CMRR): the ability of rejecting
common mode signal.
vinp vinp 0 dc 1v ac 1v
.ac dec 10 100 100000MEG
.print vdb(vout)
Common mode gain
.alter

Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)
Power Supply Rejection Ratio
(PSRR): the ability of rejecting noise
from power supply.
.alter
vdd vdd 0 dc 3.3v ac 1v
.alter
vss vss 0 dc 0v ac 1v
PSRR+ PSRR-

Slew Rate & Settling Time
Slew Rate: the maximum rate of
change dvo/dt is called slew rate.
Settling Time: the time during

output signal be stable shown as
right figure.
vinp vinp 0 pulse(1v 2v 0n 0.5n 0.6n

150n 300n)
.meas tran t when v(vout)=1.9v rise=1
.meas SR param='0.9/t'

Total Harmonic Distortion
vinp vinp 0 sin(1.65 0.1m 1k 0)
DC:1.65V
Amplitude: 0.1mV
Frequency: 1kHz
Delay time: 0
.four 1k v(vout)
Fouriur analysis for 1kHz signal
Fouriur analysis for vout
.fft v(vout) np=1024 start=1u stop=56u freq=1x
Resolution: np
Simulation time: stop-start
Fouriur analysis for 1MHz signal
Fouriur analysis for vout
Operation point
.op
DC power dissipation

Outline
Op Amp Measurement

Frequency Response


PSRR+ PSRR-

Outline
Op Amp Measurement
Input Offset Voltage
The offset voltage is the

difference of Vin+ and Vout

Open Loop Gain and Frequency Response
R=10MΩ At lower frequency, this Op Amp

is unity gain configuration.
C=100uF
At higher frequency, this Op
RL=1MΩ
Amp is open loop configuration.
CL=8pF for Probe
Common Mode Gain
Eliminate the effect of offset

voltage, and import the same
input signal to the Vin+ and Vin-.

Common Mode Rejection Ratio
Vo = A d (V+ − V− ) ± A c Vcm
Ac
= A d (Vcm − Vo − Vcm ) ± (2Vcm + Vo )
2
Vo ± Ac Ac 1
= ≅ =
1 + A d − ⎛⎜ ± ⎞
Vcm Ac Ad CMRR
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
Vo = A d (V+ − V- ) + A dd Vdd
Vo = A d (Vo ) + A dd Vdd
A dd A 1
Vo = Vdd ≅ dd Vdd = Vdd
1+ A d Ad PSRR+
Vo = A d (V+ − V- ) + A ss Vss
Vo = A d (Vo ) + A ss Vss
A ss A 1
Vo = Vss ≅ ss Vss = Vss
1+ A d Ad PSRR−

Input Common Mode Range
Unity gain configuration
The method of measurement is

the same as the one of
simulation.
VO= -10Vi

Output Resistance
R∞
Vo1 = iout ×
Rout + R ∞
RL
Vo2 = iout ×
RL + Rout
RL
Vo2 = Vo1
Rout + RL
⎛V ⎞
R out = R L ⎜⎜ o1 − 1⎟⎟
⎝ Vo2 ⎠
Slew Rate and Settling Time
Unity gain configuration
The method of measurement is

the same as the one of
simulation.

Design Flow & Parameter Calculation of Operational Amplifier

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Design Flow & Parameter Calculation of Operational Amplifier

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Design Flow of Operational Amplifier

Department of Electronic Engineering

Fu-Jen Catholic University

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Op Amp Parameter Calculation

 Op Amp Simulation Method

 Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Op Amp Parameter Calculation

 Op Amp Simulation Method

 Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Infinite voltage gain  Finite linear region

 Infinite input impedance  Offset voltage

 Zero output impedance  CMRR

 It is free of frequency and  Frequency response

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Op Amp Parameter Calculation

 Op Amp Simulation Method

 Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Unity-gain frequency GBW=10MHz

 Slew rate SR=10 V/us

 Common mode rejection ratio CMRR=80dB

 Phase margin PM=60o

 Load impedance CL=10pF

 DC supply voltages 0~3.3V

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

3. Determined current bias by slew rate

IREF = I5 = SR × CC ≥ 10 × 10 6 × (3.3 × 10 −12 ) = 33.33uA

Hand Calculation (con’t)

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Hand Calculation (con’t)

5. Determined the gm of Mp3,Mp4

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

6. Calculate the A0 and CMRR

λ = 0.06V −1 for L = 1um

2gm2 gm4 2 × 209.44u × 125.6u

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Hand Calculation (con’t)

It depends on the current mirror M10.

⎛W⎞ ⎛W⎞ 1 ⎛W⎞

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

8.Determined the dimension of M1~M4 and M6

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Hand Calculation (con’t)

9. Determined the dimension of M8

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Mn1 8.89 Mp5 10

Mn2 8.89 Mp6 123.3

Mp3 20.55 Mn7 30

Mp4 20.55 Mp8 28.3

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

 Op Amp Parameter Calculation

 Op Amp Simulation Method

 Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Analog ICs;Hong-Yi Huang

Op Amp Parameter Calculation

Op Amp Simulation Method

Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

Op Amp Parameter Calculation

Op Amp Simulation Method

Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

Infinite voltage gain Finite linear region

Infinite input impedance Offset voltage

Zero output impedance CMRR

It is free of frequency and Frequency response

Op Amp Parameter Calculation

Op Amp Simulation Method

Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

Unity-gain frequency GBW=10MHz

Slew rate SR=10 V/us

Common mode rejection ratio CMRR=80dB

Phase margin PM=60o

Load impedance CL=10pF

DC supply voltages 0~3.3V

Op Amp Parameter Calculation

Op Amp Simulation Method

Comparison of Calculation and Simulation

Determine the operation region

Because of stray capacitance, finite

Large Signal Voltage Gain(A0) : The

PM 3dB Frequency (f3dB) : The maximum

Phase Margin (PM) :the stability of

Noise: because of shot noise,

Y: the point wanted to analysis

Output Voltage Swing:

Common Mode Rejection Ratio

Settling Time: the time during

Fouriur analysis for 1kHz signal

Fouriur analysis for vout

Simulation time: stop-start

Fouriur analysis for 1MHz signal

Fouriur analysis for vout

Op Amp Parameter Calculation

Op Amp Simulation Method

Comparison of Calculation and Simulation