“The Procrastination Habit before Deadline of Selected Grade 11 ABM Students and Its Effects to their

Academic Performance in Centro Escolar University Makati for the School Year 2017-2018”

“The Procrastination Habit before Deadline of Selected Grade 11 ABM Students and Its Effects
to their Academic Performance
in Centro Escolar University Makati for the School Year 2017-2018”
“The Procrastination Habit before Deadline of Selected Grade 11 ABM Students and Its Effects to their
Academic Performance in Centro Escolar University Makati for the School Year 2017-2018”

Abstract

The differences in communication styles between men and women has been a topic of

interest in the research world for many years. These differences may lead to miscommunication,

conflict, and even dissatisfaction between couples. This study analyzes the communication styles

among genders, more specifically among married couples. It questions how differences in

communication styles between married couples married five years or less affect marital

satisfaction. The study will be conducted through the use of an interaction analysis. Its goal is to

increase the amount of knowledge regarding effective communication and how it relates to marital

satisfaction in order to ultimately aid in the rise of marital satisfaction and the decrease of the

divorce rate in the United States.

“The Procrastination Habit before Deadline of Selected Grade 11 ABM Students and Its Effects to their
Academic Performance in Centro Escolar University Makati for the School Year 2017-2018”

Today, divorce has become a very common part of life, and it is likely that ineffective

communication plays a crucial role in the failure of many marriages. Communication may lead to

the success of a marriage or to its detriment, depending on its level of effectiveness. This

effectiveness of communication is likely connected to the overall satisfaction of married couples

and is worthy to be studied in order to increase marital satisfaction.

Learning more about the differences in communication styles between men and women

will aid in the more successful sending and receiving of messages, both verbal and nonverbal. For

example, a woman may communicate in a way that has meaning to her. However, the man

receiving the message may interpret it differently than she intended due to their differences in

communication style. This can cause conflict and lead to further problems in the relationship.

However, if the man decoding the message were familiar with his wife’s style of communication,

he may have interpreted it properly therefore avoiding a conflict situation. The reverse, when men

are communicating to women, is also true. Husbands and wives are interdependent, and their level

of commitment and desire to maintain a healthy relationship often depends on the other person

(Weigel & Ballard-Reisch, 2008).

Conventional wisdom says that there is no such thing as lack of communication. A person

always communicates something, whether intentional or not. Becoming more aware of how one’s

own self communicates will also aid in more healthy communication between spouses.

This literature review will discuss nonverbal communication styles, including flirtation,

and conflict communication, including communicated perspective-taking.

This study will further advance communication research by helping people discover more

about their personal communication styles as men and women and by helping them communicate
“The Procrastination Habit before Deadline of Selected Grade 11 ABM Students and Its Effects to their
Academic Performance in Centro Escolar University Makati for the School Year 2017-2018”

more effectively with their partners. In a culture where marriage is considered a risk, it is crucial

to conduct studies that will help further the knowledge on how to have a successful marriage.

Review of Related Literature

A. Procrastination

The following studies will provide some information about procrastination and will determine

the effects of it to a student’s academic performance, there are also experiments conducted by the

researchers of the following studies to see if procrastination really affects and has a connection to

a student’s academic performance.

According to Phares and Chaplin (1997), procrastination is the avoidance or

postponement of a task while stress is a psychological and physiological state produced by

a variety of unpleasant events. In order to make a reasonable case, past research and

findings must be considered.

Based on Solomon and Rothblum (1984) conducted a study that examined the

reasons for The Effect of Procrastination and Stress on Tasks procrastination as well as the

frequency of procrastination on academic-based tasks. Procrastination was also measured

by examining the number of self-paced quizzes that were completed in the last five weeks

of class. The results indicated that fear of failure and the aversiveness of the task were some

of the factors related to procrastination.

“The Procrastination Habit before Deadline of Selected Grade 11 ABM Students and Its Effects to their
Academic Performance in Centro Escolar University Makati for the School Year 2017-2018”

A study conducted by Janssen and Carton (1999), examined the effects of locus of

control and task difficulty on procrastination. The participants were 42 undergraduate

students enrolled in an introductory psychology course.

According to Petri and Govem (2004), locus of control is an individual's

expectation about the control of reinforcement. Individuals that have an internal locus of

control perceive rewards and punishments as a result of their own behavior. Given these

past findings and a general understanding of procrastination, this study sought to examine

the impact of stress and procrastination on high effort and low effort tasks.

This study chuchu

Procrastination, to put off doing something, especially out of habitual laziness, is a

result of a cultivated habit, and it impacts everyone. A lot of students tend to procrastinate

at college. According to [1], they tend to do so mainly because of task-aversion. Studying,

generally, is the last thing that a student would think to do. Having all kinds of

entertainment and distractions, such as video games, social networks, and heard media,

would really not make students get into study. It is most likely the student’s responsibility,

in other words, his ability to control his passion that makes the student progress and

complete his tasks. Most of the students who live in the dorms, generally, can get distracted

easily [1]. If students just spent ten minutes with each person there, imagine how much

time would be left for them to study, even to do anything personal. More importantly, the

student’s uncertainty can really affect his progression at college. Hesitation will not make

a student any better [1]. A lot of students spend a huge amount of time thinking about the

topic they will discuss or write about, and sometimes about the way they are going to
“The Procrastination Habit before Deadline of Selected Grade 11 ABM Students and Its Effects to their
Academic Performance in Centro Escolar University Makati for the School Year 2017-2018”

present it, and this will certainly lead them to procrastinate. Eventually, the student’s Grade

Point Average (GPA) will start to decrease the more he puts off the work. However, when

he keeps delaying his work, stress will rise up and more pressure will be on the student,

which will lead him to late submission and his grades will decrease [1].

This study states that procrastination is caused by a student’s lack of focus on

his/her work. Social networks, friends or even things around a student can distract a

student’s attention to complete a task. This study also states that students who always tend

to procrastinate has low grades and will result to a poor quality work.

B. Academic Performance

The following studies will provide a brief explanation regarding what academic

performance is and how is it affected by procrastination, time management.

Academic performance is the outcome of education, that is, the extent to which a

student, teacher or institution has achieved their educational goals. Academic performance

is commonly measured by examinations or continuous assessment but there is no general

agreement on how it is best tested or which aspects are more important. Academic

performance seems to increase when time management skills are well-handled.

Prioritization of tasks may make studying and schoolwork less overwhelming and more

enjoyable. Academic stress occurs when students feel the pressure of cramming for exams,

rushing through homework and getting minimal sleep because of disorganizations and

worry. Effective time management techniques should not only be applied to the students’
“The Procrastination Habit before Deadline of Selected Grade 11 ABM Students and Its Effects to their
Academic Performance in Centro Escolar University Makati for the School Year 2017-2018”

academic life but to their overall schedule to achieve success and peace of mind. Grades in

higher institutions often depend on the completion of a range of tasks, including those with

various deadlines, lengths and priorities. This multiple tasks, and then grades are

determined by the quality of efforts put in. Thus, academic performance would be expected

to be influenced by time management skills. Therefore, as increasing demands are placed

on students, students’ ability to manage time becomes an essential component for academic

success. Proper time management becomes important in education especially at higher

levels because it suggests among other factors, how fast manpower can be available in the

life of a nation. King (2002) identifies various external forces confronting time and outlines

them to be combination of factors: challenge to one’s ability or expertise, which imposes

an unwelcome demand on time, abilities and emotional reserves. Proper time management

becomes important in education especially at higher levels because it suggests among other

factors, how fast manpower can be available in the life of a nation. King (2002) identifies

various external forces confronting time and outlines them to be combination of factors:

challenge to one’s ability or expertise, which imposes an unwelcome demand on time,

abilities and emotional reserves. The researcher however feels it may be an overstatement

that forces from outside have the power to enforce the demand of time. It is also important

to note that time wasting inhibits getting a job done. Achunie (1998) pinpoints time wasters

in school system as numerous factors that influence time management practices. The

following are noted: events that just come up. Various events that are not planned may

come up within the school system. Events like lecturers’ strike, students’ unrest, sudden
“The Procrastination Habit before Deadline of Selected Grade 11 ABM Students and Its Effects to their
Academic Performance in Centro Escolar University Makati for the School Year 2017-2018”

accidents, fire outbreak and many other emergencies can interfere with students’ daily

schedule.

This study chuchu

C. Time Management

The following studies will provide data and evidences on why/how time

management is important & how does it affect a student’s academic performance, the

researchers of these studies also provided some experiments to understand if it is indeed

one of the factors to be considered when it comes to dealing with deadlines.

Time management is focused on solving problems. Examples of common problems

are; being unable to deal with distractions, deadline pressure, and procrastination, and self-

discipline, ambiguity of personal goals, not being able to say “no”, excessive social

relations, indetermination, perfectionism and messy task. Quek (2001) believed that time

can be managed because when one wants to solve the problem of procrastination, one needs

to learn and develop time management skills. In the mind of the researchers, there is an

indication that Quek feels that procrastination may affect time management. To the

researcher however, time management is as important as human and material resources in

any organization. From observation, poor time planners seem to be faced with low

productivity, inefficiency, ineffectiveness and low morale, stress and frustration with

themselves. Time is always available although it waits for no one, and is no respecter of

gender as reflected in the research conducted by Omolola (2010) that both male and female
“The Procrastination Habit before Deadline of Selected Grade 11 ABM Students and Its Effects to their
Academic Performance in Centro Escolar University Makati for the School Year 2017-2018”

undergraduate are affected by time management. Achunie (1998) pinpoints time wasters

in school system as numerous factors that influence time management practices. To the

researcher, unforeseen issue can come up and spending the time allocated for an event on

another will be realistic. It is also gives room for uneasiness and tension which result in

messing up to the planned programme. Although, Yager (1999) is not comfortable with the

phrase “wasting time”, to him, time cannot be wasted but mismanaged. Time wasting is

misconception, he says. The Researcher however feels that whatever is mismanaged is

wasted. Quek (2001) in his reflection on time management proposes that procrastination

and prioritorization are probably the most common time management problems among

students. To him, some students battle with procrastination due to lack of time

management, especially when they cannot meet the deadline. The researcher observes that

that students are directly involved in academic procrastination since at the beginning of a

semester, one in five students miss the first class, some sign up early but never show, while

others attend sporadically. Not all students are conscious that academic procrastination

raises students’ anxiety and sinks their self-esteem in view of the fact that time wasted can

hardly be regained. Also, students don’t feel there is the need to prioritize their works in

order of importance.

This study tells that time management is focused on solving problems such as

dealing with distractions, deadline pressure, procrastination and so on. This study also tells

that being not productive and inefficient can damage the time management of an individual.

Achunie said that using a time management as a guide for the programmer can be a "waste

of time" but for Yager, time cannot be managed but mismanage. This study said that
“The Procrastination Habit before Deadline of Selected Grade 11 ABM Students and Its Effects to their
Academic Performance in Centro Escolar University Makati for the School Year 2017-2018”

prioritorization is the most common problem of the students. This study tells that lack of

time management may result in delaying meeting the deadline or delay in passing the work

on the specific time and date that was given.

Studies demonstrate that time management skills can be trained .MacCann and et

al. (2012) posits that time management may be influenced by cognition (e.g. goal setting

and intention) and context (e.g. role of the study environment). This is in line with the call

to include individual characteristics and others influence in time management research

(Claessens et al, 2007). This is also in line with related empirical findings. For example,

high achieving students were found to exhibit more self-regulated learning skills

(Zimmerman & Martinez-Pons, 1990), and with time management in particular (Eilam &

Aharon, 2003). The construct of self-efficacy has been studied to determine issues related

to how students learn and how they may or may not accept the shift of taking more

responsibility for their learning (Bandura, 1997). In relation to the social cognitive theory

of triadic reciprocal causation, Bandura (1986, 1997) posits that personal factors (e.g.,

attitudes and beliefs), behaviors, and environmental events all influence each other and

impact individuals’ capabilities to perform in certain ways. Existing time management

interventions include training in skills such as goalsetting, scheduling, prioritizing tasks,

self-monitoring, problem-solving techniques, delegating, and negotiating, as well as

conflict resolution (Bruning & Frew, 1987; Higgins, 1986; Morisano, Hirsh, Peterson, Pihl,

& Shore, 2010; Richardson & Rothestein, 2008). Those focused specifically on time

management are often centered on setting goals and priorities, the mechanics of time

management (e.g., making to-do lists), and/or one’s preference for organization (e.g.,
“The Procrastination Habit before Deadline of Selected Grade 11 ABM Students and Its Effects to their
Academic Performance in Centro Escolar University Makati for the School Year 2017-2018”

preference for a well-organized rather than disorganized work day; Claessens et al., 2007).

Macan et al. (1990) suggested that time management training should lead to increases in

those areas and, in turn, this should lead to increased perceived control of time (Claessens

et al., 2007). Studies (see Green & Skinner, 2005; King et al., 1986; Macan, 1994; Slaven

& Totterdell, 1993; Van Eerde, 2003) have concluded also that, after training, participants

were likely to engage in time management behaviors more frequently (Claessens et al.,

2007). Additionally, variables such as accurately estimating time, time on important tasks,

anxiety, and procrastination seem to be positively affected by time management training

(Burt & Kemp, 1994; Claessens et al, 2007; Eilam & Aharon, 2003; Francis-Smythe &

Robertson, 1999; Karim, et al., 2013; Van Eerde, 2003).

This study mentioned that time management may be influenced by cognition and

context. This study suggests that self-efficacy can determine issues on how students learn

and take good care of their responsibility as a student or learner. The characteristics of an

individual using a time management has a setting goal and know how to prioritize

things/works.

Pehlivan (2013) in his study found that time is a vital resource everyone possesses

but fails to utilize at the same level due to a variety of reasons. He has been demonstrated

that there exists a positive significant relation between students’ grade point averages and

the time attitudes sub-dimension and between financial accounting grades and the long-

range planning sub-dimension.

This study chuchu

“The Procrastination Habit before Deadline of Selected Grade 11 ABM Students and Its Effects to their
Academic Performance in Centro Escolar University Makati for the School Year 2017-2018”

Kaushar (2013) in his study found that development many times college students

have not had to manage their time efficiently prior to college because they are bright and

weren’t really challenged in high school. Those receiving lower grades are probably no

less capable than those receiving higher grades but often their study skill, including time

management are less effective.

This study chuchu

References

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http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ire/article/view/7126

Brinthaupt, T., & Shin, C. (2001). The relationship of academic cramming to flow experience.

[Online] Available: http://jewlscholar.mtsu.edu/handle/mtsu/5181

Kader, F. & Elssa, M. (2015). The effectiveness of time management strategies instructions on

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https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED565629.pdf
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Academic Performance in Centro Escolar University Makati for the School Year 2017-2018”

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http://www.asee.org/documents/zones/zone1/2014/Student/PDFs/177.pdf

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