STOICHIOMETRY

Quantitative aspects of chemical change

Ponderal Laws
Chemical equation
✓ Written representation of the process that occurs in a
chemical reaction.

✓ Elements are denoted using their symbols.

✓ Subscripts indicate the number of atoms of an element

present in a chemical species.

✓ Coefficients next to the symbols indicate the

stoichiometric numbers.
A little bit of history…
Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794)

He burned a scrap of paper in a closed container.

By weighing the container before, and again after, he was able to

show that even though the paper was gone, there was still the
same amount of matter in the box.

Then:

“In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor

destroyed.”
(Law of conservation of mass)
A little bit of history…

Joseph Proust (1754 – 1826)

Studied copper carbonate, tin oxides and iron

sulfides and found that each one had the same
proportion of weights between the elements

The ratio by weight of the compounds

consumed in a chemical reaction was
always the same.
(Law of definite proportions)
A little bit of history…
John Dalton (1766-1844)

He studied carbonic acid and carbon oxide, and found

that there is a fixed ratio between the relative masses of
oxygen and carbon in both compounds.

“If two elements form more than a single

compound, the masses of one element combined
with a fixed mass of the second are in the ratio of
small whole numbers”

(Law of multiple proportions)

A little bit of history…
Jeremias Benjamin Richter (1762-1807)

He found that it always took 615 parts by weight of magnesia

(MgO), for example, to neutralize 1000 parts by weight of
sulfuric acid (proof of the law of definite proportions), which is
the principle of titration.

He stated that if we know the proportion of elements in

compound AB and the proportion of elements in
compounds BC, we can determine the proportion of
elements in compound AC. (Law of reciprocal
proportions)
A little bit of history…
Jeremias Benjamin Richter (1762-1807)

Example: He found that it always took 615 parts by weight of magnesia

(MgO), for example, to neutralize 1000 parts by weight of
sulfuric acid (proof of the law of definite proportions), which is
Methane CH4 Carbon = 12 g of titration.
the principle Hydrogen = 4(1 g) Ratio 12:4 = 3:1

Water H2O Hydrogen = 2(1 g) Oxygen = 16 g Ratio 2:16 = 1:8

He stated that if we know the proportion of elements in
If we combine carbon and oxygen the
compound ABexpected
and theratio is 3:8 of elements in
proportion
compounds BC, we can determine the proportion of
elements in compound AC. (Law of reciprocal
CO2 Carbon = 12 g
proportions) Oxygen = 2(16 g) Ratio 12:32 = 3:8
Fundamental Laws
of Chemistry
 Fundamental Laws
of Chemistry

Can you predict the amount of oxygen in the following reaction?

mass Oxygen = 7.15g - 5.00g = 2.15g

Fundamental Laws
of Chemistry
 Fundamental Laws
of Chemistry

Can you determine the percentage in weight of lead and sulfur in lead sulfide?

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑 10.0

% 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 86.5 %
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒 11.56
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟 1.56
% 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟 = 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 13.5 %
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒 11.56
Fundamental Laws
of Chemistry
Fundamental Laws
of Chemistry

FeCl3

FeCl2
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise