Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

CHAPTER 4

8/17/200
TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL DATA

09
INTERFACE AND MODEM

Idawaty Ahmad : idawaty@

Digital Data Transmission
DTE-DCE Interface
ode s
Modems

@fsktm.upm.edu.my
1

INTRODUCTION
8/17/2009

| How do we encoded data from the generating

device (PC) to the next device (modem) before it is
Idawaty Ahmad : idawaty@fsk

sent over a communication link (telephone line)?

| The answer is Æ interface – a bundle of wires, a sort
of mini-communication link
| Because an interface links two devices not
necessarily made by the same manufacturer, its
characteristics must be defined and standards must
ktm.upm.edu.my

be established
established..
| The characteristics: mechanical spec, electrical
spec, functional spec.
2

Idawaty Ahmad 1
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION

8/17/2009
| Transmission of data Æ wiring Æ data stream
| Do we send one bit at a time, or do we group bits
into larger groups, if so how?
| The transmission of binary data across a link can be
accomplished either in parallel mode or serial
mode.
| In parallel mode – multiple bits are sent with each
clock pulse
| In serial mode – one bit is sent with each clock
pulse. Occurs in two ways: synchronous and
asynchronous.
3

PARALLEL TRANSMISSION
8/17/2009

| Binary data (consist of 1s,0s) may be organized into

groups
g p of n bits each.
| Concepts: “use n wires to send n bits at one time”
| Each bit has its own wire, and all n bits one group
can be transmitted with each clock pulse from one
device to another.
| Advantage:
y Speed – increase transfer speed by factor of n over serial
| Disadvantage:
y Cost – requires n communication lines (wires) just to
transmit the data stream.

Idawaty Ahmad 2
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

Figure 2 Parallel transmission

8/17/2009
5

SERIAL TRANSMISSION
8/17/2009

| Concepts: “one bit follows another in single wire”

| Required only one communication channel (wire)
rather than n to transmit data between two
communicating devices.
| Advantage:
y Reduces the cost of transmission – by using only one wire
| Since communication within devices is parallel,
conversion devices are required
q at the interface
between the sender and the line (parallel-to-serial)
and between the line and the receiver (serial-to-
parallel).
6

Idawaty Ahmad 3
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

Figure 3 Serial transmission

8/17/2009
7

Figure 1 Data transmission

8/17/2009

Idawaty Ahmad 4
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

SERIAL TRANSMISSION: ASYNCHRONOUS

TRANSMISSION

8/17/2009
| Timing of a signal is unimportant.
| Instead, information is received and translated by agreed-upon
patterns.
tt
| Patterns are based on grouping the bit stream into bytes.
| Each group consist of 8 bits, is sent along the link as a unit.
| Without a synchronizing pulse, the receiver cannot use timing to
predict when the next group will arrive.
| To alert the receiver to the arrival of a new group, an extra bit is
added to the beginning of each byte.
y Start bit – usually 0;
| To let receiver know that the byte is finished, one or more
additional bits are appended to the end of byte.
byte
y stop bits – usually 1s.
| Each byte size is increased to at least 10 bits. Gap between byte
transmission is varies.

Figure 4 Asynchronous transmission

8/17/2009

10

Idawaty Ahmad 5
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

SERIAL TRANSMISSION: ASYNCHRONOUS

TRANSMISSION

8/17/2009
In asynchronous transmission, we send 1 start bit (0) at the
beginning and 1 or more stop bits (1s) at the end of each
byte There may be a gap between each byte
byte. byte.
| Called asynchronous because, at the byte level, sender and
receiver do not have to be synchronized.
| But within each byte, the receiver must still be synchronized
with the incoming bit stream.
| When the receiver detects a start bit, it sets a timer and begins
counting bits as they come in. After n bits, the receiver looks
for a stop bit.
| The addition of stop and start bits and the insertion of gaps
into the bit stream make asynchronous transmission slow.
| Cheap and effective – choice for low speed communication
| E.g: Connection of a terminal to a computer.
11

SERIAL TRANSMISSION: ASYNCHRONOUS

TRANSMISSION
8/17/2009

I asynchronous
In h transmission,
i i we sendd 1 start bit
bi
(0) at the beginning and 1 or more stop bits (1s) at
the end of each byte. There may be a gap between
each byte.

Asynchronous here means “asynchronous

asynchronous at the
byte level,” but the bits are still synchronized;
their durations are the same.
12

Idawaty Ahmad 6
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

SERIAL TRANSMISSION: SYNCHRONOUS

TRANSMISSION

8/17/2009
| The bit stream is combined into longer “frames”, which may
contain multiple bytes.
| Each byte is i introduced
i onto the transmission
i i link
i without
i a
gap between it and the next one.
| It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits.
| Timing becomes very important.
| Because the accuracy of the received information is
completely dependent on the ability of the receiving devices
to keep an accurate count of the bits as they come.
| Advantage:
y Speed – without extra bits, gap, it is faster than asynchronous
transmission
| More useful for high-speed applications like the transmission
of data from one computer to another.

13

Figure 5 Synchronous transmission

8/17/2009

14

Idawaty Ahmad 7
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

SERIAL TRANSMISSION: SYNCHRONOUS

TRANSMISSION

8/17/2009
In synchronous transmission,
we send bits one after another without start/stop
bits or gaps.
It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the
bits.

15

DTE-DCE INTERFACE
8/17/2009

| Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Circuit-Terminating

Equipment (DCE)
| There 4 basic functional units involved in the communication
data:
y DTE and DCE at one end and DTE and DCE at the other and
| The DTE generates the data and passes them to a DCE.
| The DCE converts the signal to a format appropriate to the
transmission medium and introduces it onto the network link.
| When the signal arrives at the receiving end,
end this process is
reversed.

16

Idawaty Ahmad 8
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

Figure 6 DTEs and DCEs

8/17/2009
17

Figure 7 DTE – DCE interface

8/17/2009

18

Idawaty Ahmad 9
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

DTE

8/17/2009
| DTE includes any unit that functions either as a source of or as
a destination
d ti ti f binary
for bi di it l data.
digital d t
| It can be a terminal, computer, printer, fax machine .. Or any
other device that generates or consumes digital data.
| DTE do not often communicate directly with another one; they
generate and consume information but need an intermediary
to be able to communicate
| Analogy: our brain does when we talk. Brains –DTE, mouth/ear
– DCE, air/telephone line –transmission medium

19

DTE-DCE Figure 8 DTE – DCE interface

8/17/2009

20

Idawaty Ahmad 10
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

DTE-DCE Figure 9 DTE – DCE interface

8/17/2009
21

DCE
8/17/2009

| DTE includes any unit that transmits or receives data

in the form of an analog or digital signal through a
network.
| @ PL – a DCE takes data generated by a DTE,
converts them to an appropriate signal, and then
introduces the signal onto the communication link.
| Commonly used DCEs include modems
| To make communication possible, both the
sending and receiving DCEs must use the same
modulating method (e.g.FSK).
22

Idawaty Ahmad 11
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

STANDARDS

8/17/2009
| Many standards have been developed to define
th connection
the ti b t
between a DTE and
d a DCE
| Each standard provides a model for mechanical,
electrical, functional characteristics of the
connection
| EIA and ITU-T are the most active organization have
been involved in developing DTE-DCE interface
standards.
| EIA standards – EIA-232, EIA-442, EIA-449
| ITU-T standards – V series and X series
23

Figure 10 EIA-232
8/17/2009

24

Idawaty Ahmad 12
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

Figure 11 Data Pins

8/17/2009
25

Figure 12 Control Pins

8/17/2009

26

Idawaty Ahmad 13
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

Figure 13 Timing Pins

8/17/2009
27

Figure 14 Other Pins

8/17/2009

28

Idawaty Ahmad 14
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

Figure 15 Synchronous Full-Duplex Transmission

8/17/2009
29

Figure 16 Synchronous Full-Duplex Transmission (cont..)

8/17/2009

30

Idawaty Ahmad 15
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

MODEMS

8/17/2009
| The most familiar type of DCE.
| Internal/external modem attached to your PC -
converts the digital signal generated by the PC into
an analog signal to be carried by a public access
phone line.
| Modem stands for modulator/demodulator
| A modulator converts a digital signal into an
analog signal using ASK, FSK, PSK or QAM
| A demodulator converts an analog signal into a
digital signal.
31

Figure 17 Modem concepts

8/17/2009

32

Idawaty Ahmad 16
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

Figure 18 Bandwidth for Telephone Line

8/17/2009
33

MODEMS
8/17/2009

| A telephone line has a bandwidth of almost 3000Hz

((It carry
y frequencies
q between 300Hz to 3300Hz)) –
voice transmission
| Bandwidth of telephone line for data transmission is
2400Hz (600Hz to 3000Hz)
| Modem Standards: (Bell Modem, ITU-T modem)
y Bell Modem:
| The first commercial modems were produced by the Bell
Telephone Company in the early1970s.
| E g: 103/113 Series.
E.g: Series Earliest model.
model Operates in full-duplex
full duplex
mode over two-wire switched telephone lines. Transmission is
synchronous, using FSK modulation. The data rate is 300 bps.
| Others: 202 Series, 212 Series, 201 Series, 208 Series, 209 Series.

34

Idawaty Ahmad 17
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

MODEMS

8/17/2009
| ITU-T Modem Standards
| M
Many off the
th mostt popular
l modems
d available
il bl are
based on standards published by the ITU-T.
| Can be divided into two groups: essentially equivalent
to Bell series modems and those are not.
| E.g. of equivalent to Bell – V.21 similar to Bell modem
103
| Others: V.22bis, V.32, V.32bis…

35

TRADITIONAL MODEMS AND 56K MODEMS

8/17/2009

| Traditional modems have a limitation on the

d t rate
data t - max 33.6Kbps
33 6Kb
| New modem have a bit rate of 56,000 bps
(called 56K
56K modem
modem)
y Asymmetrical
| Downloading (flow of data from the Internet Provider to
the PC)) – a maximum of 56Kbps
p
| Uploading (flow of data from the PC to the Internet
Provider) - can be a maximum of 33.6 Kbps

36

Idawaty Ahmad 18
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

TRADITIONAL MODEMS

8/17/2009
| Traditional modems:
y Sending data from a computer at site A to
another computer at site B and vice versa.
y Result:
| Uploading – max data rate is 33.6 Kbps
| Downloading – max data rate is 33.6 Kbps.
y Limiting factor is the quantization step using PCM.

37

Figure 19 Traditional modems

8/17/2009

Telekom

38

Idawaty Ahmad 19
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)

Quantization is the process of

8/17/2009
approximating a continuous
range of values (or a very large
set of possible discrete values)
by a relatively small set of
discrete symbols or integer
values.

An analog-to-digital converter is a
device which converts continuous
signals to discrete digital numbers.
The reverse operation is performed
by a digital-to-analog
digital to analog converter
(DAC).

39

56K MODEMS
8/17/2009

| 56K modems:
y At Internet provider site (which use digital
signaling) does not have to pass through a PCM
converter - quantization is eliminated in one
direction, so the data rate can be increased to
56Kbps.
y Result:
| Uploading
U l di – max data
d t rate
t is
i still
till 33.6
33 6 Kbps
Kb (
(as wellll
traditional modem).
| Downloading – max data rate is now 56 Kbps.

40

Idawaty Ahmad 20
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

56K MODEM

8/17/2009
41

Figure 20 56K modems

8/17/2009

Telekom

42

Idawaty Ahmad 21
Lecture notes SKR 3200 17 August 2009

8/17/2009
Idawaty Ahmad : Semester 2 : 2008/2009
43

Idawaty Ahmad 22