easyKBT  User  Manual  
 
 
 
   

Version   ：   v1.0  

Contact   ：   kbtsoftware@163.com  

     

   

Engineering  Computing  Center,  

University  of  Chinese  Academy  of  Sciences  

     
目录  
Introduction  .....................................................................................................................................  4  
1.  Installation  ...................................................................................................................................  5  
2.  Setting  Workspace  .......................................................................................................................  5  
3.  Introduction  for  Interface  ............................................................................................................  5  
3.1Menu  ...................................................................................................................................  5  
3.1.1  File  Menu  .................................................................................................................  6  
3.1.2  View  Menu  ..............................................................................................................  6  
3.1.3  Language  Menu  .......................................................................................................  6  
3.1.4  About  Menu  ............................................................................................................  6  
3.2  Toolbar  ...............................................................................................................................  6  
4.  Tunnel  Analysis  .............................................................................................................................  6  
4.1  Tunnel  Removable  Block  Analysis（TRM）（2D）  ............................................................  7  
4.1.1  Input  Tunnel  Parameters  .........................................................................................  7  
4.1.2  Input  Joint  Planes  ....................................................................................................  7  
4.1.3  Input  Visual  Angle  and  Resultant  Force  Vector  .......................................................  8  
4.1.4  Analyze  Tunnel  Removable  Blocks  ..........................................................................  9  
4.2  Tunnel  Stability  Analysis（TST）  .......................................................................................  9  
4.2.1  Run  TRM  Analysis  ....................................................................................................  9  
4.2.2  Input  Visual  Angle  and  Resultant  Force  Vector  .......................................................  9  
4.2.3  Input  Rest  Parameters  needed  by  Tunnel  Stability  Analysis  ...................................  9  
4.2.4  Analysis  Tunnel  Stability  ........................................................................................  10  
4.3  Tunnel  Inner  Removable  Block  Analysis（TBL）（3D）  ...................................................  10  
4.3.1  Run  TRM  Analysis  ..................................................................................................  10  
4.3.2  Select  Joint  Pyramid  ..............................................................................................  10  
4.3.3  Input  Visual  Angle  ..................................................................................................  11  
4.3.4  Select  Analysis  Type  ..............................................................................................  11  
4.3.5  Analysis  Tunnel  Inner  Removable  Block  ................................................................  11  
4.4  Tunnel  Portal  Removable  Block  Analysis（PBL）（3D）  .................................................  11  
4.4.1  Run  TRM  Analysis  ..................................................................................................  12  
4.4.2  Input  Free  Planes  ...................................................................................................  12  
4.4.3  Select  Joint  Pyramid  ..............................................................................................  12  
4.4.4  Input  Visual  Angle  ..................................................................................................  12  
4.4.5  Select  Analysis  Type  ..............................................................................................  12  
4.4.6  Analyze  Tunnel  Portal  Removable  Block  ...............................................................  12  
5.  Slope  Analysis  .............................................................................................................................  13  
5.1  Slope  Removable  Block  Analysis（srm）（2D）  ..............................................................  13  
5.1.1  Input  Joint  Planes  ..................................................................................................  13  
5.1.2  Input  Free  Planes  ...................................................................................................  13  
5.1.3  Input  Visual  Angle  and  Resultant  Force  Vector  .....................................................  13  
5.1.4  Analyze  Slope  Removable  Block  ............................................................................  13  
5.2  Slope  Removable  Block  Analysis（SBL）（3D）  ..............................................................  14  
5.2.1  Run  SRM  Analysis  ..................................................................................................  14  
 5.2.2  Select  Joint  Pyramid  ..............................................................................................  14  
5.2.3  Input  Visual  Angle  ..................................................................................................  14  
5.2.4  Select  Analysis  Type  ..............................................................................................  14  
5.2.5  Analyze  Slope  Removable  Block  ............................................................................  14  
6．Block  Stability  Analysis  .............................................................................................................  15  
6.1  Block  Stability  Analysis（BST）  .......................................................................................  15  
6.1.1  Input  Joint  Planes  ..................................................................................................  15  
6.1.2  Select  Joint  Pyramid  ..............................................................................................  15  
6.1.3  Select  Analysis  Type  ..............................................................................................  15  
6.1.4  Input  rest  parameters  for  Block  Stability  Analysis  .................................................  15  
6.1.5  Block  Stability  Analysis  ..........................................................................................  15  
6.2  Wedge  Stability  Analysis（WST）  ...................................................................................  16  
6.2.1  Input  Joint  Planes  ..................................................................................................  16  
6.2.2  Select  Joint  Pyramid  ..............................................................................................  16  
6.2.3  Select  Analysis  Type  ..............................................................................................  16  
6.2.4  Input  rest  parameters  for  Block  Stability  Analysis  .................................................  16  
6.2.5  Block  Stability  Analysis  ..........................................................................................  16  
 

   
   Introduction  
“Block   Theory”   is   introduced   by   R.E.Goodman   and   Genhua   Shi   at   1985.   It   produces  
techniques   to   specify   the   critical   joint   blocks   intersecting   an   excavation.   It   applies   to   rock  
engineering  for  excavations  in  hard  rock  where  the  movement  of  predefined  blocks  precipitates  
failure.  Even  though  other  modes  of  failure  are  ignored,  the  possible  applications  are  many  and  
the  problems  addressed  are  ginificant  in  mining,  civil  engineering,  and  other  fields  of  application.  
easyKBT   uses   “Block   Theory”   as   its   core.   It   is   developed   by   Xiaolong   Cheng   of    
ECC,UCAS(Engineering   Computing   Center,   University   of   Chinese   Academy   of   Sciences,   and   use  
the  “Key  Block  Theory”  code  by  Dr.  Shi.  easyKBT  is  geared  to  the  needs  of  engineering  calculation  
workers  and  researchers,  is  a  simple  and  easy  to  use  and  fully  functional  software.  
easyKBT   encapsulates   8   “Block   Theory”   modules   by   Dr.   Shi.   Including   4   tunnel   analysis  
modules:   TRM   (2D   Tunnel   Removable   Block   Analysis),   TST(Tunnel   Stability   Analysis),   TBL(   3D  
Tunnel   Inner   Removable   Block   Analysis),   PBL(   3D   Tunnel   Portal   Removable   Block   Analysis);   2  
slope   analysis   modules:   SRM(   2D   Slope   Removable   Block   Analysis),   SBL(   3D   Slope   Removable  
Block   Analysis);   2   block   stability   analysis   modules:   BST(Block   Stability   Analysis),   WST(Wedge  
Block  Stability  Analysis).  
   
1.  Installation  
    It  is  easy  to  install  easyKBT.  If  you  have  setup  package,  just  install  it.  If  you  have  package,  
just  unzip  it.  
Note  :  The  path  for  software  has  to  be  English  style.  

2.  Setting  Workspace  
  easyKBT  needs  a  workspace  to  store  project  files.  So  before  using  easyKBT,  users  have  to  set  
path  for  workspace,  the  path  is  also  English  style.  The  workspace  has  2  purposes:  
1.  Save  data  that  user  input.  Data  is  saved  to  file  “input.xml”  in  workspace.  
2.   Save   *.ps(postscript)   files.   easyKBT’s   core   calculation   module   is   developed   by   Dr.   Shi.   The  
modules   by   Dr.   Shi   will   generate   corresponding   *.ps   files   that   contain   same   graph   shown   by  
easyKBT.  These  *.ps  make  it  easy  to  print  when  needed.  
If  path  for  workspace  is  set  successfully,  easyKBT  will  show  the  path  in  the  title  bar.    

3.  Introduction  for  Interface  

  easyKBT  is  shown  in  Figure  1.  

3.1Menu  

The  menu  bar  give  3  items:  “File”,  “Views”,     “languages”  and  “About”.  

 
Figure  1  Interface  of  easyKBT  
3.1.1  File  Menu  

File   Menu   give   3   options:   “Open”,   “Save”   and   “Exit”.   “Open”   is   used   to   set   path   for  
workspace.  “Save”  is  used  to  save  data  input  by  user.  “Exit”  is  used  to  exit  easyKBT.  

3.1.2  View  Menu  

View  menu  give  9  panels  used  in  Key  Block  Analysis.  With  this  menu,  users  can  show  or  hide  
any  panel.  Panels  can  be  put  in  same  position  when  using  software.  In  this  way,  there  can  be  
more  panels  shown  at  same  time.  The  9  panels  are:  
    “Tunnel”  Panel:  Setting  Tunnel  parameters,  and  supply  4  tunnel  analysis  functions.  
    “Display”  Panel:  Contain  some  global  options.  
    “Slope”  Panel:  Setting  Slope  parameters,  and  supply  2  slope  analysis  function.  
    “Vectors”  Panel:  Setting  visual  angle  and  resultant  force  vector.  
    “JPPanel”  Panel:  Show  and  modify  joint  plane  parameters.  
    “FPPanel”  Panel:  Show  and  modify  free  plane  parameters.  
“Joint  pyramid”  Panel:  Show  and  select  joint  pyramids  analyzed  by  “SRM”  and  “TRM”.  
“Block  analysis”  Panel:  Analyze  Stability  of  joint  pyramids.  
“Block   View”   Panel:   Display   analysis   result   except   stereographic   projection.   (   i.e.   All   result  
except  “TRM”  and  “SRM”)  

3.1.3  Language  Menu  

Language   menu   is   used   to   change   languages.   Currently,   English   and   simplified   Chinese   is  
supported.  

3.1.4  About  Menu  

About  Menu  give  software  information  of  easyKBT.  

3.2  Toolbar  

  Toolbar   give   3   buttons:   “Open”,   “Save”   and   “Reset   View”.   “Open”   and   “Save”   has  the  same  
function  as  described  in  File  menu.  “Reset  View”  will  reset  the  camera,  and  make  all  shapes  of  
result  shown  on  screen  with  appropriate  proportion.  

4.  Tunnel  Analysis  
  Tunnel   analysis   include   4   functions:   “TRM”(2D   Tunnel   Removable   Block   Analysis),  
“TST”(Tunnel   Stability   Analysis),   “TBL”(3D   Tunnel   Inner   Block   Analysis),   “PBL”(3D   Tunnel   Portal  
Block  Analysis).  

4.1  Tunnel  Removable  Block  Analysis（TRM）（2D）  

  Tunnel   Removable   Block   Analysis   need   tunnel   parameters,   joint   plane   parameters,   visual  
angle  and  resultant  force  vector.  

4.1.1  Input  Tunnel  Parameters  

  Please   refer   to   section   3.1.2   to   open   “Tunnel”   panel.  

“Tunnel”  Panel  is  shown  in  Figure  4.1.  
First,  Input  parameters  for  tunnel.  There  are  4  types  of  
tunnel.  Click  “Tunnel  Type”  to  select  desired  type.    
After  selecting  tunnel  type,  corresponding  tunnel  figure  
will  be  shown  in  figure  4.1.  Input  the  parameters  needed  by  
this   tunnel   type   will   be   shown   at   right   side   of   the   tunnel  
figure.  
Then,   Input   bearing   and   rise   of   tunnel.   The   bearing  
angle   is   the   horizontal   angle   from   the   Y   axis   (north)  
clockwise  to  vector  (X0,  Y0,  0),  where  vector  (X0,  Y0,  0)  is  the  
projection   of   the   tunnel   axis   unit   vector   (X0,   Y0,   Z0)   to   the  
horizontal  plane  (X  -­‐  Y  plane).  
The   rise   angle   of   the   tunnel   axis   is   the   angle   between  
the   axis   vector   (X0,   Y0,   Z0)   and   its   projection   (X0,   Y0,   0)   in  
the  horizontal  plane  (X  -­‐  Y  plane).    
 
 
 
 
Figure  4.1  Tunnel  panel  

4.1.2  Input  Joint  Planes  

  Please  refer  to  section  3.1.2  to  open  “JPPlane”  panel.  “JPPlane”  is  shown  in  figure  4.2.  
Every   joint   plane   has   12   properties:   “Visibility”,   “Color”,   “Line   Style”,   “Dip”,   “Dip   Direction”,  
“Friction   Angle”,   “Joint   Spacing”,   “Point   1”(used   when   analyze   real   block),   “Point2”(used   this  
joint   is   used   twice   when   analyze   real   block),   “Normal   Vector”,   “Reference   Circle   Center”,  
“Reference  Circle  Raidus”  
  
Figure  4.2  JPPanel  Panel  
  Click     to  add  joint  plane.  A  Dialog  as  is  shown  in  figure  4.3  will  appear  after  click.  

 
Figure  4.3  Joint  plane  Dialog  
  Click  “OK”  to  add  1  joint  pIane  after  input  joint  plane  parameters.  
  Click     to  delete  current  selecting  joint  plane.  
  Click     to  modify  joint  plane.  Dialog  in  figure  4.3  will  be  shown  after  click.  

4.1.3  Input  Visual  Angle  and  Resultant  Force  Vector  

  Please  refer  to  section  3.1.2  to  open  “Vectors”  panel.  Vector  panel  is  shown  in  figure  4.4.  

 
Figure  4.4  Vectors  Panel  
  Input  visual  angle  and  resultant  force  vector.  
4.1.4  Analyze  Tunnel  Removable  Blocks  

  Click   “TRM”   in   “Tunnel”   panel.   easyKBT   will   complete   analysis.   Then   you   will   see   result  
similar  to  figure  4.5  in  central  widget.  
  In   addition,   easyKBT   will   generate   “trm.ps”   that   contains   the   same   graph   in   workspace.   It   is  
convenient  for  users  to  print  drawings.    

 
Figure  4.5  Tunnel  Removable  Block  Analysis  

4.2  Tunnel  Stability  Analysis（TST）  

Tunnel   Stability   Analysis   needs   tunnel   parameters,   joint   planes’   parameters,   some  
parameters  needed  by  TST,  visual  angle  and  resultant  force  vector.  

4.2.1  Run  TRM  Analysis  

  Please  refer  to  section  4.1.  

4.2.2  Input  Visual  Angle  and  Resultant  Force  Vector  

Please  refer  to  section  4.1.3.  

4.2.3  Input  Rest  Parameters  needed  by  Tunnel  Stability  Analysis  

  Input  “Unit  Weight”,  “Roughness  Angle”,  “Step  Degree  of  Mesh”  and  “number  of  lines”  in  
“Tunnel”  panel.  
  NOTE:  Too  small  values  for  these  4  parameters  will  make  core  calculation  crash,  and  make  
easyKBT  crash  eventually.    
4.2.4  Analysis  Tunnel  Stability  

  Click  “TST”  in  “Tunnel”  panel.  easyKBT  will  complete  analysis.  Then  open  “Block  View”,  and  
you  will  see  result  similar  to  figure  4.6.  
    In  addition,  easyKBT  will  generate  “tst.ps”  that  contains  the  same  graph  in  workspace.  It  is  
convenient  for  users  to  print  drawings.    

 
Figure  4.6  Tunnel  Stability  Analysis  

4.3  Tunnel  Inner  Removable  Block  Analysis（ TBL）

（ 3D）  

TBL   needs   tunnel   parameters,   joint   planes’   parameters,   joint   pyramid(analyzed   by   TRM),  
visual  angle  and  analysis  type.  

4.3.1  Run  TRM  Analysis  

  Please  refer  to  section  4.1.  

4.3.2  Select  Joint  Pyramid  

    Please  refer  to  section  3.1.2  to  open  “Joint  Pyramid”  panel.  “Joint  Pyramid”  panel  is  shown  
in  figure  4.7.  

 
Figure  4.7  Joint  Pyramid  Panel  
   Every  joint  pyramid  has  4  properties:  “Space  selection”,  “Safety  Factor”,  “Sliding  Direction”  
and  “Sliding  Force”.  
  “Space  Selection”  string’s  length  equals  the  number  of  joint  planes.  The  i-­‐th  character  tells  
the  selection  of  i-­‐th  joint  plane.  0  means  upper  half  space,  1  means  lower  half  space,  2  means  
neither  side  of  joint  plane,  3  means  both  half  spaces.  
  In  addition,  the  characters  in  sliding  direction  string  are  the  order  numbers  of  joint  planes.  
For  example,  sliding  direction  of  “23”  of  joint  pyramid  0  means  this  joint  pyramid  slides  along  
joint  plane  2  and  joint  plane  3.  

4.3.3  Input  Visual  Angle    

  Please  refer  to  section  4.1.3.  

NOTE:  Visual  angle  is  used  when  generating  tbl.ps  file.  Showing  result  doesn’t  use  this.  

4.3.4  Select  Analysis  Type  

  Open  “Tunnel”  panel,  select  “Maximum  Block”  or  “Real  Block”  in  “3d-­‐Analysis”  region.  
If   “Maximum   Block”   is   selected,   easyKBT   will   draw   maximum   key   block   according   to  
“spacing”  of  joint  planes.  
.   If   “Real   Block”   is   selected,   easyKBT   will   draw   the   real   key   block   according   to   joint   plane  
position  determined  by  points  of  joint  planes.    

4.3.5  Analysis  Tunnel  Inner  Removable  Block  

  Click  “TBL”  in  “Tunnel”  panel.  easyKBT  will  complete  analysis.  Then  open  “Block  View”,  and  
you  will  see  result  similar  to  figure  4.8.  
    In  addition,  easyKBT  will  generate  “tbl.ps”  that  contains  the  same  graph  in  workspace.  It  is  
convenient  for  users  to  print  drawings.    
    Note  :  3D  blocks  cannot  be  analyzed  with  some  joint  pyramids.    

 
Figure  4.8Tunnel  Inner  Removable  Block  

4.4  Tunnel  Portal  Removable  Block  Analysis（PBL）

（3D）  

PBL   needs   tunnel   parameters,   joint   planes’   parameters,   free   planes’   parameters,   joint  
pyramid(analyzed  by  TRM),  visual  angle  and  analysis  type.  

4.4.1  Run  TRM  Analysis  

  Please  refer  to  section  4.1.  

4.4.2  Input  Free  Planes  

  Please   refer   to   section   3.1.2   to   open   “FPPlanes”   panel.   Parameters   for   free   planes   are  
similar  to  joint  planes.  The  different  is  free  plane  doesn’t  need  “Spacing”  parameter.  

4.4.3  Select  Joint  Pyramid  

  Please  refer  to  section  4.3.2.  

4.4.4  Input  Visual  Angle    

  Please  refer  to  section  4.1.3.  

NOTE:  Visual  angle  is  used  when  generating  pbl.ps  file.  Showing  result  doesn’t  use  this.  

4.4.5  Select  Analysis  Type  

  Please  refer  to  section  4.3.4.  

4.4.6  Analyze  Tunnel  Portal  Removable  Block  

  Click  “PBL”  in  “Tunnel”  panel.  easyKBT  will  complete  analysis.  Then  open  “Block  View”,  and  
you  will  see  result  similar  to  figure  4.9.  
    In  addition,  easyKBT  will  generate  “pbl.ps”  that  contains  the  same  graph  in  workspace.  It  is  
convenient  for  users  to  print  drawings.    
    Note  :  3D  blocks  cannot  be  analyzed  with  some  joint  pyramids.    

 
Figure  4.9  Tunnel  Portal  Removable  Block  
5.  Slope  Analysis  

5.1  Slope  Removable  Block  Analysis（srm）（2D）  

SRM  needs  joint  plane  parameters,  free  planes’  parameters,  visual  angle  and  resultant  force  
vector.  

5.1.1  Input  Joint  Planes  

  Please  refer  to  section  4.1.2.  

5.1.2  Input  Free  Planes  

  Please  refer  to  section  4.4.2  

5.1.3  Input  Visual  Angle  and  Resultant  Force  Vector  

  Please  refer  to  section  4.1.3.  

5.1.4  Analyze  Slope  Removable  Block  

  Click  “SRM”  in  “Slope”  panel.  easyKBT  will  complete  analysis.  Then  you  will  see  result  similar  
to  figure  4.8  in  central  widget.  
  In   addition,   easyKBT   will   generate   “srm.ps”   that   contains   the   same   graph   in   workspace.   It   is  
convenient  for  users  to  print  drawings.    

 
Figure  5.1  Slope  Removable  Block  Analsysis  
5.2  Slope  Removable  Block  Analysis（SBL）（3D）  

SBL  needs  joint  plane  parameters,  free  planes’  parameters,  joint  pyramid  (analyzed  by  SRM),  
visual  angle  and  resultant  force  vector.  

5.2.1  Run  SRM  Analysis  

  Please  refer  to  section  5.1.  

5.2.2  Select  Joint  Pyramid  

  Please  refer  to  section  4.3.2.  

5.2.3  Input  Visual  Angle    

  Please  refer  to  section  4.1.3.  

NOTE:  Visual  angle  is  used  when  generating  sbl.ps.  Showing  result  doesn’t  use  this.  

5.2.4  Select  Analysis  Type  

Open  “Slope”  panel,  select  “Maximum  Block”  or  “Real  Block”  in  “3d-­‐Analysis”  region.  
If   “Maximum   Block”   is   selected,   easyKBT   will   draw   maximum   key   block   according   to  
“spacing”  of  joint  planes.  
.   If   “Real   Block”   is   selected,   easyKBT   will   draw   the   real   key   block   according   to   joint   plane  
position  determined  by  points  of  joint  planes.    

5.2.5  Analyze  Slope  Removable  Block  

  Click  “SBL”  in  “Slope”  panel.  easyKBT  will  complete  analysis.  Then  open  “Block  View”,  and  
you  will  see  result  similar  to  figure  5.2.  
  In  addition,  easyKBT  will  generate  “sbl.ps”  that  contains  the  same  graph  in  workspace.  It  is  
convenient  for  users  to  print  drawings.    
  Note  :  3D  blocks  cannot  be  analyzed  with  some  joint  pyramids.  

 
Figure  5.2  Slope  Removable  Block  
6．Block  Stability  Analysis  

6.1  Block  Stability  Analysis（BST）  

BST  needs  joint  plane  parameters,  joint  pyramid  (analyzed  by  TRM  or  SRM),  visual  angle  and  
resultant  force  vector.  

6.1.1  Input  Joint  Planes  

  Please  refer  to  section  4.1.2.  

  Note  :  BST  needs  at  least  3  joint  planes.  

6.1.2  Select  Joint  Pyramid  

  Please  refer  to  section  4.3.2.  

  Note  :  The  string  of  selected  joint  pyramid  must  has  at  least  3  characters  that  are  not  ‘2’.  

6.1.3  Select  Analysis  Type    

  Please  refer  to  section  3.1.2  to  open  “Block  Analysis”  panel.  
  Select  analysis  type  from  “friction  contour”  or  “friction  loop”.  

6.1.4  Input  rest  parameters  for  Block  Stability  Analysis  

If  “friction  contour”  is  selected,  user  has  to  input  interval  angle  for  analysis.  
NOTE:   Too   small   value   will   make   core   calculation   crash,   and   make   easyKBT   crash  
eventually.  
If  “friction  loop”  is  selected,  easyKBT  will  use  friction  of  every  joint  plane  to  analyze.    

6.1.5  Block  Stability  Analysis  

Click   “BST”   in   “Block   Analysis”   panel.   easyKBT   will   complete   analysis.   Then   open   “Block  
View”,  and  you  will  see  result  similar  to  figure  6.1.  
In  addition,  easyKBT  will  generate  “bst.ps”  that  contains  the  same  graph  in  workspace.  It  is  
convenient  for  users  to  print  drawings.      
  
Figure  6.1Block  Stability  Analysis  

6.2  Wedge  Stability  Analysis（WST）  

WST   needs   joint   plane   parameters,   joint   pyramid   (analyzed   by   TRM   or   SRM),   visual   angle  
and  resultant  force  vector.  

6.2.1  Input  Joint  Planes  

  Please  refer  to  section  4.1.2.  

  Note  :  BST  needs  at  most  2  joint  planes.  

6.2.2  Select  Joint  Pyramid  

  Please  refer  to  section  4.3.2.  

  Note  :  The  string  of  selected  joint  pyramid  must  has  at  most  2  characters  that  are  not  ‘2’.  

6.2.3  Select  Analysis  Type    

  Please  refer  to  section  3.1.2  to  open  “Block  Analysis”  panel.  
  Select  analysis  type  from  “friction  contour”  or  “friction  loop”.  

6.2.4  Input  rest  parameters  for  Block  Stability  Analysis  

If  “friction  contour”  is  selected,  user  has  to  input  interval  angle  for  analysis.  
NOTE:   Too   small   value   will   make   core   calculation   crash,   and   make   easyKBT   crash  
eventually.  
If  “friction  loop”  is  selected,  easyKBT  will  use  friction  of  every  joint  plane  to  analyze.    

6.2.5  Block  Stability  Analysis  

Click   “WST”   in   “Block   Analysis”   panel.   easyKBT   will   complete   analysis.   Then   open   “Block  
View”,  and  you  will  see  result  similar  to  figure  6.1.  
 In  addition,  easyKBT  will  generate  “wst.ps”  that  contains  the  same  graph  in  workspace.  It  is  
convenient  for  users  to  print  drawings.      

 
Figure  6.2Wedge  Stability  Analysis