Chapter 6

Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommendations
6.1 Conclusions
6.1.1 Design Issues

As a conclusion, there are some design issues discovered in traditional Malay houses
and social housing (Table 42). According to research, materials that are used in
Malay houses are more practical and reliable for releasing heat readily, compared to
high thermal capacity materials such as bricks and concrete in social housing. These
high thermal materials store heat and cause uncomfortably high temperatures at
night.
The unplanned kampong environment does not block the wind; thus the entire
neighbourhood receives a good quality of fresh air. Externally, in modern housing
large blocks and long terraces create barriers and air pockets, while internally, the
complicated wall arrangements in modern housing block air movement, which leads
to an uncomfortable thermal condition.
In a traditional Malay house, full-length openings are located at body level, while in
modern housing the openings are smaller and only concentrate on the upper part of
the body. Therefore, the cross ventilation process often fails in modern housing.
Overhangs are important in opening components because they can provide shade for
the walls from sun radiation, glare and rainfall. This key element is always neglected
in modern housing.
For religious reasons, the orientation of a traditional Malay house normally faces
Mecca or an east-to-west direction. This orientation, by coincidence, can reduce the
external wall that faces direct sunlight. However, in modern housing, this orientation
is not emphasized for profit motives. Moreover, the internal space arrangement in a
traditional Malay house uses a front-to-back order where the serambi is the first area,
followed by the rumah ibu and dapur. This arrangement preserves the privacy level
of a Malay family and contributes to neighbourhood enhancement.
84
Table 42: Design Summaries of Malay House, Social Housing and Theoretical
Model.
85
The results of the analysis of Malay houses and People’s Housing Project (PHP
2000) show that the performance of air temperature and relative humidity in both
cases were not significantly different. However, for internal and external air
ventilation, the traditional Malay houses recorded 1450.3 l/s (1.45m/s) compared to
just only 31.7 l/s (0.03m/s) for PHP 2000. The massive amount of air ventilation in
Malay houses contributes to a better performance of the house thermally and
economically.
The theoretical model has been developed and tested. The model has been improved
according to the architectural and construction issues found in an actual PHP 2000.
One of the major improvements is the proportionate rule of layout unit. Instead of a
long and narrow layout, the theoretical model has a longer and wider layout where
the external wall area is longer than PHP 2000; this promotes massive airflow in, out
and across the house through the opening components.
Using the results obtained in chapters 4 and 5, a standard called Air House has been
defined. This standard is totally focused on natural ventilation strategies, in which air
is designed to flow across the house compound. Meanwhile, in Passivhaus, the
design is more about airtightness and isolation of heat within the house compound.
The establishment of Air House could perhaps be a new beginning for Malaysian
architecture and its tropical region.
The hot temperature and high humidity climate in Malaysia encourages the use of an
air conditioning system as the primary option to cool the house. Nowadays, this is
the standard practice in Malaysia. An effort should be made to rectify this situation.
The theoretical model that has been developed proves that there is a possible way to
achieve the right thermal comfort by using passive methods in social housing.
Therefore, this study answers the problem posed at the beginning of the study.
86
6.2 Recommendations
6.2.1 Recommendations of Building Regulations in Malaysia

Upon completion of the study, it can be deduced that there is a huge gap between the
traditional approach and modern housing. One of the reasons for this situation is the
inappropriate regulations and standards being used in Malaysia. Therefore, some
improvements and revisions should be made in order to meet the current challenges,
as some of the regulations are not compatible with Malaysia’s climate and culture
(see Table 43).
In clauses 32, 33, 34 and 35 of UBBL part III (space, light and ventilation), open
spaces must be provided in residential building compounds. However, the categories
listed are only related to buildings abutting a street, a back lane and a detached
building; there is no category relating to linked units abutting a corridor in a multi-
storey building. According to the research findings, a common space in front of the
main entrance is an important element in building a good, responsible society.
Therefore, in theoretical model (TM), foyer space is provided to serve as interaction
space as well as storage area. Thus, an improvement that can be compatible with
local culture and the basic needs of the people should be made.
Clause 39 (1) states that residential buildings shall be provided with natural lighting
and natural ventilation. The openings area is not less than 10% of floor area. For an
example that follows the minimum requirement, a living/dining area in TM that has
19.6 square metres will have an area of window opening of less than 2.0 square
meters. Based on the research findings, this percentage is too small for an opening to
allow air movement. As TM has been proven to provide good air movement, clause
39 (1) should be revised to a new and more suitable percentage of opening area that
is compatible with Malaysia’s climate.
In order to achieve thermal comfort through air movement, a large opening at the
external and internal wall should be made. Therefore, 15% to 20% of external
openings are required on an external wall for achieving suitable amount of air
movement. Moreover, an opening at a high level of wall should be placed to allow
ventilation and air change processes.
87
The window openings are suggested to be placed at body level range and must be
15% to 20% of a room’s external wall. For internal partitions, fixed louvers could be
placed on the top part of the partition to allow air transfer from room to room.
Moreover, in clause 42 (2), the minimum kitchen area in UBBL is 4.5 square metres
and the minimum width is 1.5 metres. This measurement is still small and leads to
insufficient space area. Therefore, the kitchen area should be revised to be at least
8.0 square metres and 2.0 metres minimum in width.
Finally, in clause 44 (1), the minimum height of a living room is 2.5 metres, while a
kitchen is 2.25 metres. These heights are considered low and less efficient to
promote air movement; thus, the minimum of 3.5 metres, as in TM’s design, should
be used in this clause.
Table 43: Recommendations in UBBL Part III - Space, Light and Ventilation
(Sections 30-47).
88
The Air House concept that focuses on natural ventilation in residential buildings has
proven it can reduce 86% of carbon emission and 74.3% of energy consumption
compared to standard practice. The Air House concept has brought sustainable
design in Malaysia to a new level of achievement; therefore, it should be explored
and expanded in greater detail in the future. Among other study areas in Air House
that can be further defined are:
 The appropriateness of use of lightweight building materials in the tropics;

 Percentage proportion of openings in accordance with the building height;
 Wind catcher strategies in Air House design to promote cross ventilation; and
 Strategies in preventing sound pollution in Air House design.
Thermal comfort is one of the basic needs. However, in urban areas, thermal comfort
becomes more crucial as houses are constructed in multi-level format with compact
design. The concept of Air House could perhaps provide a new dimension in the
design of comfortable and sustainable housing in the future.
89
Glossary
Adat: Customary laws.

Alang muda: Cantilevered beam for supporting the rumah ibu roof.
Alang panjang: Girt for supporting the roof.
Alang pendek: Tie girt for supporting roof.
Anjung: An entrance porch found in front of Malay house.
Attap: Roofing material made from thatch, which is sewn together onto a bamboo
spine.
Bertam: A palm whose leaves are used for thatch roofs (Eugeissona tristis).
Cengal: A hardwood used for carvings and for the structure of Malay house
(Balanocarpus heimii).
Damar laut: A wood used for construction of Malay houses (Parashorea stellata).
Dapur: Kitchen.
Jamban Jitra: An adapted pour-flush toilet, named after a place called Jitra.
Kabong: A palm whose leaves are used for thatch roofs (Arenga piñata).
Kampong: Village.
Kasau betina: Common rafter.
Kasau jantan: Principle rafter.
Kasau lintang: Purlin.
Lantai: Floor.
Meranti: A medium hardwood very commonly used for the construction of Malay
house (Shorea albida).
Merbau: A wood used for construction of Malay houses (Intsia bakeri).
Nibong: A palm, which have rounded stems used for temporary structure
(Oncosperma tigillaria).
Nipah: A palm found in swampy area. Its leaves are used for thatch and tobacco
leaves (Nipa fruticans).
Pelantar: Raised platform, which is open and used for washing and drying purposes.
It is found at the back of the house.
Pelapik tiang: Footing for supporting the columns.
90
Petaling: A hardwood used for construction of Malay houses (Ochanostachys
amentacea).
Rasuk panjang: Floor beam.
Rasuk pendek: Floor joist.
Rumah: House.
Rumah ibu: The main part or core of the Malay house.
Rumbia: A palm whose leaves are used for thatch roofs (Metroxylon spp.).
Selang: A walkway, which is used as an extension device to join the main house
(rumah ibu) and the kitchen.
Serambi: A verandah located adjacent to the Main house (rumah ibu). The floor
platform is lower than the main house floor platform.
Tebar layar: Triangular gable ends of the Malay house.
Tiang: Column.
Tulang bumbung: Roof ridge.
Tunjuk langit: Kingpost.
Tupai: A corbel used in joints for extensions. It usually supports floor joists and
other beams.
91
Appendices
IES Results for Air Temperature

1. House of Datuk Baginda Tan Mas Mohar, 1850 (Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia).
Var. Name Type Min. Val. Min. Time Max. Val. Max. Time Mean
Air temperature: Serambi (mas mohar 2.aps) Temperature (∞C) 23.22 07:30,29/Oct 30.82 19:30,03/Jun 25.22
Air temperature: Rumah Ibu (mas mohar 2.aps)
Temperature (∞C) 23.29 07:30,23/Dec 29.99 19:30,24/Jun 25.21
2. House of Andak Endah, 1920 (Perak, Malaysia).

31
30
29
28
Temperature (°C)
27
26
25
24
23
22
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Date: Tue 02/Feb to Thu 30/Dec
Air temperature: Rumah Ibu (andak endah 2.aps) Air temperature: Dapur (andak endah 2.aps)
Air temperature: Rumah Ibu (andak endah 2.aps)
Temperature (∞C) 22.91 07:30,29/Oct 30.63 19:30,03/Jun 25.2
Air temperature: Dapur (andak endah 2.aps) Temperature (∞C) 23.71 07:30,23/Dec 29.63 19:30,03/Jun 25.3
92
3. People’s Housing Project (PHP 2000) – First Floor (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).
Air temperature: Living Dining (php_1st.aps) Temperature (∞C) 24.38 07:30,23/Dec 29.18 20:30,03/Jun 26.93
Air temperature: Kitchen (php_1st.aps) Temperature (∞C) 23.89 08:30,02/Feb 28.78 19:30,23/Jun 25.48
4. People’s Housing Project (PHP 2000) – Tenth Floor (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).
Air temperature: Living Dining (php_10st.aps) Temperature (∞C) 24.28 07:30,23/Dec 29.61 18:30,06/Jul 26.95
Air temperature: Kitchen (php_10st.aps) Temperature (∞C) 23.84 07:30,29/Oct 29.15 19:30,31/Mar 25.49
93
5. Theoretical Model – First Floor (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).
Air temperature: Kitchen (newphp.aps) Temperature (∞C) 22.03 07:30,08/Jan 33.34 14:30,02/Mar 27.23
Air temperature: Living/Dining (newphp.aps) Temperature (∞C) 22.32 07:30,08/Jan 32.97 14:30,11/Jun 26.57
6. Theoretical Model – Tenth Floor (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).

38
36
34
Temperature (°C)
32
30
28
26
24
22
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan
Date: Fri 01/Jan to Fri 31/Dec
Air temperature: Kitchen (newphp2.aps) Air temperature: Living/Dining (newphp2.aps)
Air temperature: Kitchen (newphp2.aps) Temperature (∞C) 22.03 07:30,08/Jan 33.31 14:30,02/Mar 26.98
Air temperature: Living/Dining (newphp2.aps)Temperature (∞C) 22.32 07:30,08/Jan 33.29 16:30,20/Apr 26.44
94
IES Results for Relative Humidity
Relative humidity: Serambi (mas mohar 2.aps) Percentage (%) 55.34 18:30,03/Jul 99.99 05:30,14/Jul 80.16
Relative humidity: Rumah Ibu (mas mohar 2.aps) Percentage (%) 59.51 18:30,03/Jul 97.62 06:30,20/Oct 80.03

100
95
90
85
Percentage (%)
80
75
70
65
60
55
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Date: Tue 02/Feb to Thu 30/Dec
Relative humidity: Rumah Ibu (andak endah 2.aps) Relative humidity: Dapur (andak endah 2.aps)
Relative humidity: Rumah Ibu (andak endah 2.aps) Percentage (%) 56.26 18:30,03/Jul 99.99 05:30,14/Jul 80.28
Relative humidity: Dapur (andak endah 2.aps) Percentage (%) 58.8 18:30,03/Jul 95.75 21:30,13/Jul 79.38
95
3. People’s Housing Project (PHP 2000) – First Floor (Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia).
Relative humidity: Living Dining (php_1st.aps) Percentage (%) 53.99 17:30,03/Jul 92.8 05:30,02/Mar 74.39
Relative humidity: Kitchen (php_1st.aps) Percentage (%) 59.61 18:30,03/Jul 93.71 05:30,02/Mar 78.29
4. People’s Housing Project (PHP 2000) – Tenth Floor (Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia).
Relative humidity: Living Dining (php_10st.aps) Percentage (%) 53.43 17:30,03/Jul 92.77 05:30,27/Nov 74.95
Relative humidity: Kitchen (php_10st.aps) Percentage (%) 58.12 18:30,03/Jul 93.63 07:30,19/Mar 78.49
96
Relative humidity: Kitchen (newphp.aps) Percentage (%) 38.71 17:30,03/Jul 98.39 06:30,20/Oct 76.76
Relative humidity: Living/Dining (newphp.aps) Percentage (%) 41.64 15:30,07/Jan 96.89 06:30,20/Oct 77.16

100
95
90
85
80
Percentage (%)
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
Relative humidity: Kitchen (newphp2.aps) Relative humidity: Living/Dining (newphp2.aps)
Relative humidity: Kitchen (newphp2.aps) Percentage (%) 40.18 17:30,03/Jul 98.51 06:30,20/Oct 77.76
Relative humidity: Living/Dining (newphp2.aps) Percentage (%) 42.11 15:30,07/Jan 97.01 06:30,20/Oct 78.14
97
IES Results for Internal and External Ventilation
Wind speed: KualaLumpurIWEC.fwt (KualaLumpurIWEC.fwt)
Speed (m/s) 0 05:00,05/Feb 11.3 02:00,16/Oct 1.61
MacroFlo external vent: Serambi (mas mohar 2.aps) Volume flow (l/s) 0.1 23:30,04/May 3638.5 13:30,26/Jul 404.6
MacroFlo external vent: Rumah Ibu (mas mohar 2.aps)
Volume flow (l/s) 0.1 22:30,12/May 3288.3 16:30,07/Apr 389.3
MacroFlo internal vent: Serambi (mas mohar 2.aps) Volume flow (l/s) 0 00:30,02/Feb 1090.9 17:30,07/Apr 64.2
MacroFlo internal vent: Rumah Ibu (mas mohar 2.aps)Volume flow (l/s) 0 12:30,02/Feb 960.4 13:30,26/Jul 111
Speed (m/s) 0 05:00,05/Feb 11.3 02:00,16/Oct 1.61
MacroFlo internal vent: Rumah Ibu (sim004_natvent.aps)
Volume flow (l/s) 0 00:30,02/Feb 2308.7 00:30,02/Feb 413.5
MacroFlo internal vent: Dapur (sim004_natvent.aps) Volume flow (l/s) 0 00:30,02/Feb 234.3 00:30,02/Feb 21
MacroFlo external vent: Rumah Ibu (sim004_natvent.aps)
Volume flow (l/s) 3.1 05:30,03/Jun 7904.7 19:30,23/Jun 1450.3
MacroFlo external vent: Dapur (sim004_natvent.aps)Volume flow (l/s) 0 00:30,02/Feb 781.6 16:30,07/Apr 132.6
98
3. People’s Housing Project (PHP 2000) – First Floor (Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia).
Speed (m/s) 0 05:00,05/Feb 11.3 02:00,16/Oct 1.61
MacroFlo internal vent: Living Dining (sim004_natvent.aps)
Volume flow (l/s) 13.7 07:30,15/Sep 302.5 13:30,01/Apr 130.4
MacroFlo internal vent: Kitchen (sim004_natvent.aps)Volume flow (l/s) 3.3 20:30,17/May 279.6 14:30,11/Jun 112.5
MacroFlo external vent: Living Dining (sim004_natvent.aps)
Volume flow (l/s) 0 00:30,02/Feb 154.8 20:30,23/Jun 15.2
MacroFlo external vent: Kitchen (sim004_natvent.aps)Volume flow (l/s) 0 00:30,02/Feb 118.7 19:30,23/Mar 9.4
4. People’s Housing Project (PHP 2000) – Tenth Floor (Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia).
Wind speed: KualaLumpurIWEC.fwt (KualaLumpurIWEC.fwt)Speed (m/s) 0 05:00,05/Feb 11.3 02:00,16/Oct 1.61
MacroFlo internal vent: Living Dining (php_10st.aps) Volume flow (l/s) 15.6 06:30,24/Aug 413.3 13:30,01/Apr 142.9
MacroFlo internal vent: Kitchen (php_10st.aps) Volume flow (l/s) 0 18:30,23/Mar 344.1 14:30,11/Jun 110.7
MacroFlo external vent: Living Dining (php_10st.aps) Volume flow (l/s) 0 00:30,02/Feb 335.6 20:30,23/Jun 31.7
MacroFlo external vent: Kitchen (php_10st.aps) Volume flow (l/s) 0 00:30,02/Feb 256.8 19:30,23/Mar 18.4
99
MacroFlo internal vent: Kitchen (newphp.aps) Volume flow (l/s) 0 20:30,03/Jan 720.3 02:30,16/Oct 96.6
MacroFlo internal vent: Living/Dining (newphp.aps) Volume flow (l/s) 2.2 20:30,26/Aug 754.9 20:30,23/Jun 153.5
MacroFlo external vent: Kitchen (newphp.aps) Volume flow (l/s) 24.9 05:30,22/Jan 2160.1 20:30,23/Jun 299.9
MacroFlo external vent: Living/Dining (newphp.aps) Volume flow (l/s) 3.6 10:30,25/Aug 3143.8 11:30,01/Feb 347.1

22 5500
20 5000
18 4500
16 4000
Volume flow (l/s)

14 3500
Speed (m/s)
12 3000
10 2500
8 2000
6 1500
4 1000
2 500
0 0

MacroFlo internal vent: Kitchen (newphp2.aps)
MacroFlo internal vent: Living/Dining (newphp2.aps)
MacroFlo external vent: Kitchen (newphp2.aps)
MacroFlo external vent: Living/Dining (newphp2.aps)
MacroFlo internal vent: Kitchen (newphp2.aps) Volume flow (l/s) 0 12:30,03/Jan 1222.1 02:30,16/Oct 148.3
MacroFlo internal vent: Living/Dining (newphp2.aps) Volume flow (l/s) 4.6 21:30,04/Dec 1273.7 20:30,23/Jun 201.6
MacroFlo external vent: Kitchen (newphp2.aps) Volume flow (l/s) 28.1 05:30,14/Aug 3645.7 20:30,23/Jun 439.7
MacroFlo external vent: Living/Dining (newphp2.aps)Volume flow (l/s) 21.3 10:30,25/Aug 5331.5 11:30,01/Feb 544.7
100
IES Results for Carbon Emission
1. People’s Housing Project (PHP 2000 – Natural Ventilated)
Total nat. gas CE: (php_nat2.aps) CO2 emission (kgCO2/h) 0 00:30,01/Jan 0 08:30,01/Jan 0
Total elec. CE: (php_nat2.aps) CO2 emission (kgCO2/h) 0 00:30,01/Jan 1.6 08:30,01/Jan 0.7
Total CE: (php_nat2.aps) CO2 emission (kgCO2/h) 0 00:30,01/Jan 1.6 08:30,01/Jan 0.7
Total CE ex equip: (php_nat2.aps) CO2 emission (kgCO2/h) 0 00:30,01/Jan 1.1 08:30,01/Jan 0.4
Monthly Carbon Emission (PHP 2000 – Natural Ventilated)

Date Total nat. gas CE (kgCO2) Total elec. CE (kgCO2) Total CE (kgCO2) Total CE ex equip (kgCO2)
Jan 01-31 7 499 507 332
Feb 01-28 7 451 458 300
Mar 01-31 7 499 507 332
Apr 01-30 7 483 490 322
May 01-31 7 499 507 332
Jun 01-30 7 483 490 322
Jul 01-31 7 499 507 332
Aug 01-31 7 499 507 332
Sep 01-30 7 483 490 322
Oct 01-31 7 499 507 332
Nov 01-30 7 483 490 322
Dec 01-31 7 499 507 332
Summed total 86 5881 5967 3914
101
2. Theoretical Model
Total nat. gas CE: (newphp_nat2.aps) CO2 emission (kgCO2/h) 0 00:30,01/Jan 0 08:30,01/Jan 0
Total elec. CE: (newphp_nat2.aps) CO2 emission (kgCO2/h) 0 00:30,01/Jan 0.7 08:30,01/Jan 0.3
Total CE: (newphp_nat2.aps) CO2 emission (kgCO2/h) 0 00:30,01/Jan 0.7 08:30,01/Jan 0.3
Total CE ex equip: (newphp_nat2.aps) CO2 emission (kgCO2/h) 0 00:30,01/Jan 0.5 08:30,01/Jan 0.2
Monthly Carbon Emission (Theoretical Model)

Jan 01-31 6 212 218 144
Feb 01-28 6 192 197 130
Mar 01-31 6 212 218 144
Apr 01-30 6 205 211 140
May 01-31 6 212 218 144
Jun 01-30 6 205 211 140
Jul 01-31 6 212 218 144
Aug 01-31 6 212 218 144
Sep 01-30 6 205 211 140
Oct 01-31 6 212 218 144
Nov 01-30 6 205 211 140
Dec 01-31 6 212 218 144
Summed total 72 2499 2571 1699
102
IES Results for Energy Consumption
1. People’s Housing Project (PHP 2000 – Natural Ventilated)
Total nat. gas: (php_nat2.aps) Power (kW) 0 00:30,01/Jan 0.1305 08:30,01/Jan 0.0544
Total electricity: (php_nat2.aps) Power (kW) 0 00:30,01/Jan 1.7438 08:30,01/Jan 0.7266
Total energy: (php_nat2.aps) Power (kW) 0 00:30,01/Jan 1.8743 08:30,01/Jan 0.781
Monthly Energy Consumption (PHP 2000 – Natural Ventilated)

Date Total nat. gas (MWh) Total electricity (MWh) Total energy (MWh)
Jan 01-31 0.0405 0.5406 0.581
Feb 01-28 0.0365 0.4883 0.5248
Mar 01-31 0.0405 0.5406 0.581
Apr 01-30 0.0392 0.5231 0.5623
May 01-31 0.0405 0.5406 0.581
Jun 01-30 0.0392 0.5231 0.5623
Jul 01-31 0.0405 0.5406 0.581
Aug 01-31 0.0405 0.5406 0.581
Sep 01-30 0.0392 0.5231 0.5623
Oct 01-31 0.0405 0.5406 0.581
Nov 01-30 0.0392 0.5231 0.5623
Dec 01-31 0.0405 0.5406 0.581
Summed total 0.4764 6.3649 6.8413
103
2. Theoretical Model
Total nat. gas: (newphp_nat2.aps) Power (kW) 0 00:30,01/Jan 0.0993 08:30,01/Jan 0.0414
Total electricity: (newphp_nat2.aps) Power (kW) 0 00:30,01/Jan 1.3244 08:30,01/Jan 0.5518
Total energy: (newphp_nat2.aps) Power (kW) 0 00:30,01/Jan 1.4236 08:30,01/Jan 0.5932
Monthly Energy Consumption (Theoretical Model)

Jan 01-31 0.0308 0.4106 0.4413
Feb 01-28 0.0278 0.3708 0.3986
Mar 01-31 0.0308 0.4106 0.4413
Apr 01-30 0.0298 0.3973 0.4271
May 01-31 0.0308 0.4106 0.4413
Jun 01-30 0.0298 0.3973 0.4271
Jul 01-31 0.0308 0.4106 0.4413
Aug 01-31 0.0308 0.4106 0.4413
Sep 01-30 0.0298 0.3973 0.4271
Oct 01-31 0.0308 0.4106 0.4413
Nov 01-30 0.0298 0.3973 0.4271
Dec 01-31 0.0308 0.4106 0.4413
Summed total 0.3623 4.834 5.1963
104
Energy Consumption (PHP 2000 – Air Conditioned)
Total nat. gas: (php_ac.aps) Power (kW) 0 00:30,02/Jan 0.1305 08:30,02/Jan 0.0544
Total electricity: (php_ac.aps) Power (kW) 0 00:30,02/Jan 13.1738 11:30,01/Feb 2.2637
Total energy: (php_ac.aps) Power (kW) 0 00:30,02/Jan 13.3043 11:30,01/Feb 2.3181
Monthly Energy Consumption (PHP 2000 – Air Conditioned)

Jan 02-31 0.0392 1.5377 1.5769
Feb 01-28 0.0365 1.4872 1.5238
Mar 01-31 0.0405 1.7623 1.8027
Apr 01-30 0.0392 1.6758 1.7149
May 01-31 0.0405 1.6992 1.7397
Jun 01-30 0.0392 1.7106 1.7498
Jul 01-31 0.0405 1.7314 1.7718
Aug 01-31 0.0405 1.7222 1.7627
Sep 01-30 0.0392 1.5883 1.6275
Oct 01-31 0.0405 1.6407 1.6812
Nov 01-30 0.0392 1.6038 1.6429
Dec 01-30 0.0392 1.5621 1.6013
Summed total 0.4738 19.7214 20.1952
Carbon Emission (PHP 2000 – Air Conditioned)

Total nat. gas CE: (php_ac.aps) CO2 emission (kgCO2/h) 0 00:30,02/Jan 0 08:30,02/Jan 0
Total elec. CE: (php_ac.aps) CO2 emission (kgCO2/h) 0 00:30,02/Jan 12.2 11:30,01/Feb 2.1
Total CE: (php_ac.aps) CO2 emission (kgCO2/h) 0 00:30,02/Jan 12.2 11:30,01/Feb 2.1
Total CE ex equip: (php_ac.aps) CO2 emission (kgCO2/h) 0 00:30,02/Jan 11.6 11:30,01/Feb 1.9
Monthly Carbon Emission (PHP 2000 – Air Conditioned)

Jan 02-31 7 1421 1428 1259
Feb 01-28 7 1374 1381 1223
Mar 01-31 7 1628 1636 1461
Apr 01-30 7 1548 1555 1387
May 01-31 7 1570 1577 1403
Jun 01-30 7 1581 1588 1419
Jul 01-31 7 1600 1607 1433
Aug 01-31 7 1591 1599 1424
Sep 01-30 7 1468 1475 1306
Oct 01-31 7 1516 1523 1349
Nov 01-30 7 1482 1489 1320
Dec 01-30 7 1443 1450 1282
Summed total 85 18223 18308 16266
105

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Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommendations

6.1.1 Design Issues

6.2.1 Recommendations of Building Regulations in Malaysia

 The appropriateness of use of lightweight building materials in the tropics;

Adat: Customary laws.

IES Results for Air Temperature

2. House of Andak Endah, 1920 (Perak, Malaysia).

6. Theoretical Model – Tenth Floor (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).

Air temperature: Kitchen (newphp2.aps) Air temperature: Living/Dining (newphp2.aps)

2. House of Andak Endah, 1920 (Perak, Malaysia).

4. People’s Housing Project (PHP 2000) – Tenth Floor (Kuala Lumpur,

6. Theoretical Model – Tenth Floor (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).

Relative humidity: Kitchen (newphp2.aps) Relative humidity: Living/Dining (newphp2.aps)

2. House of Andak Endah, 1920 (Perak, Malaysia).

4. People’s Housing Project (PHP 2000) – Tenth Floor (Kuala Lumpur,

6. Theoretical Model – Tenth Floor (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).

Volume flow (l/s)

Wind speed: KualaLumpurIWEC.fwt (KualaLumpurIWEC.fwt)

1. People’s Housing Project (PHP 2000 – Natural Ventilated)

Monthly Carbon Emission (PHP 2000 – Natural Ventilated)

Monthly Carbon Emission (Theoretical Model)

1. People’s Housing Project (PHP 2000 – Natural Ventilated)

Monthly Energy Consumption (PHP 2000 – Natural Ventilated)

Monthly Energy Consumption (Theoretical Model)

Monthly Energy Consumption (PHP 2000 – Air Conditioned)

Carbon Emission (PHP 2000 – Air Conditioned)

Monthly Carbon Emission (PHP 2000 – Air Conditioned)

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