Discussion

The first objective in conducting this experiment was to evaluate and study the
performance of the shell and tube heat exchanger at various operating conditions. The
exchangers actually made up of a number of tubes in parallel through which one fluid travels
and enclosed in a shell through which the other fluid is conducted. The shell side is provided
with a 23 of baffles to promote high velocities and largely more efficient cross flow on the
outsides of the tubes. Baffles are usually installed to increase the coefficient of the shell-side
fluid by inducing turbulence and cross-flow velocity component.

In addition, the baffles physically support the tubes, reducing flow-induced tube vibration.
The versatility and widespread use of this equipment has given rise to the development of
industry wide standards. Baffle pitch normally starts from 0.2 until 1.0 times the inside
diameter of the shell. Both the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop depend on the
baffle pitch, so that its selection is part of the optimization of the heat exchanger. In order to
simplify external piping, exchangers mostly are built with even numbers of tube passes.
Process fluid streams may contain suspended matters or dissolved solids.

When such a fluid flows through a heat exchanger over a long period of time, deposition
of the tube surfaces and shell surfaces occurs. The surfaces may also be corroded by fluid
slowly and the resulting corrosion products also get deposited on the surface. Formation of
the deposit on a heat transfer surface is called fouling and the heat transfer resistance offered
by the deposit is called the fouling factor or dirt factor commonly denoted by Rd. the dirt
factor cannot be estimated. It can only be determined from the experimental data on heat
transfer coefficient of a fouled exchanger and a clean exchanger of similar design operated at
identical conditions. From the equation to gain Dirt factor, Q is referred to QH or QC. But if
there any error happened, the average value of U was taken by calculating Q = 0.5 (QH+QC).

Next, the second objective was to determine the heat load, log mean temperature difference
(LMTD) and overall heat transfer coefficient, U. To design a shell and a tube heat exchanger,
it is necessary to relate the total heat transfer rate to fluid temperature (inlet and outlet), overall
heat transfer coefficient (U) and the total surface area for the heat transfer (A). The formula

below has been used in calculating heat load Q H and also QC .

Hot water flow rate ( H W )
QH = FH × CpH × ∆TH

H
QH = F H
Cp t1
( t2)

Cold water flow rate ( CW )

QC =FC × CpC × ∆TC

QC = F
CCp
C(
T2
T1)

Where:
Q H = Heat load for hot water flow rate
QC = Heat load for cold water flow rate

FH  Hot water mass flow rate

FC  Cold water mass flow rate

t1  Hot water inlet temperature

t 2  Hot water outlet temperature
T1  Cold water inlet temperature
T2  Cold water outlet temperature

To find log mean temperature difference (LMTD) / ∆TM , the equation below is used:

(t1 T 2)  (t 2  T1 )
∆TM 
(t  T2 )
ln 1
(t 2  T1 )

t
( T) t2
( T )
1 2
LMTD 1
(tT )
ln1 2
(t2
T 1)
Overall heat transfer coefficient at which equivalent to U D is calculated by using equation:
Q
U
ALMTD
Where:
Q  Heat rate with respect to the flow rate of water Q H or QC

A = Total head transfer area

LMTD=Log mean temperature difference

Notice: If there any error in temperature collected, it is recommended to calculate U ave value

based on equation of Q0

.5 C
(Q QH)that will give an average value.