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• ohms law
• Kirchhoff's current node rule
• define resistor
• define capacitor
Op-Amp Properties
• Properties
• open-loop gain: ideally infinite: practical values 20k-200k
• high open-loop gain virtual short between + and - inputs
• input impedance: ideally infinite: CMOS opamps are close to ideal
• output impedance: ideally zero: practical values 20-100
• zero output offset: ideally zero: practical value <1mV
• gain-bandwidth
i b d idth product
d t (GB):
(GB) practical
ti l values
l ~MHz
MH
• frequency where open-loop gain drops to 1 V/V
• Negative Feedback
• output tied back into negative input Vout = Vcc (sign(Vin-Vref))
terminal
• generally avoid positive feedback
• Voltage Follower
• buffer
• prevents input signal from being
loaded down by a low-resistance
load
Rin =
vo R f
A
vi Ri
• Non-Inverting
N I ti A Amplifier
lifi (also
( l uses negative
ti feedback)
f db k)
vo R f Ri R f
A 1
vi Ri Rf
• -Vin = R1 * i i = -Vin/R1
• Vout = R2 * i i = Vout/R2
• and setting i = i…
• -Vin/R1 = Vout/R2 Vout= -Vin (R2/R1)
More Opamp Configurations
• Summing Amp
• weighted sum of
p inputs
multiple p
• inverting or non??
• Differential Amp
• match R1s and R2s
• inverting or non??
Single-Ended
l d d Amplifier
l f Representation
noise
signal
Vout
V in V out Av
gnd gnd Vin
Noise Amplification
• even smallll interference
f at input gets amplified
l f d at output
• Differential amplifiers
• amplify only the difference
• reject the interference (common-mode)
Vin + -
Vout
- +
Vin
Vout
common-mode g
gone at
input noise output
• 3-op-amp structure
• keeps
k llow common mode d gaini
• provides very high input resistance
• why?
• call “instrumentation
instrumentation amp
amp”
• will discuss in detail later
Comparator
• Compare an input voltage vi to a reference voltage vref
• Output digital value (hi/low)
• llow if vi > vref why
h low
l and
d nott hi?
• high if vi < vref
• Output voltage = supply voltage
• Op-amp comparator
A 10
A=10
A=1
A 1
A=1
A=10
Integrating/Differentiating Configurations
• Integrating Amp
t
1
v i dt 2f
Co
• Differentiating Amp
dv
iC
dt
• Voltage-to-Current
Active Filters
• Passive low pass filter
Rf R
f
1 =2f
(1 jRf Cf ) Ri Ri 1 s
0
Vo ( j ) Rf 1
Vi ( j ) Ri 1 jR f C f
Vo ( j ) R f jRi Ci
Vi ( j ) Ri 1 jRi Ci
0 1 R C
i i
Active Filters
Band Pass Filter
Vo ( j ) Rf jR f Ci
Vi ( j ) Ri (1 jR f C f )(1 jRi Ci )
• Temperature Drift
• offset voltage can drift by 0.1 microvolts over one degree variation
• Noise
• Thermal noise or high
high-frequency
frequency noise
• Flicker noise: low-frequency noise
ECE 445: Biomedical Instrumentation Ch3 Amplifier Basics. p. 21