Kem R7005 Uc2 Ud2-541010

Miniature Signal Relays
UC2/UD2 Series
Overview Applications
The KEMET UC2/UD2 miniature signal relays offer a super • Electronic switching systems
compact case size in a flat package. Minimal board space • PBX
is consumed with either a through-hole or surface mount • Terminal equipment
configuration. These relays are recognized by UL and CSA, while • Telephone systems
also being compliant with Part 68 of the FCC’s 1,500 V surge
capacity.
Benefits
• Low power consumption (< 140 mW)
• Super compact and lightweight
• Flat package for dense mounting
• Low magnetic interference
• Tube or embossed tape and reel packaging
• UL recognized (E73266) and CSA certified (LR46266)
• Surface mount and through-hole options
Part Number System
UD2- 3 S NU -L
Series Coil Voltage Latch Type Lead Type Packaging
UC2- = Through-hole mount 3 = 3 VDC Blank = Non-latch type NU = Standard Blank = Tube
UD2- = Surface mount 4.5 = 4.5 VDC S = Single coil latch type NE = Low power consumption (Non-latch) -L = Embossed tape on reel
5 = 5 VDC NUN = Minimum footprint
12 = 12 VDC NEN = Low power consumption (Non-latch),
Minimum footprint
One world. One KEMET

© KEMET Electronics Corporation • P.O. Box 5928 • Greenville, SC 29606 (864) 963-6300 • www.kemet.com R7005_UC2_UD2 • 2/27/2014 1
Miniature Signal Relays – UC2/UD2 Series
Dimensions –DMillimeters
Maximum B Maximum
UC2 Series
D Maximum H Maximum B Maximum
0.4 K 0.2
H Maximum
1.5 1.5
3.2 P1 P1 P2
0.4 K 0.2
1.5 1.5
3.2 P1 P1 P2
UD2 Series
D Maximum B Maximum
D Maximum K H Maximum B Maximum

0.4 0.2
1.5 1.5 P2
3.2 P1 P1 K H Maximum
P3
0.4 0.2
1.5 1.5 P2
3.2 P1 P1 P3
Series D H B P1 P2 P3 K
UC2 (NU, NE) 10.6 5.3 6.5 2.2 5.08 — 3.4
UD2 (NU, NE) 10.6 5.45 6.5 2.2 5.08 8.4 0.2
UD2 (NUN, NEN) 10.6 6.0 6.5 2.2 5.08 6.8 0.2
General tolerance: ±0.3

Tolerance of lead pitch: ±0.15
Pin Configurations
Bottom view
Non-latch type Single coil latch type

(Non-energized position) (Reset position)
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
+ +-
Direction mark
Direction mark
SR
- - +
8 7 6 5 8 7 6 5
S: Coil polarity for Set

Part number R: Coil Manufacturer
polarity for Reset
EA2-5NU
Safety Standards and Ratings
Part number Manufacturer
Certification Body Mark JAPANSpecification File Number Rating
DirectionULmark 0501F
UL Recognized
E73266
EA2-5NU (UL508)1 Country of origin 30 VDC, 1 A (resistive)
(pin No. 1 and 10) 110 VDC, 0.3 A (resistive)
CSA Certified 125 VAC, 0.5 A (resistive)
CSA LR46266
JAPAN(CSA 22.2 #14) 2
UL, CSA marking Date code

1
Direction
Spacing: UL840 mark 0501F
Spacing: CSA std950 Country of origin
(pin No. 1 and 10)
2
Certification Body Mark Specification File Number Class Rating

UL, CSA marking Date code Creepage and clearance of coil to
TUV Certified
TUV 2050596 Basic insulation contact is more than 2 mm
(EN61810)
(According to EN60950)
Environmental Compliance
All KEMET relays are RoHS Compliant.
Table 1 – Ratings & Part Number Reference
Nominal Coil Voltage

Part Number Lead Type Packaging
(VDC)
UC2-3(1)NU 3 Radial Tube
UC2-4.5(1)NU 4.5 Radial Tube
UC2-3NE1 3 Radial, Low power consumption Tube
UC2-4.5NE1 4.5 Radial, Low power consumption Tube
UC2-5NE1 5 Radial, Low power consumption Tube
UD2-3(1)NU 3 Surface mount Tube
UD2-4.5(1)NU 4.5 Surface mount Tube
UD2-3NE1 3 Surface mount, Low power consumption Tube
UD2-4.5NE1 4.5 Surface mount, Low power consumption Tube
UD2-5NE1 5 Surface mount, Low power consumption Tube
UD2-3(1)NU-L 3 Surface mount Tape on Reel
UD2-4.5(1)NU-L 4.5 Surface mount Tape on Reel
UD2-3NE-L1 3 Surface mount, Low power consumption Tape on Reel
UD2-4.5NE-L1 4.5 Surface mount, Low power consumption Tape on Reel
UD2-5NE-L1 5 Surface mount, Low power consumption Tape on Reel
UD2-3(1)NUN 3 Surface mount, Minimum footprint Tube
UD2-4.5(1)NUN 4.5 Surface mount, Minimum footprint Tube
UD2-3NEN1 3 Surface mount, Low power consumption, Minimum Footprint Tube
UD2-4.5NEN1 4.5 Surface mount, Low power consumption, Minimum Footprint Tube
UD2-5NEN1 5 Surface mount, Low power consumption, Minimum Footprint Tube
UD2-3(1)NUN-L 3 Surface mount, Minimum footprint Tape on Reel
UD2-4.5(1)NUN-L 4.5 Surface mount, Minimum footprint Tape on Reel
UD2-3NEN-L1 3 Surface mount, Low power consumption, Minimum Footprint Tape on Reel
UD2-4.5NEN-L1 4.5 Surface mount, Low power consumption, Minimum Footprint Tape on Reel
UD2-5NEN-L1 5 Surface mount, Low power consumption, Minimum Footprint Tape on Reel
(1) To complete KEMET part number, leave blank for Non-latch or insert S for Single coil. Designates latch type.
1
Only available as Non-latch.
Land Pattern – Millimeters

UC2 Series (bottom view)
7.6
1.5 1.5
7.6 2.2
3.2 2.2
1.5 81.5
- ø 0.85
3.2 2.2 2.2 8 - ø 0.85
V
V
UD2 Series (top view)

7.6
1.5 1.5
7.6 2.2
3.2 2.2
1.5 1.5
3.2 2.2 2.2
V
V
X
X
0.8
0.8
Series V X
UC2 (NU, NE) 5.08 —
UD2 (NU, NE) 6.74 1.86
UD2 (NUN, NEN) 5.94 2.66
Soldering Process
UC2 – Through-hole Mounting
Automatic Soldering
Preheating: 110–120°C / 110 seconds (maximum)
Solder temperature: 260°C maximum
Solder time: 5 seconds maximum
Note: KEMET recommends cooling down a printed circuit board to less than 110°C within 40 seconds after soldering.
Manual Soldering
Solder temperature: 350°C maximum
Solder time: 3 seconds maximum
UD2 – Surface Mounting

IRS Method
Temperature
(˚C) Maximum 240˚C
220
200
180
45 (Maximum 70) Time (seconds)
70 (Maximum 120)
190 (Maximum 300)

Note:
Temperature profile shows printed circuit board surface temperature on the relay terminal portion.
Please consult KEMET if you wish to use a temperature profile other than above.
Contact Specifications
Item UC2/UD2
Contact Form 2 Form C
Contact Material Silver alloy with gold alloy overlay
Maximum Switching Power 30 W, 37.5 VA
Maximum Switching Voltage 220 VDC, 250 VAC
Contact Ratings
Maximum Switching Current 1A
Maximum Carrying Current 1A
Minimum Contact Ratings 10 mVDC, 10 µA*1
Initial Contact Resistance 100 mΩ maximum (initial)
Operating Time (excluding bounce) Approximately 2 milliseconds
Release Time (excluding bounce) Approximately 1 milliseconds
Insulation Resistance 1,000 MΩ @ 500 VDC
Between Open Contacts 1,000 VAC (for one minute), 1,500 V surge (10 x 160 µs)*2
Withstand Voltage Between Adjacent Contacts 1,000 VAC (for one minute), 1,500 V surge (10 x 160 µs)*2
Between Coil and Contacts 1,500 VAC (for one minute), 2,500 V surge (2 x 10 µs)*3
735 m/s2 (75 G) – misoperation
Shock Resistance
980 m/s2 (100 G) – destructive failure
10 to 55 Hz, double amplitude 3 mm (20 G) – misoperation
Vibration Resistance
10 to 55 Hz, double amplitude 5 mm (30 G) – destructive failure
-40 to +85°C
Ambient Temperature
-40 to +70°C (Low power consumption type)
Coil Temperature Rise 18°C at nominal coil voltage (140 mW)
5 x 107 operations (Non-latch type)*4
Non-load
1 x 107 operations (Latch type)
Running Specifications
30 VDC 1 A (resistive), 1 x 105 operations @ 20°C, 1 Hz
Load
125 VAC 0.3 A (resistive), 1 x 105 operations @ 20°C, 1 Hz
Weight Approximately 0.8 g
*1
This value is a reference value in the resistance load. Minimum capacity changes depending on the switching frequency, environment temperature, and load.
*2
Rise time: 10 µs; decay time to half crest: 160 µs.
*3
Rise time: 2 µs; decay time to half crest: 10 µs.
*4
This shows the number of operations with fatal defects. Stable characteristics are maintained for 1 x 107 operations.
Coil Specifications
Non-latch Type (@ 20°C)
Nominal Coil Voltage Coil Resistance Operating Voltage1 Release Voltage1 Nominal Operating
(VDC) (Ω) ±10% (VDC) (VDC) Power (mW)
3 64.3 2.25 0.3 140
4.5 145 3.38 0.45 140
5 178 3.75 0.5 140
12 1028 9.0 1.2 140
1
Test by pulse voltage.
Coil Specifications cont’d

Single Coil Latch Type (@ 20°C)2
Nominal Coil Voltage Coil Resistance Set Voltage1 Reset Voltage1 Nominal Operating
3 90 2.25 2.25 100
4.5 202.5 3.38 3.38 100
5 250 3.75 3.75 100
12 1440 9.0 9.0 100
1
2
Latch type relays should be initialized to a known position before using. Only the specified polarity should be used to energize the coil.
Non-latch, Low Power Consumption (NE, NEN) Type (@ 20°C)
Nominal Coil Voltage Coil Resistance Operating Voltage1 Release Voltage1 Nominal Operating
3 90 2.4 0.3 100
4.5 202.5 3.6 0.45 100
5 250 4.0 0.5 100
1
Recommended Relay Drive Conditions
Coil Type Rating Ambient Temperature

Non-latch -40 to +85°C
Voltage: ≤ ±5% of nominal voltage
Non-latch (Low power consumption type) -40 to +70°C
Square pulse (rise and fall time is rapid)
Single Coil Pulse height: ≤ ±5% of nominal voltage -40 to +85°C
Pulse Width: > 10 ms
Marking
Top view
Manufacturer Country of origin
JAPAN
Direction mark
(pin No. 1 and 8) UD2-4.5NU
0501F
Date code Part number
UC2/UD2
UC2/UD2
SERIESSERIES
UC2/UD2
UC2/UD2 UC2/UD2
SERIES
UC2/UD2
SERIES SERIES
SERIES
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
DATA DATA
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE DATA
PERFORMANCE
DATA DATA
DATA
Performance Data
� � COIL TEMPERATURE
COIL TEMPERATURE RISE RISE
Coil Temperature
� COIL � � Rise
� TEMPERATURE
COIL TEMPERATURE
COIL COIL
Temperature is TEMPERATURE
Temperature RISE
measured
TEMPERATURE
RISE is by RISE
measured
RISEcoil resistance
by coil resistance
Temperature is measured
Temperature
Temperature is by
Temperature
is measured coil
Temperature resistance
measured
is
coilmeasured
byresistance
isbymeasured coil
by resistance
by coil
coil resistance
resistance
Coil Coil
Coil temperature
Coil temperature Coil
60 60 Coil Coil Coil
temperature temperature
Coil
risetemperature
(°C Coil temperature
Coil) temperature
Coil temperature rise (°C ) temperature 30
temperature 30
60 rise (°C) rise (°C)
60 60
temperature temperature 30 30
rise (°Crise ) 60
) (°Crise rise) (°C ) 30 rise (°C)30
(°C
40 40 rise (°C)rise (°C)
rise (°C)
20 20
40 40 40 20
40 20 20 20 Applied power
Applied
0.14Wpower 0.14W
20 20 10 10AppliedApplied power
Applied
powerApplied
0.14W
Applied power
0.14W
powerpower
Applied
0.14W
0.14W
0.1W power 0.1W
20 20 20 20 10 10
10 Applied powerApplied
0.1W power 0.1W
10 Applied power
Applied
0.1Wpower 0.1W
0 0 0 0
0 0 00 0100 0 200
100 300
200 400
300 400 0 0 0 0 50 10 5 1510 20 15 20
0
0 0100 01000200100 100
200300200300
200
400300400
300 400 400 0 0 5 0 50 5 10515time
10 Applied 15
10
10Applied
20 15 2015 20 20
Applied power
Applied
(mW)power (mW) (minute)time (minute)
AppliedApplied
power power
Applied
Applied
(mW) (mW)
powerpower
(mW)(mW) AppliedApplied time
timeAppliedApplied
(minute)(minute)
time time (minute)
(minute)
� SWITCHING� SWITCHING
CAPACITYCAPACITY � MAXIMUM � MAXIMUM
COIL VOLTAGE COIL VOLTAGE
� SWITCHING
�allowed
SWITCHING
CAPACITY CAPACITY � MAXIMUM �a maximum
MAXIMUM
COILis COIL
VOLTAGE
COIL VOLTAGE
Switching Capacity
� This
�
SWITCHING isSWITCHING
This
CAPACITYmaximum
is allowed
value.
maximum value.
CAPACITY Maximum Coil VoltageofVOLTAGE
This
� MAXIMUM
� is
COIL This
MAXIMUM
VOLTAGE value
a maximum
permissible
value of alteration.
permissible alteration.
This isThis
Inquire
This is allowed allowed
with Thismaximum
is value.
Inquire
NEC
maximum
is allowedallowed
TOKIN
with value.
maximum
NEC
for
maximum value.value.
maximum
TOKIN forvalue
maximum
under value
continuous This is aThis
under continuous isInquire
maximum a maximum
This This
iswith
valueisNEC
ofavalue
a maximummaximum
Inquire of
TOKINpermissible
with
permissible
value value
NEC
under
of of permissible
TOKINalteration.
continuous
alteration. under
permissible use.alteration.use.
continuous
alteration.
Maximum Values
Inquire Inquire
with NECwithTOKIN
Inquire
Inquire NEC
with TOKIN
withmaximum
for
NEC NEC
for maximum
TOKIN TOKIN
for forunder
value value
maximum
maximum under
valuevalue
continuous
continuous
underunder Maximum
continuous
continuous
value
Inquire Inquire
with NECwith
Inquire
of
TOKIN
permissible
Inquire
NEC
withTOKIN
with NEC
under
NEC under alteration
TOKIN
continuous
continuous
TOKIN underunder
use. use.
continuous
continuous use. use.
2.0 2.0 DC(Resistive)DC(Resistive) Low power consumption

Low power consumption
type type
DC(Resistive)
DC(Resistive) 200 200 Low power consumption
Low power consumption
type type type
2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0
AC(Resistive)
DC(Resistive) AC(Resistive)
DC(Resistive) 200 200 200 Low power consumption
Low power type
consumption
AC(Resistive)
AC(Resistive) 200
1.0 1.0 AC(Resistive) AC(Resistive) Ratio of 150 Ratio of
Contact Contact 150
1.0
0.5 1.0 1.0
0.5 Ratio Ratio
nominal of 150
Ratio
of of
nominal
Contact 1.0
Contact
current (A) Contact
Contactcurrent (A) of Ratio 150 150 150
current0.5 0.5 (A)
(A) current 0.5 0.5 nominalnominal
coil nominalnominal
coil
current (A) current (A) 100 100
coil coil
voltagecoil 100
voltage
coil 100 100 100
0.2 0.2 voltage voltage
(%) voltagevoltage
(%)
50 50
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2 (%) (%) (%) (%) 50 50 50
50
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1 10
0.1 0.1 2010 50
20 100
50 100 -40 -20 -400 -2020 040 2060 4080 100 60 80 100
10 2010 2010 5020 5020 100 100
50 100 100 250VAC 250VAC -40 -20 -40 0 -2020 020
40 20 60 40 80 60100 80
10 Contact voltage50
(V) voltage
Contact (V) 250VAC -40
250VAC
-20 -40
0 -20
20 0
40 60 40
Ambient temperature80 60
100
Ambient temperature
(°C) 100 100
80(°C)
250VAC 220VDC250VAC 220VDC
Contact voltage (V)
Contact voltage (V) Ambient temperature
Ambient
Ambient temperature temperature
(°C)
Ambient temperature
(°C) (°C) (°C)
Contact voltage (V) voltage (V)
Contact 220VDC 220VDC 220VDC 220VDC
Applied Voltage vs.�Timing

� APPLIED VOLTAGE
APPLIED VS.
VOLTAGE
TIMINGVS. TIMING
(Sample:UC2-5NU)
(Sample:UC2-5NU)
� APPLIED
� VOLTAGE
APPLIED VOLTAGE
VS. TIMINGVS. TIMING
(Sample:UC2-5NU)
(Sample:UC2-5NU)
(Sample: UC2-5NU)
� �
APPLIED VOLTAGE
APPLIED VS.
VOLTAGE
TIMING VS.(Sample:UC2-5NU)
TIMING (Sample:UC2-5NU) (Without coil(Without
diode) coil diode)
4 4 4 4 (Without coil(Without
diode) coil diode)
4 4 4 (Without
4 coil diode)
(Without coil diode)
4 4 4 4
3 3 33
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
Operate Operate ReleaseRelease
2 2 2Release 2
OperateOperate Operate
time Operatetime
2 2 ReleaseRelease
time Release
2 time
2 2 2time 2 2
(ms) time time
time time
(ms) time time
(ms)
1 1 time
1
(ms)
1
(ms) (ms) (ms) (ms) (ms) (ms)
(ms) (ms)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 100 0 150
100 200
150 250
200 250 0 100 0 200
100 300
200 400
300 400
0 0 01000
0100 100
150200150200
150 200 250 250 0
250
0 0 01000
0100 100
200300200300
200 400
300 400 400
0 0 150100
Applied power 250
Applied
(mW)200
power (mW) 0 0 200100
Applied power 400
Applied
(mW)300
power (mW)
AppliedApplied
power power
Applied
Applied
(mW) (mW)
powerpower
(mW)(mW) AppliedApplied
power power
Applied
Applied
(mW) (mW)
powerpower
(mW)(mW)
8 8
8 8 8 8
●All specifications
●All in specifications
this catalog in and this
production
catalog and status
production
of productsstatus
areofsubject
products to change
are subject
without
to change
notice.without
Prior tonotice.
the purchase,
Prior to please
the purchase,
contactplease
NEC TOKIN
contactfor
NEC
updated
TOKINproduct
for updated
data. product data.
●All specifications
●Please ●All
request specifications
●Pleaseinathis
for catalog
specification
request inand
for athisproduction
sheetcatalog
specificationand
status
for detailed production
sheet of products
product
for status
detailed
data areofsubject
prior
productproducts toprior
are
change
subject
without
to change
notice.without
Prior tonotice.
the purchase,
Prior to the
please
purchase,
contactplease
NEC TOKIN
contactfor
NEC updated
TOKIN product
for updated
data. product data.
All specifications
●All
in specifications
this catalog and
in this
production
catalog status
and production
of products status
are subject totochange
of products thedata
are purchase.
subject to
withouttothe purchase.
notice.
change Prior
without
to the
notice.
purchase,
Prior to
please
the purchase,
contact NEC
please
TOKIN
contact
for updated
NEC TOKIN product
for updated
data. product data.
●Please request ●Please
forproduct
a specification
request forproduct
a sheet
specification
for detailed
sheet product
for detailed
data prior
product
to the
data
purchase.
prior to the purchase.
Please ●Before using
request●Please
for ●Before
the
a specification
request using
ina this
the
forsheet catalog,
specification
for in
detailedplease
this
sheet catalog,
read
product
for "Precautions"
please
detailed
data toread
the and
priorproduct "Precautions"
dataother
prior safety
purchase. to theandprecautions
other
purchase.safety
listed
precautions
in the printed
listedversion
in the printed
catalog.version catalog.
Miniature Signal Relays – UC2/UD2 Series UC2/UD2
UC2/UD2SERIES
SERIES
UC2/UD2 SERIES
Performance Data cont’d
Operate and Release Voltage vs. Ambient Temperature
This �
shows a typical
OPERATE
� OPERATE
AND change
AND
RELEASE of operate
RELEASE
VOLTAGE(release)
VS.AMBIENT
VOLTAGE VS.AMBIENT voltage. The value of must operate is estimated, so coil voltage must be applied higher
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
This shows a typical change of operate (release) voltage. The value of must operate is estimated, so coil voltage must be applied
than thismore
value
thanfor
This
thissafe
shows
valueoperation.
a typical change of For hot
operate
for safety operation. Forstart
(release)operation,
voltage.
hot start
The please
value
operation, please inquire
of must
inquire with
operate
with NEC KEMET.so coil voltage must be applied
is estimated,
TOKIN.
� more
OPERATE AND
than this RELEASE
value VOLTAGEFor
for safety operation. VS.AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
hot start operation, please inquire with NEC TOKIN.
This shows a typical change of operate (release) voltage. The value of must operate is estimated, so coil voltage must be applied
more than this value for safety operation. For hot start operation, please inquire with NEC TOKIN.
100
100
Must operate voltage
80 Must operate voltage
100 Operate voltage (typical)
Ratio of nominal Must operate voltage
Ratio of nominal 60
coil voltage (%) 80
coil voltage (%)
Ratio of nominal
4060
coil voltage (%) 40 Release voltage (typical)
Release voltage (typical)
2040
20 Release voltage (typical)
020 -40-40 -20
-20
0
0
20
20
40
40
60
60
80
80
100
100
0
Ambient temperature (°C)
-40 -20 0 Ambient
20 temperature
40 (°C)
60 80 100
0
Running Test (Non-load)
� RUNNING TEST (Non-load) Ambient temperature (°C)
(Load: �
none;
(Load:Drive:
RUNNING 5TEST
VDC, 50 Hz, 50% duty; Ambient
(Non-load)
none, Drive:5VDC，50Hz，50%duty, Temperature:
Ambient temperature room
:room temperature;
temperature, Sample: UC2-5NU,
Sample:UC2-5NU ,20pieces) 20 pieces)
(Load: none, Drive:5VDC，50Hz，50%duty, Ambient temperature :room temperature, Sample:UC2-5NU ,20pieces)
� RUNNING
10000 TEST (Non-load)
10000
(Load: none, Drive:5VDC，50Hz，50%duty, Ambient temperature :room temperature, Sample:UC2-5NU ,20pieces)
5
10000 5
1000 Operate voltage
Contact 1000 Operate 4 Operate voltage
Contact Operate 54
resistance voltage 3
resistance voltage Operate voltage
(mΩ)
Contact
1000 (V)Operate 43
(mΩ) 100 (V) 2
resistance 100 Release
voltage
Release 32
voltage Release voltage
(mΩ) voltage1
(V)
Release voltage
100 (V)Release 21
10 (V) 0
10 voltage 10 Release voltage
0 20 50 100 500 1000 0 20 50 100 500 1000
0 20 50 100 500 1000(V) 0 20 50 100 500 1000
10 4
Operations (×10 ) 4 0 4
Operations (×10 ) Operations (×10 ) 4
0 20 50 100
500 1000 Operations (×10 )
� RUNNING TEST(Load) 0 20 50 100 500 1000
� RUNNING TEST(Load)
(Load: 50VDC 0.1A resistive,Drive:5VDC,5Hz,50%duty,Ambient
4
Operations (×10 ) temperature:85 °C, Sample:UC2-5NU ,10pieces)
Operations
4
(×10 )
(Load: 50VDC 0.1A resistive,Drive:5VDC,5Hz,50%duty,Ambient temperature:85 °C, Sample:UC2-5NU ,10pieces)
Running
� Test (Load)
RUNNING TEST(Load)
(Load: 50(Load:
VDC,50VDC
0.1 A0.1A
10000 resistive; Drive: 5 VDC, 5 Hz, 50% duty; Ambient
resistive,Drive:5VDC,5Hz,50%duty,Ambient
10000
5Temperature:
temperature:85 85°C; Sample:
°C, Sample:UC2-5NU UC2-5NU,
,10pieces)
5 10 pieces)
4 Operate voltage
Operate voltage
10000 54
Contact Operate 3
Contact 1000 Operate Operate voltage
resistance 1000 voltage 43
resistance voltage2
(mΩ) (V)Operate Release voltage
Contact
(mΩ) 1000 (V) 32 Release voltage
resistance 100 Release
voltage 1
Release
(mΩ)
100 21
(V) Release voltage
0
100 Release 10
10 0 2 5 10 50 100
10 0 2 5 10 50 100
0 4
0 2 5 10 50 100 Operations (×10 ) 4
0 2 5 10 50 100 Operations (×10 )
10 0 2 5 10 50 100
4
Operations (×10 ) 4
0 2 Operations
5 (×10
10 ) 50 100 4
Operations (×10 )
4
Operations (×10 )
9
9
9
●All specifications in this catalog and production status of products are subject to change without notice. Prior to the purchase, please contact NEC TOKIN for updated product data.
●Please request for a specification sheet for detailed product data prior to the purchase.
Miniature Signal Relays – UC2/UD2 Series UC2/UD2 SERIES
UC2/UD2
UC2/UD2 SERIES
SERIES
Performance Data cont’d

� BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
Sample: UC2-5NU 10peices
Breakdown Voltage
(Sample: UC2-5NU, 10 pieces)
(a) Between open contacts (b) Between adjacent contacts
(a) Between open contacts (b) Between adjacent contacts
100 Between open contacts
(a) (b) Between adjacent contacts
100
100 100
100 100
Distribution 50 50
Distribution 50 Distribution (%) 50
Distribution 50 50
Distribution (%)
Distribution (%)
0 0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0 0
0 0.5
Breakdown 1.0
voltage 1.5
(K V) 2.0 0 1.0 voltage
1.5 (K V)
2.0 2.5
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 Breakdown
1.5 2.0 2.5
Breakdown voltage (K V) Breakdown voltage (K V)
Breakdown voltage (K V) Breakdown voltage (K V)
(C) Between coil and
(C) Between coil and
(C)
100 Between coil and
100
100
Distribution (%) 50
Distribution (%) 50
Distribution (%) 50
0
1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5over
0
0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5over
1.5 Breakdown
2.0 2.5
voltage 2.5over
(K V)
Breakdown voltage (K V)
Breakdown voltage (K V)
Alteration of �Voltage in DenseOFMounting

ALTERNATION VOLTAGE IN DENSE MOUNTING (Magnetic interference)
(magnetic interference)
� ALTERNATION OF VOLTAGE IN DENSE MOUNTING (Magnetic interference)
� ALTERNATION OF VOLTAGE IN DENSE MOUNTING (Magnetic interference)
Alternation of operate voltage Alternation of operate voltage

+40 Alternation of operate voltage Alternation of operate voltage
Alternation of operate voltage +40 Alternation of operate voltage
+30 +40 +30 +40
+40 +40
+20 +30 +20 +30
+30 +30
+10 +20 +10 +20
+20 +20
Ratio of +10 Ratio of +10
+10 0 +10 0
Ratio
alternation (%)of0-10 0 Ratio
alternation (%)of0-10 0
Ratio of Ratio of
alternation (%) -10 alternation (%) -10
alternation (%) -10-20 alternation (%) -10-20
-30 -20 -30 -20
-20 -20
-30 -30
-30-40 -30-40
a -40 b c d e f a -40 b c d e f
-40 -40
a b c d e f a b c d e f
a b c d layoute
Mounting f a b cMounting
d layoute f
Mounting layout Mounting layout
Mounting layout Mounting layout
Device under test OFF

ON
Device under test OFF
Device under test ON
OFF
ON
ON ON OFF OFF
ON ON OFF OFF 3mm 2.5mm
ON ON OFF OFF 3mm
3mm 2.5mm
OFF 2.5mm
ON
ON OFF
ON OFF
a b c d
a b c d
a b c d
ON
ON OFF
ON OFF
OFF
ON
ON OFF
ON OFF
OFF
ON
ON OFF
ON e OFF
f
OFF
e f
e f
10
10
10
●Please ●All specifications
request in this sheet
catalog
forand production status of products are subject to change without notice. Prior to the purchase, please contact NEC TOKIN for updated product data.
inforthis
a specification detailed product data prior to thetopurchase.
●All specifications catalog and production status of products are subject change without notice. Prior to the purchase, please contact NEC TOKIN for updated product data.
Tube Packing – Millimeters

50 pieces / Tube (anti-static)
12.1
11.0 560
Direction of relay direction mark

Rubber stopper (Yellow) Rubber stopper (Green)
Tape & Reel Packaging Information (UD2 only) – Millimeters

Appearance Reel 1,200 pieces / Reel
Reel
Reel 1,200 pieces
Reel / Reel 380mm
diameter:
1,200 pieces
Reel diameter: 380mm
/ Reel
Emboss Reel diameter: 380mm
Emboss
Emboss Carrying tape
Carrying tape
Carrying tape
Top cover tape

Top cover tape
Top cover tape

S max. 8.1
Tape Dimensions max.A8.1 A
2.0 1.75
2.0 1.75 0.4
0.4 max.A8.1
Φ 1.5 16
12 4
Φ 1.5 16
12 4
2.0 1.75
0.4
Φ 2.2
Φ 2.2 11.5
Series A B
16
12 4 11.5 NU-L, NE-L Maximum 6.2 9.2
Φ 1.5 14.7
11.4
14.7
11.4 NUN-L, NEN-L Maximum 6.6 7.5
24.0
24.0
Φ 2.2
11.5
B 12.1
12.1 B
14.7
11.4
24.0
12.1
B
ARK AND
K AND Relay
TAPE
TAPE Direction
CARRYING
CARRYING Mark and Tape Carrying Direction
DIRECTION
DIRECTION
Sprocket
Sprocket holehole
Direction
Direction markmark
ND TAPE CARRYING DIRECTION
Sprocket hole
Direction mark
Direction
Direction of unreeling
of unreeling
NOTE ON CORRECT USE
1. Notes on contact load at a temperature outside this range may adversely affect
Make sure that the contact load is within the specified range; insulation or contact performance.
Miniature Signal Relays –the
otherwise, UC2/UD2
lifetime Series
of the contacts will be shortened - If the relay is used for a long period of time in highly humid
considerably. (RH 85% or higher) environment, moisture may be absorbed
Note that the running performance shown is an example, into the relay. This moisture may react with the NOx and
Notes onandUsing
that it Relays
varies depending on parameters such as the SOx generated by glow discharges that occur when the
type of load, switching frequency, driver circuit, and contacts are opened or closed, producing nitric or sulfuric
ambient temperature under the actual operating conditions. acid. If this happens, the acid produced may corrode the
1. Contact Load
Evaluate the performance by using the actual circuit before metallic parts of the relay, causing operational malfunction.
using the relay. - If any material containing silicon (silicon rubber, silicon oil,
Make sure that the contact load is within the specified range;
2. Driving relays
otherwise, the lifetime of the contacts will be shortened considerably.
and silicon based coating material) is used in the
Note that
- If the running
the internal performance
connection shown
diagram of a relay is an example,
shows + and - and that it varies
neighborhood depending
of relay, onpossibility
there is some parameters such as the type of load,
that these
switching frequency, driver circuit, and ambient temperature under the actual operating conditions.
symbols on the coil, apply the rated voltage to the relay in materials will emit silicon gas that will penetrate the relay. In
the specified direction. If a rippled DC current source is this case, the switching contact may generate silicon
used, abnormalities such as beat at the coil may occur. compounds on the surface of contacts. This silicon
2. Driving Relays
- The maximum voltage that can be applied to the coil of the compound may result in contact failure. Avoid use of relay in
relay varies depending on the ambient temperature. such an environment.
• If the Generally,
internal connection
the higher thediagram of a relay
voltage applied to theshows
coil, the+ and- - Because
symbolstheon the coil, apply
operating the rated
temperature rangevoltage
varies to the relay in the
specified direction. If a rippled DC current source is used, abnormalities such as heat at the coil may occur.
shorter the operating time. Note, however, that a high depending on the humidity, use the relay in the temperature
voltage also increases the bounce of the contacts and range illustrated in the figure below. Prevent the relay from
• The maximum
the contact voltage that closing
opening and can befrequency,
applied which
to themay
coil of the
beingrelay
frozenvaries depending
and avoid onofthe
the generation ambient temperature. Generally, the
condensation.
higher the voltage applied to the coil, the shorter the operating time. Note, however, that high voltage also increases the bounce
shorten the lifetime of the contacts.
- If the driving voltage waveform of the relay coil rises and 85
of thefalls
contacts
gradually,and the contact
the inherent opening
performance of theand
relayclosing
may not frequency,80which may shorten the lifetime of the contacts.
• For consistent operation, the driving voltage should have rise and
be fully realized. Make sure that the voltage waveform
60 fall times of less than 1 ms.
instantaneously rises and falls as a pulse.
Humidity
(%RH) 40
Nominal
coil voltage 20
5
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
0
Temperature (°C )
<1msec. <1msec. - The relay maintains constant sealability under normal

atmospheric pressure (810 to 1,200 hpa). Its sealability may
• For a latching relay, apply a voltage to the coil accordingbetodegraded
the polarity
or the specified
relay may beindeformed
the internal connection diagram of the relay.
and malfunction
• If a current is applied to the coil over a long period of time,

- For a latching relay, apply a voltage to the coil according to
the polarity specified in the internal connection diagram of
the coil temperature rises, promoting generation of organic gas inside
if it is used under barometric conditions exceeding the
specified range.
the relay, which
the relay. may result in faulty contacts. In this case, use of aapplies
- The same latching
whenrelay is recommended.
the relay is stored or transported.
- If a current is applied to the coil over a long period of time, Keep the upper-limit value of the temperature to which the
• The operating time and release time indicate the time required
the coil temperature rises, promoting generation of organic
for each contact to close after the voltage has been applied to or
relay is exposed after it is removed from the carton box to
removed from the coil. However, because the relay
gas inside the relay, which may result in faulty contacts. In has a mechanical
within 50°C. structure, a bounce state exists at the end of the operating
and release times. Furthermore, because additional time is required until the
this case, use of a latching relay is recommended. - Permanent magnets contact
are used stabilizes
in polarized relays.after being in a high-resistance
For this
- The operating time and release time indicate the time reason, when magnets, transformers, or speakers are
state,required
care must be taken when using the relay at high
for each contact to close after the voltage has been
speeds.
located nearby the relay characteristics may change and
applied to or removed from the coil. However, because the faulty operations may result.
3. Operating Environment
relay has a mechanical structure, a bounce state exists at - If excessive vibration or shock is applied to the relay, it may
the end of the operating and release times. Furthermore, malfunction and the contacts remain closed. Vibration or
• Makebecause
sure that the relay
additional timemounted in the
is required untilapplication
the contact set is usedapplied
shock withinto the
the specified
relay duringtemperature
operation mayrange.
cause Use of a relay at a
temperature outside this range may adversely affect insulation

stabilizes after being in a high-resistance state, care must be
taken when using the relay at high speeds.
or contact performance.
considerable damage to or wearing of the contacts. Note that
operation of a snap switch mounted close to the relay or
• If the 3.relay is used
Operating for a long period of time in highly humid
environment (RH
shock due85%
to theor higher)ofenvironment,
operation moisture
magnetic solenoid may alsomay be absorbed into the
- Make sure that the relay mounted in the application set is cause malfunctioning.
relay.used
Thiswithin
moisture may react with the NOx and SOx generated by glow discharges that occur when the contacts are opened or
the specified temperature range. Use of a relay
closed, producing nitric or sulfuric acid. If this happens, the acid produced may corrode the metallic parts of the relay, causing
operational malfunction.
13
• If any material containing silicon (silicon rubber, silicon oil, and silicon based coating material) is used in the neighborhood of
relay, there is some possibility that these materials will emit silicon gas that will penetrate the relay. In this case, the switching
contact may generate silicon compounds on the surface of contacts. This silicon compound may result in contact failure. Avoid
use of relay in such an environment.
●Please request for a specification sheet for detailed product data prior to the purchase.
●Before using the product in this catalog, please read "Precautions" and other safety precautions listed in the printed version catalog.
2007.08.03 P0886EMDD03VOL01E
ng the actual circuit before metallic parts of the relay, causing operational malfunction.
- If any material containing silicon (silicon rubber, silicon oil,
and silicon based coating material) is used in the
am of a relay shows + and - neighborhood of relay, there is some possibility that these
rated voltage to the relay in materials will emit silicon gas that will penetrate the relay. In
pled DC current source is this case, the switching contact may generate silicon
at at the coil Miniature
may occur.Signal Relays – UC2/UD2
compounds Series
on the surface of contacts. This silicon
be applied to the coil of the compound may result in contact failure. Avoid use of relay in
the ambient temperature. such an environment.
Notes on Using
ge applied to the coil, the Relays
- Because cont’dtemperature
the operating range varies
ote, however, that a high depending on the humidity, use the relay in the temperature
nce of the • Because the
contacts and rangeoperating
illustrated intemperature range
the figure below. varies
Prevent depending
the relay from on the humidity, use the relay in the temperature range illustrated in
ng frequency, which may the figure being
below. Prevent
frozen and avoidthetherelay fromofbeing
generation frozen and avoid the generation of condensation.
condensation.
s.
m of the relay coil rises and 85
rmance of the relay may not 80
hat the voltage waveform
60
a pulse.
Humidity
(%RH) 40
20
5
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (°C )
• The
<1msec. relay -maintains
The relay constant sealability
maintains constant underunder
sealability normal atmospheric pressure (810 to 1,200 hpa). Its sealability may be degraded
normal
or the relay may be deformed and malfunction if it is used under barometric conditions exceeding the specified range.
atmospheric pressure (810 to 1,200 hpa). Its sealability may
be degraded or the relay may be deformed and malfunction
• The sameif applies
tage to the coil according to it is usedwhen
underthe relay is conditions
barometric stored orexceeding
transported.
the Keep the upper-limit value of the temperature to which the relay is
exposed after
rnal connection diagram of
it is removed from the carton box to within 50°C.
specified range.
- The same applies when the relay is stored or transported.
• PermanentKeep
l over a long period of time, magnets are used
the upper-limit value in
of polarized relays.
the temperature For the
to which this reason, when magnets, transformers, or speakers are located nearby
oting generation of organic relay is exposed after it is removed from the carton box to
the relay
result in faulty contacts. In
characteristics
within 50°C.
may change and faulty operations may result.
s recommended.
• If excessive vibration or shock is applied to the relay, it may malfunction and the contacts remain closed. Vibration or shock
- Permanent magnets are used in polarized relays. For this
ase time indicate the time reason, when magnets, transformers, or speakers are
applied
e after the voltage has been to the
locatedrelay during
nearby operation
the relay may cause
characteristics considerable
may change and damage to or wearing of the contacts. Note that operation of a
coil. However, becausesnap switch mounted close to the relay or shock due to the operation of magnetic solenoid may also cause malfunctioning.
the faulty operations may result.
e, a bounce state exists at - If excessive vibration or shock is applied to the relay, it may
elease times. Furthermore, malfunction and the contacts remain closed. Vibration or
4. Mounting
equired until the contact shock applied to the relay during operation may cause
sistance state, care must be considerable damage to or wearing of the contacts. Note that
h speeds.
• When mounting a relay onto a PC board using an automatic chip mounter, if excessive force is applied to the cover of the relay
operation of a snap switch mounted close to the relay or
when the shock
relay due
is chucked or inserted,
to the operation thesolenoid
of magnetic cover may be damaged or the characteristics of the relay degraded. Keep the force
may also
ted in the applicationapplied
set is tocause
the relay to within 1 kg.
malfunctioning.
ature range. Use of a relay
• Avoid bending the pins to temporarily secure the relay to the PC board. Bending the pins may degrade sealability or adversely
affect the internal mechanism.
13
• Ventilation immediately after soldering is recommended. Avoid immersing the relay in cleaning solvent immediately after
soldering due to the danger of thermal shock being applied to the relay.
• Use an alcohol-based or water-based cleaning solvent. Never use thinner and benzene because they may damage the relay
housing.
of products are subject to change without notice. Prior to the purchase, please contact NEC TOKIN for updated product data.
• Do not use ultrasonic cleaning because the vibration energy generated by the ultrasonic waves may cause the contacts to
duct data prior to the purchase.
ecautions" and other safety precautions listed in the printed version catalog.
remain closed.
5. Handling and Storage 2007.08.03 P0886EMDD03VOL01E
• Relays are packaged in magazine cases for shipment. If a space is created in the case after some relays have been removed, be
sure to insert a stopper to secure the remaining relays in the case. If relays are not well secured, vibration during transportation
may cause malfunctioning of the contacts.
• Exercise care in handling the relay so as to avoid dropping it or allowing it to fall. Do not use a relay that has been dropped. If a
relay drops from a workbench to the floor, a shock of 9,800 m/s2 (1,000 G) or more is applied to the relay, possibly damaging its
functions. Even if a light shock has been applied to the relay, thoroughly evaluate its operation before using it.
Notes on Using Relays cont’d

• Latching relays are factory-set to reset state for shipment. A latching relay may be set, however, by vibration or shock applied
while being transported. Be sure to forcibly reset the relay before using it in the application set. Also note that the relay may be
set by unexpected vibration or shock when it is used in a portable set.
• The sealability of a surface mount (SMT) relay may be lost if the relay absorbs and is then heated during soldering. When storing
relays, therefore, observe the following points:
1. For standard packing, please use relays within 12 months after delivery (storage conditions: 30°C / 60% RH). If the relays
have moisture absorption, dehumidify as follows:
– Tape Packaging: 50 ±5°C, 200–300 hours.
– Simple Relay: 85 ±5°C, 48 hours.
2. For MBB packing, please use relays within 2 years after delivery (storage conditions: 30°C / 60% RH). After opening MBB
packing, please use within 3 months (storage conditions: 30°C / 60% RH).
KEMET Corporation Europe Asia

World Headquarters
Southern Europe Northeast Asia
2835 KEMET Way Paris, France Hong Kong
Simpsonville, SC 29681 Tel: 33-1-4646-1006 Tel: 852-2305-1168
Mailing Address: Sasso Marconi, Italy Shenzhen, China

P.O. Box 5928 Tel: 39-051-939111 Tel: 86-755-2518-1306
Greenville, SC 29606
Beijing, China
www.kemet.com Central Europe Tel: 86-10-5829-1711
Tel: 864-963-6300 Landsberg, Germany
Fax: 864-963-6521 Tel: 49-8191-3350800 Shanghai, China
Tel: 86-21-6447-0707
Corporate Offices Kamen, Germany
Fort Lauderdale, FL Tel: 49-2307-438110 Taipei, Taiwan
Tel: 954-766-2800 Tel: 886-2-27528585
Northern Europe
North America
Bishop’s Stortford, United Kingdom Southeast Asia
Tel: 44-1279-460122 Singapore
Southeast
Tel: 65-6586-1900
Lake Mary, FL
Espoo, Finland
Tel: 407-855-8886
Tel: 358-9-5406-5000 Penang, Malaysia
Tel: 60-4-6430200
Northeast
Wilmington, MA
Bangalore, India
Tel: 978-658-1663
Tel: 91-806-53-76817
Central
Novi, MI
Tel: 248-306-9353
West
Milpitas, CA
Tel: 408-433-9950
Mexico
Guadalajara, Jalisco
Tel: 52-33-3123-2141
Note: KEMET reserves the right to modify minor details of internal and external construction at any time in the interest of product improvement. KEMET does not
assume any responsibility for infringement that might result from the use of KEMET Capacitors in potential circuit designs. KEMET is a registered trademark of
KEMET Electronics Corporation.
Disclaimer
This product has been made available through a Private Label Agreement and a Development and Cross-Licensing Agreement between KEMET and NEC TOKIN to expand market
and product offerings for both companies and their respective customers. For more information, please visit http://www.kemet.com/nectokin.
All product specifi cations, statements, information and data (collectively, the “Information”) in this datasheet are subject to change. The customer is responsible for checking and
verifying the extent to which the Information contained in this publication is applicable to an order at the time the order is placed.
All Information given herein is believed to be accurate and reliable, but it is presented without guarantee, warranty, or responsibility of any kind, expressed or implied.
Statements of suitability for certain applications are based on KEMET Electronics Corporation’s (“KEMET”) knowledge of typical operating conditions for such applications, but are
not intended to constitute – and KEMET specifi cally disclaims – any warranty concerning suitability for a specifi c customer application or use. The Information is intended for use only
by customers who have the requisite experience and capability to determine the correct products for their application. Any technical advice inferred from this Information or otherwise
provided by KEMET with reference to the use of KEMET’s products is given gratis, and KEMET assumes no obligation or liability for the advice given or results obtained.
Although KEMET designs and manufactures its products to the most stringent quality and safety standards, given the current state of the art, isolated component failures may still
occur. Accordingly, customer applications which require a high degree of reliability or safety should employ suitable designs or other safeguards (such as installation of protective
circuitry or redundancies) in order to ensure that the failure of an electrical component does not result in a risk of personal injury or property damage.
Although all product–related warnings, cautions and notes must be observed, the customer should not assume that all safety measures are indicted or that other measures may not
be required.
Mouser Electronics
Authorized Distributor
Click to View Pricing, Inventory, Delivery & Lifecycle Information:
Kemet:
UD2-12NU UD2-4.5SNU UD2-3NU UD2-3SNU UD2-5NU UD2-4.5NU UD2-5NU-L UD2-12NU-L UD2-4.5NU-L
UC2-12NU UC2-12SNU UC2-3NE UC2-3NU UC2-3SNU UC2-4.5NE UC2-4.5NU UC2-4.5SNU UC2-5NE UC2-
5NU UC2-5SNU UD2-12NUN UD2-3NE UD2-3NE-L UD2-3NEN UD2-3NEN-L UD2-3NUN UD2-3SNU-L UD2-
3SNUN UD2-4.5NE UD2-4.5NE-L UD2-4.5NEN UD2-4.5NEN-L UD2-4.5NUN UD2-4.5SNU-L UD2-4.5SNUN UD2-
5NE UD2-5NE-L UD2-5NEN UD2-5NEN-L UD2-5NUN UD2-5SNU-L UD2-5SNUN UD2-5SNUN-L
NEC-Tokin KEMET:
UD2-5SNU UD2-12NUN-L UD2-3NU-L UD2-3NUN-L UD2-3SNUN-L UD2-4.5NUN-L UD2-4.5SNUN-L UD2-
5NUN-L

Kem R7005 Uc2 Ud2-541010

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kem R7005 Uc2 Ud2-541010

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Miniature Signal Relays

Part Number System

One world. One KEMET

D Maximum K H Maximum B Maximum

General tolerance: ±0.3

Non-latch type Single coil latch type

S: Coil polarity for Set

UL, CSA marking Date code

Certification Body Mark Specification File Number Class Rating

Table 1 – Ratings & Part Number Reference

Nominal Coil Voltage

Land Pattern – Millimeters

UD2 Series (top view)

UD2 – Surface Mounting

45 (Maximum 70) Time (seconds)

190 (Maximum 300)

Coil Specifications cont’d

Non-latch, Low Power Consumption (NE, NEN) Type (@ 20°C)

Recommended Relay Drive Conditions

Coil Type Rating Ambient Temperature

Date code Part number

2.0 2.0 DC(Resistive)DC(Resistive) Low power consumption

Applied Voltage vs.�Timing

Performance Data cont’d

Alteration of �Voltage in DenseOFMounting

Alternation of operate voltage Alternation of operate voltage

Device under test OFF

Tube Packing – Millimeters

Direction of relay direction mark

Tape & Reel Packaging Information (UD2 only) – Millimeters

Top cover tape

Top cover tape

<1msec. <1msec. - The relay maintains constant sealability under normal

• If a current is applied to the coil over a long period of time,

temperature outside this range may adversely affect insulation

5. Handling and Storage 2007.08.03 P0886EMDD03VOL01E

Notes on Using Relays cont’d

KEMET Corporation Europe Asia

Mailing Address: Sasso Marconi, Italy Shenzhen, China

Click to View Pricing, Inventory, Delivery & Lifecycle Information:

You might also like