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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 449 – 463

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1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Programme Committee of the Transport Research
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doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1024
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