Benchmarking On The Use of Internal Technical Specifications and External Standards by Some Oil & Gas Companies

Benchmarking on the use of internal technical
specifications and external standards by some oil

& gas companies
Report No. 450
February 2011
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

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Benchmarking on the use of internal technical
specifications and external standards by
some oil & gas companies
Report No: 450
February 2011
Table of contents
1- Summary 1
1.1 Definitions...........................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Abbreviations.......................................................................................................................................1
2 - Introduction 2
3 - Company specifications 3
3.1 Basis for specifications.........................................................................................................................5
3.2 Revision frequency and derogations.....................................................................................................6
3.3 In summary.........................................................................................................................................7
4 - External standards 8
4.1 Responsibility for maintenance of standards......................................................................................10
4.2 Participation in standards work.........................................................................................................10
4.3 Benefits of international standards.....................................................................................................10
4.4 Improvements....................................................................................................................................12
4.5 In summary.......................................................................................................................................12
5 - Standards used in Europe in 1994 13
6 - Comparison of standards 14
7 - Conclusion 15
Annex 1 - Standards referenced by oil companies 16
Annex 2 - ISO/TC67 Standards referenced 19
iv ©OGP
Benchmarking on the use of internal technical specifications and external standards by some oil & gas companies
1 - Summary
The OGP Standards Committee launched a benchmarking survey in 2008 on company specifications and
external standards (see Definitions below) within the OGP membership. Eighteen (18) replies were received
from companies covering around 1/3 of global oil & gas production.
These companies hold portfolios containing a significantly different number of company specifications.
Some manage with a few, while two companies in this survey have more than 2,000 company specifications.
On average these companies have 816 specifications and the number appears to be growing. It goes without
saying that large numbers of specifications take a lot of company resources to maintain in order to keep
them current and still useful.
Large groups of company specifications for mechanical equipment (including rotating machinery, tanks
& vessels, piping and valves), maintenance and inspection, electrical, instrumentation, HSE and process
disciplines may suggest lack of, or inappropriate level of, external standards in these areas. The companies
generally seem to involve more people in their own specifications writing than in the work of external stand-
ardisation.
Overall, there are a lot of references quoting external standards in company specifications. In total 5,237
different standards titles have been recorded from eight (8) of the respondents providing their reference lists.
These standards come from as many as 132 different standards making organisations such as ASTM, ISO,
IEC, API, ASME, BSI, CEN, DIN, AFNOR and others.
This benchmarking survey shows that there is a large difference in operating companies’ participation in
external standardisation work. Despite the affirmations of a great interest for international standardisation
and potential benefits, many of the companies are not deeply involved in the works of external standards
organisations. Some majors carry a heavy burden, while other operating companies are happy to make use of
the standards and harvest their benefits, but they are not present at all in the standards development process.
Note that this report covers only certain aspects of the results and full details of the responses are only avail-
able to the participating OGP membership.
1.1 Definitions
For the purpose of this report, the following definitions have been provided:
External standards: International, regional, national and industry standards, established by consen-
sus and approved by a recognized body (e.g. ISO, CEN, ANSI, BSI, NEN, API, EFC), that provides, for
common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the
achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context.
Company specifications: Internal company technical specifications, internal company standards, design
and engineering practices, etc. prepared by the company itself for its own repeated use.
1.2 Abbreviations
PNGI Petroleum & Natural Gas Industries
PPGNI Petroleum, Petrochemical & Natural Gas Industries
For remaining abbreviations, see Annex 1.
©OGP 1
2 - Introduction
OGP’s Standards Committee launched a questionnaire in March

2008 within the operating companies of OGP membership in
order to get a benchmarking on company specifications and exter-
nal standards. Eighteen (18) replies were received from small and
large operating companies including a European pipeline company
Middle East - 5
that requested to participate in the benchmarking. The operating
companies that completed the questionnaire represent 1/3 of the Europe - 9
50 operating companies in OGP and they have their head quarters
in the North and South America, Asia, Europe and Middle East. Asia -1
This report takes into account the supplementary information
provided after clarifications. Some of the responses have been dif- Americas - 3
ficult to analyse and compare with other responses, so this report
is an overall view of the information available.
Note: There are instances where a company did not answer all the
Figure 1 - Base region of
questions in the survey. The number of responses received to each
companies responding
question is provided for information, denoted by (./.) in the text.
This questionnaire initially related to upstream specifications
only. However some of the participating companies could not
restrict their responses to just upstream, due to the organisation Downstream
of their documents. The responses are reflected in Fig. 2. only - 11%
Upstream,
downstream
& chemicals - 17%
Upstream only - 55%
Upstream &
downstream
- 17%
Figure 2 - Segments
considered by companies
2 ©OGP
3 - Company specifications
The same set of company specifications is commonly shared by the different industry segments (upstream,
downstream, chemicals) in 44% of the companies (7 of 16 respondents to this question). When this is not
the case, each industry segment is fully independent to produce and manage its own set of company speci-
fications.
89% (16 of 18) of the companies have a steering committee to manage their strategy (annual plans, budgets
etc). Only one of the major companies doesn’t have a steering committee.
For the technical specifications each company has its own document structure and this makes comparison
difficult. There are large variations in how the respondents name the detailed categories of documents, such
as:
• Group Practice, Group Instruction for Supply, Guidance Note, Reference documents;
• Standards & manuals, forms & drawings;
• Upstream Engineering Standards;
• Group Guidelines, Global Operative Regulation, Local Operative Regulation, Technology-related
Documentation, Manuals;
• General Specifications for New Equipment/Pipelines/Facilities and General Construction
• Standards, Technical Specs, Instructions;
• Specifications, Technical Standards, Guidelines, Procedures, Recommended Practice Philosophy,
Manuals;
• Policy, Norm, Procedure, Specification, Manual, Guide;
• Engineering Standards, Materials Systems Specifications, Engineering Procedures, Standard
Drawings, Best Practices, Inspection Procedures, Technical Alerts;
• Manual, Technical Specification, Procedural Specification, Notes, Requisition, Standard Form,
Standard Drawings and Requisitions;
• Function Requirement, Technical Requirements Global and Local, Working Requirements Global
and Local, Guideline Global and Local;
• Directives, Company Rules, General Specifications, Know-how Guidebooks and Manuals;
• Front End Engineering Design Specifications; and
• Procedure, Specification, Standardisation, Test Method, Terminology, Symbology, Classification.
Whether the documents are mandatory or not also varies greatly between companies, from none to all. In
some companies mandatory items are specified inside the document itself.
Specifications num ber of docum ents average num ber of page Pages
4500 60
4000
50
3500
3000 40
2500
30
2000
1500 20
1000
10
500
0 0
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R
Fig. 3 – Number of specifications by company and average number of pages
©OGP 3
The documents that were not considered to fit the definition of company specifications such as forms,
drawings, instructions etc. were removed from the information to be examined hereafter. The remaining
number of specifications and the average number of page by specification are shown in the Fig. 3. Sixteen
(16) answers for the number of specifications were provided, and ten (10) answers for the number of pages.
As can be seen, there are very large variations in number of specifications and average page numbers from
one company to another. Some make it with very few, while others have large libraries of specifications.
The largest library from Company “N” represents more than 40,000 pages of technical specifications.
Considering all the replies, the average number of specifications stands at 816 documents and the average
number of pages is 24.5. It goes without saying that large numbers of specifications take a lot of company
resources to maintain in order to keep them current and still useful for projects and operations.
Since this benchmarking survey was recorded, three of the participating companies with large portfolios of
specifications have started in-house projects to consolidate and reduce the number of specifications. One
of these companies has the aim of ending up with about 200 company specifications for global application.
120
100
80
60
40
20
Fig. 4 – Average number of specification by discipline
Here only the average numbers are given, but the data received also revealed great differences between the
responding companies from 0 – 1.185 specifications for one discipline (maintenance & inspection) and
1.500 specifications for another disciplines (piping & valves).
The disciplines had been predefined in the questionnaire and this did not always match with the responses,
so some of the specifications were put in the “Others” category as they could not be split or did not fall
within a predefined category.
Many disciplines are covered with a great number of specifications and the following have more than ~ 40
in average:
• Mechanical including rotating equipment, tanks & vessels (106);
4 ©OGP
• Piping and valves (106);

• Maintenance and inspection (102).
• Electrical (72);
• Instrumentation (64);
• Process and design (47);
• HSE (38).
Except for mechanical equipment and to some degree electrical, these disciplines represent areas where the
oil & gas industry do not have any or only some limited international standards efforts ongoing:
• Piping and valves: Some work takes place in ISO/TC67/SC6/WG5 on general piping standards,
such as ISO 13703 (based on API RP14E) Offshore piping systems, 14692 GRP and 15649 (based
on ANSI B31.3) Piping systems. Some valve standards work takes place in the general industry com-
mittee ISO/TC153 where the oil & gas industry is involved, but to a limited degree. OGP Standards
Committee has decided to establish a task force on piping & valves to review and discuss international
standards work and what should be done, in particular in the areas of piping materials and valve
standards.
• Maintenance and inspection: No international standards work is known where the oil & gas indus-
try is involved.
• Electrical: IEC/TC18/MT18 maintains standards for electrical installations and equipment of ships
and of mobile and fixed offshore units, incorporating good practice and aligning as far as possible
existing specifications and IEC publications. Seven parts of IEC 61892 have been published.
• Instrumentation: No work in IEC/ISO where the oil & gas industry is involved, except for some
limited participation in IEC 61508 and 61511. There is, however, standards work ongoing in several
other organisations such as API, EEMUA, ISA, NAMUR and NORSOK with focus on the oil &
gas industry.
• Process: ISO/TC67/SC6/WG1 has developed ISO 10418 for basic safety surface systems, ISO 23251
on pressure relieving and 28300 on venting of storage tanks.
• HSE: ISO/TC67/SC6/WG1 has developed ISO 13702 Control & mitigation of fires and explosion,
15544 Emergency response and 17776 Assessment of hazardous situations. This work group is not
very active and in view of the significant number of industry HSE standards and guidelines much
more international standards work could be done.
With an increased international standards effort in these areas and in particular where no international
standards work is ongoing e.g. maintenance and inspection, there may be room for reducing the number and
volume of company specifications. This will result in more efficient procurement and operations and this
matter should be the subject for further review and consideration. The high number of internal mechanical
standards is assumed to be because there are a high number of separate equipment types.
3.1 Basis for specifications

There was interest in finding out if the company specifications are stand-alone documents or to what degree
they are based on external standards. Stand-alone documents are much more time consuming and poten-
tially challenging for designers, manufacturers etc. to understand properly than company specifications
based on well known external standards. This is particularly the case when the specifications are written
with the same list of contents as the standard upon which it is based.
Therefore, a question on proportion (%) of company specifications based on: a) international standards
(ISO, IEC) or b) other external standards (14 answers) was asked. This was probably not well enough
defined due to widely varying responses received to the question. The phrase “based on” was subsequently
clarified to convey the following meaning:
©OGP 5
Specifications which are fully based on an international or other standard and where the company speci-
fication only provides either additional requirements or modifications to the provisions of the standard
referenced. The supplier would thus be able to deliver a standard product with some modifications. i.e. if
a company specification makes reference to but provides a lot of separate requirements not in line with the
referenced standard at all, this can hardly be said to be a specification “ based on”.
The answers received after this clarification were still distributed widely as shown in Fig. 5 following, and
several of the responses claimed 100% of their specification to be based on external standards.
The average proportion of company specification based on a) international standards is 37% and b) on other
external standards is 31%. Several of the respondents claimed their specification to be 100% based on exter-
nal standards. This is probably higher than is strictly correct according to the definition of ‘based on’ given
above.
3.2 Revision frequency and derogations

The average number of company specifications (per category) revised, created or withdrawn per year (13
answers) are shown in the table to the below.
Average number of documents revised, created or withdrawn per year max min
% revised and amended 17% 100% 5%
% created 6% 13% 1%
% withdrawn 4% 10% 0%
In this question the total number of specification (all categories) was considered. The table below represents
the percentage of specifications in the average, the maximum and the minimum answers. There are more
documents being created (avg. 6%) than deleted (avg. 4%) and this suggests the portfolio is growing.
international standards other external standards
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R
Fig. 5 - Company specifications “based on” external standards
The average time between two revisions of company specifications (per category and per discipline if possi-
ble) (14 answers) vary from 1 to 5 years. Few companies have a target on this point. When it exists it is fixed
from 3 to 5 years.
6 ©OGP
Nearly all companies responding have a steering committee to handle company specifications and strategy
on the use of ISO, IEC and ITU standards.
89% (16 of 18) of the companies have a derogation process to handle deviations, exemptions, waivers etc.
Most of the companies require the approval of a technical committee and/or an authority structure. The
final structure that approves the derogation could be:
• Management structure in business units; and/or
• Technical committee (in business units).
3.3 In summary
These companies hold portfolios of a significantly different number of company specifications. Some
manage with a few, while two companies in this survey have more than 2,000 company specifications. The
average number of specifications per company is 816 and the number appears to be growing. It goes without
saying that large numbers of specifications take a lot of company resources to maintain in order to keep
them current and still useful.
Large groups of company specifications for mechanical equipment (including rotating machinery, tanks
& vessels, piping and valves), maintenance and inspection, electrical, instrumentation, HSE and process
disciplines may suggest a lack of, or inappropriate level of, external standards in these areas. The companies
generally seem to involve more people in the writing of their own specifications than in the work of external
standardisation.
©OGP 7
4 - External standards
Many of the companies responding (16 of 18) have a management approved strategy on use of ISO/IEC/
ITU standards.
The respondents make a lot of references to external standards in their company specifications. Eight com-
panies from Europe and the Middle East provided their detailed lists of reference standards. This informa-
tion was used to compile a total list of referenced standards, sorted by standards organisation for ISO, IEC,
API, ASTM, ASME, CEN (making EN standards) and NACE etc. with those with below 20 references
collected in an “Others” group. The total list includes 5,237 different standard titles from as many as 132
different standards-providing organisations. The details are provided in a separate report available to OGP
members only. In this list each standard reference (title) is quoted once only. A summary is shown in Fig 6
below and the complete list of organisations is found in Annex 1 of this report.
Standard referenced
Benchmarking survey 2008
AASHTO 23
ACI 65
ANSI 133
API 281
ASME 133
ASTM 902
AWS 25
BS 212
DIN 74
DNV 32
EEMUA 20
EN 638
IEC 480
IEEE 120
ISO 872
MSS 24
NACE 64
NEMA 54
NEN 206
NF 210
NFPA 82
NORSOK 24
PIP 39
SSPC 29
UL 71
Others 425
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Fig. 6 - Number of referenced standards sorted by organisation
This is a very large number of standards and these are probably a significant portion of all the standards used
by the operating companies, those in the western world in particular. These are, however, “first line” refer-
ences and when we know that these standards again include many more standards references themselves,
say between 5-20 each, but not all different, we can assume that the oil & gas industry uses grossly between
8 ©OGP
10-20,000 different standards in total. On a global basis there are, in addition, Chinese, Russian and other
standards in use.
If we consider the 5,237 “first line” reference standards only, and assume that the average number of pages
for each of these standards is 50 (ISO average), we will have about 265,000 pages or a 13 meter-high stack of
documents. This equates, in a normal sized office, to about five (5) stacks of standards from floor to ceiling.
This figure offers an idea of the vast amount of external standards the oil & gas industry operators base their
operations on.
Much effort has been put into ISO/TC67 work and therefore it is of particular interest to look at the ref-
erenced standards from this committee. The survey reveals that 113 of the ISO/TC67 standards are refer-
enced. Considering that not all the specifications were new at the time of the survey, but say on average 2-3
years old, this would imply that we should compare the 113 figure with the 2006 catalogue of ISO/TC67
standards, which at that time stood at 119 published standards. So we can safely assume that nearly all of
the ISO/TC67 standards have been referenced by the eight respondents. Annex 2 to this report provides a
list of these 113 standards for further analysis.
Figures 7 & 8 show the nuumber of ISO and IEC standards referenced in this survey from some of their
technical committees.
TC67 ‐ Materials, equipment and offshore structures … 113

TC35 ‐ Painting 98
TC17 ‐ Steel 48
TC61 ‐ Plastic 47
TC10 ‐ Technical product information 35
TC43 ‐ Acoustics 34
TC44 ‐ Welding and allied processes 28
TC33 ‐ Refractories 27
TC108 ‐ Mechanical vibration, shock nd condition … 25
TC159 ‐ Ergonomics 23
TC193 ‐ Natural gas 17
TC71 ‐ Concrete 17
TC45 ‐ Rubber and rubber products 17
TC28 ‐ Petroleum products and lubricants 11
TC153 ‐ Valves 10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Fig. 7 - Standards from some ISO Technical Committees
©OGP 9
TC77 ‐ Electromagnetic compatability 46
TC20 ‐ Electric cables 41
TC65 ‐ Industrial‐proess measurement, control and
38
automation
TC17 ‐ Switchgear and controlgear 29
TC2 ‐ Rotating machinery 25
TC31 ‐ Equipment for explosive atmospheres 24
TC34 ‐ Lamps and related equipment 22
TC14 ‐ Power transformers 21
TC64 ‐ Electrical installations and protection against
18
electric shock
TC22 ‐ Power electric systems and equipment 18
TC18 ‐ Electrical installations of ships and mobile and
17
fixed offshore structures
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Fig. 8 - Standards from some IEC Technical Committees
4.1 Responsibility for maintenance of standards

The oil & gas industry is directly “responsible” for about 12% of the 5,237 standards issued by API, ISO, IEC, CEN,
EEMUA, NACE and NORSOK, whereas the other standards are shared with many other industry branches and hence
there is a shared responsibility for maintenance and development.
4.2 Participation in standards work

This benchmarking survey shows that there is a large difference in operating companies’ participation in external stand-
ardisation work. Despite the affirmations of great interest in international standardisation and its potential benefits,
many of the companies responding are not greatly involved in the work of external standards organisations. Some
majors carry a heavy burden, while other operating companies are not present at all. It is possible that a significant
number of the standards used could have been written largely by manufacturers or consultants with only limited user
input.
4.3 Benefits of international standards

On the question of the benefits of international standards as seen by the responding companies, the following benefits
were frequently quoted:
• Cost reduction;
• Reconciliation of technical differences; and
• Minimising the volume of company specifications.
Detailed answers provided by the respondents:
• Cost reduction (simplify design and procurement, interchange ability of equipment, etc.), enhance technical
integrity (HSEQ, maximum availability, etc.), establish a common technology base (sharing best practice) and
support legislation where linked (for example, European Directives);
10 ©OGP
• Being able to use the same standard worldwide - Minimizing the volume of internal standards/speci-
fications - Participation facilitates the company experts knowledge of latest technical developments;
• Facilitate global trade/availability of equipment, create common industry understanding and transfer
of international experience, reduce design work, accelerate product development and delivery, global
competition will reduce cost, global expert networking possibilities, reduce the need for company
specifications;
• Reduction of costs and schedules. Making the internal experts discuss with their peers to obtain a
consensus of quality;
• Contribution to cost reduction;
• Increase access in select parts of the world and improve trade;
• Consistent standards globally as we are international and global company;
• Following international standards could raise management efficient;
• Brings opportunities to harmonize with regional standards (Vienna agreement);
• To hold the competitiveness, no market barriers, cost reduction, to keep, ensure and follow the require-
ments of legislation. Smaller companies are also operating in international areas; it means a common
language is necessary. The special language which is used by International Standards is also ensuring
the common basic language for all participants;
• Participation & learning, promoting national views, reconciling technical differences, benchmarking
international consensus;
• Utilising the best international practices/experiences;
• Trade exchange and technology transfer;
• Minimising company specifications;
• Promotion of safety, health, security, quality, reliability, compatibility; technology transfer; protec-
tion of consumers and the environment;
• Providing input about international community knowledge; requirements that should be fulfilled in
the near future; insights about industry trends and general technical improvements;
• It meets company needs;
• Better communication with suppliers; and
• Helping to improve competence of workforce.
On the question of in which subject/category do the responding companies see the most benefit of interna-
tional standards work, the following detailed answers were provided:
• Engineering design, operation, HSE and so on;
• Harmonisation of company, industrial, national, regional standards with international standards;
• Emerging business areas such as floating production, subsea, LNG, select measurement areas, etc;
• Purchasing components, products;
• Natural gas quality, drilling;
• System standards & specs, material selection, pipelines;
• Quality and HSE;
• Design and process;
• Inspection and testing;
• Materials and corrosion protection;
• Operations Integrity, Safety, Quality, Health, Environment & Security;
• Equipment design and manufacturing;
• The most purchased equipment. HSE normalization, including sustainable development;
• Production of the following categories of international standards: specifications, methods and proce-
dures;
• ISO TC67.
©OGP 11
4.4 Improvements
On the question of where the responding companies think improvements are necessary in international
standards work, the following suggestions were frequently quoted:
• Improve the participation of experts and companies; and
• ISO process: editing, take more attention to national adoption.
Detailed answers provided by the respondents:
• Ensuring participation from all global oil and gas companies;
• Involving more experts and companies in standards work. This could make standards more applicable;
• To pay more attention to a national adoption of international standards and to a participation of local
specialists in international standardisation: reducing a number of normative references to those that
are absolutely required as an integral part of the standard; developing comprehensive multilingual
specialized websites; adopting a performance approach in standards development; developing stand-
ards for E&P technologies, including HSEQ;
• Editorial process is far too time-consuming. Process needs to be business-focused and prioritize busi-
ness value versus resources utilized. All standards work must clearly identify resource requirements,
shortened timelines (far too long now in most cases), adherence to milestones, and most importantly
co-operatively worked with API. If a standard cannot be dual branded, the committee must deter-
mine why prior to starting work;
• More companies should consider providing experts;
• Online working platform with access to the standards under preparation and online communication
with the other nominated experts of the technical committee. Bigger countries are taking bigger roles
in international standards work, smaller ones have only lesser role. It should be changed in a demo-
cratic way;
• Improvements are required in involving worldwide climate/weather conditions in international stand-
ards. Also, worldwide manufacturers and contractors should be involved in standards development;
• Subsurface standards;
• Discipline-to-discipline benchmark;
• The published documents need to be applied in even more countries - more companies need to align
their standards strategy behind this - there is still duplication of standards work. This should be
reduced;
• Upstream preparation to identify the requirements contained in the company specifications in order
to integrate into the standards all the shared requirements (this could be done by OGP); and
• International Standards Committee should improve speed of international standards production.
4.5 In summary
Overall, there are a lot of references quoted to external standards in company specifications. In total 5,237
different standards titles have been recorded from eight (8) of the respondents providing their reference lists.
These standards come from as many as 132 different standards making organisations such as ASTM, ISO,
IEC, API, ASME, BSI, CEN, DIN and others.
This benchmarking survey shows that there is a large difference in the participation of operating companies
in external standardisation work. Despite the affirmations of great interest in international standardisation
and its potential benefits, many of the companies are not greatly involved in the works of external standards
organisations. Some majors carry a heavy burden, while other operating companies are happy to make use of
the standards and harvest their benefits, but they are not at all present in the standards development process.
12 ©OGP
5 - Standards used in Europe in 1994
A similar benchmarking survey was taken in 1994 and published by CEN in 1996 with significant input
from many OGP Standards committee members at the time. Ref. CEN report “Standardization programme
for the PGNI including a listing of standards used in Europe” CEN Order ref. PETROL96-1, ISBN 92-9097-
516-4. In 1992 CEN issued a questionnaire to all its members, asking them to list the standards in use, in
development, planned or needed for machines and equipment for oil and gas exploration, production and
refining. The response was compiled into a list of about 4,000 public and private standards. From this list
a new list of about 2,000 publically available (external) standards were developed and updated in October
1994 and the subject of the CEN report mentioned above. A summary of this list can be presented as fol-
lows:
AD 61
AGI 25
AGMA 15
ANSI 15
API 257
ASME 15
ASTM 280
AWS 12
BS 323
DIN 193
DNV 27
EEMUA 24
EN 40
IP 26
ISA 3
ISO 200
NACE 17
NEMA 2
NF 22
NFPA 18
NP 13
NS 131
SAE 37
TRB 22
UNS 24
VDTUEV 13
OTHERS 140
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Fig. 9 - PETROL 1996 Benchmarking survey
©OGP 13
6 - Comparison of studies
If we compare this CEN Petrol96 survey with the recent OGP benchmarking survey and categorize the
standards in groups of industry (API, ASME, EEMUA, NACE, NORSOK, MSS etc.), national (ANSI,
BS, NEN, NF etc.), regional (EN) and international standards (IEC, IMO, ISO etc.) and show the percent-
age of each group per survey, we arrive at the graph below. This graph clearly shows that national standards
like BS, DIN and NS are greatly reduced in the number of references in the recent survey and thus refer-
ences to international standards are increasing sharply.
Comparison of standard groups
Numbers in %
60
49
50 44
40 38
30 26
20 17
12 11
10
2
0
Industry National Regional International
PETROL 96 OGP Benchmark 08

Fig. 10 - Comparison 1994 vs. 2008 references
The same development trend in references to standards is shown in OGP Report No. 426, Regulators’ use of
standards, issued March 2010.
14 ©OGP
7 - Conclusion
The benchmark report summary is found at the front of this report.

In view of the large number of company specifications each demanding considerable resources from each
company to develop and maintain we should perhaps reflect on this matter.
What makes some of the operating companies (with pretty much the same tasks of exploration and devel-
opment of oil & gas fields) develop the large libraries of specifications we have seen in this survey? There is
a clear tendency for large companies to have more specifications than small companies. This may well be
related to available engineering resources. Another reason could be that when consensus on a technical issue
is not possible, the solution is often found by adding: “…. or specified by the company” or “…. by agreement”.
These terms are detrimental for standardization because the standard then requires the Companies to make
their own choices or specifications. The survey has also revealed that nearly all companies have a steering
committee, so leadership is in place but apparently not too much concerned with this matter.
Who decides what level of detail is included in the company specifications? Many factors are believed to
influence this issue such as past failures, engineering experience, management strategy, knowledge of avail-
able standards, in-house engineering resources available etc. Typically it is the company’s own engineers that
develop the specifications with a chief engineer or a management structure for approval of these.
From the past we know that top management of some companies from time to time have taken steps to
reduce the volumes, or on the contrary develop more and strengthen the relevance of specifications or simi-
lar actions of considerable significance. This survey also showed great variation upon which level the com-
pany specifications are voluntary or mandatory for company projects or company operations.
Partners in a field development project normally accept the responsible operator’s specifications. An inter-
esting question in line with this fact would be: ‘would the partner companies be happy to have the operator’s
specifications?’ Another question is, ‘if company A’s engineers worked for company B and vice versa, would
company B, over time, get company A’s specifications and vice versa?’ This is not unlikely! This implies
that if Company A can operate with company B’s specifications, would they not be able to operate with a
set of external standards if they were available? This is not unlikely! Therefore it appears that more of the
resources that are spent today on development and maintenance of company specifications could better be
shared with others in the development of international standards. This may be particularly relevant in areas
where there is no or limited international standards work ongoing. With the possibility of different product
specification levels and for regional variations in international standards, there is no reason why this could
not work. With a company specification that largely made references to external standards, projects would
have a clear basis on which to build their needs, and more standardisation would be achieved.
The survey shows that the major companies are carrying a heavy burden in the international standards
development work. Actions should be taken to involve more operating companies that are not present today
as this survey also shows that all companies that make good use of external standards significantly benefit
from their existence.
OGP’s Position Paper on the development and use of international standards (OGP Report No. 381) may
well have influenced the increased choice of reference standards in the international direction. This position
is still relevant as there is clearly more work to do in the area of reducing the number and volume of company
specifications and in the development of more external standards to achieve the full goals of the position.
©OGP 15
Annex 1
Standards referenced by oil companies

1. Aerospace Material Specifications (AMS)
2. Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Institute (ARI) - http://www.ahrinet.org
3. Air Movement & Control Association (AMCA) - http://www.amca.org
4. Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE) - http://www.ruralelec.org
5. Alliance for Telecommunication Industry Solutions (ATIS) - www.atis.org
6. American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) - http://www.aamanet.org
7. American Association of State Highway & Transportation Officials (AASHTO) - http://transportation.org
8. American Association of Textile Chemists & Colorists (AATCC) - http://www.aatcc.org
9. American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA) - http://www.americanbearings.org
10. American Concrete Institute (ACI) - http://www.concrete.org
11. American Gas Association (AGA) - http://www.aga.org
12. American Gear Manufacturers’ Association (AGMA) - http://www.agma.org
13. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) - http://www.aisc.org
14. American Iron & Steel Institute (AISI) - http://www.steel.org
15. American Standards Association (ASA) - see ANSI.
16. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - http://ansi.org
17. American Petroleum Institute (API) - http://api.org
18. American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME) - http://www.asme.org
19. American Society for Non-Destructive Testing (ASNT) - http://www.asnt.org
20. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) - http://www.asce.org
21. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
http://www.ashrae.org
22. American Society of Sanitary Engineering (ASSE) - http://www.asse-plumbing.org
23. American Water Works Association (AWWA) - http://www.awwa.org
24. American Welding Society (AWS) - http://www.aws.org
25. American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) - http://www.awpa.com
26. Association of Edison Illuminating Companies (AEIC) - http://aiec.org
27. Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR) - http://www.afnor.org
28. ASTM International (ASTM) - http://www.astm.org
29. British Radiocommunications Agency (MTP)
30. British Standards Institute (BSI) - http://www.bsigroup.com
31. Building Industry Consulting Service International (BICSI) - http://www.bicsi.org
32. Canadian Standards Association (CSA) - http://www.csa.ca
33. Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) - http://www.aiche.org/ccps
34. Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB) - http://www.cstb.fr
35. Chemical Industries Association (CIA) - http://www.cia.org.uk
36. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) - http://www.caa.co.uk
37. Compressed Gas Association (CGA) - http://www.cganet.com
38. Cooling Technology Institute (CTI) - http://www.cti.org
39. Crane Manufacturers Association of America (CMAA)
- http://www.mhia.org/industrygroups/cmaa
40. Defense Standardization UK (DEF)
41. Det Norske Veritas (DNV) - http://www.dnv.com
42. Deutsche Industrie für Normung e.V. (DIN) - http://www.din.de
43. Electrical Apparatus Service Association (EASE) - http://www.easa.com
44. Electricity Association (EA)
45. Electricity Supply Industry (ESI)
46. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) - http://www.eia.org
16 ©OGP
47. Energy Insitute, formerly the Institute of Petroleum (EI, IP) - http://www.energyinst.org
48. Energy Networks Association (ENA) - http://2010.energynetworks.org
49. The Engineering Equipment & Materials Users’ Association (EEMUA) - http://www.eemua.co.uk
50. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
51. European Committee for Standardization (CEN) - http://www.cen.eu
52. European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) - http://www.ecma-international.org
53. European Conference of Postal & Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) - http://www.cept.org
54. European Federation of Corrosion (EFC) - http://www.efcweb.org
55. European Industrial Gases Association (EIGA) - http://eiga.org
56. Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association (EJMA) - http://ejma.org
57. Factory Mutual (FM) - http://www.fmglobal.com
58. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) - http://fcc.gov
59. Federal Standard US (FED)
60. Gas Processors Association (GPA) - http://gpaglobal.org
61. IEC Comité International Spéciale des Perturbations Radioélectriques (CISPR)
http://www.iec.ch/zone/emc/emc_cis.htm
62. Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) - http://www.iesna.org
63. Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE)
64. Institution of Engineering & Technology (IET) - http://www.theiet.org
65. Institution of Gas Engineers & Managers (IGEM) - http://www.igem.org.uk
66. Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE) - http://www.ieee.org
67. Insulated Cable Engineers Association (ICEA) - http://www.icea.net
68. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - http://www.iarc.fr
69. International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation & Lighthouse Authorities (IALA)
http://site.ialathree.org
70. International Association of Plumbing & Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) - http://www.iampo.org
71. International Atomic Energy Authority (IAEA) - http://www.iaea.org
72. International Building Code (IBC)
73. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - http://www.icao.int
74. International Code Council (ICC) - http://www.iccsafe.org
75. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) - http://www.icrp.org
76. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) - http://www.iec.ch
77. International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) - http://www.imca-int.com
78. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG)
79. International Maritime Organization (IMO) - http://www.imo.org
80. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - http://www/iso.org
81. International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT) - http://www.isgott.co.uk
82. International Society for Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMFE) - http://www.issmge.org
83. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) - http://www.itu.int
84. Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) - http://www.jisc.go.jp/enf/index.html
85. Liquified Petroleum Gas Industry Technical Association (LPGITA)
86. Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS) of the Valve & Fittings Industry - http://www.mss-hq.org
87. NACE International (National Association of Corrosion Engineers) - http://www.nace.org
88. National Air Duct Cleaners Association (NADCA) - http://nadca.com
89. National Board Inspection Code (NBIC) - http://www.nationalboard.org/Index.aspx?pageID=4
90. National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
91. National Electrical Code (NEC)
92. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) - http://nema.org
93. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) - http://www.nfpa.org
©OGP 17
94. National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - http://www.nist.gov

95. Netherlands Standardization Institute (NEN) - http://www.nni.nl
96. Normes Françaises (NF)
97. Norwegian Electrotechnical Committee (NEK) - http://www.standard.no/en/Fagomrader/Elektro
98. Norwegian oil & gas industry standards (NORSOK) - http://www.standard.no/petroleum
99. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) - http://www.nrc.gov
100. Offshore Mechanics & Arctic Engineering (OMAE)
101. Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) - http://www.ocimf.com
102. Oil Companies Materials Association (OCMA)
103. Oil & Gas UK, formerly United Kingdom Oil Operators’ Association (OGUK, UKOOA) - http://www.
oilandgasuk.co.uk
104. Pipe Fabrication Institute (PFI) - http://www.pfi-institute.org
105. Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) - http://prestressedconcreteassociation.com
106. Process Industry Practices (PIP) - http://pip.org
107. Radiocommunications Agency (RA) - http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/ra/rahome.htm
108. Rural Utilities Service (RUS) - http://www.usda.gov/rus
109. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE International) - http://www.sae.org
110. Saudi Arabian Standards (SAS)
111. Saudi Arabian Standards Organisation (SASO) - http://www.saso.org.sa
112. Scientific Apparatus Makers Association (SAMA)
113. Sheet Metal & Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association (SMACNA)
http://www.smacna.org
114. Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC) - http://sspc.org
115. Society of International Gas Tanker & Terminal Operators (SIGTTO) - http://sigtto.re-invent.net
116. Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers (SNAME) - http://www.sname.org
117. Standards Australia (SA) - http://www.standards.org.au
118. Standards Norge (SN) - http://www.standard.no/en
119. Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) - http://www.tiaonline.org
120. The Welding Institute (TWI) - http://www.twiprofessional.com
121. Tubular Exchanger Maunfacturers Association (TEMA) - http://www.tema.org
122. Underwriters Laboratories (UL) - http://www.ul.com
123. Union Technique de l’Électricité (UTE) - http://www.ute-fr.com
124. UK Defence Standardization (DSTAN) - http://www.dstan.mod.uk
125. Universal Oil Products (UOP) - http://www.uop.com
126. US Army - http://www.army.mil
127. US Coast Guard - http://www.gocoastguard.com
128. US Environment Protection Agency - http://www.epa.gov
129. US Navy - http://www.navy.mil
130. User Association for Automation in Process Industries (NAMUR)
131. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (Society of German Engineers - VDI) - http://www.vdi.de
132. Water Environment Federation (WEF) - http://www.wef.org
18 ©OGP
Annex 2
ISO/TC67 Standards referenced

No. SC Title Ref. *
13623 2 PNGI -- Pipeline transportation systems 4
13847 2 PNGI - Pipeline transportation systems - Welding of pipelines 3
14313 2 PNGI - Pipeline transportation systems - Pipeline valves 5
14723 2 PNGI - Pipeline transportation systems -- Subsea pipeline valves 4
15589-1 2 PNGI - Cathodic protection of pipeline transportation systems - Part 1: On-land pipelines 2
15589-2 2 PNGI - Cathodic protection of pipeline transportation systems - Part 2: Offshore pipelines 1
15590-1 2 PNGI - Induction bends, fittings and flanges for pipeline transportation systems - Part 1: Induction bends 2
15590-2 2 PNGI - Induction bends, fittings and flanges for pipeline transportation systems - Part 2: Fittings 2
15590-3 2 PNGI - Induction bends, fittings and flanges for pipeline transportation systems - Part 3: Flanges 1
16708 2 PNGI - Pipeline transportation systems - Reliability-based limit state methods 2
3183 2 PNGI - Steel pipe for pipeline transportation systems 5
10414-1 3 PNGI - Field testing of drilling fluids - Part 1: Water-based fluids 2
10414-2 3 PNGI - Field testing of drilling fluids - Part 2: Oil-based fluids 2
10416 3 PNGI - Drilling fluids - Laboratory testing 2
10426-1 3 PNGI - Cements and materials for well cementing - Part 1: Specification 3
10426-2 3 PNGI - Cements and materials for well cementing - Part 2: Testing of well cements 3
10426-3 3 PNGI - Cements and materials for well cementing - Part 3: Testing of deepwater well cement formulations 3
10426-4 3 PNGI - Cements and materials for well cementing - Part 4: Preparation and testing of foamed cement 3
slurries at atmospheric pressure
10426-5 3 PNGI - Cements and materials for well cementing - Part 5: Determination of shrinkage and expansion of 2
well cement formulations at atmospheric pressure
10427-1 3 PNGI - Equipment for well cementing - Part 1: Casing bow-spring centralizers 3
10427-2 3 PNGI - Equipment for well cementing - Part 2: Centralizer placement and stop-collar testing 3
10427-3 3 PNGI - Equipment for well cementing - Part 3: Performance testing of cementing float equipment 3
13500 3 PNGI - Drilling fluid materials - Specifications and tests 3
13501 3 PGNI - Drilling fluids - Processing systems evaluation 1
13503-1 3 PNGI - Completion fluids and materials - Part 1: Measurement of viscous properties of completion fluids 1
13503-2 3 PNGI - Completion fluids and materials - Part 2: Measurement of properties of proppants used in hydraulic 1
fracturing and gravel-packing operations
13503-3 3 PNGI - Completion fluids and materials - Part 3: Testing of heavy brines 2
13503-4 3 PNGI - Completion fluids and materials - Part 4: Procedure for measuring stimulation and gravel-pack fluid 1
leakoff under static conditions
13503-5 3 PNGI - Completion fluids and materials - Part 5: Procedures for measuring the long-term conductivity of 1
proppants
18165 3 PNGI - Performance testing of cementing float equipment 1
10407 4 PNGI - Drilling and production equipment - Drill stem design and operating limits 2
10423 4 PNGI - Drilling and production equipment - Wellhead and christmas tree equipment 5
10424-1 4 PNGI - Rotary drilling equipment - Part 1: Rotary drill stem elements 2
10424-2 4 PNGI - Rotary drilling equipment - Part 2: Threading and gauging of rotary shouldered thread connections 1
10432 4 PNGI - Downhole equipment - Subsurface safety valve equipment 3
13533 4 PNGI - Drilling and production equipment - Drill-through equipment 2
13534 4 PNGI - Drilling and production equipment - Inspection, maintenance, repair and remanufacture of hoisting 2
equipment
13535 4 PNGI - Drilling and production equipment - Hoisting equipment 1
13625 4 PNGI - Drilling and production equipment - Marine drilling riser couplings 1
13626 4 PNGI - Drilling and production equipment - Drilling and well-servicing structures 1
13628-1 4 PNGI - Design and operation of subsea production systems - Part 1: General requirements and 4
recommendations
13628-2 4 PNGI - Design and operation of subsea production systems - Part 2: Unbonded flexible pipe systems for 3
subsea and marine applications
©OGP 19
No. SC Title Ref. *

13628-3 4 PNGI - Design and operation of subsea production systems - Part 3: Through flowline (TFL) systems 3
13628-4 4 PNGI - Design and operation of subsea production systems - Part 4: Subsea wellhead and tree equipment 5
13628-5 4 PNGI - Design and operation of subsea production systems - Part 5: Subsea umbilicals 3
13628-6 4 PNGI - Design and operation of subsea production systems - Part 6: Subsea production control systems 3
13628-7 4 PNGI - Design and operation of subsea production systems - Part 7: Completion/workover riser systems 3
13628-8 4 PNGI - Design and operation of subsea production systems - Part 8: Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) 4
interfaces on subsea production systems
13628-9 4 PNGI - Design and operation of subsea production systems - Part 9: Remotely Operated Tool (ROT) 3
intervention systems
13628-10 4 PNGI - Design and operation of subsea production systems - Part 10: Bonded flexible pipe 3
14310 4 PNGI - Downhole equipment - Packers and bridge plugs 3
14693 4 PNGI - Drilling and well-servicing equipment 1

15136-1 4 Downhole equipment for PNGI - Progressing cavity pump systems for artificial lift - Part 1: Pumps 2
15136-2 4 PNGI - Progressing cavity pump systems for artificial lift - Part 2: Surface-drive systems 2
16070 4 PNGI - Downhole equipment - Lock mandrels and landing nipples 2
17078-1 4 PNGI - Drilling and production equipment - Part 1: Side-pocket mandrels 1
10400 5 PNGI - Equations and calculations for the properties of casing, tubing, drill pipe and line pipe used as 2
casing or tubing
10405 5 PNGI - Care and use of casing and tubing 3
10422 5 PNGI - Threading, gauging, and thread inspection of casing, tubing and line pipe threads - Specification 1
11960 5 PNGI - Steel pipes for use as casing or tubing for wells 4
11961 5 PNGI - Steel pipes for use as drill pipe - Specification 3
13678 5 PNGI - Evaluation and testing of thread compounds for use with casing, tubing and line pipe 3
13679 5 PNGI - Procedures for testing casing and tubing connections 3
13680 5 PNGI - Corrosion-resistant alloy seamless tubes for use as casing, tubing and coupling stock - Technical 3
delivery conditions
15463 5 PNGI - Field inspection of new casing, tubing and plain-end drill pipe 1
10418 6 PNGI - Offshore production installations - Analysis, design, installation and testing of basic surface process 3
safety systems
10437 6 PPNGI - Steam turbines - Special-purpose applications 2
10441 6 PPNGI - Flexible couplings for mechanical power transmission - Special-purpose applications 3
13702 6 PNGI - Control and mitigation of fires and explosions on offshore production installations - Requirements 3
and guidelines
13703 6 PNGI - Design and installation of piping systems on offshore production platforms 2
13704 6 PNGI - Calculation of heater-tube thickness in petroleum refineries 3
13705 6 PPNGI - Fired heaters for general refinery service 3
13706 6 PPNGI - Air-cooled heat exchangers 3
14691 6 PPNGI - Flexible couplings for mechanical power transmission -- General-purpose applications 1
14692-1 6 PNGI - Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping 3
14692-4 6 PNGI - Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping - Part 4: Fabrication, installation and operation 3
15138 6 PNGI - Offshore production installations - Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning 2
15544 6 PNGI - Offshore production installations - Requirements and guidelines for emergency response 3
15547-1 6 PPNGI - Plate-type heat exchangers - Part 1: Plate & frame type 2
15547-2 6 PPNGI - Plate-type heat exchangers - Part 2: Brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers 2
15649 6 PNGI - Piping 3
16812 6 PPNGI - Shell-and-tube heat exchangers 2
17776 6 PNGI - Offshore production installations - Guidelines on tools and techniques for hazard identification and 3
risk assessment
23251 6 PPNGI - Pressure-relieving and depressuring systems 2
20 ©OGP
No. SC Title Ref. *

13819 7 PNGI - Offshore structures 1
13819-2 7 PNGI - Offshore structures - Part 2: Fixed steel structures 1
19900 7 PNGI - General requirements for offshore structures 2
19901-1 7 PNGI - Specific requirements for offshore structures - Part 1: Metocean design and operating considerations 3
19901-2 7 PNGI - Specific requirements for offshore structures - Part 2: Seismic design procedures and criteria 1
19901-4 7 PNGI - Specific requirements for offshore structures - Part 4: Geotechnical and foundation design 1
considerations
19901-5 7 PNGI - Specific requirements for offshore structures - Part 5: Weight control during engineering and 2
construction
19901-6 7 PNGI - Specific requirements for offshore structures - Part 6: Marine operations 2
19901-7 7 PNGI - Specific requirements for offshore structures -- Part 7: Stationkeeping systems for floating offshore 2
structures and mobile offshore units
19902 7 PNGI - Fixed steel offshore structures 1
19904-1 7 PNGI - Floating offshore structures - Part 1: Monohulls, semi-submersibles and spars 2
13879 PNGI - Content and drafting of a functional specification 1
13880 PNGI - Content and drafting of a technical specification 1
13881 PNGI - Classification and conformity assessment of products, processes and services 1
14224 PPNGI - Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment 3
15156-1 PNGI - Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production - Part 1: General 5
principles for selection of cracking-resistant materials
15156-2 PNGI - Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production - Part 2: Cracking- 5
resistant carbon and low alloy steels, and the use of cast irons
15156-3 PNGI - Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production - Part 3: Cracking- 5
resistant CRAs (corrosion-resistant alloys) and other alloys
15546 PNGI - Aluminium alloy drill pipe 2
15663-1 PNGI - Life cycle costing - Part 1: Methodology 3
15663-2 PNGI - Life cycle costing - Part 2: Guidance on application of methodology and calculation methods 2
15663-3 PNGI - Life cycle costing - Part 3: Implementation guidelines 2
TS 29001 PPNGI - Sector-specific quality management systems - Requirements for product and service supply 3
organizations
*Number of companies (of the eight respondng to this part of the survey) making reference to the standard
©OGP 21
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22 ©OGP
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Benchmarking On The Use of Internal Technical Specifications and External Standards by Some Oil & Gas Companies

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Benchmarking On The Use of Internal Technical Specifications and External Standards by Some Oil & Gas Companies

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Benchmarking on the use of internal technical

specifications and external standards by some oil

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

Consistent high quality database and guidelines

Internationally recognised source of industry information

OGP’s Standards Committee launched a questionnaire in March

Fig. 3 – Number of specifications by company and average number of pages

Fig. 4 – Average number of specification by discipline

• Piping and valves (106);

3.1 Basis for specifications

3.2 Revision frequency and derogations

international standards other external standards

TC67 ‐ Materials, equipment and offshore structures … 113

4.1 Responsibility for maintenance of standards

4.2 Participation in standards work

4.3 Benefits of international standards

5 - Standards used in Europe in 1994

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

The benchmark report summary is found at the front of this report.

Standards referenced by oil companies

94. National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - http://www.nist.gov

ISO/TC67 Standards referenced

No. SC Title Ref. *

14693 4 PNGI - Drilling and well-servicing equipment 1

No. SC Title Ref. *

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Internet site: www.ogp.org.uk

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