GRAMMAR oF THE TIBETAN LANGUAGE, ‘ENGRISE, mente i PREPARED UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE GOVERNMENT AND THE AUSPICFS OF Tilt ASIATIC SOCIET) OF BENGAL By ALUXANDER CSOMA DE KOROS, StcuL0 HUNGARIAN “OP TRANSYLY ANIA arene a, Calcutta PRINTCD AT TH BAPTIST MISSION PIESS CIPCLLAT ROW 183!wendy Sera arated RRNA RAGAN IT (A Bydkaenda or grammatical work of the Tibetan Langnage,) SONATA ASTI TREY] 2 ners rego ga's 1 Reavy sianrye AAs andargheyema send rr eabyew gayeen (Por understanding well the Tibetan language, according to grammatical voles, tbe srrangement of letters, which ave the busts of syllables, words, and centences, ix to be explarued,)PREPAGCH — Tre wide diffusion of the Buddhistie religion in the eastern parts of Asia, having of Jate greatly excited the attention of Ewropean scholars, and it being now ascertained by several distinguished Orientalists, that this faith, professed by so many millions of men in different and distant countries in the East, originated in Central or Gangetic India, it is hoped that a Grammar and Dictionary of the Tibetan language will be favour- ably received by the Jearned Public; since, Tibet being considered as the head-quarters of Buddhism in the present age, these elementary works may serve as keys to unlock the immense volumes, (faithful translations of the Sanskrit teat) which are still to be found in that country, on the manners, customs, opinions, knowledge, ignorance, superstition, hopes, and fears of great part of Asia, especinlly of India, in former ages. There vre, in modern times, three predominant religious professions in the world, each counting numerous votartes, and cach possessed of a large peculiar literature :—the Christians, tle Muhammedans, and the Buddhists. It is not without interest to observe “the coinciilence of time with respect to the great exertions made by several Princes, for the literary establishment of each of these different religious, in the Latin, the Arabic, and in the Sanskrit languages, in the 8th and Qth century of the Christian Era: by CHARLES THE Great, and his immediate successors, in Germany and France; by the Kholifs AL-Mansur, Harun au-Rasmip, and Au-Mamvus, at Bagdad ; by the Kings of Magadtia, in India; by KirtsronG pe'nu TsaN, Kuni De’sRONG TSAN, and Rat- PACHLN, in Tibet : and by the Emperors of the Thang dynasty, in Cluna. But it is to the bonour of Christianism to observe that, while learning has been continually declining among the Muhammedans and the Buddlusts, Christianity has not only carried its own literature and science to a very advanced period of excellence, but in the true and liberal€ vi) ‘ spirit of real Inowledge, it distinguishes itself by its efforts in the present day towards tequiting an intimate acquaintance with the two rival religious systems, and that too, in their original languages. Hence, in the north-western parts of Europe, in Germany, England, Franeé, where a thousand years ago, only the Latin was studied -by literary men, there are now found establishments for a critical knowledge both of the Arabic and the Sanskrit literature. Hence, too, has been founded recently the Oriextal Translation Committee, composed of the most eminent Orientalists of Europe, from whose labours so much has already been done, and so much more is expected. The students of Tibetan have naturally been the “ost rare, if they have existed at all, in this learned association. Insulated among inac- cessible mountains, the convents of Tibet have remained unregarded and almost unvisited. vy the scholar and the traveller:—nor was it until within these few years conjectured, that in the undisturbed shelter of this region, in a climate proof against the decay and the destructive influences of tropical plains, were to be found, in complete preservation, the volumes of the Buddhist faith, in their original Sanskrit, as well as in faithfulérans- lations, which might be sought in vain on the continent of India. I hope that my sojourn in this inhospitable country, for the express purpose of rpastering its language, and ex- amining its literary stores, will not have been time unprofitably' spent} and that this Grammar and Dictionary may attest the sincerity of my endeavours to attain the object Thad determined to prosecute. Having in the Preface to my Dictionary expressed my respectful thanks to the British Government of India, for its patronage during my Tibetan studies; nnd having there gratefully enumerated the kindnesses and good services which I hate received from seve- ral Gentlemen, it would be superfluous here to repeat my acknowledginents, My selec- tion of the English language, asthe mediwn of introduction of my labours, will sufficiently evince to the learned of Europe, at large, the obligations I consider myself under to that nation. I beg now only to state in a few words, that in the preparation of this gran- -matical work, F have not observed any strict arrangement of the parts of Grammar, nei- ther have I intraduced the definitions of the several parts of speech, nor have I touchedvii) upon the analogy which this tongue has to several others ; since the work would thus have been increased to an immense size. But, for brevity’s sake, I have enumerated only those articles which I thought to be essentially required for a fundamental knowledge of this yet unknown language I have gone through all the parts of speech, and have given lists of them as fully as 1t was in my power to do, together with their derivations and variations, &¢, that the learner mght at once see and perceive all the constituent parts of the Tibetan language. ‘ . * Orthography bemg the most difficult part of this language, in the Syllabic Scheme and “in the Dictionary I have endeavoured, wath the aid of, authentic grammatical works, to express every word in its proper characters The declension of nouns, and the eonjuga- ” tron of verbs, as in the common Indian dialects, are very simple, A well arranged Die- tionary, with a short introduction on the general forms of declensions and conjugations, will be sufficient to conduct the scholar to a perfect hnowledge of this language "For + further information on the subject and for the contents and arrangement of this Grammar, * the fork itself may be consulted. A. CSOMA DE KOROS. Caleutta, December, 1834.° CONTENTS § 1 8 —Letters and their several Dietinctions § 942 —Pronanciation or Orthography and Orthoepy § 4% —Atphabet cal Scheme of the Sansknt Language when wnitten 1s Tibetan charncters § 44 —A Let of Contracted Words as wntten in the emall character § 43 62 —Adventitious Particles $ 63 —A Last exhibiting Specimens of the Respoetfal Language § G4 —Parts of Speech . § Go 68 —Of the Article § 69 71 —Of the Noun § 72 74 —Of the Gender and of the several kinds of Nouns § 70 —Of Diminutrve Noun= § 76 84 —Of Declens on § 83 —Of the Plural Number *§ 86 —Form of General Declens on § 87 93 —Examples § 94 103 —Adjectives § 104 100 Of Companson § 106 —Lat of Adjectives § 107 111 Numerals § 112 126 —Pronouns § 116 —Declension of Persons! Pronouns § 121 —Postesnves § 122 —Demonstratives § 123 —Interrogatives § 294 —Relsterer § 1%) —Reeiprocols § 126 —Pronominal Adjectives § 127 170-—Verbs $176 181 —Participles § 18? 183 —Adverbs § 184 187 —Po tpoutions {servmg for Prepontions) § 188 —Conjuachions § 189 —Interjections § 190 222 —Sratax § 923 299 —-Procods § 926 —Last of Verbs yor ios ie( x ) APPENDIX. Page § 207 234—1 Tibetan modes of reckoning Tine 147 ‘The Cycle of 12 years 6 The 10 Clements and the Names of the 1> Animals that make up the Cycle of 60 years Mg Sansknt and Tibetan Names of the years im the Cycle of 60 years as they are reckoned sonth of the rer Nermade m India and in Tibet. exprested in Roman character The Vrokaspate Chakra or Cycle of 60 years in Saneknt and Tibetan and in Chmese and Tibetan 150 151 ‘The Names of the years of the Joran Cycle according to the Chinese reckoning Jos" § 235 —Tibetan Symbolical Words used as numerais 155 IL Specimens of the Tibetan language froma the hah gyar and other classical works § 236 —1 Attnbutes of a Virtuous Woman 158 § 237 —2 Verves against wearing the Vell 160 § 238 —3 Rervavata a Letter to Suaxra ac, 164 § 289 —4 Compendim of the Doctrue of Boooma in one Sloka 165 § 240 —5 A moral maxim b § 241 —6 Another maxim 2 § 242—7 Why God is enlled Konckok in Tibetan ‘The Cluef of Ranty 3 $2438 Whos the Supreme of all? 166 § 244—9 Who 1s the troe Protector ? b § 245 —10 With whom refuge may be taken ? 1 § 246—10 On theeame subject 3 § 247—1] The Address of A nzoxa to Visuxu s $ 24812 The Natare of the Soul 168 § 249—18 How the doctrine of Saaava should be reccived by the learned and the Priests b § 250-14 Snaxra of the Scythian race ‘ e § 251 —15 Moral Sentence ue § 252—16 Remarkable Say ngs 3 § 253 II] CoNlogusal Phrases 170 § 254—IV Chronological Table et Notes helongmg to Ditto ior § 20a—V Fpock of the death of Suara . 199 Notes belonging to D tto 202 § 256 —VI Introduction to the I thographed pages 203 tux 40 uitnognarney races Ssllabie Scheme of the Tibetan Language 1 Towual $ gas Commas and Intersyllabe Pomts used with the Capitals—Ditto with the Small Characters os Tibetan Aiphadet &e mm the Bamyik Character a an the Brutsha ditto 26 ‘Tibetan Numerals 7 ‘The Lantsha Characters a form of the Devanagaré used ta Nepad 38ERRATA anv ADDENDA. epee Page cat. tne Page cot line. 1 — 6 after name" insert “and power” | 63 — forarh read wh 2— Sforayng read anvy 68 —. 22 mezy Reza 3— 3 + eam Qea o— 9 aD yd 4—22 53 SB ——10 aresa§ pasa 7-—W Swat Swéhd ~—15 & mer) syresTd 13 2270 8 z —~B Os8 ass B— 5 A 4 — 8 yF ae a—-— % %a, me Raa Riggs —-~- 6 9% a 70 ~ 26 Konedin AR aardiy a aR 34 7230 Geyh ayy —-—%7 8A By 73 — 16 ae uy Note,--In a few contracted words in this] 75 — 9 5% qe list, instead of ' or‘ (as the sign of &, 8, or] 76 — 19 Waa nag B, &e} read §. —— 23 aN an 23 — Gforsiny rend Haw —-—% AAA aaa ——-7 wav saan 77— 23 af «ft oh— 4 EN av 9— 6 Auman AuRr aa 3-1 aey aN —— aR ane 32 — 19 af thebesinning, add § 63, s2— 92 Ro aa 86 — lefer diag read dary —— 3 aggrggt gag &e. 4218) Nand dan, 9 — 5, alo 7, Baa B &e. 562 2 fq aga 95 2 22 after SHC, add asa ——20 eR aaa 98 1 LY for Fai18 ax, read Hany FAT —— 2% ads aaais, 102295 an 35 68 11 #q — 130 ang ays = 5 aR eras, 108 -~ 98° instead of the dash —, rend con- —2 Be: Bsa tractedly, __ i howe eee 0 — at Bae avy 59 4 NEY aya Hl — 29 ganay gavage _— 16 Ww iv 12— 2 Boy Radin oo ee war —— 8 BraN asan or Bw int [118 122 gfary @eayPage. col. line, 12 — Fforninay read gory 12429 RIA may M6 — 3 ay fay wt 1290 Say éxq 184 224 Qiang aay 135 126 Qway Quay 137-293) dry viery 13819 AA . aT 41 1 6 Q8'q aig M2 293° aq ayy 15 — G6 snag’ gaarqe —— 8 &,for3; Fi, for—3 ; —-—9 in is 156 — 28 add S, Phasluka. 187 — 27 after “a star” insert ORI, Lhhor-to,S. Chakra, the circle of the 27 Nakshatros. 158 — 13 for dgy read any 150 — 15 tieng earns -—— — 28 portioned proportioned 160 — 17 affection affectation — 19 Shaddhodana —_Shuddhdane 161— 9 Quay Qe 162 — 30 shis she 164 — 30) yn aN 165 — 26 gL ax “97 Sxan én 169 — 2 Suadéshé Sva déshé Nole. ‘The Remarkable Sayings, No, 16, are attributed to hws grub (ym S. Négar-| une,) avery celebrated ancient sage in In dia, See AES QBTy ary, vol. x, leaf 165, in thesork entitled S. Mitt Shisira, Prajnyé datia, Tih gar day qv Ansys, Page, col. tine. an ethieul work (entitled) “ ‘The Stem of Wisdom.” The work of the Saskya Pandita, to which theyarercferred if the text, consists of about 450Slvhas, all of the same hind and tenor of verses as these here quoted! frown Nagarjung, These verses wore found among my extracts from the work quoted in the text, and I did not distinguish the different authors. I take this opportunity of correct ing my mistake. : —— for days read” Leryn 171 — Ql * gery are —— 2 agar asa 7— 10 ow as ~— 27 daw any w— 26 8 3 W—11 & 5 oe 178 — 13 add: He madd grammaticat . works, and translated some religious tracts, — for mE read y— 7 Ady aye wO— 4 Saggs Seregy —— 2 aay daw Wl— 4 ax aa —— 23 commanded commenced, 185 — 28 NW aN 137 — 31142 1427 188 — 19 aw iy — 13 ogsasfraisay agavdrasy ——14 ay BN 198 — 7 ‘Gary Avy 200 — 28 dasy yoy #5 154q 2 gay aN |A GRAMMAR or THE TIBETAN LANGUAGE. Hee LETTERS AND TIER SEVERAL DISTINCTIONS §,1. In the alphabet of the Tibetan language there are thirty simple letters, arranged in eight classes. The forms of them, together with the name of each ex- pressed in Roman characters and Italics, may be represented thus . Vomka. fT kha J go Kita kh Ah & ng 2 S cha & chha & ja % nya ch ohh j ny 8 5 ta : XQ tha q da 4 na t th d n 4 XY pa . pha Q ba a ma Pp ph , b m 5 S tsa & tsha & dsa ¥ wa ts tsh ds ww © @ zha Aza @ hha W ya zh ‘ h yo Tar ‘ A Ia “6 sha Ya r t sh . 8 5 We 4 i a §2 There are five vowel sounds: a, #, 1, €, 0, pronounced according te the gene. ral pronunciation in Latin, on the continent of Europe, without any distinction into. ( 2) short and Jong, but observing a2’ middle sound, The vowel a, whien sounded after a consonant, is generally inherent ; but when otherwise there would be confusion on account of the prefix, it is expressed bya. They owels 4,1, ¢, 0, are expressed by marks, put above or below the consonants; thus®.,~ as in 4 li, 9 ku, 4 ké, ¥ ko.> ‘These vowel signs are called * 4 3 gi-gu, _, @awY shabs-Ryn™ Qiong and’ yXna-r0. § 3. There are very few words commencing with any vowel, and those are either of Sanscrit origin, or interjections, or corrupt words. ‘The five vowels, When initial in a syllable or word, are expressed in the following manner: w a, uf i, % uy We Wo; they may be expressed also by Q ’a, @ ’i, 2 7x, Qe, Wo, § 4. The above enumerated consonants and vowéls are ,thus divided with respect to the organs by which they are formed: ~ ARPA % Ware gutturals. Za&E 4 Sas 4 yy 4 8 RX _ pe pts BR 5} F FR A A care dentats. YH ny 4 a BY are Jabials, is liquid and cerebral. iq Bat 5 9 4° 4, besides what has been stated above, aré likewise nasals. §65. The thirty letters of the alphabet are distinguished, according to their accent orsound, by certain genders ; thus: 9 3° 4° 4° S are called masenline, (2 p,ho:) me a aw S neuter, (a 8o ma-nings) TE YT Ey eae ey ® feminine, (4 ‘mo ;) x: a 3 low or barren feminine, (a Baar no.gsham i) and the w is said to have no gender. § 6. All the thirty letters, in general, may occuf as initials, forming the basis of-a syllable or word (f5" Af, ming-gshi). From among the thirty, the following twenty, WEIS aw ary ara a1 dS eta a wr ay a wy never occur as final letters or after any vowel. The remaining ten, 4 57 Wr a" A at Qr 2” a WY, are the(3) only letters that close any syllable, or follow the vowel, whether inherent or expressed, But these ten letters may likewise stand as initials in a syllable or word. 1 7. The ten final letters are called affixes, (Far Q39 shes-hjug) from their boing affixed to the basis ofa syllable. With respect to their sound and use, they are distingnished thus: 4” §* a are masculine, (po ;) 4° 2° of neuter, (a 45", ma- ning) and q at Q, feminine, (mo 3} when the letters s+ & af are followed by & 5 thus: av BY’ AW aN ; or the letters 4° 2° of by 4, thus 45° 247 oR, then the v and 5 are called a second affix, 4598", yang-lyug. § 8. From among the ten affixes, the following five. 5° 5° a a Q, areatso called prefixes, Yar Qam, siion-hjug, from their being put before the basis of a syllable. They are likewise distinguished thus: = 4" are called neuter, (47 847 ma-ntng ; masculine (Wpho ;) a very femenine, (Bar 8° a shin-tu-mo ;) @ feminine, (¥mo.) These prefixes occur in several parts of speech, especially among the verbs. They sbould always be- pronounced, but in common practice are seldom heard. For distinction’s sake, they may be represented by the small Roman characters g, d, J, m, 4, when the rest is in Halies of vice versa, and this system will be followed in the present work. This is all that need be said of the letters of the Tibetan alphabet. We will next proceed to the powers of the letters individually, explaining at the same time the plan of writing them in the Roman character. 4 PRONUNCIATION. §9. 1. Of the thirty simple letters. m_ is pronounced like k in king, or ¢ before a, 0, tw, in call, come, cut ; as in 77 da-va,a pillar; 34 hen,all. wo is the same letter aspirated ; it may properly be rendered by 2h; as in w Y Aha-vo, the mouth. 4 when simple, is generally sotinded Ithe 4 or gs but by some it is pronounced also asg. It may always be represented by g ; thus in 3x gur, a tent; ery lag-pa, the hand. . 8 isthe nasal n or ag ining. When preceding the yowel in a syllable, it may be rendered by # ; after the yowel, by ng ; and, when reduplicated by g ; thus: 5-5" tia-rang, | myself ; ay na rung-gam, is it convenient? 35°% rung-go, it is proper.C 4) & is sounded like ch in church ; as in 3 eft, what? It may be represented by ch. ais the same letter aspirated, It may be rendered by ekh j as in & chhu, water. ‘ ¥ though by some people is sounded like ch, in choose, may always be repre- vss ex any : ‘ sented by j in just; asin Fa fo-vo, a master, lord ; BaF jo-mo, a mistress, lady ; a nun, pos gis sounded like xe in new; asin gu nyung, few, little , q aya, fish. It may properly be represented by xy. is fin tongue ; as in Hay 94 tig-men, a mbband ; 4x Ra tib-rif, a tea-pot.,, ais the same letter aspirated. It may be rendered hy th; as inasry thag-pa a rope; Abra thog-ma, beginning. ‘ ' hen simple, is sounded commonly like ¢ in tool; but by some people it is pronounced also as d. It may always properly be represented by d,and pronounced, accordingly ; as in 55° dad-pa, faith, beliefs Bier de-ring, to-day. , 4is sounded like n in noon ; as in x nor, wealth. x is like pin paper ; as in YX parma, a printed work. ‘gis the same letter aspirated. It may be rendered by ph, and proncunced as the p-h in up-hill as in pha, father. a has three sounds: (p, d,.) As initial in a word, it is sounded by some like p was in % pit (for Bod), Tibet or a Tibetan, Asa prefix, it is silent; as in ana lah (for bhka), a precept or command. Asan additional syllable, or article after the gq’ x @ final letters, or when it has the 5 prefix, it is generally pronounced as v; asin 217 1é-va, hopes 3q% d,vang, power. In the two following cases, 53 and 5 (dou and dvo) the pronunciation is simply as and o. With any of the surmount- ing 2° @ 9 (r, 4,5,) or preceding g (1) letters, it 15 sounded , those letters being then _ silent. In general it may be represented hy b. . ais Tike m in man ; as in S mi, a man; & mé, fire , aa Jam, way, road. & is the German = or ¢z. It may be rendered by és (as English and French writers use it in foreign names or words) ; as in $9 ésug, how? 3% ésam, how much? how many ? . & is the same letter aspired, [t may be represented by ésh; as in & tshé, life. #is sounded Jihe the Arabic dsad (.,) or the Italian = in mezzo. It may be repre- sented by ds; as in ®§ deat, nutmeg, There are no words in Tibetan written by. (5) this simple character; but there are many that have it with a 4 or @ prefix, which are sounded like the simple 8; as in 4#5"y mdsad-pa, to do, make; obey hdsin-pa, to seize, take, ke, . ' ‘The Sanserit ch, chh, j,jh, characters (as they are pronounced in Bengal and by Europeans) are rendered in Tibetan boohs, by és, eek, ds, deh, (3° & fe 8.) and pro- nounced accordingly, as has been explained above, Sucl is the pronunciation in Cashmir also, and in some parts of the north-west of India. And, as the Tibetan grammarians have obserred, it was so anciently in Central India also; though in Bengal the pronunciation has always been the same as it now is, with respect to ch, chh, j, jh. ¥ occurs but in a few words. It is sounded v or w. qand qoften have the same sound in Tibetan ; asin 4249 and gran Vérandsi, Benares. They may be represented thus: 4 by v, and y by #. qisthe French 7, It may be rendered by zh; as in 4 zhal, the mouth, face. is pronounced like z in zeal, or s in as; as in 4 zan, meat, food. Q is a soft aspirate, and may be represented by 4 ora. Formerly it was added toe ery syllable ending in a vowel, thus: "3 dah, 4g Ath, 9Q huh, 71 heh, 2 koh, instead of the modern ay 4 g° Fr %, But now it is left out after the vowel signs, and retained only in those syllables in which the fundamental (or radical) letter is preceded +a prefix, and where there is no closing consonant after the inherent a; as in these ords: 77Q gzah, a planet; 499 dgak, joy; muQ bkah, precept; 45Q mdak, an arrow; @3@ liduh, to pass away. But, when there is a closing consonant, the Q is dropt; asin ay" y hdes-pa, gone away, wis sounded like y in yard, you: as in wy yad, father ; ga yum, mother, matron, ax isliker in rain; asin iq ré-va, hope; xraf ra-ma, a she-goat. Itis silent when inserted on the top of a letter; as in 4 rha, pronounced Aa. . q is pronounced like 2 in long; as in df fo, a year. It is silent at the top of another letter; as in ¥ lia, (sia) five. ‘ # has the sound of sh in sheep ; as in Ax shing, wood, 2 tree. ¥ is the s in saint; asin ¥Aso-so, different ; Gav sems, the mind, soul. At the top of a letter, as also at the end of a syllable, it is silent, according to common practice. - c .( 6) 3 is the hard aspirated / in heart, horn, as in % Hor, a Turk. w is sounded like a in far, father, as in wd a-chheé, one’s elder sister. The inhe- rent @ also is not pronounced like the short u in up, cup, &e, as in Sanscrit, but it has a middle sound like ihe French a in la, or the Engli in far, father; as in qa lam, way,1oad. « G10. Such is the provunciation of the 30 simple letters, But, besides these, there are many conpound letters, formed either by subjoining one of the following three liquids w2°9j (y, 7, J,) to another, thus: gH; or by placing one of these x-a"~W (r, 2,s,) on the top of another, thus: 44.4, or by both ways at once, thus: 5° y" x. We proceed now to treat of such compound letters ; and first, §11. 2. or those letters that. havea subjoined , y, (@ ARAN ya-blags) written thus: ‘They are seven in number ye a 4" 4 q ¥, and are represented thus: 9 Aya, i Ahya, @ gya, ¥ pya, ¥ phya, 3 bya, ¥ mya Their pronunciation is as follows: pis sounded like ¢ in tube, or in virtue; a8 in porx Ayal-pa, idle talle, Bis the preceding character aspirated , as in & Alyf, a dog. 8 is pronounced like d in duke; as in 8x4 gyur-pa, he is become, or grawn. v in no word occurs in this simple state. It has either asurmounting w (thus: spya) or a prefix, (thus: 58 dpya) and then, in each case, it is sounded ch, or sh; as in wa spyan (shan or chan) the eye; Su dpya (sha or cha) tax, tribute. wis pronounced generally chh; as in g"Y phyug-po, the rich or rich, (chhug-po.) But in Ladak, and in some otiter parts, it is sounded also hkhe 4 ph; asin 2 phye, aneal, flour, pronounced (3 phé,) as if there were no subjoined y, 2, 2 is pronounced ch and j; as in 854 byed-pa (ched-pa or jed-pa), to do, make. # is sounded ny; asin #6-y myong-va (pronounced nyong-r2), to taste. § 122 3, Of thoseletters that baye x subjoined (x-qRMW re blags, written thus: .) The following fourteen letters Ve 4" ar yy a YY ET XY a A YG, subject to this addition, assume the form of 4 Ara, & Alva, m grat, & tra, Q thra, & dia, § ura, 4 pra, phra, 9 bra, 4 mra, 4 shra,¥ sta, & hra: “and they should also be pronounced accord- ingly ; but, in common practice, they are sounded very obscurely, 8, § 9, are sounded Tike (a; 8, 4,%, like tha , 3,3, 3; ike ’da or (’a, or all the nine like ¢- 4, 9, , are sounded by some people like a cerebral sh, As this mode of pronouncing the letters, which‘ (7) have a subjoined r, is very uncertain, it is better to write and pronounce them regu- larly, as in other languages. § 18. 4, OF those letters that have asubjoined 9, fa (a TRAN la btags) The following six letters: y= 7 a" x" Wy, with & subjoined, have the form of ag Ala, 2 gla, @ bla, q cla, 4 ria, asta, Allsuch syllables are pronounced alike, the subjoined 7 alone being uttered, (the upper letters remaining silent, according to common custom,) with the exception of g la, which is pronounced da. But this also soinetimes is sounded /a, as in yarq spun-zla (spun-la), a brother or sister. Note.—Besites the three subjoined letters above specified, (y, r, 4) there occurs sometimes a small triangle, (called in Tibetan Vazur, an angular v or w, thns; 4) placed below some letters. In Tibetan words it has no sound, but it is used only for distinction’s sake ; as in & ésha, Jiot ; 4 tsha, salt: ¥ résa, root,vcin; ¥ rlea, grass, herb. In 454 the 4 is added to show that the 5 is a radical letter, not a prefix, and to be soundedaccordingly. But this in these and other similar words is not always inserted: many leave it ont, the context showing the proper meaning of the word. In Sanserit words this 4 is pronounced o in Tibet ; as in Bodhisato, Sokd, Om / Soti Sidham, &e. instead of Bodhisatwa, Swahé, Om? Swasii Sidham. § 14. 5. Of those letters that have a surmounting 2, or 7, inserted at the top. ‘The follow ing fifteen letters: 1 Bare aE YAS! ay ary S #, when thus sur- mounted hy £, lave the form of & rha, & rkya, Arga, & tgya, & raa, Brja, & raya, & ta, rda, & ma, Arba, rma, Yo rmya, ¥ résa, # rdsa, and should be pronounced accord- ingly. But, in general, the x on the top of a letter is silent, except when it is carried to the preceding syllable, terminating in a vowel ; as in ®# rdo-ré, is pronounced dorjé; Ws wrgyan, ur-gyen ; WEAN mi-rnams (mir-nams), men. The a oe yo letters are sounded harder, more distinctly, with the inserted x than in their simple state. ¥ résa, and # rdsa_are now sounded also sa and =a, instead of tsa and dsa, §15. 6. Of those letters that have a surmounting & or /. The following ten letters, x ae Sey ya a, hen surmounted by &, ap. pear in this form; ¥ Ika, a Iga, % Ina, Z Icha, g La, g Mea, ¥ Ida, Apa, 4 Iba, 3 lhe, ant they should also be pronounced accordingly. But, in general, the q is silent,except in . y, and when the preceding syllable terminates in avowel, with which it as frequenily( 8) sounded ; asm these words 3 gx (cheltar) chal-tar, how > 599 ys (dgah-ldan) gal-dan, puadise The 4y #4 4 letters, with the surmounting %, are sounded harder or more distinetly, than in their stmple state §1G 7 Of those letters that have a surmounting *¥ (s)° The following twenty-two letters WS RAE RST PRY Pye yD sg # yy 3, when surmounted by w, have the appearance of 4 sha, ¥ skya, ¥ skra, H9ga, B sgya, ¥ sgra, 8a, ¥ snya, y sla, H sda, % sna, % snra, N spa, Y spya, qf spra, 4 sha, g sbya, ¥ sbra, ¥ sma, § smya, ¥ smra, y stsa,and they should be pronounced de- cordingly, together wath the , but it 1s seldom heard The letters 4” @ 9 5" 8° gare in the present day sounded harder, or more distinctly, than an thuir simple state y shr, and q{ spr, in some words, are sdunded like ¢ or sh. § 17. According to the instructions of the Tibetan Grammarans, all the three surmounting letters (x"¢ ©) should be pronounced, as it were, by uttering a short vowel before them , thus, 4 erha, 4 edha, 4 esha (im one syllable ) But ths 1s seldom done. It 1s however proper, when writing i the Roman character, to express every letter, whether at may easily be pronounced or not, since orthography only can show the tme meaning, there being many words according to sulgar pronuncestion, of the Same sonnd. Orthography xs sufficiently fixed by the great number of printed works mn ‘Tibet Pronunciation 1s different in different provinces, none of which can be taken for a standard Grammanans therefore must be consulted § 18. Hitherto 1t has been shown how such letters should be pronounced that have either of the three subjoined, or of the three surmounting, letters We now proceed to state the number of the prefixes, and to enumerate the letters to which they are prefixed ‘The followmg five letters 5" 5" 2 Q are called prefixes, ¥4 qua sifon dyug, feom their beng put before a basis, or radical letter They are a sort of preposttive par ticles, used for modifying the meaning of a word, and for forming the present, past, and future tenses of a verb They may be prefixed to such letters as are specified below, Therefore §19 8 Of those letters that have a 4 prefix, 5 (ga) 1s prefixed to the follonmg eleven sunple letters 2794 54'S qa 4 4 Ny, thus, "32 gehah, ARQ’ guyal,(9) aye glah, 559 gdah, naa gnak, 89 gesah, 199 gohah, 7g gzah, 2 gyah, HAQgshah, aNQ gsah. , : ° Note-—This 4 is prefixed only to eleven simple letters, none of which has either a subjoined or a surmounting letter. All the eleven retain the sound they had with- * out the =, and thes after this prefix is sounded distinetly ¢, This 9, as a prefix, is employ ed in the formation of the present and future tenses of the verbs, besides oceur- ring in many nouns, +§ 20. 9. Of those letters that have a 5 prefix, ‘ + da is prefixed to the following fifteen simple and double letters: 4° a" gy ey" 5" yyy a erg ary, thus: amg dheh, 99 diya, 53 dira, 352 dgah, se dgya, 38 dgra, sqdaah, su dpah, and -y terminations are either pronounced accordingly as ther are written, or the ¥ is left silent. As in Ly, which is pronounced esther res or ri > and in 48 is sounded either shes or shé. And this is the cnse with some other letters also, especially with the mand § (g,d). Such is the practice with the affiaes. It is proper to write and pronounce them regularly, as has been exhibited above. $27. In the following abstract, fram Nos, 1 to 209, is exhibited, how the basis of every word in the Tibetan language, together with the inherent a, should be written and pronounced ; and in continuation from Nos 210 to 226, the affixes or let fers following the vowel, are enumerated, together with their names aud powers. The( 12.) . . abstract, in this form, contains only the radical letters with the inherent a; but, if to these roots be added the four sowel signs ®, we 2, Gu, 6; 0,) spelt in the ordinary manner: (siz, mY as A Aor wg’ G4: IH" Ray AIA follow ed by such affixes, as may be required, then this abstract will comprehend every word ofthe Tibetin language, §28. The several columns of the abstract contain"respectively ; I, General num: ber of letters in the whole scheme. II. ‘ticular number of each class of letters, HI, Roots in Tibetan, with the inherent 2, IV. The same in Roman character. V. Power of those roots without any vowel taken grammatically, VI. Ditto vulgarly, + Austract or tHe Onruocnaruy anv Onritorey oF THE Tintran Lanavaar, 429. 1. The thirty simple letters of the alphabet ; 1 W i rv v vr I Ir WW av Vv vI we 1 mn ka ok _— 16 a oma mm — 2 B kha bho — 17 Sta te 3 A ga g korg 18 & tha tsh — 4 RB ha ing — 19 Bodsa — dsord: 5 3 cha ch — 20 Y wa woo» 6 & ehha chk — 21 q sha zh french j 7 EB ja 7 ch 22 Bore oz tl 8 Go nya ony — 23 Q ha A 9 yh fa to 24 wi ya y— 10 a the th — 25 Lora roo n 5 da d¢ _ 96 a la Boo 12 Sum oa Q7 Asha sh 13 N pa Po 28 WV sa se ay 4 pha ph — 29 a Wa 16 q ba b pw 30 wd am Note Ika B kha Aga = ork Q3cha & chha Rya = Sor ch Bla a tha R da = Rore 4ypa pha aba Norp 5 Stsa & tsha Rdsa Zorts That is, the thiee first letters of each of the five series of the Tibetan alphabet, have nearly the same sound, according to the common Pronunciation in Tibet, when heard by a stranger or foreigner whose ear cannot distinguish immediately the sharp or flat,(. 13 ) aspirated and hard, letters, But ic is expedient for the learner to weite and pro- nounce them accordingly ; since by this means only can a fundamental and correct knowledge of the Tibetan language be obtained. § 30. a ‘The seven letters having a subjoined &, y. 1 Pom ESS Iv v ME t Wout iv v vi, at ols dys ky == 35 5 y — phya phy = chk 32028 Khya Rhy 36 G6 8 bya by chy a3 3 e eye gy — ar 7 mye omy ny atoag pya py thor eh , *§ 31, 3. The fourteen letters having a subjoined x, (r or). 38 1 Q Ara y= et 45 68 4 pra pr= ?e 99 2 @ alra dhr th 46°09 @ phra phy th 40 3 4 gra gr Wor’! 47 10 49 ha br a 41 4 & ba tr e 48 11 4 mra mr — 42 8 g thra thr eh 49 12 4 shra she wh 43 6 8 dra dr od 60 13 ¥ bra sr wh 4f£ 7 4% mra nr _— 51 14 g Wra Wr wh § 32, 4, The six letters with a subjoined @, /. 521 4 hla Mo 0% 55 4 qocle al = dor 63 2 8 gla gl L 56 5B a la rl z 54.3 g bla dl 2 87 6 y sist i § 83. 5, The fifteen letters having a surmounting 4, r. 58 41 A rhe rh mk 66 9 8 ra. rd od 59° 2 8 rhya thy hy 67 10 8 ena m n 60 3S A rge tg & 68 11 4 rba rh b ol 4 8 rgya ‘gy By 69 12 H rma rm m 62 56 6 ria + om OR 70 13 yo rmya oo rmy — my orny 63° 6 F ‘ta yp Jorzh { 71 i ¥ risa rs és oF,5 6f 7 4 mya ray omy 7215 # rdsa rds ds orz 65 8 5 ita tt .73 74 voy 76 17 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 105 106 107 108 109 110 116 17 118 119 120 ( 4) $34. 6. The ten letters having a surmounting 4, }. Wim iy v vi : 1 oar Iv ¥ vr 1 oq dhe hook 78 6 F ita k=se 2 a Iga Ig. g 9 7 ¥ (da ld d 8 4 lia Vt a 80 8 y Ipa Ip ra 4 4 Icha Teh ch 81 9 gy Ibe 1b b 5 g Ya y Jj 82 10 yo le Mh eC . § 35. 7. The twenty-two letters with a surmounting ¥, s. 164 sha sk = k Of 12 | snra snr = nr 2 ¥ skya shy ky 95 13 % spa sp Pp 3 oy shra shr dr(tsh), 96 IAB spya Spy py shorch 4 HW sga sg & 97 18 Y spre spr pie’ Bow sgye spy ogy 98 16 4 sha sb a 6 Wo gre gr gr *d | 99 17 y sbye by by, garsh 7 % sila Bit a 100 18 y sbra sbr br or’ 8 § snya sny ny 101 19 4 sma sme me 9 y sta st t 102 20 y smya smy my orny 10 x sda sd dy, 203 21 Yy smra smr mr 116% sna sn n { 104 22 & > stsa stsa s § 56 8. The eleven simple letters preceded by aa, g. 1*3Q gehah geh = cha 1117 AAR gzhah gh = tht 2aqq gnych gny ny» | 112 8 amg grah ogy 2 8 57a gtah ge eo 113° 9 MR gyah gy y 4AmQ gdak gd de If 10 mAQ gshakh — gsh sho 5 maQ gnah gr a U5 11 AWA gsah gs s 6 nq gtsah ~ gis ts $87, 9. The fifteen simple and double letters having a 5 d, prefix, 1 492 dkah dk a k 121 6 4y dgra dgr Ee? or 2 5a diya dky hy, 1220-7 SEQ dich ay x 3 sq dkra dir Chr #? | 193g 492 dpah dp Pp 4 582 dgah dg g' W249 sy dpya dpy yeh or ch wo 5 sa dgya dey gyt. | 1295 10 34 dpra dpr 2 pror ¢mom n ( 15 ) v Ww I trop oy v vi 126 11 sma dich dv fr 4 128 13 459 dora der or f 0 129 M4 5aQ Amah dm aw 127 12 42 dtya doy: vyor ys 130 15 RY dmya dmy my. ny $38 10 The foity fire simple, double, and triple letters having 2X, or b prefia lat 1am blah bk = k 154 24qRQ tah «ot = a 132 2ny bhye bly Ay” | 165 25 Qh orta—ort ty 133° 8 ug bhra = bkr = He? | 156 26 NF bia beet 13t 474] ~~ Dbkle bE ‘Alor 4) 157 27 my bsta bst tz 135 5 AA brka brh hg 158 28 ARQ bdah bd ad 186 6 Ab brkya = brky Ay? 159 29 98 brda Ird dv 137 7 aN bsha bsh hy 160 80 qg bida bid av 138 8 uy bshya =~ bshy — hys 16 31 ax bsda bsd od 189 9 my bskra she “hr, P(sh) 162 32-44 brane ben 140 10 AQ bgah bg & 163 83 ay bsnaobsn nt M1 all aa bgye bgy gy 164 3442Q bisak bts ts" 142 12 49 bgra —obgr_— er, d? | 165-35 Ry brisa —brés— ty Bx, 143 139% brga bg g 166 86-Ry bstsa sts ss 144 14 48 brgya =obrey gy 167. 87 OF brdsa so brds— sz 145 15 my obega bsg ge + | 168 38 AAQ behak =bek zh M46 16-44 0 obsgya bsgy ogy 169 39 uxq brah og 47 17 Ay begrabegr gy’ds | 170 40mg bela badd 148 18 4 briia = bri iia 171 41 a bria bri gt 149 19 Wy bsiia sti fie 172 4299Q Dshah = sh sh 150 20 43Qq bekah beh ch 178 43 qwQ_ bsah bs ost 11 21 4% bya by yor ch| 174 44 Ry bsra ber 7h 152 22 4 brnye bray ay 175 45 4 bsla bt of 163 28 44 benye bsny nye 489 11 The fifteen simple ind double letters hwving 1 47, m, prefix 176 1 4RQ mihah mhh = 7h 179 4 4FQ mgah mg = g 177, «2a mihya mahy Ahy 180 5 #8 mgye mgy — gyt 178 8am wilhra mihr dhs, Ph} 181 GQ mgra mgr Yer, ?d( 16 ) ‘ 1 uO Iv v we, I Wo iv ¥ VI 182-7 EQ mitch mi ain 187 12 sq mdah md = dv 183 8 Haq mehhah mckh = chhe {188 13 14Q muah mn n- 18f Oa. mah ny a 189 14 #%Q mishah imtsh — tsh+ 185 10 9Q mayah may — aye 190 15 af 186 Ho xaQ mihch mth th §40. 12. The nineteen simple and double letters having a, h, 191 1 aq bkhak Whh = kho 1201 11 Qs hdra 192 2 am bkhya = hkhy = khys [202 42 axa 193 3 93 hAdra hkir Beh, 203 18 ay hphya phy phy, che 10 4 ana hgh hg gs | 904 14 eg hiphra bphr phr, th , 195 8 aa hgye Ngy gy | 205 15 ang hoch bbe, 196 G as hgra hgr By @ | 206 16 ag hbya bby Be EF 197: 7 Qa hehhah hchh chk: 207 17 aR hbre hdr dad 198 8 QFQ Ijah = hy ge 208 18 QdQ beshah lush 199 9 gaQ hhthah hth = the 209 19 af hdsa 200 10 aq hdsh hd @ § 41. 13. The ten simple and four double affixes. mdsth wds ds ~ prefix. » hdr ='de,’d? liphah ph ph tho lds dy 210. 1° yn ge g§ = khorg2i7 8 x ta =r a 2-5 fe tg los 9 og fe 2 22 8 5 da d t 219 10 N 8a 8 mute 213 4 a na n 220 11 AN gs the s is 214 6 q ba b P 221 12 SN osngs mute 215 6 a oma m 222 313° «ayy bs in all 226 7 Q ha —h 228 14 aN ms these Ll To which may be added the following : 224 15 45 ond or Me Oe 226 17 aR i or lt 225 16 x5 rd or nh “ . OBSERVATIONS, 1. In the above abstract of the orthography and orthoépy (of this Tanguage) forming 209 combinations, classed under 12 heads, is exhibited the basis of ex ery word in the Tibetan language.‘ (Ww) 2. Many of these syllables, as they now stand, are significant words; others peeome so by the addition of any of the affixes (enumerated under the 13th: head). ' 3. In all these syllables the vowel a is inherent, and must be pronounced with the same tone, as in ‘ far’ or ‘father’ in English, It must be remembered that every syllable in the ‘Fibetan language, where there is no apparent vowel sign, must be prouaunced with the inherent ¢; as in 5 fia; 25 rang ; Gay lags ; AVHN bsams, ke. 4. This inherent a is visible, and expressed by the letter @, in such }Hables, as have a prefix before the simple radical (or fundamental) letter, and when there fol- Tous no consonant closing the syllable. But when the radical or fundamental letter is a compound one, or when there follows a consonant (or two consonants) after the radix, the @ vowel is inherent, and must always be pronounced. It is visible in syllables like the following words : an kteh, pawn, pledge, bail. a§Q mdah, an‘ arrow, 452 dgah, joy, pleasure. | 25g hgah, some, any. Ane bkah, 2 precept, commandment,| and inherent in such syllables or words as follaw : sadgra, an enemy, : any bkas, split or cleft asunder. Ay bska, bitter (taste). a55N mdangs, the forehead ; yester- ax hdra, like, similar. day. gmx dgur, a separating, Qua hgram, the jaw, &c. 5. All words or syllubles, in this tongue, having the inherent or visible « (2) are written dnd pronounced as has been explained. Those that bare any of the four vowels (i, ty 0) marked thus:*, 7» are formed of the same 209 syllables, as have been already exhibited in alphabetical order, by adding the sowel signs. Thus the whole may be formed into a syllabic scheme, to which if the aflixes (enumerated ander the 13th head) be added as may be required, every word in the Tibetan fan guage will then be comprelended in this scheme. ‘The whole may be spelt in the same manner, 25 here is exhibited with the first syllable of each of the 12 heads : a5, . PTmhe Ah Qe hya Sihyi 35 Ara § hri 4a hla gaa 5a tha A chi Oy lke Qui 7M sha Q shi 8 aq gehah 8 gehi Oamq dhah A dhi 10 q7@ bhah =A DAE 11 aq mhhah 32 arg hhhah G. With respect to the affixes (enumerated under the 18ih herd, from the 210th to 226th number) it must be remarked, that these are the only letters of the Tibetan alphabet that close a sy Ilable, or follow any sowel ; they lhewise enjoy the office of initials: but thatthe 20 other letters of the alphabet, (95 7 BT 3g E41 wary xr & 8 yr a ae VrAT ey wi) never close the syllable, or never are pat at mkht ak hkhé 18 ) R ku B ky crn § hln A ku y Mu Hake Aa gehu Ra dku Aa bhu 4g ndhu OS hAdue after any vowel, but only occur as initial letters. § 42, The following is an Abstract exhil AAd B hy & hré KE & rké Pale ohé AB gché aa dké Aa dhe Aa mkhé ae bhhe A ko o hyo ¥ kro Y Alo ® rho ¥ lho ¥ sho a8 geho wi dho ni bho ae mhkho Qe hkho ting those simple and compound Iet- ters that have a similar sound, according to the common practice in Tibet. ay a A! MQ’ ANY Ne’ AY wb son ae ay aka & kha mga Sy ss RNY (eee gy a") ama (nr gg’ a" "Faq" y’ &) Bm HBQ" QEQ Be 4B Qa Pr aa Q3 (g" ay) 4 when simple, in general "oy fr alt HSI AAQ TH RAG’ QA g @ 8 ey se 4 We gy aa a5 aT SR Ay Tg" avs Qu (5°R) * Pronounced both Ja and da = aaAaTaaAB ka kya va la hha hye vha Xa or ga ga sya aaRia 3 che & chha Fya qnya hla atha da ana ype we phe gba amo ita & tsha E dsa ( 19 ,) (see q and @) Rr Brg yr Star qe TE wT Haq TI (sy’ BH & HAQ’ QS (¥" QY) when simple, commonly .. FR PIES CEQ EQ T «, Te yaa Te NE eT wr Pp ane AQ ae AP a 4 (see x) “ a Hag Qaor = when simple, commonly YS wg: TAQ’ IRQ’ QQ’ AT ae 5g 5 3 (see 9) a BAe AQ WE Ay ag as o ary a7 §4@ (3) ¥ (see 5) oe ee aw y = sh or ch, see Sand # 2 QQ o ~- yay (sees). W Qq (see R) «+ . when simple in the beginning Pep wy eaeg oe Tae y oe ag for useer; YseeQ, A see gand q ary geo - ur & yr 5g (sce 9) re . & nay nig (ey a¥8) +. & whe 2d@.e . Badgaie ef. . Soll om wy fia cha chha cha ja nya ta ea tha fy nya mra sta tha dsa (ja)BS for Xa —- a - gs - a —_ a — a aR - ¥. ay AS _ ws gat _ aaa _ of ah OO =a 0 we aga nyan as mas _ Xo mgdyasn— my "5g — mgaR — as _ ao ( 2 ) fgar'h, name ofa star or constellation. a2-an, a tent’s top, or upper part, gx'$q, beit, let it be, may it be. graks, a harbour, port, haven, g'%4, a boatman’s fee. 3:79, quadrangular; @ square. garam, one that bas found the supreme perfection, a sage, a saint, Re-Br, a town, a city. Saarqa, a volume, a book. 3'4Q, importance, matter. nzga'An’, a pestle. myardy, fierce, cruel. agerta, a shrine where relics are deposited, agnreks, ditto. 254'g, a bracelet, a ring ; an ornament, mqrhx, x head-band ; an excrescence on the head. ng'din,an arclied roof. ngaXatu, a fathom, two yards. 85'S, young, a young man, marAc’, a lever, a bar. mgd, straight, upright. 55'44'Q35, it aches, it is in pain. ago aL or HAL, pain, dolour. many, the image of a Buppua, &c. mganyn, a handsome body, gana, incorporeal ays'1q, chief precept; sacred scriptures. st'fs, faint red colour ; a garb of ditto. @ An, a part, portion, ary$a, the middle of a river, &e.for Be Be ke bl 1 D2 60? bi sH I 32 OF 2 ! To sy So a a - Be or Aay— Bor Bsin— Bs - ay By _ 35, - | at me ate It 2 a way aBAL - woo ai sO ( 23 ) 5°95, a vessel for water. + 474, a crocodile, a dolphin. Foye, a miraculous change of one’s self, &c. 9°Q, twenty. §aac, mid-day, noon, rane, misery, sin. Saraes deep meditation, ecstasy. dary, cutire, integral, aaN-s5, all, the whole, aar?, generosity, liberality. garyrag, mercy, love, affection. 2474, the four watches of night. F-qtanaavy, a Tathdgata, Syry, in the time of, at the time of, &c. surge, an hermit, a rishe. garda, aclerk, secretary, amanuensis. qnx'8@, porcelain, China-ware. saad, God. s¥ix'¥x, wealth, riches, treasure. ydeeex, a circle, mandal, sar Gs, the meridian line. s4esa, the clergy, priesthood. Rar, a priest, monk, friar. ¥@)a4N, virtuous manners, x2 gx, natural, real. Sues, noble, Hlustrious. sgrdan, assembled troops; an army. sae e a, Ishwara, Jupiter, yg'ds, a turban; a crown. 5584, a general, Baer585, a troop of soldiers or warnors,axBQ Jan ax MEIN 1 Be an Bc Bs Be Bay aay nav aN max a Aa RSA aah ae akin AYE ARAN a nev AEA for ( 24 ) 4arama, the void space above, lieayen. san, the western quarter of the world, Suga gem, za dny, perfect, best. predad, reverence be to, ar Fadore, &e. Qa, affair, business, commission. a5'Ac", fuel, wood for fire. gs’am, the femule sex, a woman, Herg, an ass. wan, a flock of birds, pagan, the northern quarter. g5'sa, a Bodhisatsva. garde, a beast, a quadraped, garg, a braliman. ge, afool, idiot. HAy, prudence, understanding. Hey, an officer, magistrate. an, blessings ; glory. agagey, eleven, ARS §N, bvelve. gnu, thirteen, qa7H%, fourteen. 5°94), sixteen. 1g"O54, seventeen. Aes, eighteen, qdarqa, Buacavan. gS4r-g5°Q5N, Ditto. mia qRX, respect, reverence ; civility, politeness, qaAagy, a Sugata, Bonpna, asv2, the food of immortality, nectar. ASAE, any odoniferons incense. BUTTER, distress, misery, affliction,gv Rage nie ax aay Axa for ( 25 ) R84'ag%, industry, diligent application. vva"4a1, moral meril, happiness. alan, alins, M Harsarx, the planet Mars... , ayy, a Tirthika, a Mindu, not Buddhist. ay famine, ; a8, a pearl, gia, name of a,precious stone. ar%q, a flower. 34m, a mirror, a looking glass. waa, misery. +++ 418Q Q3, walking in the void space ahove, a D'dkint. w&¥ha, a holy shrine, fane, a Chaitya, axaarts, name of a city (S, Shravasti), 4a0°-QR4 a barbarous country. #4284, perfect, arrived at perfection, emancipated. wv. 31gy'zc, common, . aac, the thumb, aad 2n, Swerga, paradise. 4&4 4s, criterion, definition by its criteria. asa, sandal wood, . Sars, regular, Saran, morality ; good morals. ¥rHx, a beam of light. Sans, white brightness. a, letter, a letter or epistle. aren, is it? waraa, a number, limb ; part. Grin, fore-know ledge, wisdom. wana, good quality, Rada, of great value, precious metal, xnfor oD) Xeryx, a country having many defiles. wad, the sea, ocean, ayt, a prince, king. AyQgy, grapes. #-9§s the reverend, a title, ®2, a Vujra, thunderbolt, diamond. sardin, cognition, knowledge, 4araRn, enumeration, spccification. tay, the plural sign. HQ miraculous change ; juggle. #V'§s, born in a miraculous or supernatural manner. San-gt, Segant or fine composition ; Sanscrit, Qowys, wealth, substance. ea'R, an emanated person (of the disinity). gay, iron, fetters. gnvqa, chains or fetters of iron, for the feet of a milefuctor. Avrn, wit understanding. Ana, what is to be known, science, learning. wea5y, the most perfect Being, a Buppua. aqrA, a lion. aa, the soul Aaya, animal being. Rarrgyg, a valiant soul, a saint. Xiu, different, various. afew, asunder, differently. Saardin, let him mind or reflect on. aq'sHa, a teaching master, professor. Heraks, one desirous of learning. HerQs, a scorpion, pian, all sort of, various, Savagy, a menacing finger.yeaaan for seta Yap NB aris Reagan — yew gyda way v ean — aR amo san Sarg asyga — RAeTy — ans a or seq aeeys — ( 27 ) yxawetay, Chaneras gzigs (vulg. Chenrézi,) (S. Avalobites- teard.) : werd, honey, 4am, together, in company with. gad, a colleague in an office (that uses the same seal with his colleague). #F Faw, the southern quarter or corner. Ampreviation or Namrs or Wonvs. daysdasndiea, the master and the pupil. SHTICK, Lotsdva (interpreter, translator) and pandit. aryngn, Sa-shya pandila, (a celebrated poet; learned man, and Lama, in Tibet, in the 13th century.) au qrgay, the king and the officers (or ministers). HaYsq-Qaawaes, the officers and the subjects, or people. yea 57H4'h, light and darkness. * §aRisqakaX, day and night. srargycsaaim, earth and heaven, Byeaca, husband and wife, weerg, the father and his ebitd. ar379, the mother and her child. * Sqe-qerN, a grandchild (or nephew) and maternal uncle. Sepetqer Sd, grandfirther and grandchild. dnarmanse gerat, verse and prose, RAUEaa Aya gs, the Kab-gyur and Stan-gy ur, (S. Meda and Shastra.) Baxgnys, India and Tibet. Samrg5-gs, China and Tibet. saaysefery, virtue and vice. Raerqaeyse Rayer, the acquiring of virtue and purifi- cation of sins (or confession). rargqdiaca, the Lana (or Guru) and his disciple.( 28 ) e¥¥s, for ad'n'5eHSy, going and sitting (or remaining, tarry ing), Eaux — Exenehysae, lifeand moral merit. nifymdy— miardtqge aay, the living and the dead, Syyx — Syrargnyxcat, aw ritten book or manuscript, and a printed book, werga Mr d3Oys, ink and pen. seri. —— yrSqsrainng, ink and paper. wryy — WaTSGyN or gargn dara, father and son, or the master and the pupil. ” ernaRy— QELS ES OW, rotatory migration (or worldly existence) and deliverance from pain (or from bodily existence}. Such is the method which the Tibetans observe in contracting syllables or abbreviating words, § 45. Sone apvenririous ranticirs, There occur frequently among the parts of speech some adtentitions particles, many of which are of like meaning, differing only in orthography, on account of the final letter of the preceding word. Some of them require a short explanation in this place. § 46. > m m:—All these three denote a sort of definitive article. They are used thus: matter ay 5°73" wv ; asin 57% all the six; 999°4 the spring season; 34°" the west or the very evening ; a7 both, or all the two. Bafter 42° ; as in Fare the autumn ; 52x77 the summer scason ; Bae the gaining the field, the being victorious, ‘These {and oiher words of the same nature) occur either thus: Jasrm, Sez4™, and Earym, according to ancient orthography, or without the 5 as above given. after = a a, orany vowel; as in Yerm the gut or the entrails ; axa" all the three; 2741 the mountain, hill; 98 both. But they are frequent] ly confounded, § 47. a5 ET ue", are conjunctions ; too, alo; though, although; ge" is used after ay Ry rN; as in aga7E5" though there is (or be) ; @éras" thou also ; Naren: though he finds ; AN’pe although he hnows, es is used after any vowel; as in 595 falso; 395 whatever; Q3Q5 though he go or woes., a) wt is used after 6744°Q°2'a, as well as after any vowel; as in ean, whichsoever; £4°ws, the very price ; aaman, never ; wan, I also; ax-ws, batter also; warwa'dqxa, inha- Dited place even is not to be found there (or there is even no village). §48. Sr Fr Sr Gor Gare genitive signs, denoting ’s, of, or pertaining, belonging, relating to. : Sis used after 47 qv; asin WyS of Tibet; sq3 of the west, western; Qa'S of the soul or the soul's, &c. . 4 is used after ay & ; asin 35574 of me, mine ; Aq"4 of a wood. & oceurs after 4 atv x" q; as in 24°8, of the price; gard, of the road; Ax’, of gold ; ga8 ofacouniry ; 88 or 3 ofa man, a man’s, human, §.49. 841-941 841 Gs or G4 correspond to the English participial termination -ing. Put after the root of a verb, they form, with the auxiliary Q34, the continuative indica. tise present ; asin 35°84°934, he is doing; Aar44rqsn, he is reading; Z4'Sa'q5e, he is showing or teaching ; 9394, or Q3*9a°asq, he is going. They are used after the same letters respectively, as have been enumerated above for 8. §50. Sar Sat avr ay, (or instead of it,-%), and 8, are the signs of the instrumental case, signifying, by, with ; as in B'S, by theo; ayerdw, by me; a&s-Bxy, with or by gold; ay or ard, with or by fire They are used after the same letters as said above of S &e. 84 &e. QL. ma mare Sate gar" Tat” Aa” QUI RAY AN" NIT and wf areall of the same power, and are formed of the preceding word, by reduplicating its final letter, and affixing thea, They are interrogative signs, or expressadoubt ; whether? whether or not? The term %a is used only in the perfect tense after 4 X* q (for ant 25" &) + as for evample: Q3arnr, is there ? Arse, is gone ? Ghraw, is there? Dagar, is it ? Baraat, haye you found ? + Q¥aw, shall I go? or whether I go? 8a-2477552, whew ther is it gold or silver? sgarqarrasey, silver or copper ? Aarna, do you know ? muah (for avay hs), have you heard? BxhH (for Bx4"FH), las he carried away ? ayvornar (for AYa577H), has he begged or ashed ? $52. Fe Bet ae at Be Ft oh syand # are hhewise all of the same power, and are formed of the preceding word, by reduphcating its final letter, and adding the ovonel sign(”). They huve the power of the substantive verb, am, art, is, are; 1¢ 30 ) ‘orofdo, have. They are frequently used with the present, perfect, and fature tenses. The term # ought to be used only in the perfect tense, after 4° X° 4 (for aR £4" G5") : for example: Qsard, is, there i far&, is gone; 25°%; it is long 5 Hy, there is; 24°8, it is; AY, has found ; agra, itis a road ; HY, it isa man; FrQHQ, 1 go, or am going; I will go; agzrY, it will become; sare, I beg, I request, &c. 5 Gann, it is well, well! mvar¥ (for mv95"h), | have heard; Br-W (for O24°9), he has become ; aYa'¥ (for s¥a5"4), he has begged or requested. . §53. “Se Gey An, after a substantive denote the indefinite article: a, an, any. After the imperative, conjunctive present, or hortative mood, they may be ren- dered in English by, let, may. 3x is used after 4 5 Q (and sometimes after the inherent a) thus: ann, a sheep; 2Y5:85, a vessel ; anr8q, an evening, a night ; ma, some, someborly. And again, in verbs: aer$s, read, let him read, he may read ; 4°84, explain, tell, let him explain ; qA'3s, make ready, prepare, let him prepare, &c. 5 is used after & ar a Q' x a thus: GR" am, a house ; Ws, an answer ; aarga,aroad; aagga, anybody; #4, a man; 4pz-am, a fort or castle ; Ay 4g, a crys{al. And again, with verbs, thus: agen (for 45°25), hear, let him hear; 54°4a, let him die, perish 5 arya, say not, let him not say ; ¥i°9q (for e580), turn round, let him torn; morgan (AVaR'3m), beg, ask of him, let him beg An is used after v thus: erAn, a garment; Newv-4a, let him mind, § 54. Sq Gz Ac express the participial termination ing in Lnglish, and are a sort of statistical adverb, They are nsed after such letters as has been stated above for Sq" Gey 4a. Examples: #8, reading; agewAs, having read over or perused ; gr@s, speaking or saying; YarAc, having spoken or said. G55. Beart Frat Area thus, or B91 G-X'1 AG, thus so, thus says he, Ke. 3x1 Gxt An, 80, thus; 3141 4°41 84, conjunction for: indeed, I pray, pray ; as in 8:35°34, what do you, [ prays BGx94, why | pray you; 88" aysyraa, pray by whom was it ordered, (or said,) commanded, In all the particles, thas enumernted, the 3 is used after oy 4; tho q after orasort of adverbs. Example: Q&'3y Baryn'hy, he said so( 31 ) a 4 a x7; and the # after ¥, in the same manner as we have seen abore, in 34 Gm An. § 56. By Sorz gy are dative, adverbial, infinitive future, and gerund signs, sig- nifying: to, for, &e. y . ais used after 7 and 4rx' (for 457 £57 Gs); as in Have, for reading, or to be read ; 8q72 back, towards the back or behind ; 94°3 (for 945"8) everywhere. 3 is used after 57 97 a 2°; as in 1&3 whither, to what place? 44s, to Tibet ; as, in answer to @f"3-03'R, going on a journey ; 4x°3, to the east ; $2123, into India; FAIgyWsS mA, I beg to commend me, &e, ® or x after Q or any vowel, thus: 4#°4RQ'S or AdHIIY QUIN, flying to heaven, (or jnto the air above ;) Q4'% or Q&x hither ; 4's or 8x thither. xg isused after 4, thus: awry, to the right (hand or side) ; a7 2av"H, to, towards, on at, the western quarter or corner of the world, § 57. 37% 2 joined to the participle present, or verbal root, , form a sort of statistical adverb; as Qg'f, sitting, or in a sitting posture ; in like manner with the perfect * participle, as yk, inving said. ~The 7 is used after axa; the § afters, and the? after ar 5 a7 Q. Examples: wary, hearing ; 252°, carrying ; qe'%, lying (on the ground): Qsisr%, meditating ; Ygrz, being ; 89, running; 35°2, stand- ing erect; 34.3, tenching; 24 9, imagining ; gr, saying. § 58. “es participial, adjective, verbal nown, and substantive terminations, or a a. sort of article. 4 is used after rar arma; as in Bary, reading ; Wey, being ; Fay, showing ; Rory, teaching ; Yar, restraining ; Avy, knowing. q is used after GQ” kr ar; asin GarR, coming 5 Q4Q°R, passing away; gia, going, “agi, changing ; 29%, offering, presenting. But in many substantives (not ver- bal) the 4 is used after every consonant; as in a53,a valley , 4aq'y,onedyelling on the boundary of a country ; 42°, one of the east ; Ya", a country man, villager. § 59. wa yare dative, adverbial, and infinitive signs, signifying to, for, Se. ‘They are ‘AL. used respectively after the letters before stated, Examples: qeryx, into the hand ; #Sqy'yx, speedily ; Fa,43, to read , 8X, into the ear; aNgrgr, clearly ; &&-qx, to come.( 32) $60, xvYpron. vulg. pé care comparative signs, signifying: than, more than ; and Ay. vA the pluperfect participle also is sometimes formed by these particles added to the perfect participle.” Taainples: Beye anyds, | am more black than thou (or you); SHV" SyHax¥a, thou art more white than 1; Gargnra, after having said thus, or thus having said; yarggarqy,atter having given into his hand (or presented to him). The terms yw and qv also are used with the same distinction (with tespect to the preceding final letter) as before stated, § 61. ¥; express the definite article ‘the.’ Yis used, in genefal, after cousonants, and AS A after vowels, But in verbal nouns that denote an agent, the y may de used after a vowed) also; as in Q¥Y (for e¥' qn, a bull ; a not castrated elephant; 1474, a bull yak, or not castrated yak 5 wb, a stallion ; 4%, a boar. ‘The terminations, a or #%, denote a female, or any thing of an ambiguous gender 5 as 278, a sho-goat; ¥°4%, adoor, Gav, adrop, The a and g are diminutive signs, and denote a quality or thing ima small degree.( 40 ) y and Q are common termimittons to participles and idyeetives, both for maleand female, and for nouns denoting ating i a middle or indefimte sense, as EN, one being able, 934, one walking , ary x, 9 tise man » aR #, a beautiful female person But all such nouns may be tahen substantiy ely also, as the bemg able, a walking , or 1 a general sense, asthe wise, the beautfal §78 There are some nouns that are taken both adjectively, and substantively, and which hive but one termmation, in a as % 4, prior, former, antecedent | § a, postertor, Intier, an inferior, 261 a, lower, At 4, (oF @ 4) upper, superior, a superior , 45 4, inner, inward , 9 af, outer, outward § 74 By the addition of x (sometimes of 3) for males, and by that of # (some tames of 4), fo females, several nouns may be formed, denoting a mile or female person, of any country, plice, nition, tnbe or eiste rehgion, profession, sect, ora follower of, &c, 18 454, a Tibetan, 5%, a Tibetin womn, 29x 4, in Indi, & ax #, a female person of India, 84m y, (or & 4), a Chinese man, 84m a, (or 8%), a Chinese woman , m1 Mongol, 53%, a Mongol wom m, Sr §ya Tm, S23 a Tarkish woman , aq My, a mn of Nepal or a Nepalese , 4 #, a Nepafese wo- man, 4854, a Loropem’, € is 4, a female person of Emope, &2449514,m sr Aetx, f, one of British Indm, or a European residing in India, @ X (ore a), 9 Coshmarnn, 2 3f,a Cashmenin woman +5444, one of the Brahman tribe, or t fol- lower of the Hindu religion , 9a 4 4% a Beakman’s wife, or the follower of ditto, NEW BAI mH fa follower of Buddn, x Buddhist , £59, a trader, de a4,n she trider, V ¥3,a nn of the Saskya veligious sect in Pibet > 3%, avomin of ane 75 Dammutne nouns my be formed, generally, from pnmitises, by add ing to them the particle &, small or httle , as aq 35a small or httle house But there are many diminutives that are formed by tarmng the a ot 0 vowel of the promi te mto ¢, and adding to the end g (with or without the above 35), 95 froma horse, #g, a colt, from tcow, AZ, red, fromy, abird +5, 0 hitle bird, from W, rdoor, Rg, a ttle door, from %, 1 stone, 8g, 1 hnttle stone, from at, a like, aa, alittle like, &e = Some are formed hy adding the x vowel, ind so. imhing two sl libles of the former once, as from am, a sheep, 22, 4 lamb, from aq Ya rope,(41) aaa cord; from gaa child or young, ¥"Z, a little child, the young of an animal. Aud, some are formed by adding to the primitives the particle 3; as from 4, asack ; 2578, a little sack : or by adding g; as from aman ; a, a dwarf, . Or Decirysion. § 76. There is no irregularity whatever in the declension of nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns and participles ; they all are declined in the same manner by the addition of certain postpositive particles. As the nouns, &c. may be with or without their respectise articles, the postpositive particles, in the genitive, instramental and dative cases, must be selected in accordance with the final letter of the nominative; in the other cases they follow the nominative indiscriminately. §77., In the nominative the person or thing is named simply without any additional syllable. ‘The other cases are formed by certain postpositive particles, thus: § 78. The agentive or instrumentive case is formed by either Sy, 4N, ‘Gv (or instead of Qy by -y, the Q being dropped according to modern orthography) 1, On, or signifying, by, with, . an - § 79. «The genitive or possessive case is formed by the same particles with the omission of the final ¥, thus: §, 4, & 4, or Q, signifying, ’s, of, pertaining, relating, belonging to. Note, After a vowel the adjuncts & or § may be used indiscriminately, (as also <7 and Gy ;) the first making but one syllable with the preceding, and the last adis- tinct one; as 68, #0’ (pron, #4) BY, sia yi, mine; BY, tias, or Bd~, Hayis, by mo, f. § 80. The dative is formed by % applied to the nominative indiscriminately, signifying : to, on, upon, into, unto, with regard or respect to, for, &c. Or by one of these, & 3, Or -X, ¥, put after the nominative, according to its final letter, sigui- fying (in addition to what has been said before of a), motion or progression to, into, ar change, turn into, promotion, &e. This case is usel sometimes for the locative also; that is to say, the above enumerated particles denote frequently, rest in, at, on, a plaee. . § 81. ‘The accusative or objective case is the same with the nominative. It seems sometitnes to assume the of the dative. ™( 42 ) § 82. The vocative 1s the same with the nomiative, except that the vocative parhele 8 (signifying O') or some other of similar Purport is put before at But, in general, address or exhortation is made without any such particle, as awd a, gentlemen! 54-454, priests! § 83 The locate 1s formed by 4 and a, signifying, 1est im, at, on, a place, This case sometimes 1s expressed by the particles enumerated above under the dative, But properly they signify motion to, or towards, a place . § 84 The ablative 1s formed by adding to. the nominative 4N" or ON, signtfy- ing, of, out of, from Or run Puuna Novern § 85 The Plural signs in general, are 34; 55, Say ‘The first, 3m, or anrsary, 1s peculiar to the personal pronouns, which have hhewse 545, RAN, or Sahay Besides these, occasionally occur 35, 54, 4B, vaQ'sn, aa, ANN 35, en, day &, and day, all of whach denote a collective or plural aumber. (Note The Saushnt duals have been, generally, rendered by sm, m Tibetan, but m tlus language there 15 no dul, and the term 54 1s used as a plnal sign, ‘except when if 18 added to a personal pronoun, spentiing respectfully to one. But here also, it 1s used mostly ma plural sense ) Any of the above particles put after the nominative singular, may form the nommative plural, and the other eases of the plunal are made up by the same post- positive particles as m the singular , but hee the prrticles forming the agentive or mstiumentive, genitive, o1 possesstve, and datise eases, niust he used with respect to the final letter of the nominative plural §86 The following 1s the general form of declension, according to which may bedechned adjectives, numerals, pronouns, and participles, as well as nouns, Sixcunan, 1 Nominative 2 Instrumentive or agentive, 8, Sy, 85 -w, or dy, by, with & Genztive or possesswve, 84,8, 8ore, of, 4s 4 Datwe, AWS Sor-2 gv, to, for, &c.( 43) 5 Accusative or objective, 6 Vocative, 7 Locatize, 8 Ablative, like the nominative. 8,0. > 4 or Y; in, at, on. 4N or &y; from, of, out of, from on. Pourat. 1 Nominative, 2 Instrumentive or agentive, 8 Genitive or possessive, A Dative, 5 Accusative or objective, 6 Vocative, 7 Locative, | 8 Ablative, ° § 87. Example: — Singzlar. 1 Nom. xewin Buddha. 2 Inst. wenrbarde by Buddha. 3 Gen. Nearhar9 of Buddha. 4 Dat. xearByr% to Buddha. 5 Accus. NaN'eN — Buddha. 6 Vor. = SncaréN O Buddha. 7 Locat. xearén4 on Buddha, Ratet or 541 (35) sarEy radi ha ds yal BATT RS BANTSAL Baan 555 Saran 5c or— f or—q Baan RETAN or—QVy Or—{y Plural, NSE AY NB ear ene ay webby RE ER EMAL NEN EN SAN SANT EN SAN EATEN SUN'S, the Buddhas. by the Buddhas. of the Buddhas. to the Buddhss. the Baddhas. O Buddhas. on the Buddhas, 8 Ab SENB"AN from Buddha. vqarSvann'sy from the Buddhas. (Note. Yn the examples given hereafter, the vocative and locative cases may ‘ve omitted ; since they may easily be formed when required, according to the scheme of general declension.) § 88. The particles forming the 2nd, 3rd and 4th cases (see the form of general declension), are used in the following manaer,( 44) Sy and § are used after a nominative terminating in 5, y, or ¥; as from 85, thou; 8a, the back; aw, the body, are made B5SN, by thee; éq5y, with the back ; awv-8y, with or by the body. And 848, of thee, thine, thy; &y8, the back’s ; a8, of the body. 4x and 4, after a nominative ending in 4, or ‘<3 as from 2m, the eye; 8c, a name; are formed, &eyéin, by or with the eye ; dicrdyy, by or with a name. And dari, of or belonging to the eye; &q+4, of or belonging toa name, And so on with ihe rest. so 8v and 8 after a nominative ending in 4, 4, 2, or %; as, 25, price; mya, speech ; mx, gold; 559, silver; form 258y and 24-3; anardn and anar8, atiz/8y and ard; a5wéy, and sgq°8 ‘ &y or -w, Yay and @ or Y, are used after a nominative ending in any vowel; as af mother ; 3, man ; &, water ; 3, fire ; ¥, a tooth ; form, ary or ary, and aQorard; ay or dey, and #8 or a-§; 2N or arn, and 38 or 3°A; dw or ary, and a8 or ab; dy or ad, and WG or Yd, @ is the general dative sign, applied to any nominative. © 2 is used after ax, as Qa'R, into the hand ; 3q'z, to the west. and after arxrq (for 45, 25, 25), as 948 (for may"), every where; ax'y (for ALS H), to the east ; 4Xery (for a Xagyg), to the other side, 3 is used after &, 5,4, a 2,0: as dicvs, for a name; eS, into Tiber; 2as, fora Price; aars, to a way, (road journey ;) mQr+s, into gold; wars, into, toa places Sor A, after Q or any vowel ; as Hs or Yx, to the south; 4x, intoa man; &, into, to, fire; 42, into water; yx, into a god. g, after a nominative ending in 7; as sways, to the right (hand or side). a Examples of Declension, § 89. All sorts of declinable words terminating in the letters 5.5, or Ny, as de, thou; 4%, a vessel, (am utensil ;) &, shine, lustre; mq, a needle; wy, father, (respect- fally 3) 45, fine Nour or meal of parched barley, (sate ;) X, cotton cloth ; xx, time, season; Lw, part, division ; G2, wisdom ; 3N, celigion; way be declined afier the following paradigm,( 5) Singular. , Plural. 1 Nom. 99, the body, anrhan, bodies. 2 Instr. awn, by or with the body, garhaarday, with botlies. 3B Poss. gx, of the body, aNsad, — of bodies, 4 Dat. gna, — to the body, Qysieg, — to bodies. 5 Ace. 2A, the body, aa hay, ladies, ’ 6 Abi. garan, from the bodys ankanray, from bodies. § 90. All sorls of nouns terminating in any of #75" may be declined after the following example: . Singular. Plural. 1 Nom. &q, the eye, Seranny or Saya, the exes. 2 Instr, Sevan, by or with the eye, derkerr§n, by the eyes, 3 Poss, Sera, — of the eye, Sqrsaryd, of the eyes 4 Dat, Se, to ihe eye, Bayesian, to the eyes. 5 Ace, an, the eye, Ror aay, the eyes, ° 6 Abl = Saray, from the eye, Hep yar an, from the eyes. Examples to be declined : ayaa, 2 servant, subject : ya, a whole piece of cloth; nua, the Tibet yak, (Bos grunniens;) 1, the hand; am, a sheep; 4, 0 louse; 34, touch; &%, thunderbolt ; 35°, one’s self; 4s, wood, tree ; 3%, a pair, couple opin, aline of tetters ; #4", a looking glass, mirror. § 91. All nouns ending in the letters 4° a x-~, (as: q4, answer ; 84, a reward, fee; aa, Way, road ; ga, a matron, mother : H&x, gold; azz, the hand's finger 5 4% place, country ; sax, porcelain,) may be declined after the following example: Singular. Plural. 1 Nom. 24, price, Basan, prices. 2 Instr, 2y8y, withor by a price, — Lasaarix, by prices. 3 Poss, a8, — of the price, Lananed, of prices. 4A Dat dye, to the price, Save, to prices. & dec. Ba, the price, Baytnny, prices 6 Abi = -Raran, — from the price, asunran, from prices. NX#, mother, 4, man; 2% Inmt; ¥, fire, Toning example ( 46 ) § 92. All nouns that end mare in any of the five vowels, 25+ 779, precept, Stugular. a, or the, king, Seutay, « hangs, 1 Nom, sed, 2 Instr, 8% 8N, 3 Poss, 8G 28, 4 Dat aeite, 6 dee. BON, by the hing, the hing’s, to the king, the hing, v and 2, 2 fumale, may be dechned after the fol- Plural Bee saerda, by hings, Ga Xsaws, kings SeHsave, — toh buy tare, Langs gs G Abl. Sevigny, fromthe hing, Be Saray, from kings. §93 All words ending mm a sowel, or having any of the 21 articles enumerated, may be dechned after tlns form, Such as are, a, father. at, mother & mn g, cluld, son. R,fire + ara, the head W, the tooth a year, &e. @qry, the hand at, the sun, ny, the pillar aw &% the body. Seva, the eye. Aaah, the body, object LH, the mountain. aay, the head. « 2, the figure, image 6-4, the hon 385°m, the spring season sex'r, the summer 2:4, the Int], mountam s4ary 4, resident ina monastery, aya, a hired working womin Apgretivrs § 94, Adjectives can hardly be discrminated, in many cases, fiom substantis es, having the same terminations or articles, and bemg used sometimes adjectively, and sometimes substantively , as, 547y, the bid, bid, a bad man Adjectives, when put before a substantive, are mvanable m all erses of both numbers, but, when taken absolutely, or when they stand after the substantive, they are dechned exactly according to the form of general declension, the substantive( 47 ) being then invariable as yaw, dry Iand ; sx-gan, the white or enlightened half of the moon, 01 of a lunation ; 45r#aw, the black or daihened half of ditto; S44, the gieat ; weary, the learned; dr&3, a bad man; eqqAG, a good houses qayaay or 45744, the black valley, But it is very seldom that the adjective is used before a substantise; when xt does, the adjective stands either without any additional particle, or the article is put in the genitive form *, or has an @ annexed ; as Gaara or Waa gga or Gays, good man, agood man, the good man. , §95. ‘The primitive adjectives appear very frequently without any of their ad- ditional terminations, which are in fact a sort of articles; as qa", good ; 54, bad ; 542, white ; 49, black; 5m9, diffcalt ; y, easy, &c. But they may have also ther respec- five articles, as: WaAGR, TASH, Tan's, a, 01 the, good; sary, na'H, Sard, a, or the, bad aang, KH, AML, a, or the, white 5 a4, ANY sera, a, or the, black ; 4B, 9NVw7, amy, difficult, hard ; 9m, yo ai, easy, &e. In all such adjectives the termination y and 4 denotes a thing or person, or they are substantive signs. But, in general, when taken substantively, so as to denote the abstract quality, they should have the particle, 45, after them thus; aaqrqrGs, goodness; 49x4h, blackness; 5aa4s, dif ficulty, hardship; 477795, easiness §96. Some adjectives have but one termination, namely, the article a: as sgt, former, prior; $', latier, posterior, outer; 474, inner, interior, inward; $a or §Lra, outer, outward; Sepa, lowes, inferior Ae-at (or grat,) upper, superior ; as4ra, anterior, fore; Sura or &xra, posterior, backward ; as in Qhyayea" say, former or ancient interpreters ; Q3ar85;Grar-4atw, latter or modern interpreters, § 97. Many adjectises may be formed from substantives, adverbs, &c., by adding either of the genitive signs; as fom 4M, the body 5 aS, of or belonging to the body, bodily; from 541, war; 37274, of or belonging to war, warlthe 3 from xr, wood ; Ac'4, of wood, wooden; from ANZ, gold; n¥x8, of gold, golden; from &, man ; $74, of man, human; from 2-Ze, to-day ; 372m, of ths day, this day’s ; from 5rBL, now 5 Fx‘, of this present, this, Kc. § 98, Various affirmative adjectives are formed from substantives by adding some one of the following particles : 34, 41 ¥'S4, FSVEY, ASR, VA, signify ing =( 48 } having, possessing, -ed, -ful, full of, ~Cous, -ous, -¥, &c. ; as in \Rrag or aY-3a, having a head, headed, capital (letter) ; sam, possessing wealth, wealthy ; FAL BA 4, full of moisture; Sarynargay'y or dargaw, sinful; Wanyarcgg, talented, talentful ; Rardin, intelligent, reasonable ; from SAS", powers Sne3s, SAGER, YAIETHATSS, STON, HUGG, ATE, powerful, mighty; from 32, wealth, riches « Saga, Yara, dxr-wyag, Fe-qaw, Young, Jaw, wealthy, § 99. Negative adjectives are formed by a, sams, Seine, Nay, aay, 2 a, sit nify- ing: -less, wanting, not hating, without, destitute of; in (il, im, ir,) un, dis: as 545 or 22's, headless or without a head, (small, not capital, character ;) 32-2314 or ¥x-4, having no wealth, destitute of w calths Yystacg, without defects 3 SNR, incorporeal ; #aQ"U~, infinite ; SNrray, immense ; gq, inegular, immethodical ; Sry, unbecoming ; Sang, inconvenient ; aday, unheard ; arfary, unripe, immature, not ripe, § 100. Adjectives terminating, in English, in able, and -ible, may be expressed by 85°, fit, convenient, apt for, pat after the gerundofa verb ; as, Q8h'S'Stq, pota- ble or drinkable; ax or qax;an7n, edible, esculent ; Jarg-ary, legible, that may be ich, opulent, yead or perused. The negatives of these are formed hy putting 2 between them, thus; Reedrann, illegible. The gerund sign is frequently dropt before Soy, together with the q termination, as Qgtar, potable. § 101. Some adjectives are expressed by the participle future in 8, a8 Q&g, for 2'y's5, mortal, obnoxious to death ; @gs' for apr-aza, mutable, alterable: the negatives of which ae formed, thus: Q&71'35"y or eS, immortal ; ager, or Qgx'am, immutable. § 102. When an adjective is reduplicated, with any of the particles Br gu ue? put between the reduplication, it denotes a kind of superlative degree, and may be eapresed by “very” as, aBarym aby, very beautiful ; 3e5°3, very great; ge-untgny, very short, § 103. When the last or final letter is teduplicated with the & vowel over it, followed by the articles or af; it denotes it to be taken in asmall degree, and may be eapressed by ‘somewhat?’ as a8yarg, somewhat beautiful; s5*8-q, somewhat little; Tarra, petty or sophistical reasoning,{ 49 ) Or Cowranison, §104. In adjectives the comparative degree is expressed sometimes by 8, more, and the superlative by 24, most; as, 418, high; Fad, more high or higher ; 27d most high, or the highest. But this form seldom occurs. Degrees of comparison are properly expressed by the terms ay, 4, or WN, (sig- ing, than, more than) putafter the name of the person or thing to which comparison is made; as, Ayaan 843 or Saray (or 5°), 84‘, thou art (or you are) greater than 1; Qhaq dare or a5'qv'3 qa, that is better than this The superlative or a com- parison with totahty is expressed by asin 35raN or yaraw, than all; as, Satay or aanrasav'RY, that is greater than all, or that is the grentest. The particles, "4x, more; and &N, by 2 great deal; are also in use for expressing any great degree of excellence or of the contrary. § 105. The superlatise degrec, without comparison, is expressed by the follow ing adverbial particles} xe, eminently ; Asry, very} 94"8, altogether, entirely , #252, chiefly 3 Weary, wholly ; woaaryx, thoroughly ; S422, especially ; as, AA'E aA, eminently wise,or the wisest; aa°eqa5'Y, entirely good, or the best ; Aarwaiward, very clear, or the clearest. § 106. List or Apsrerivrs. $21 Sx'82, round, circular ram, (4, 5 %} crooked, 301 FerBq, curved, crooked, bent. AaB, very crooked, 4, all, whole, entire, every. aa, (4,4, a) contracted, cringing Ae, (x, ¥, 37) concave, not plane, Ror Ae, ditto. BAT Ba'D4, thick, run into clots. BOdG, curse, crooked, Be, (5, 8, a) ceraight, might. BESS", straight all along. BLy Orgs, flat, not globular, geez, weak, fecble, 20} EYE, long and Aat, not globular. 361 Seer, oblong Sat gar-Ba, soft, phant, feuble 35.1 525%, feeble, wenk Rant Nqr¥hr, standing in on erect pos ture. pen, bitter, sq), mighty, powerful, potent. Reza, gainful. Rs, profitless, Rew'ss, haughty, proud, Bay ys, ditto.( 85°, (45'S, SH'N,) smal, little, the younger: 45'HS, very sinall, little, &, (HA) great (the grent, the elder). Ba, (&% &) great, large, big Ravan, ireligious, impious Earys, religions, pious, godly. QB 1955s hitue, fers 31 4H, near, not far distant @fordg'y, mmpartal, ar3q, dangerous §ary:as, faulty, wieked, sinful. Yar dqry-ss, corrupt, wicked, sinfut. Garaearaic, eintess F-gm, bad, mean, silly, & 3h» (4) contrary, opposite. grag, wugar, common, mean, pleberan, asic’, far, distant, remote. @&", open, plain, clear, guaras, whole, entie, sll ay, free, freed. Bw 34, dusty, full of ashes Ard aa, spotted, full of spots Aa, (&, %) dense, tluch, close, compact. 8, (4, a) eluef, principal. A5NrE's4, generons, Uberal BANE RR YAN, ditto gan Big, Mideral SONAR Sa, affectionate, loving, gan'ha, heatt-trymng, S5°T a6'8, short, brief asic, general, common. 52) */ 8%, (9) soft, tame, mitd. GS-34, doubtful, dubious, uncertain, as, (%, &%) lame, cripple 5a, (x, 2) clean, pure, sincere. aad, first. Sarg, pure, clean, clear; sincere. ‘S5'N'S4, farthful, believing, 47814, faithlens, unbebering, Infidel. sary, excellent, holy, samt, noble. Kady, strict, not loose , eanct, 5%, (m, 8, 3) stall, quiet, stow ; soft. 3'4, many, much BAY, bent, inclined, prone 59°34, diigent 39°, trred, weary, fatigued BY 34, tiresome, Sas, uns caried, not tired, indefatigable, 5%, (a, %, 3) soft, gentle, taine. ny, (¥, &¥,) narrow, not wide, needy, ser, (4, a) strong, stout; brave, vahant 5 fierce, cruel, furrous ; heavy, AE HW34, violent, ernel, tyrannical an’, (8%) right, straight, upesght. EqN'Yy34, arrogant, proud, Nahr NaH, worm amg, (q, 2 a,) hard, dificult 5A, (3 YH) white 3a, 8 a) rate, scarce, dear 59, (5, 8, %) glad, merry, rejorung, 5A WaA, Josfl, cheerful 4g", ditto( 53) 52478, of winter, wintery, hyemal. Rat, (4, %) crooked, bent, curved, erooked- backed. 5ai'q'34, virtrous. SHfarn, necessary, needful. RAlyy"3s, ditto, 5ra4, ditto. eainryraigey, unnecessary. sBiv'ais, ditto, SGN, joyful, merry, glad. 5°1"24, hostile, inituical. RRS, ditto. 35%) of silver, silver. enrza, material, real. aRaraq, immaterial, not existing, RU eaaR, measurable, that may be mea- sured. SHETEAYH SYA, immeasurable, RyArRa, measureless, sysraw, immense. SHQ'TSa, courageous, brave; strong. NA, ditto. ’ 4a, (2,3) noble, illustrious; prosperous. x$erm, of spring, vernal! * 4RE'S4, mighty, powerful, potent. ~ BREE, ditto. aM'S4, Leaded, with a head, capital. R'is, without 2 head, headless. RRHN'SA, aspirated, aspirate. axa, (11, 9; &) poor, indigent, Raja, (3, a) solitary, retired, : apanesa, harmonious, melodious, vocal. nux-é, of or relating to the summer, estival. aSarwa, wealthy, rich, opulent. HBx'Rs, indivisible, inseparable, 544, (4) low, mean, humble. 4%, (3, 2, &%) low, mean, not high. 5x, (R, 9, Hh) red. 54°8°S8, dropsical, qaary'sa, dim, stupid. am, (4, &, af,) black. amr 1 aga, inner, inward; domestic. 45x, intrinsic, esoteric ; orthodox, 45°24, sich, diseased. 45/45, not sich, healthy, 3078, occidental, western E9°1738, efficacious, strong, nutritive, aaryran, inefficacious. 4m, (x, 8) obscure, gloomy, dim. Yor¥uy, (3) very obscure, gloomy, Feary 34, faulty. ¥5734, wealthy, opulent. Yarga, ditto, 2G, of the father, paternal. zy anG, of the father and mother, parental, wgryrga, useful, wholesome. ma, (4, YX %) common, vulgar; mean, coarse. ary, indigent, poor, Bey Berry-34, daring, bold, 81 Ha, last, modern, of late. BAU A ®, &) rich, wealthy, opulent.( 54 ) Bs, (2, Ya, 3%) half, the half of, a, yan'z4, envious. were, ditto, B54, northern, of the north, 3) small, minute, subtile, thin. B5', (5) purified, perfect, accomplished. BAW" S4, clement, merciful. Baxaras, merciless, unmerciful. &'g5'34, singular, distinguished, different, 754, savoury, flayorous, palatable. Fry dq 1 FH, insipid, tasteless. ¥, (#,) upper, superior, higher. 3, (4, 4, &) stupid, ignorant, foolish, 341 Gy 1H ys's4, intelligent, sagacions, ingenious. Gas, unintelligent, foolish, Wav-a4, prudent, intelligent, HYvFn, imprudent, AYN, bitter, of u disagreeable taste. AR T34, happy, blissful. aR, (x, ,) true, just, AAyRG, unjust, ARAL 34, wealthy, rich. a, (%,) secure, firm,'strong. ns, (21, % 4, 36) honourable, respectable, reverend, 8q"34, affectionate, hind, merciful. AR ys, ditto, Rew AT asa, unkind; merciless, RETIN TY Sa, ditto, A¥ary'34, diligent, industrious, Q¥4Qg0'3s, diligent, industrious, R53, ditto. Ae4Hx, idte, indolent. TE A'38 or EY54, lying, false. nan, (9, Y 35) good. ata, (1, % 34) cool, fresh, somewhat cold, . ASKS, fragrant, having a scent, seented, ams, (4,) fine, pleasant, savoury. ard y 8, of the mother, maternal, are, (85) many, much. ~ #4, (4, 41,) lower. HINT ANS, lower, last, final, Sardz-3a, jeatous, 4/4, nominal. ao-aa, having a name, famous, 4°35, boundless, infinite, 44-35, sulphureous, BA'NT-34, dark, obscure, gloomy, ae, cheap, of little value, aap. "34, respectful, regardful, #°R4°34, sorrowful, grievous, wears, sorrowless, BW, intoxicated, drunk. any, (4%, a.) wise, skilfal |, learned, prudent, BS, (2, 31,) Lnowing, understanding. ABS, intelligent, shilful aayais, ignorant, unskalful. NS, (3, Y, %) hard, solid, compact, a@aw'y, hard, solid, aay axeyz, hardened, +8'35, having a head, headed, capital,