GAS DYNAMICS

(it deals with study of compressible flow when it is in motion)

Applications:
1) Used in steam and Gas Turbines.
2) High Speed aerodynamics.
3) Jet and Rocket Propulsion.
4) High speed turbo compressors etc..
 Difference between Compressible Flow and
Incompressible Flow:
Compressible Flow
The fluid velocities are
appreciable compared with
the velocity of sound
The Fractional variation in
density is significant i.e., the
Density is not constant.
The Fractional variation in
Temperature and pressure are all
of significant magnitude.
Compressibility Factor is
Greater then one.
Incompressible Flow
The fluid velocities are
small compared with the
velocity of sound
The Fractional variation in density
are so small as to be negligible
i.e., the Density is constant.
The variations in Temperature
and pressure may be very large.
Compressibility Factor is one.

Following laws are used to solve the Gas Dynamics

Problems:
1) Steady Flow Energy Equation.
2) Entropy Relations.
3) Continuity Equation.
4) Momentum Equation.
Compressible versus Incompressible Flow
Incompressible flow: If the density of flowing fluid remains nearly constant
throughout (e.g., liquid flow).

Compressible flow: If the density of fluid changes during flow

(e.g., high-speed gas flow)

When analyzing rockets, spacecraft, and other systems that involve

high-speed gas flows, the flow speed is often expressed by Mach
number

velocity of object C
M =
velocity of sound a

Ma = 1 Sonic flow
Ma < 1 Subsonic flow
Ma > 1 Supersonic flow
Ma >> 1 Hypersonic flow
3
 Energy Equation for a flow process
2
U + PV mC 1 + mgZ
2
1 1 + 1
mC
H 2 + 2 + mgZ2
1 2 2
2
H1 + 1 + mgZ1 + Q1 −W
mC
2

2 2
mC mC
H1 + 1 + mgZ1 + Q −W = H 2 + 2 + mgZ2
2 2
CONSIDER UNIT MASS TRANSFER 2 2
C C
h1 + 1 + gZ1 + q − w = h2 + 2 + gZ2
C 2
C 2 2 2
h1 + 1 =h2 + 2
2 2
 Adiabatic Energy Equation :
For nozzles and diffusers For compressor and turbines
c12 c22 c12 c22
h1 + =h2 + h1 + = h2 + + ws
2 2 2 2
Stagnation State :
The state of a fluid attained by isentropically decelerating it to zero velocity at zero elevation is
referred to as the stagnation state.
Stagnation Enthalpy:

c2 1
h=
0 h +
2
Stagnation Temperature:
Sub in equation 1 as a h=Cp T
C2
C=
pT0 C pT +
2
T0 2
= 1+ C Velocity Temperature
T 2TC p
T0 C 2
= 1+  γ 
 C p = γ − 1 R 
T  γ   
2  RT
 γ −1 
 γ −1  C 2 T0  γ −1  2
T0
= 1+  = 1+   M
 2 T  2 
T  2 a
 Stagnation velocity of Sound: Minus sign is because , increase in pressure takes
place by decreasing the volume
a0 = γ RT0 But, v = 1
ρ
Stagnation Pressure: Differentiate dv = − 1 x d ρ
γ −1 γ ρ2
To  Po  γ ⇒ Po =  To γ −1
 
=  =K −= vdp =dp ρ dp  dp 2 
d ρ = a 
P  T 
T  P − d ρ ρd ρ d ρ  
γ ρ2 ρ2
Po   γ −1  2 γ −1 K = ρ a2
⇒ = 1+ M 
P   2  
  Reynold’s Number:
Stagnation Density : Inertia Force ρ AC 2
γ −1 1 = R =
e Viscous Force µCl
ρ
To  o  ρ  T  γ − 1
=  ⇒ ρo =  o  Where, l − Characteristic length
T  ρ   T 
µ − Dynamic Viscosity
1
ρo   γ −1  2 γ −1 Mach Number :
⇒ =  1+   M
ρ  
  = ρ= AC 2 ρC 2
2 
  = M 2 Inertia Force
Elastic Force KA K
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity:
Increase in pressure Where,
K = dp
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 
K= Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
Relative change in volume −   dv
 v 
= 2 ρ C2 C2
= C
  M ⇒ M =
ρ a2 a2 a
 Stagnation Enthalpy Relation : Reference Velocities :
From adiabatic energy equation i) Local velocity of sound , a
C 2 ii) Stagnation velocity of Sound , ao
ho = h+ =constant 1 iii) Maximum velocity of Fluid , Cmax
2
We know that, iv) Critical velocity of Fluid/sound , C*=a*
h = C pT = γ RT ⇒ h =a
2 2 i) Local velocity of sound , a
γ −1 γ −1 a = γ RT
Sub Equation 2 in 1
2 C2 ii) Stagnation velocity of Sound , ao
= ho a= + constant 3
γ −1 2 a0 = γ RT0
At, T = 0 ⇒ h = 0 ⇒ a = 0 and C = C
max iii) Maximum velocity of Fluid , Cmax
Therefore Equation 3 becomes From adiabatic energy equation
2
Cmax C 2
ho = 4 ho = h+ =constant 5
2 2
At, = C 0= ; a ao h = 0 and C = Cmax
C 2
Therefore Equation 3 becomes ho = max ⇒ Cmax = 2ho ⇒ 2C pTo
2
ao2
=ho = constant  γ 
γ −1 Cmax = 2  RTo
 γ −1 
a 2
2 C 2 ao2 Cmax
ho = + = = = constant  2  a
γ −1 2 γ −1 2 Cmax =  ⇒
Cmax
= 2 6


γ −1 
 o ao γ −1
iv) Critical velocity of Fluid/sound , C*=a*
 ao2   2 
= 2 x  1− 
M critical = C * ⇒ C=
* a=
* γ RT *  γ −1   γ +1 
a*
At the Critical State, the adiabatic energy  2  γ −1 
equation = ao   
h= * C*2  γ −1  γ +1 
o h + 2
*2
CPT CPT * + C
= C* = 2
2 ao γ +1
T= T * + C*2
O 2CP Divide Equation (6) by (8)
2 γ +1
=C* 2CP TO −T * ( ) 7
Cmax ao
x *=
ao C γ −1
x
2
TO  γ −1  γ −1  ⇒ γ +1
= 1+  M 2 1+  γ +1
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 ⇒ Cmax = γ +1
 2  Cmax
T*    2  2 = 8
C* γ −1 C* γ −1
By substituting this in
T * = 2TO By substituting this in equation ( 4)
γ +1 equation (7 )
C *2  γ +1  a*2  γ +1 
 γ   2TO  hO =   =  
C* 2 x −
  O γ +1 
R T 2  γ −1  2  γ −1 
 γ −1   
2 2 a 2 C2
ho = a + C = o = max = a*2  γ +1  = constant
 γ   2  γ −1 2 γ −1  
2 x −
 O  γ +1 
RT 1 2 2  γ −1 
 γ −1   
CROCCO NUMBER (Cr) :

Cr = C =
Fluid Velocity
Cmax Max. Fluid Velocity

2Cr2
M=
(1−C )(γ −1)
2
r

TO 1
=
T 1−Cr2
P P+dP P P+dP
P P

C C
dC a
a-dc
distance distance
 SOUND VELOCITY DERIVATION
Apply Momentum Equation for this process
Change in Force = Change of momentum For isentropic flow
A[ p − ( p + dp)] = m[(a − dc) − a] P = con
ργ
A[ p − p − dp ]= m[a − dc − a ]
− Adp = ρ Aa (−dc) Pρ −γ = con
dp = ρ a dc 1
Apply Continuity Equation for the two sides of P(−γρ −γ −1)d ρ + ρ −γ dP =
0

dP = Pγ ρ −γ −1 = γ P
the wave
ρ Aa =+
m= ( ρ d ρ )(a − dc) A
ρ Aa = A[a ρ + ad ρ − adc − d ρ dc] dρ ρ −γ ρ
ρ a = [a ρ + ad ρ − ρ dc − d ρ dc]
dP = γ RT  P 
ρ=
ρ a =a ρ + ad ρ − ρ dc dρ 4=P

RT ;
ρ
RT 

ad ρ = ρ dc 2
Sub equation 4 in 3,we get
Substituting Equation 2 in 1
⇒ dp = (a d ρ ) x a ⇒ dp =
a2 d ρ
dp ⇒ a = γ RT
⇒a =
2  dp 
dρ  d ρ = γ RT 
 
dp
⇒ a= 3
dρ
 Moving Disturbance In A Fluid
• As an object moves through a fluid medium it creates pressure waves.
• Pressure waves travel out at the speed of sound which in term depends
on gas properties and temperature (more on this later).
• If the object is traveling significantly slower than sonic velocity, then
pressure waves travel out uniformly similar to waves on the surface of a
pond.
Zone of silence

Wave Front
C

0,1,2,3 2
0 3
a a
1 3a
3a 2a
2a

Zone of Action
Incompressible Flow Subsonic Flow
 Moving Disturbance In A Fluid

• As the object approaches the speed of sound, it begins to catch up

with the pressure waves and creates an infinitesimally weak flow
discontinuity just ahead of the aircraft

Mach cone

1 µ
3
2 3
0

• Mach Angle
1
µ=
Sonic Flow Supersonic Flow sin (M )
Bernoulli Equation : P + C2 =
Po
ρ 2 ρo
P + ρC =
2
(i) Po [ For reversible incompressible flow ] for incompressible flow
ρo= ρ ≈ constant
2
γ −1 (Bernoulli Equation
γ Po  P  γ + C 2 =
  γ Po P+ ρ C 2
=Po for incompressible
(ii) γ −1 ρ  P  2 γ −1 ρ 2
o  o o flow)
[For reversible compressible flow] (ii) From adiabatic energy equation
(i) From adiabatic energy equation 2
ho= h + C 1
2 2
ho = h +C = constant h = C pT ⇒ γ RT ⇒ h =γ  P  2
2
γ −1 γ −1 ρ 
Differentiate dh+ 2CdC = 0 Sub Equation 2 in 1
2
dh + C dC = 0 = ∴ ho =
γ  P  + C 2 γ  Po 
 ρ  2 γ −1 ρ  3
dP γ −1    o
In an isentropic flow dh = ρ and if the flow
isassumed to be incompressible ρ We know that
γ −1
1 dP + CdC = γ −1
ρ ∫ ∫ constant   γ  ρ 
⇒ ρ = ρo
T P o
= o
 =o
  
P + C2 = T P  ρ  1
ρ 2 constant
From Equation 3  Po γ
When the flow is isentropically decelerated to velocity  P 
1  
at zero elevation , the resultant pressure is stagnation P P  Po γ
pressure. ⇒ x
ρ ρo  P 
When, C = o
0,=
P Po= , ρ ρo
 Multiply Nr. and Dr. by Po Effect of Mach number
1 
 −1

on Compressibility :
P P  P γ P P  P  γ P 
x o  x o ⇒ o x  x 
ρ ρo  P  Po ρo  Po  Po  From Bernoulli Equation for



 incompressible flow, the value of
pressure co-efficient (or)


γ −1 
  1 γ −1  compressibility is unity
P Po  P  γ 4 =1− =
γ 

= x γ
ρo  Po  

ρ 
ρ 2 P −P
  Po= P + C ⇒ o 2 =1 1
  2 ρC
By equation sub 4 in 3 2
 γ −1  For compressible flow the value of
γ Po x

 P  γ

 C2 γ P  pressure co-efficient deviates from
 + = o  unity and the magnitude of deviation
γ −1 ρo  Po   2 γ −1 ρo 




increases with the mach number of
the flow
We know that,
Bernoulli Equation for compressible flow γ −1
To  Po  γ
=   = 1+
γ −1 M 2
T P 2
γ
Po
=

1+
γ −1 M 2  γ −1
P  2 
 
 γ
Po  γ −1 2  γ −1
This can be expanded by Binomial Expansion = 1+ M
P  
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 − 1 (𝑛𝑛 − 2)𝑥𝑥 3 2 
1 + 𝑥𝑥 = 1 + + + …
1! 2! 3!
(γ −1) M 2 γ
Where x = and n = γ −1
2
2 3
P =O γ (γ −1) M 2 + γ  γ −1  (γ −1) M 2   1  +  γ   γ −1  γ − 2   (γ −1) M 2   1 
P 1+ (γ −1) 2 (γ −1)  (γ −1)   2   2   γ −1   (γ −1)   (γ −1)  2  6

P =
O γ (γ −1) M 2 +  γ   γ −γ +1   (γ −1)2 M 4   1 +  γ   γ −γ +1   γ − 2γ + 2   (γ −1)3 M 6   1 
P 1+ (γ −1) 2  (γ −1)    4   2   (γ −1)   γ −1   γ −1  
   
γ − 8   6 
 1      

P = O γ (γ −1) M 2 +  γ   1   (γ −1)2 M 4   1  +  γ   1   −γ + 2   (γ −1)3 M 6   1 

P 1+ (γ −1) 2  (γ −1)   (γ −1)       (γ −1)   (γ −1)    8   6 
4
 2 

    γ −1  

P = O γ (γ −1) M 2 + γ 1 (γ −1)2 M 4 + γ 1 (2 − γ ) (γ −1) 3M 6 + ....

P 1+ (γ −1) 2 (γ −1) (γ −1) 2 x 4 (γ −1) (γ −1) (γ −1) 6 x 8

P = 1+ O
γ M 2 γ M 4 γ (2−γ )M 6
+ + + ....
P 2 8 48
P − P = γ M + γ M + γ (2−γ )M + ....
2 4 6
O

P 2 8 48
 γM2 
Divided both sides by   Sub equation 3 in 2,we get
 2 
P −P = M 2 (2−γ )M 4
4
O
1+ + + .....
P −P = M 2 γ (2−γ )M 6 ρC 2
4 24
O
1+ + + .....
γM 
2
4 γM 2 2
P
 2 
48
  24 2 For γ =1.4

P −P = M 2 (2−γ )M 4
O
1+ + + ..... P −P = M2 M4
γM 
2
4 24
O
1+ + + .....
P ρC 2 4 40
 2  2
  2

Take P γ M 2

2
P γ M 2 Pγ C2
= 
M =C

2 2a 2  a 
Pγ C2
= a2 = γ RT 
2 γ RT 

=
ρ RT γ C 2
2γ RT  P = ρ RT 

Pγ M 2 ρ C 2
= 3
2 2
 An air jet at 400 K has sonic velocity.
1) Velocity of sound at 400K.
2) Velocity of sound at stagnation conditions.
3) Maximum velocity of jet.
4) Stagnation enthalpy.
5) Crocco Number.

Air enters a straight axisymmetric duct at 27 oC , 3.45 bar and 150 m/sec and leaves
4oC , 2.058 bar and 260 m/sec . Under adiabatic flow conditions , for an inlet cross sectional
area of 500 sq.cms , estimate the stagnation temperature , maximum velocity , mass flow rate
and the exit area.

The pressure, Temperature and mach number at the entry of a flow passage are
2.45 bar ,27 oC and 1.4 respectively . If the exit mach number is 2.5, Determine the stagnation
temperature, temperature and velocity of a gases at the exit and the flow rate per unit area at
inlet. the fluid may be assumed to have adiabatic flow with γ=1.3 and R=459 J/Kg o K .

Air (Cp=1.05 KJ/Kg o K , γ=1.38) at P1=3 x 10 5 N/m2 and T1 =500 K flows with a
velocity of 200 m/sec in a 30 cm diameter duct available. Calculate,
a) Mass flow rate.
b) Stagnation temperature.
c) Mach number.
d) Stagnation pressure values assuming the flow as compressible and incompressible
respectively.