Professional Documents
Culture Documents
57
CHAPTER 11 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA
58
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
59
CHAPTER 11 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA
60
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
61
CHAPTER 11 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA
forces acting in the plane of the wall (some- Cs = seismic response coefficient determined in
times referred to as a “vertical diaphragm”). Section 12.8.1.1 and 19.3.1 (dimensionless)
Structural Wall: Walls that meet the definition CT = building period coefficient in Section
for bearing walls or shear walls. 12.8.2.1
Cvx = vertical distribution factor as determined
WALL SYSTEM, BEARING: A structural
in Section 12.8.3
system with bearing walls providing support for all or
c = distance from the neutral axis of a
major portions of the vertical loads. Shear walls or
flexural member to the fiber of maximum
braced frames provide seismic force resistance.
compressive strain (in. or mm)
WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL: A wood-
D = the effect of dead load
based panel product that meets the requirements of
Dclear = relative horizontal (drift) displacement,
DOC PS1 or DOC PS2 and is bonded with a water-
measured over the height of the glass
proof adhesive. Included under this designation are
panel under consideration, which causes
plywood, oriented strand board, and composite
initial glass-to-frame contact. For rectan-
panels.
gular glass panels within a rectangular
wall frame, Dclear is set forth in Section
13.5.9.1
11.3 SYMBOLS
DpI = seismic relative displacement; see Section
13.3.2
The unit dimensions used with the items covered by
Ds = the total depth of stratum in Eq. 19.2-12
the symbols shall be consistent throughout except
(ft or m)
where specifically noted. Symbols presented in this
dC = The total thickness of cohesive soil layers
section apply only to the seismic requirements in this
in the top 100 ft (30 m); see Section
standard as indicated.
20.4.3 (ft or m)
Ach = cross-sectional area (in.2 or mm2) of a di = The thickness of any soil or rock layer i
structural member measured out-to-out of (between 0 and 100 ft [30 m]); see
transverse reinforcement Section 20.4.1 (ft or m)
A0 = area of the load-carrying foundation dS = The total thickness of cohesionless soil
(ft2 or m2) layers in the top 100 ft (30 m); see
Ash = total cross-sectional area of hoop rein- Section 20.4.2 (ft or m)
forcement (in.2 or mm2), including E = effect of horizontal and vertical earth-
supplementary cross-ties, having a quake-induced forces (Section 12.4)
spacing of sh and crossing a section with Fa = short-period site coefficient (at 0.2
a core dimension of hc s-period); see Section 11.4.3
Avd = required area of leg (in.2 or mm2) of Fi, Fn, Fx = portion of the seismic base shear, V,
diagonal reinforcement induced at Level i, n, or x, respectively,
Ax = torsional amplification factor (Section as determined in Section 12.8.3
12.8.4.3) Fp = the seismic force acting on a component
ai = the acceleration at level i obtained from a of a structure as determined in Sections
modal analysis (Section 13.3.1) 12.11.1 and 13.3.1
ap = the amplification factor related to the FPGA = site coefficient for PGA; see Section 11.8.3
response of a system or component as Fv = long-period site coefficient (at 1.0
affected by the type of seismic attach- s-period); see Section 11.4.3
ment, determined in Section 13.3.1 fc′ = specified compressive strength of concrete
bp = the width of the rectangular glass panel used in design
Cd = deflection amplification factor as given in fs′ = ultimate tensile strength (psi or MPa) of the
Tables 12.2-1, 15.4-1, or 15.4-2 bolt, stud, or insert leg wires. For ASTM
CR = site-specific risk coefficient at any period; A307 bolts or A108 studs, it is permitted to
see Section 21.2.1.1 be assumed to be 60,000 psi (415 MPa)
CRS = mapped value of the risk coefficient at fy = specified yield strength of reinforcement
short periods as given by Fig. 22-17 (psi or MPa)
CR1 = mapped value of the risk coefficient at a fyh = specified yield strength of the special
period of 1 s as given by Fig. 22-18 lateral reinforcement (psi or kPa)
62
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
G = γυ2s /g = the average shear modulus for the ka = coefficient defined in Sections 12.11.2
soils beneath the foundation at and 12.14.7.5
large strain levels (psf or Pa) L = overall length of the building (ft or m) at
G0 = γυ2s0 /g = the average shear modulus for the base in the direction being analyzed
the soils beneath the foundation L0 = overall length of the side of the founda-
at small strain levels (psf or Pa) tion in the direction being analyzed,
g = acceleration due to gravity Section 19.2.1.2 (ft or m)
H = thickness of soil M0, M01 = the overturning moment at the founda-
h = height of a shear wall measured as the tion–soil interface as determined in
maximum clear height from top of Sections 19.2.3 and 19.3.2 (ft-lb or N-m)
foundation to bottom of diaphragm Mt = torsional moment resulting from eccen-
framing above, or the maximum clear tricity between the locations of center of
height from top of diaphragm to bottom mass and the center of rigidity (Section
of diaphragm framing above 12.8.4.1)
h = average roof height of structure with Mta = accidental torsional moment as deter-
_ respect to the base; see Chapter 13 mined in Section 12.8.4.2
h = effective height of the building as m = a subscript denoting the mode of vibra-
determined in Section 19.2.1.1 or 19.3.1 tion under consideration; that is, m = 1
(ft or m) for the fundamental mode
hc = core dimension of a component measured N = standard penetration resistance, ASTM
to the outside of the special lateral D-1586
reinforcement (in. or mm) N = number of stories above the base (Section
hi, hx = the height above the base to Level i or x, _ 12.8.2.1)
respectively N = average field standard penetration
hn = structural height as defined in Section 11.2 resistance for the top 100 ft (30 m); see
hp = the height of the rectangular glass panel _ Sections 20.3.3 and 20.4.2
hsx = the story height below Level Nch = average standard penetration resistance
x = (hx – hx–1) for cohesionless soil layers for the top
Ie = the importance factor as prescribed in 100 ft (30 m); see Sections 20.3.3 and
Section 11.5.1 20.4.2
I0 = the static moment of inertia of the Ni = standard penetration resistance of any
load-carrying foundation; see Section soil or rock layer i (between 0 and 100 ft
19.2.1.1 (in.4 or mm4) [30 m]); see Section 20.4.2
Ip = the component importance factor as n = designation for the level that is uppermost
prescribed in Section 13.3.1 in the main portion of the building
i = the building level referred to by the PGA = mapped MCEG peak ground acceleration
subscript i; i = 1 designates the first level shown in Figs. 22-6 through 22-10
above the base PGAM = MCEG peak ground acceleration adjusted
Kp = the stiffness of the component or attach- for Site Class effects; see Section 11.8.3
ment, Section 13.6.2 Px = total unfactored vertical design load at and
Ky = the lateral stiffness of the foundation as above level x, for use in Section 12.8.7
defined in Section 19.2.1.1 (lb/in. or N/m) PI = plasticity index, ASTM D4318
Kθ = the rocking stiffness of the foundation as QE = effect of horizontal seismic (earthquake-
defined in Section 19.2.1.1 (ft-lb/degree induced) forces
or N-m/rad) R = response modification coefficient as given
KL/r = the lateral slenderness ratio of a compres- in Tables 12.2-1, 12.14-1, 15.4-1, or
sion member measured in terms of its 15.4-2
effective length, KL, and the least radius Rp = component response modification factor
of gyration of the member cross section, r as defined in Section 13.3.1
k = distribution exponent given in Section r = a characteristic length of the foundation
_ 12.8.3 as defined in Section 19.2.1.2
k = stiffness of the building as determined in ra = characteristic foundation length as defined
Section 19.2.1.1 (lb/ft or N/m) by Eq. 19.2-7 (ft or m)
63
CHAPTER 11 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA
rm = characteristic foundation length as defined Vt = design value of the seismic base shear as
by Eq. 19.2-8 (ft or m) determined in Section 12.9.4
SS = mapped MCER, 5 percent damped, Vx = seismic design shear in story x as deter-
spectral response acceleration parameter mined in Section 12.8.4 or 12.9.4
at short periods as defined in Section Ṽ = reduced base shear accounting for the
11.4.1 effects of soil structure interaction as
S1 = mapped MCER, 5 percent damped, determined in Section 19.3.1
spectral response acceleration parameter Ṽ1 = portion of the reduced base shear, Ṽ,
at a period of 1 s as defined in Section contributed by the fundamental mode,
11.4.1 Section 19.3 (kip or kN)
SaM = the site-specific MCER spectral response ΔV = reduction in V as determined in Section
acceleration parameter at any period 19.3.1 (kip or kN)
SDS = design, 5 percent damped, spectral ΔV1 = reduction in V1 as determined in Section
response acceleration parameter at short 19.3.1 (kip or kN)
periods as defined in Section 11.4.4 vs = shear wave velocity at small shear strains
SD1 = design, 5 percent damped, spectral (greater than 10–3 percent strain); see
response acceleration parameter at a _ Section 19.2.1 (ft/s or m/s)
period of 1 s as defined in Section 11.4.4 vs = average shear wave velocity at small
SMS = the MCER, 5 percent damped, spectral shear strains in top 100 ft (30 m); see
response acceleration parameter at short Sections 20.3.3 and 20.4.1
periods adjusted for site class effects as vsi = the shear wave velocity of any soil
defined in Section 11.4.3 or rock layer i (between 0 and 100 ft
SM1 = the MCER, 5 percent damped, spectral [30 m]); see Section 20.4.1
response acceleration parameter at a vso = average shear wave velocity for the
period of 1 s adjusted for site class effects soils beneath the foundation at small
as defined in Section 11.4.3 strain levels, Section 19.2.1.1
su = undrained shear strength; see Section (ft/s or m/s)
_ 20.4.3 W = effective seismic weight of the building
su = average undrained shear strength in top as defined in Section 12.7.2. For calcula-
100 ft (30 m); see Sections 20.3.3 and tion of seismic-isolated building period,
20.4.3, ASTM D2166 or ASTM D2850 W is the total effective seismic weight of
sui = undrained shear strength of any cohesive the building as defined in Sections 19.2
soil layer i (between 0 and 100 ft [30 m]); _ and 19.3 (kip or kN)
see Section 20.4.3 W = effective seismic weight of the building
sh = spacing of special lateral reinforcement as defined in Sections 19.2 and 19.3 (kip
(in. or mm) or kN)
T = the fundamental period of the building Wc = gravity load of a component of the
T̃, T̃1 = the effective fundamental period(s) of the building
building as determined in Sections Wp = component operating weight (lb or N)
19.2.1.1 and 19.3.1 w = moisture content (in percent), ASTM
Ta = approximate fundamental period of the D2216
building as determined in Section 12.8.2 wi, wn, wx = portion of W that is located at or assigned
TL = long-period transition period as defined in to Level i, n, or x, respectively
Section 11.4.5 x = level under consideration, 1 designates
Tp = fundamental period of the component and the first level above the base
its attachment, Section 13.6.2 z = height in structure of point of attachment
T0 = 0.2SD1/SDS of component with respect to the base;
TS = SD1/SDS see Section 13.3.1
T4 = net tension in steel cable due to dead β = ratio of shear demand to shear capacity
load, prestress, live load, and seismic load _ for the story between Level x and x – 1
(Section 14.1.7) β = fraction of critical damping for the
V = total design lateral force or shear at the coupled structure-foundation system,
base determined in Section 19.2.1
64
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
65
CHAPTER 11 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA
SD1
Sa =
⎛ T ⎞
T
Sa = SDS ⎜ 0.4 + 0.6 ⎟ (11.4-5)
⎝ T0 ⎠
SD1 SD1⋅TL
2. For periods greater than or equal to T0 and less
Sa =
T2 than or equal to TS, the design spectral response
acceleration, Sa, shall be taken equal to SDS.
3. For periods greater than TS, and less than or equal
to TL, the design spectral response acceleration, Sa,
0
shall be taken as given by Eq. 11.4-6:
0 1.01
T0 TS TL
Period, T (sec) S D1
Sa = (11.4-6)
FIGURE 11.4-1 Design Response Spectrum. T
4. For periods greater than TL, Sa shall be taken as
given by Eq. 11.4-7:
11.4.5 Design Response Spectrum SD1TL
Sa = (11.4-7)
Where a design response spectrum is required by T2
this standard and site-specific ground motion proce-
where
dures are not used, the design response spectrum
curve shall be developed as indicated in Fig. 11.4-1 SDS = the design spectral response acceleration
and as follows: parameter at short periods
66
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
SD1 = the design spectral response acceleration parameter at 1-s period, S1, is greater than or equal to
parameter at 1-s period 0.75 shall be assigned to Seismic Design Category E.
T = the fundamental period of the structure, s Risk Category IV structures located where the
S mapped spectral response acceleration parameter at
T0 = 0.2 D1
SDS 1-s period, S1, is greater than or equal to 0.75 shall be
S D1 assigned to Seismic Design Category F. All other
TS = and
SDS structures shall be assigned to a Seismic Design
TL = long-period transition period (s) shown in Category based on their Risk Category and the design
Figs. 22-12 through 22-16. spectral response acceleration parameters, SDS and SD1,
determined in accordance with Section 11.4.4. Each
11.4.6 Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered building and structure shall be assigned to the more
(MCER) Response Spectrum severe Seismic Design Category in accordance with
Where an MCER response spectrum is required, it Table 11.6-1 or 11.6-2, irrespective of the fundamen-
shall be determined by multiplying the design tal period of vibration of the structure, T.
response spectrum by 1.5. Where S1 is less than 0.75, the Seismic Design
Category is permitted to be determined from Table
11.4.7 Site-Specific Ground Motion Procedures 11.6-1 alone where all of the following apply:
The site-specific ground motion procedures set
1. In each of the two orthogonal directions, the
forth in Chapter 21 are permitted to be used to
approximate fundamental period of the structure,
determine ground motions for any structure. A site
Ta, determined in accordance with Section 12.8.2.1
response analysis shall be performed in accordance
is less than 0.8Ts, where Ts is determined in
with Section 21.1 for structures on Site Class F sites,
accordance with Section 11.4.5.
unless the exception to Section 20.3.1 is applicable.
2. In each of two orthogonal directions, the funda-
For seismically isolated structures and for structures
mental period of the structure used to calculate the
with damping systems on sites with S1 greater than or
story drift is less than Ts.
equal to 0.6, a ground motion hazard analysis shall be
3. Eq. 12.8-2 is used to determine the seismic
performed in accordance with Section 21.2.
response coefficient Cs.
67
CHAPTER 11 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA
4. The diaphragms are rigid as defined in Section Category C, D, E, or F in accordance with this
12.3.1 or for diaphragms that are flexible, the section. An investigation shall be conducted and a
distance between vertical elements of the seismic report shall be submitted that includes an evaluation
force-resisting system does not exceed 40 ft. of the following potential geologic and seismic
hazards:
Where the alternate simplified design procedure of
Section 12.14 is used, the Seismic Design Category is a. Slope instability,
permitted to be determined from Table 11.6-1 alone, b. Liquefaction,
using the value of SDS determined in Section 12.14.8.1. c. Total and differential settlement, and
d. Surface displacement due to faulting or seismically
induced lateral spreading or lateral flow.
11.7 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC
The report shall contain recommendations for
DESIGN CATEGORY A
foundation designs or other measures to mitigate the
effects of the previously mentioned hazards.
Buildings and other structures assigned to Seismic
EXCEPTION: Where approved by the authority
Design Category A need only comply with the
having jurisdiction, a site-specific geotechnical report
requirements of Section 1.4. Nonstructural compo-
is not required where prior evaluations of nearby sites
nents in SDC A are exempt from seismic design
with similar soil conditions provide direction relative
requirements. In addition, tanks assigned to Risk
to the proposed construction.
Category IV shall satisfy the freeboard requirement in
Section 15.7.6.1.2.
11.8.3 Additional Geotechnical Investigation
Report Requirements for Seismic Design
11.8 GEOLOGIC HAZARDS AND Categories D through F
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION The geotechnical investigation report for a
structure assigned to Seismic Design Category
11.8.1 Site Limitation for Seismic Design D, E, or F shall include all of the following, as
Categories E and F applicable:
A structure assigned to Seismic Design Category
1. The determination of dynamic seismic lateral earth
E or F shall not be located where there is a known
pressures on basement and retaining walls due to
potential for an active fault to cause rupture of the
design earthquake ground motions.
ground surface at the structure.
2. The potential for liquefaction and soil strength loss
evaluated for site peak ground acceleration,
11.8.2 Geotechnical Investigation Report earthquake magnitude, and source characteristics
Requirements for Seismic Design Categories C consistent with the MCEG peak ground accelera-
through F tion. Peak ground acceleration shall be determined
A geotechnical investigation report shall be based on either (1) a site-specific study taking into
provided for a structure assigned to Seismic Design account soil amplification effects as specified in
Mapped Maximum Considered Geometric Mean (MCEG) Peak Ground Acceleration, PGA
Site Class PGA ≤ 0.1 PGA = 0.2 PGA = 0.3 PGA = 0.4 PGA ≥ 0.5
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.9
F See Section 11.4.7
Note: Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of PGA.
68
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
Section 11.4.7 or (2) the peak ground acceleration settlement, lateral soil movement, lateral soil
PGAM, from Eq. 11.8-1. loads on foundations, reduction in foundation
soil-bearing capacity and lateral soil reaction, soil
PGAM = FPGA PGA (Eq. 11.8-1)
downdrag and reduction in axial and lateral soil
where reaction for pile foundations, increases in soil
lateral pressures on retaining walls, and flotation of
PGAM = MCEG peak ground acceleration adjusted for
buried structures.
Site Class effects.
4. Discussion of mitigation measures such as, but
PGA = Mapped MCEG peak ground acceleration
not limited to, selection of appropriate foundation
shown in Figs. 22-6 through 22-10.
type and depths, selection of appropriate structural
FPGA = Site coefficient from Table 11.8-1.
systems to accommodate anticipated displacements
3. Assessment of potential consequences of liquefac- and forces, ground stabilization, or any combina-
tion and soil strength loss, including, but not tion of these measures and how they shall be
limited to, estimation of total and differential considered in the design of the structure.
69
Chapter 16
SEISMIC RESPONSE HISTORY PROCEDURES
161
CHAPTER 16 SEISMIC RESPONSE HISTORY PROCEDURES
determined. Where the maximum scaled base shear structure that directly accounts for the nonlinear
predicted by the analysis, Vi, is less than 85 percent of hysteretic behavior of the structure’s elements to
the value of V determined using the minimum value determine its response through methods of numerical
of Cs set forth in Eq. 12.8-5 or when located where S1 integration to suites of ground motion acceleration
is equal to or greater than 0.6g, the minimum value of histories compatible with the design response spec-
Cs set forth in Eq. 12.8-6, the scaled member forces, trum for the site. The analysis shall be performed in
V accordance with this section. See Section 12.1.1 for
QEi, shall be additionally multiplied by where V is
Vi limitations on the use of this procedure.
the minimum base shear that has been determined
using the minimum value of Cs set forth in Eq. 12.8-5, 16.2.2 Modeling
or when located where S1 is equal to or greater than A mathematical model of the structure shall be
0.6g, the minimum value of Cs set forth in Eq. 12.8-6. constructed that represents the spatial distribution of
Where the maximum scaled base shear predicted by mass throughout the structure. The hysteretic behavior
the analysis, Vi, is less than 0.85CsW, where Cs is of elements shall be modeled consistent with suitable
from Eq. 12.8-6, drifts shall be multiplied by laboratory test data and shall account for all signifi-
CsW cant yielding, strength degradation, stiffness degrada-
0.85 .
Vi tion, and hysteretic pinching indicated by such test
If at least seven ground motions are analyzed, the data. Strength of elements shall be based on expected
design member forces used in the load combinations values considering material overstrength, strain
of Section 12.4.2.1 and the design story drift used in hardening, and hysteretic strength degradation. Linear
the evaluation of drift in accordance with Section properties, consistent with the requirements of Section
12.12.1 are permitted to be taken respectively as the 12.7.3, are permitted to be used for those elements
average of the scaled QEi and Δi values determined demonstrated by the analysis to remain within their
from the analyses and scaled as indicated in the linear range of response. The structure shall be
preceding text. If fewer than seven ground motions assumed to have a fixed-base, or alternatively, it is
are analyzed, the design member forces and the permitted to use realistic assumptions with regard to
design story drift shall be taken as the maximum the stiffness and load-carrying characteristics of the
value of the scaled QEi and Δi values determined from foundations consistent with site-specific soils data and
the analyses. rational principles of engineering mechanics.
Where this standard requires consideration of the For regular structures with independent orthogo-
seismic load effects including overstrength factor of nal seismic force-resisting systems, independent 2-D
Section 12.4.3, the value of Ω0QE need not be taken models are permitted to be constructed to represent
larger than the maximum of the unscaled value, QEi, each system. For structures having a horizontal
obtained from the analyses. structural irregularity of Type 1a, 1b, 4, or 5 of Table
12.3-1 or structures without independent orthogonal
16.1.5 Horizontal Shear Distribution systems, a 3-D model incorporating a minimum of
The distribution of horizontal shear shall be in three dynamic degrees of freedom consisting of
accordance with Section 12.8.4 except that amplifica- translation in two orthogonal plan directions and
tion of torsion in accordance with Section 12.8.4.3 is torsional rotation about the vertical axis at each level
not required where accidental torsion effects are of the structure shall be used. Where the diaphragms
included in the dynamic analysis model. are not rigid compared to the vertical elements of the
seismic force-resisting system, the model should
include representation of the diaphragm’s flexibility
16.2 NONLINEAR RESPONSE and such additional dynamic degrees of freedom as
HISTORY PROCEDURE are required to account for the participation of the
diaphragm in the structure’s dynamic response.
Where nonlinear response history procedure is
performed the requirements of Section 16.2 shall be 16.2.3 Ground Motion and Other Loading
satisfied. Ground motion shall conform to the requirements
of Section 16.1.3. The structure shall be analyzed for
16.2.1 Analysis Requirements the effects of these ground motions simultaneously
A nonlinear response history analysis shall with the effects of dead load in combination with not
consist of an analysis of a mathematical model of the less than 25 percent of the required live loads.
162
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
163