Nomor 1

Data:
P1 = 0.3 kgf/cm2
P2 = 0.6 kgf/cm2
D1 = 7.5 cm
D2 = 15 cm
Mass flow rate = 8.5 kg/sec
Formulae:
Equation of continuity
r1A1v1 = r2A2v2
Bernoulli's equation
For the flow direction from 1 to 2,

Mass flow rate = volumetric flow rate x density

Calculations:
Volumetric flow rate = 8.5/1000 = 8.5 x 10-3 m3/sec
V1 = 8.5 x 10-3/(pD12/4) = 8.5 x 10-3/(p x 0.0752/4) = 8.5 x 10-3/0.00441= 1.924 m/sec
V2 = 8.5 x 10-3/(pD22/4) = 8.5 x 10-3/(p x 0.152/4) = 8.5 x 10-3/0.01767 = 0.481 m/sec
P1 = 0.3 kgf/cm2 = 0.3 x 9.812 N/cm2 = 2.9436 x 104 N/m2
P2 = 0.6 kgf/cm2 = 0.6 x 9.812 N/cm2 = 5.8872 x 104 N/m2
Assuming the flow direction is from 1 to 2:
2.9436 x 104/1000 + 1.9242/2 = 5.8872 x 104/1000 + 0.4812/2 + h + w -q
29.436 + 1.851 = 58.872 + 0.116 + h + w -q
In the given problem work done by fluid (w) and pump work on fluid (q) are zero.
So to balance the above equation, the quantity h has to have negative values. This is not possible.
The above equation will be a correct one, if the flow is from 2 to 1.
i.e. 58.872 + 0.116 = 29.436 + 1.851 + h
Therefore the flow direction is from the end at which pressure is 0.6 kgf/cm2 and diameter is 15 mm
to the end at which pressure is 0.3 kgf/cm2 and diameter is 7.5 mm.
NOMOR 2
Calculations:

Volume of particle = p rc2 h = p x 0.52 x 3 = 2.356 cm3

Radius of sphere of volume 2.356 cm3:
4 p rs3 / 3 = 2.356
rs = 0.8255 cm
Surface area of sphere of same volume as the particle = 4 p rs2 = 4 x p x 0.82552 = 8.563 cm2
Surface area of particle = 2 p rc (h + rc) = 2 x p x 0.5 x (3 + 0.5) = 10.996 cm2
Sphericity (f s) = 8.563/10.996 = 0.779
Sphericity could also be found from the formula,
Sphericity (f s) = 6 Vp / (DpSp)
Where Vp = volume of particle
Dp = Equivalent diameter of particle. (Equivalent diameter is defined as the diameter of a sphere of
equal volume)
Sp = surface area of particle
Vp = p rc2 h = 2.356 cm3
Dp = 2 rs = 2 x 0.8255 = 1.651 cm
Sp = 2 p rc (h + rc) = 10.996 cm2
f s = 6 x 2.356 / (1.651 x 10.996) = 0.779
NOMOR 3
Data:
Flow rate(Q) = 2.16 m3/h = 2.16/3600 m3/sec = 0.0006 m3/sec
Dia of pipe(D) = 40 mm = 0.04 m
Length of pipe in horizontal direction = 150 m
Length of pipe in vertical direction(Dz) = 12 m
Equivalent length of fittings = 260 pipe diameters
Friction factor(f) = 0.008
Efficiency of pump(h ) = 0.6
Viscosity of fluid(m) = 0.65 cp = 0.00065 kg/(m.sec)
Density of fluid(r) = 1 gm/cc = 1000 kg/m3
Formulae:
Bernoulli's equation

Frictional losses per unit mass of flowing fluid

Power required for pumping = (mass flow rate x head developed by pump)/ h
= (volumetric flow rate x pressure developed by pump)/ h
Calculations:
Length of pipe with fittings = 150 + 12 + 260 x 0.04 m = 172.4 m
Velocity = volumetric flow rate/flow cross sectional area
= 0.0006/((p/4) x 0.042) = 0.477 m/sec
hf = 2 x 0.008 x 172.4 x 0.4772 / 0.04 = 15.69 m2/sec2
frictional losses per unit weight of fluid(h) = hf / g = 15.69/9.812 = 1.6 m
pump head(q) = Dz + h = 12 + 1.6 = 13.6 m
pressure developed by pump = 13.6 x 1000 x 9.812 = 133443.2 N/m2
power required for pumping = 0.0006 x 133443.2 / 0.6 = 133.4 watt = 133.4/736 HP = 0.181 HP
NOMOR 4
Data:
Diameter of pipe(D) = 15 cm
Average Velocity(n) = 4 m/s
Equivalent Length of pipe with fittings = 2000 m
efficiency of pump(h) = 0.7
Formula:
Bernoulli equation:

Frictional losses:

Friction factor Relation:

f = 0.046 Re-0.2
Calculations:
Re = Dnr/m
= 0.15 x 4 x 1000/0.001 = 600000
f = 0.046 x (600000)-0.2 = 0.003215
hf = 2 x 0.003215 x 2000 x 42/0.15 = 1371.73 m2/sec2
Frictional losses per unit weight (h)= hf/g = 1371.73/9.812 = 139.8 m
Power required for pumping = mass flow rate x g x h / efficiency of pump
Mass flow rate = volumetric flow rate x density
= velocity x cross sectional area x density
= 4 x (pD2/4) x r
= p x 0.152 x 1000 = 70.686 kg/sec
power required = 70.686 x 9.812 x 139.8/0.7 = 96961 watt = 138515.7 watt = 138.5 KW
NOMOR 5
Data:
Dia of tube = 3 cm = 0.03 m

Formula:
Bernoulli's equation for frictionless flow is

Discharge(Q) = cross sectional area x velocity

Calculations:
Applying Bernoulli's equation for the points 1 and 3, ( i.e. comparing the energy levels for the fluid in
the tank surface and at the discharge point of tube)
p1 = 0 N/m2(g)
p3 = 0 N/m2(g)
z1 = 0 m
z3 = -2 m
Since the rate of fall of liquid level in the tank is almost negligible,
v1 = 0 m/sec.
Therefore,
0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + (v32 / 2g) - 2
v3 = (2 x 2g)0.5 = 6.265 m/sec
Q = (p/4)D2 v = (p/4) x 0.032 x 6.265 = 0.00443 m3/sec = 15.94 m3/hr
Applying Bernoulli's equation for the points 1 and 2, ( i.e. comparing the energy levels for the fluid at
the tank surface to the peak point of siphon)
p1 = 0 N/m2(g)
z2 = 1.4 m
v2 = v3 = 6.265 m/sec (since the cross sectional area of sections 2 and 3 are the same)
0 + 0 + 0 = p2 / (rg) + 6.2652 / (2g) + 1.4
p2 / (rg) = -3.4 m
p2 = -3.4 x 1000 x 9.812 N/m2(g) = -33360.8 N/m2(g)
Absolute pressure at point 2 = 101325 - 33360.8 = 67964.2 N/m2(a)
NOMOR 6
Data:
Dia of tube(D) = 0.2 cm = 0.002 m
Length of pipe(L) = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Density of mercury = 13600 kg/m3
Density of oil(r) = 850 kg/m3
Pressure drop(Dp) = 5 cm Hg = 0.05 x 13600 x 9.812 N/m2 = 6672.16 N/m2
Flow rate(Q) = 1 litre/10 min = 0.001/(10 x 60) = 1.667 x 10-6 m3/sec
Formula:
Hagen-Poiseuille law (pressure drop for laminar flow is related to the flow parameters)

Calculations:
In capillary tube viscosity measurements the flow is maintained in laminar conditions.
m = (p x 6672.16 x 0.0024)/(1.667 x 10-6 x 128 x 0.1) = = 0.01572 kg/(m.sec) = 15.72 cP
NOMOR 7
Fluid in pipe X = carbon tetra chloride
Density of Carbon tetra chloride = 1.59 x 1000 kg/m3
Px = 103 kN/m2
Fluid in pipe Y= oil
Density of Carbon tetra chloride = 0.8 x 1000 kg/m3
Py = 172 kN/m2
Formula:
P = rgh
Principle: Pressure at the same level in a continuous body of static fluid is equal.
Calculations:
Equating the pressure at the two legs of the manometer at OO':
For the left hand leg pressure at O = Po = Px + (2.5 + 1.5) x 1590 x 9.812 + a x 13600 x 9.812 N/m2
For the right hand leg pressure at O' = Po' = Py + (1.5 + a) x 800 x 9.812 N/m2
Px + (2.5 + 1.5) x 1590 x 9.812 + a x 13600 x 9.812 = Py + (1.5 + a) x 800 x 9.812
Substituting for Px and Py,
103000 + 62404.32 + 133443.2 x a = 172000 + 7849.6 x a + 11774.4
-18370.08 = - 125593.6 x a
a = 0.146 m = 14.6 cm
Manometer Reading = 14.6 cm of Hg
NOMOR 8
Data:
Dia of pipe (Da) = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Dia of throat (Db) = 4 cm = 0.04 m
Manometer reading (hm) = 30 cm of Hg
Venturi coefficient (Cv) = 0.98
Permanent pressure loss = 10 % of the pressure differential measured by the manometer.
rm = 13.6 g/cc = 13.6 x 10-3 kg/m3
r = 1 g/cc = 1000 kg/m3

Formulae:
Flow rate = Velocity at the throat x cross sectional area of throat
Velocity at the throat

Where b = Db / Da
The pressure difference measured by the manometer
Pa - Pb = (rm - r)ghm
Power consumption of the meter = volumetric flow rate x permanent pressure loss
Calculations:
Pa - Pb = (13600 - 1000) x 9.812 x 0.3 = 37089.4 N/m2
b = 0.04/0.1 = 0.4
Vb = (0.98/(1-0.44)0.5) x (2 x 37089.4 / 1000)0.5 = 0.993 x 8.613 = 8.553 m/sec
Cross sectional area of throat = pDb2/4 = p x 0.042 / 4 = 0.00126 m2
Volumetric flow rate = 8.553 x 0.00126 = 0.01078 m3/sec = 10.78 lit/sec
Permanent pressure loss = 0.1 x 37089.4 = 3708.94 N/m2
Power consumption of the meter = 0.01078 x 3708.94 = 40 watt
NOMOR 9
Data:
Dia of pipe (Da) = 150 mm = 0.15 m
Dia of throat (Db) = 50 mm = 0.05 m
Pressure drop (Pa - Pb) = 100 mm of water = (0.1/10.33) x 101325 N/m2 = 980.9 N/m2
Mass flow rate = 2.7 kg/sec
Formulae:
Velocity at the throat

Where b = Db/Da
Calculations:
Volumetric flow rate = mass flow rate / density = 2.7 / 1000 = 0.0027 m3/sec
Velocity at the throat = Volumetric flow rate / cross sectional area of throat
= 0.0027 / (pDb2/4) = 0.0027 / (p x 0.052/4) = 1.375 m/sec
Therefore,
Cv = 1.375 x ( 1 - (0.05/0.15)4 )0.5 / (2 x 980.9/1000)0.5 = 0.976
NOMOR 10
Data:
Dia of tower (D) = 20 ft = 20 x 0.3038 m = 6.096 m
Height of tower (L) = 50 ft = 15.24 m
Dia of packing (Dp) = 1 inch = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m
Temperature of gas (T) = 500oF = (500 - 32) x 5/9 oC = 260oC = (273 + 260) K = 533 K
Pressure at the bottom = 30 lbf/in.2 abs = 30/14.7 atm(a) = 2.04 atm(a) = 206785.7 N/m2(a)
Bed porosity (e) = 0.4
Time of contact = 10 sec
Molecular weight of gas = 44 (molecular weight of propane (C3H8) )
Formulae:
Density of gas (r) = PM/(RT)
Ergun equation:

NRePM = DpVor/( ( 1 - e )m )
Calculations:
Density of the leaving gas,
r = 206785.7 x 44 / (8314 x 533) = 2.053 kg/m3
Vo = Height / time = 15.24 / 10 = 1.524 m/sec
Taking the viscosity of gas as that of air (m = 0.025 x 10-3 kg/(m.sec) )
NRePM = 0.0254 x 1.524 x 2.053 / ( (1 - 0.4) x 0.025 x 10-3 ) = 5298
For these NRePM Burke-Plummer equation can be used.(i.e. Turbulent part of the Ergun's equation)
Dp x 0.0254 x 0.43 / ( 15.24 x 2.053 x 1.5242 x (1-0.4) ) = 1.75
Dp = 46937.5 N/m2
Pressure at the inlet of the column = 206785.7 + 46937.5 = 253723.2 N/m2(a) = 36.81 lbf/in2(a)