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Question Bank for Internal Assessment I

1. Why do congestion occur in a network?(CO2, K2, Underst


and)

Network congestion in data networking and queueing theory is the reduced quality of
service that occurs when a network node is carrying more data than it can handle.
Typical effects include queueing delay, packet loss or the blocking of new
connections. A consequence of the latter two effects is that an incremental increase
in offered load leads either only to a small increase or even a decrease in network
throughput

2. Why regular TCP cannot be directly used for wireless environment.(CO2, K2,
Understand)
Wireless hosts move may move frequently while communicating. During this movement
the data sent to the wireless host is lost. TCP at the destination interprets this loss as
congestion and invokes congestion control mechanisms, which is unnecessary, as when
the move is complete the wireless host will start receiving data again. This causes the
performance of TCP to degrade. There also might be degradation of performance due to
frequent recalculation of routes to the moving wireless host.
3. What is the snooping TCP approach in mobile wireless networks?(CO2, K2,
Understand)

The Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet
protocolsuite, often simply referred to as TCP/IP. TCP is reliable, guarantees in-order
delivery of dataand incorporates congestion control and flow control mechanisms.TCP
supports many of the Internet's mostpopular application protocols and
resultingapplications, including the World Wide Web,e-mail, File Transfer Protocol and
Secure Shell.In the Internet protocol suite, TCP is theintermediate layer between the
Internet layerand application layer.

4. Write short notes on congestion window in TCP protocol?(CO2, K2, Understand)


5. What problems would occur if the traditional TCP is used in mobile environments?
(CO2, K2, Understand)

6. List the congestion control algorithms implemented in wired and wireless networks.
(CO2, K1, Remember)
WIRED:
Slow start
Congestion avoidance
Fast retransmit
Fast recovery
WIRELESS:
Bandwidth
Latency
Channel losses
mobility

7. Write short notes on (i) TELNET (ii) FTP


Telnet is an application layer protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to
provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication facility using a virtual
terminal connection. User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in
an 8-bit byte oriented data connection over the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer
computer files between a client and server on a computer network. FTP is built
on a client-server model architecture and uses separate control and data connections
between the client and the server.

8. Write short notes on (i) SMTP (ii) HTTP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail (email)
transmission. First defined by RFC 821 in 1982, it was last updated in 2008 with
the Extended SMTP additions by RFC 5321—which is the protocol in widespread
use today.SMTP by default uses TCP port 25.
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed,
collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data
communication for the World Wide Web. Hypertext is structured text that uses
logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing text.

9. What are the characteristic features of 2.5G technology? (CO3, K2, Understand)
 2.5G ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-systems
that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-
switched domain.
 It does not necessarily provide faster service because bundling of timeslots
is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well.
 The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the
introduction of General
 Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through the
introduction of 2.5G. Its approach centred on the use of packet data.

10. How 2G is different from 2G and 3G technology? (CO3, K2, Understand)


2G = digital, voice
Examples include GSM, D-AMPS, PDC
2.5G added data (GPRS)

2.75G faster data (EDGE)


Data rates from 9.6Kbps (GPRS) to 200Kbps (2.75G)
3G = digital, supported data, but still circuit switched
WCDMA, EvDO
Includes data but still onto circuit switched architecture

3.5G faster data, added true always-on / packet data (HSPA)

Data rates of 2Mbps-tens of Mbps

11. What are the advantages of GPRS over GSM?(CO3, K2, Understand)
GSM was the most successful second generation cellular technology, but the need for
higher data rates spawned new developments to enable data to be transferred at much
higher rates.
The first system to make an impact on the market was GPRS. The letters GPRS
stand for General Packet Radio System, GPRS technology enabled much higher data
rates to be conveyed over a cellular network when compared to GSM that was voice
centric.
12. Compare 1G and 2G cellular wireless communication(CO3, K2, Understand)

1G = analog
Examples include NMT, AMPS, TACS, etc
This did not do data.
2G = digital, voice
Examples include GSM, D-AMPS, PDC
2.5G added data (GPRS)

2.75G faster data (EDGE)

Data rates from 9.6Kbps (GPRS) to 200Kbps (2.75G)

13. Describe the functions of HLR and VLR in call routing and call roaming.(CO3, K2,
Understand)

The HLR in telecom is the reference database for subscriber parameters. Actually HLR
Having all the detail like customer ID, customer number, billing detail and for
prepaid with IN intelligent network its has detail of current recharge of prepaid user so
far its is very complex but i just make it in simple word for you.
The VLR contains a copy of most of the data stored at the HLR. It is, however, temporary
data which exists for only as long as the subscriber is “active” in the particular area
covered by the VLR.

14. Write short notes on 2.5 G network. (CO3, K2, Understand)


2.5G ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-systems that have
implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It
does not necessarily provide faster service because bundling of timeslots is used for
circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well.

15. Write the suggestions of mobile phone with respect to human body (CO3, K2,
Understand)

Mobile phones communicate with base stations using radiofrequency (RF) radiation. If
RF radiation is high enough, it has a ‘thermal’ effect, which means it raises body
temperature. There are concerns that the low levels of RF radiation emitted by mobile
phones could cause health problems such as headaches or brain tumours.
16. List the network elements in GSM network subsystems(CO3, K2, Understand)
The GSM network is called Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). It is organised in
three subsystems:
Base Station Subsystem (BSS
Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
Network Management Subsystem (NMS)

17. Name the tele-services provided by GSM (CO3, K2, Understand)

 Call forwarding.
o Barring of Outgoing Calls.
o Barring of Incoming Calls.
 Call Hold.
 Call Waiting.
 Multiparty service.
 Calling Line Identification Presentation (CLIP)/ Restriction (CLIR).

18. Describe the functions of XCDR (CO3, K2, Understand)


XCDR:
XCDR introduces the capability to send documents from a source Community
with sufficient information to direct the documents through gateways to a designated
target Community.

19. Describe the functions of BSC (CO3, K2, Understand)


BSC:
A base station controller (BSC) is a critical mobile network component that controls one
or more base transceiver stations (BTS), also known as base stations or cell sites. Key
BSC functions include radio network management (such as radio frequency control),
BTS handover management and call setup.

20. Describe the functions of MSC (CO3, K2, Understand)

MSC:
The mobile switching center (MSC) is the primary service delivery node for
GSM/CDMA, responsible for routing voice calls and SMS as well as other services (such
as conference calls, FAX and circuit switched data).

21. Describe the functions of PCU.(CO3, K2, Understand)


PCU:
The Packet Control Unit (PCU) is a new functional entity of GPRS. The GSM
Phase 2+ GPRS Standards introduces the Packet Control Unit (PCU) as the functional
entity that handles all packet traffic.
22. Draw the protocol architecture of GSM (CO3, K2, Understand)

23. Draw the protocol architecture of GPRS (CO3, K2, Understand)

24. Describe the network elements in GSM and GPRS (CO3, K2, Understand)

The GSM network is called Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). It is organised in
three subsystems:
Base Station Subsystem (BSS
Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
Network Management Subsystem (NMS)

 SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node - the SGSN forms a gateway to the services within
the network.
 GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node, GGSN, forms the gateway to the outside world.
 PCU: Packet Control Unit, PCU, which differentiates whether data is to be routed to the
packet switched or circuit switched networks.

13 Marks question
1. Explain the operations of congestion window in TCP and how it avoids the congestion in
a network?
2. Explain the operations of slow-start in TCP and how it improve the TCP
performance?
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a network congestion-avoidance algorithm
that includes various aspects of an additive increase/multiplicative decrease (AIMD)
scheme, with other schemes such as slow-start and congestion window to achieve
congestion avoidance.
The TCP congestion-avoidance algorithm is the primary basis for congestion control in
the Internet.
To avoid congestive collapse, TCP uses a multi-faceted congestion-control strategy. For
each connection, TCP maintains a congestion window, limiting the total number of
unacknowledged packets that may be in transit end-to-end. This is somewhat analogous to
TCP's sliding window used for flow control. TCP uses a mechanism called slow start[6] to
increase the congestion window after a connection is initialized and after a timeout. It starts
with a window of two times the maximum segment size (MSS). Although the initial rate is low,
the rate of increase is very rapid: for every packet acknowledged, the congestion window
increases by 1 MSS so that the congestion window effectively doubles for every round-trip
time (RTT). When the congestion window exceeds the ssthresh threshold, the algorithm enters a
new state, called congestion avoidance. In some implementations (e.g., Linux), the initial
ssthresh is large, and so the first slow start usually ends after a loss. However, ssthresh is
updated at the end of each slow start, and will often affect subsequent slow starts
triggered by timeouts.
In congestion avoidance state as long as non-duplicate ACKs are received, the congestion
window is additively increased by one MSS every round-trip time. When a packet is lost, the
likelihood of duplicate ACKs being received is very high (it's possible though unlikely that the
stream just underwent extreme packet reordering, which would also prompt duplicate
ACKs).
3. Discuss how TCP can be adapted to work efficiently in a mobile network environment?
(CO2, K2, Understand)
4. Discuss briefly the M-TCP and I-TCP approach of extending TCP to work for
mobile networks.
mTCP is a high-performance user-level TCP stack for multicore systems. Scaling the
performance of short TCP connections is fundamentally challenging due to inefficiencies
in the kernel. mTCP addresses these inefficiencies from the ground up - from packet I/O
and TCP connection management all the way to the application interface.

Besides adopting well-known techniques, our mTCP stack (1) translates expensive
system calls to shared memory access between two threads within the same CPU core,
(2) allows efficient flow-level event aggregation, and (3) performs batch processing of
RX/TX packets for high I/O efficiency. mTCP on an 8-core machine improves the
performance of small message transactions by a factor 25 (compared with the latest
Linux TCP stack (kernel version 3.10.12)) and 3 (compared with with the best-
performing research system). It also improves the performance of various popular
applications by 33% (SSLShader) to 320% (lighttpd) compared with those on the Linux
stack.

Many high-performance network applications spend a significant portion of CPU cycles


for TCP processing in the kernel. (e.g., ~80% inside kernel for lighttpd) Even worse,
these CPU cycles are not utilized effectively; according to our measurements, Linux spends
more than 4x the cycles than mTCP in handling the same number of TCP transactions.

Then, can we design a user-level TCP stack that incorporates all existing optimizations
into a single system? Can we bring the performance of existing packet I/O libraries to the
TCP stack? To answer these questions, we build a TCP stack in the user level. User-level
TCP is attractive for many reasons.

 Easily depart from the kernel's complexity


 Directly benefit from the optimizations in the high performance packet I/O libraries
 Naturally aggregate flow-level events by packet-level I/O batching
 Easily preserve the existing application programming interface

5. Explain how the GSM network provides security to the customer. (CO3, K2,
Understand)

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe SpécialMobile),


is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
to describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used
bymobile phones, first deployed in Finland in July 1991. [2] As of 2014 it has become the
default global standard for mobile communications - with over 90% market share,
operating in over 219 countries and territories.[3]
2G networks developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular
networks, and the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit-switched network
optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This expanded over time to include data
communications, first by circuit- switched transport, then by packet data transport
via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution or EGPRS).
Subsequently, the 3GPP developed third-generation (3G) UMTS standards
followed by fourth- generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards, which do not form part
of the ETSI GSM standard.

6. Explain the GPRS network with necessary architecture diagram. (CO3, K2,
Understand)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G
and 3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile communications
(GSM). GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular
technologies. It is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).[1]
[2]
GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data transferred, contrasting with
circuit switched data, which is usually billed per minute of connection time. Usage above
the bundle cap is charged per megabyte, speed limited, or disallowed.
GPRS is a best-effort service, implying variable throughput and latency that depend on
the number of other users sharing the service concurrently, as opposed to circuit
switching, where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection.
In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56–114 kbit/second.[3] 2G cellular
technology combined with GPRS is sometimes described as 2.5G, that is, a technology
between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony.[4] It provides
moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA)
channels in, for example, the GSM system. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and
newer releases.

Part-C (8 Marks)
1. Using congestion window in TCP explain how it avoids the congestion in a
network?

 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a network congestion-avoidance algorithm


that includes various aspects of an additive increase/multiplicative decrease (AIMD)
scheme, with other schemes such as slow-start and congestion window to achieve
congestion avoidance.
 The TCP congestion-avoidance algorithm is the primary basis for congestion
control in the Internet.
 To avoid congestive collapse, TCP uses a multi-faceted congestion-control
strategy. For each connection, TCP maintains a congestion window, limiting the total
number of unacknowledged packets that may be in transit end-to-end. This is somewhat
analogous to TCP's sliding window used for flow control. TCP uses a mechanism called
slow start[6] to increase the congestion window after a connection is initialized and
after a timeout. It starts with a window of two times the maximum segment size (MSS).
Although the initial rate is low, the rate of increase is very rapid: for every packet
acknowledged, the congestion window increases by 1 MSS so that the congestion
window effectively doubles for every round-trip time (RTT). When the congestion
window exceeds the ssthresh threshold, the algorithm enters a new state, called
congestion avoidance. In some implementations (e.g., Linux), the initial ssthresh is
large, and so the first slow start usually ends after a loss. However, ssthresh is updated
at the end of each slow start, and will often affect subsequent slow starts triggered
by timeouts.

 In congestion avoidance state as long as non-duplicate ACKs are received, the


congestion window is additively increased by one MSS every round-trip time. When a
packet is lost, the likelihood of duplicate ACKs being received is very high (it's
possible though unlikely that the stream just underwent extreme packet reordering, which
would also prompt duplicate ACKs).

2.Construct M-TCP and I-TCP by extending regular TCP in mobile networks.

mTCP is a high-performance user-level TCP stack for multicore systems. Scaling the
performance of short TCP connections is fundamentally challenging due to inefficiencies
in the kernel. mTCP addresses these inefficiencies from the ground up - from packet I/O
and TCP connection management all the way to the application interface.

Besides adopting well-known techniques, our mTCP stack (1) translates expensive
system calls to shared memory access between two threads within the same CPU core,
(2) allows efficient flow-level event aggregation, and (3) performs batch processing of
RX/TX packets for high I/O efficiency. mTCP on an 8-core machine improves the
performance of small message transactions by a factor 25 (compared with the latest
Linux TCP stack (kernel version 3.10.12)) and 3 (compared with with the best-
performing research system). It also improves the performance of various popular
applications by 33% (SSLShader) to 320% (lighttpd) compared with those on the Linux
stack.

Many high-performance network applications spend a significant portion of CPU cycles


for TCP processing in the kernel. (e.g., ~80% inside kernel for lighttpd) Even worse,
these CPU cycles are not utilized effectively; according to our measurements, Linux spends
more than 4x the cycles than mTCP in handling the same number of TCP transactions.

Then, can we design a user-level TCP stack that incorporates all existing optimizations
into a single system? Can we bring the performance of existing packet I/O libraries to the
TCP stack? To answer these questions, we build a TCP stack in the user level. User-level
TCP is attractive for many reasons.

 Easily depart from the kernel's complexity


 Directly benefit from the optimizations in the high performance packet I/O libraries
 Naturally aggregate flow-level events by packet-level I/O batching
 Easily preserve the existing application programming interface
(CO2, K3, Apply)
3. Apply slow-start algorithm in TCP and explain how the TCP performance is improved?
(CO2, K3, Apply)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a network congestion-avoidance algorithm that
includes various aspects of an additive increase/multiplicative decrease (AIMD) scheme, with
other schemes such as slow-start and congestion window to achieve congestion avoidance.
The TCP congestion-avoidance algorithm is the primary basis for congestion control in
the Internet.
To avoid congestive collapse, TCP uses a multi-faceted congestion-control strategy. For
each connection, TCP maintains a congestion window, limiting the total number of
unacknowledged packets that may be in transit end-to-end. This is somewhat analogous to
TCP's sliding window used for flow control. TCP uses a mechanism called slow start[6] to
increase the congestion window after a connection is initialized and after a timeout. It starts
with a window of two times the maximum segment size (MSS). Although the initial rate is low,
the rate of increase is very rapid: for every packet acknowledged, the congestion window
increases by 1 MSS so that the congestion window effectively doubles for every round-trip
time (RTT). When the congestion window exceeds the ssthresh threshold, the algorithm enters a
new state, called congestion avoidance. In some implementations (e.g., Linux), the initial
ssthresh is large, and so the first slow start usually ends after a loss. However, ssthresh is
updated at the end of each slow start, and will often affect subsequent slow starts
triggered by timeouts.
In congestion avoidance state as long as non-duplicate ACKs are received, the congestion
window is additively increased by one MSS every round-trip time. When a packet is lost, the
likelihood of duplicate ACKs being received is very high (it's possible though unlikely that the
stream just underwent extreme packet reordering, which would also prompt duplicate
ACKs).

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