See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316111786

SEISMIC RESPONSE STUDY OF MULTI-

STORIED REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING
WITH FLUID VISCOUS DAMPERS

Thesis · January 2017

CITATIONS READS

0 1,571

1 author:

Shaik Qamaruddin
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology
1 PUBLICATION 0 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

REDUCTION OF RESPONSE IN RCC BUILDING USING VISCOUS FLUID DAMPERS View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Shaik Qamaruddin on 14 April 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

SEISMIC RESPONSE STUDY OF MULTI-STORIED
REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING WITH
FLUID VISCOUS DAMPERS
A Dissertation Work Submitted In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the
Award of the Degree of

Master of Engineering
In

Civil Engineering
With Specialisation In

Structural Engineering
By

Shaik Qamaruddin
(Roll no. 1601-14741-008)

Under the guidance of

Dr. M. Koti Reddy

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous)
Gandipet, Hyderabad, India, PIN: 500075.

2016
i
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
GANDIPET, HYDERABAD-75

M.E. DISSERTATION EVALUATION SHEET

Name of the candidate : SHAIK QAMARUDDIN

Roll no : 1601 14 741 008

Specialization : Structural Engineering

Date of external viva voce :

Grade :

Signature of the external examiner :

Supervisor Chairman BOS

Head of the Department

ii
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation work and titled “Seismic Response Study Of Multi-
storeyed Reinforced Concrete Building With Fluid Viscous Dampers”, submitted by Mr.
Shaik Qamaruddin bearing Roll No: 1601-14741-008 towards partial fulfillment for the
award of master degree in civil engineering with specialisation in structural engineering
during the academic year 2015-16 from Chaitanya Bharathi Institute Of Technology
(Autonomous) affiliated to Osmania University, Hyderabad is a record of bonafide work
done by the him under my supervision. The result embodied in this work is not submitted to
any other university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Dr. M. Koti Reddy Dr. K. Jagannadha Rao

Supervisor Professor and Head of the Department

iii
 DECLARATION
This is to certify that the work reported in the present thesis titled “Seismic Response Study
Of Multi-storeyed Reinforced Concrete Building With Fluid Viscous Dampers” is a
record of work done by us in the department of civil engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi
Institute of Technology (Autonomous) affiliated to Osmania University, Hyderabad.

No part of this thesis is copied from books journals, Internet and wherever the portion is
taken the same has been duly referred in the text. The report is based on work done entirely
by us and not copied from any other source.

HYDERABAD SHAIK QAMARUDDIN

DATE

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere gratitude to my guide Dr. M. Koti Reddy, Professor, civil engineering
department, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (autonomous), who offered me the
valuable guidance and advice for the duration of the thesis.

I am very thankful to Dr. K. Jagannadha Rao, Head of the department, civil engineering,
CBIT, for encouragement and providing support and assistance for the duration of the thesis.

I am very much thankful to Dr. A. Vimala, Associate Professor, civil engineering

department, for providing knowledge about earthquake engineering and the Dynamics of
structure required for thesis, also helping out in the structural modelling and analysis.

I am very much thankful to A. Balaji Rao, Associate Professor, department of civil

engineering, for the kind help in facilitating the Viva voice examination and providing me the
guidelines on the documentation of thesis.

I express my regards to Incharge and staff of department laboratory, M.E. CAD lab and
department library for their help during the course.

I am very thankful to Dr. B. Chennakesava Rao, Principal of CBIT, for encouraging on

Research works.

I am also grateful to my parents, family and friends for the support and encouragement in
completing my thesis successfully.

Finally, I acknowledge all those who have helped me directly or indirectly for the completion
of dissertation work.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………i
CERTIFICATE ........................................................................................................................ iii
DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................xii
NOTATIONS .......................................................................................................................... xiv
ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................................................xvii
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... xviii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1
1.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 DAMPING ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 IMPORTANCE OF DAMPING ...................................................................................... 2
1.4 SOURCES ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.5 TYPES OF DAMPERS.................................................................................................... 3
1.5.1 Friction dampers ........................................................................................................ 3
1.5.2 PVD Damper ............................................................................................................. 3
1.5.3 Pall Friction Damper ................................................................................................. 5
1.5.4 Metallic Dampers ...................................................................................................... 6
1.5.5 Lead Injection Damper (LED) ................................................................................... 7
1.5.6 Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) .................................................................................... 7
1.5.7 Viscous Dampers ....................................................................................................... 8
1.5.8 Mass Damper ............................................................................................................. 9
1.5.9 Lead Rubber Damper LRM and Rubber Damper HDRB ....................................... 10
1.5.10 Regulatory Mass Damper TMD ............................................................................ 12
1.5.11 Passive Seismic Controlling System ..................................................................... 13
1.5.12 Active Seismic Control Systems (Active) ............................................................. 13
1.5.13 Hybrid and Semi-Active System ........................................................................... 14
1.6 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION ................................................................. 14
1.7 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................. 15

vi
 1.8 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................ 16
1.9 RESEARCH AIM .......................................................................................................... 16
1.10 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ..................................................................................... 16
1.11 ALIGNMENT OF THE THESIS ................................................................................. 16
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 18
2.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 18
2.2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 18
2.3 FLUID VISCOUS DAMPING APPLICATIONS ......................................................... 19
2.4 ANALYSIS USING ETABS 2015 AND CONCLUSIONS ......................................... 21
2.5 CODAL PROVISIONS ................................................................................................. 21
2.6 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................................... 23
3.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 23
3.1.1 Single Degree of Freedom System .......................................................................... 23
3.2 DAMPING ..................................................................................................................... 24
3.3 MODAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 25
3.3.1 Energy Method ........................................................................................................ 25
3.3.2 Modal Response ...................................................................................................... 26
3.3.3 Modal Participation Factor ...................................................................................... 27
3.4 DETERMINED ANALYSIS ETABS ........................................................................... 27
3.4.1 Defining the slab sections ........................................................................................ 27
3.4.2 Equality static analysis ............................................................................................ 27
3.4.3 Response spectrum analysis .................................................................................... 27
3.4.4 Multimodal or SRSS lateral load pattern ................................................................. 28
3.4.5 Description of case study frames ............................................................................. 28
3.5 TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS PROCEDURE .............................................................. 28
3.6 PERFORMANCE POINT ............................................................................................. 31
3.7 BUILDING PERFORMANCE LEVEL ........................................................................ 31
3.7.1 Operational level (OL): ........................................................................................... 31
3.7.2 Immediate occupancy level (IO): ............................................................................ 31
3.7.3 Life Safety Level (LS): ............................................................................................ 31
3.7.4 Collapse Prevention Level (CP): ............................................................................. 31
3.8 CAPACITY .................................................................................................................... 32

vii
 3.8.1 Capacity Curve: ....................................................................................................... 32
3.8.2 Capacity Spectrum ................................................................................................... 32
3.8.3 Capacity Spectrum Method: .................................................................................... 32
3.9 DEMAND ...................................................................................................................... 32
3.9.1 Demand Spectrum ................................................................................................... 33
3.10 PLASTIC HINGE ........................................................................................................ 33
3.10.1 Formation of Plastic Hinge: ................................................................................... 33
3.11 DESCRIPTION TO PUSHOVER ANALYSIS ........................................................... 33
3.11.1 Introduction to FEMA-356 .................................................................................... 33
3.11.2 Introduction to ATC-40 ......................................................................................... 33
3.12 TYPES OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 34
3.12.1 Capacity Spectrum Method ................................................................................... 34
3.12.2 Displacement Coefficient Method: ........................................................................ 34
3.12.3 Pushover analysis procedure ................................................................................. 34
3.12.4 The analysis of ETABS ......................................................................................... 35
3.12.5 Steps for Pushover Analysis in ETABS ................................................................ 35
3.13 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 36
CHAPTER 4: MODELLING .................................................................................................. 37
4.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 37
4.2 COMPUTATIONAL MODAL ...................................................................................... 37
4.3 DESIGN DATA ............................................................................................................. 37
4.3.1 Material Properties: ................................................................................................. 37
4.4 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ........................................................................................ 38
4.4.1 Loads ....................................................................................................................... 38
4.4.2 Square buildings with square columns (SBSC) ....................................................... 40
4.4.3 Square building with rectangular columns (SBRC) ................................................ 42
4.4.4 Rectangular building with square columns (RBSC)................................................ 44
4.4.5 Rectangular building with rectangular column (RBRC) ......................................... 46
4.5 MODELLING OF DAMPERS ...................................................................................... 48
4.5.1 SBSC with dampers ................................................................................................. 50
4.5.2 SBRC with dampers ................................................................................................ 51
4.5.3 RBSC with dampers ................................................................................................ 52
4.5.4 RBRC with dampers ................................................................................................ 53

viii
 4.6 ASSIGNMENT OF HINGES FOR PUSHOVER ANALYSIS ..................................... 54
4.6.1 Frame/Wall Nonlinear Hinge .................................................................................. 55
4.6.2 Auto Hinge Properties. ............................................................................................ 55
4.6.3 User-Defined Hinge Properties. .............................................................................. 56
4.6.4 Program Generated Hinge Properties. ..................................................................... 56
4.7 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 60
CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ................................................. 61
5.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 61
5.2 ADOPTED METHODS FOR ANALYSIS ................................................................... 61
5.3 TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS: ...................................................................................... 61
5.3.1 Time Function.......................................................................................................... 61
5.3.2 Fast Nonlinear Analysis (FNA) ............................................................................... 62
5.3.3 Response spectrum .................................................................................................. 64
5.3.4 Time-history traces .................................................................................................. 64
5.4 PUSHOVER ANALYSIS: ............................................................................................. 64
5.4.1 Create the computational model .............................................................................. 64
5.4.2 Define a nonlinear static load case .......................................................................... 65
5.4.3 Run the analysis ....................................................................................................... 65
5.4.4 Review results.......................................................................................................... 65
5.5 RESULTS....................................................................................................................... 66
5.5.1 Response Spectrum Curves from Time History ...................................................... 66
5.5.2 Responses when loaded in different directions ....................................................... 69
5.5.3 Base Reactions ......................................................................................................... 69
5.5.4 Modal Participating Mass Ratios ............................................................................. 74
5.5.5 Modal Periods and Frequencies ............................................................................... 78
5.5.6 Story Maximum and Average Lateral Displacements ............................................. 81
5.6 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ........................................................................................ 81
5.6.1 PSA from Response Spectrum Curves .................................................................... 81
5.6.2 Base Shear ............................................................................................................... 82
5.6.3 Story Max/Avg. Displacements ............................................................................... 83
5.6.4 Eigen Values ............................................................................................................ 85
5.6.5 Comparing Pushover and Time History Analyses .................................................. 85
5.7 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 86

ix
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION ..................................................... 87
6.1 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 87
6.2 LIMITATIONS TO CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................... 87
6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ............................................. 88
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 89
APPENDIX – 1 ........................................................................................................................ 91

x
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 : Story Data ................................................................................................................. 38
Table 2 : Load Patterns ............................................................................................................ 39
Table 3 : Response Spectrum Functions .................................................................................. 39
Table 4 : Load Cases - Summary ............................................................................................. 40
Table 5 : FVD with Different Capacities Force(kN). .............................................................. 49
Table 6 : Input Data ................................................................................................................. 66
Table 7 : Maximum PSA at Zero Damping ............................................................................. 69
Table 8 : Base Reactions of SBSC ........................................................................................... 70
Table 9 : Base Reactions of SBRC .......................................................................................... 70
Table 10 : Base Reactions of RBSC ........................................................................................ 71
Table 11 : Base Reactions of RBRC ........................................................................................ 71
Table 12 : Base Reactions of SBSC with FVD........................................................................ 72
Table 13 : Base Reactions of SBRC with FVD ....................................................................... 72
Table 14 : Base Reactions of RBSC with FVD ....................................................................... 73
Table 15 : Base Reactions of RBRC with FVD ....................................................................... 73
Table 16 : SBSC - MPMR values ............................................................................................ 75
Table 17 : SBRC - MPMR values............................................................................................ 75
Table 18 : RBSC - MPMR values............................................................................................ 76
Table 19 : RBRC - MPMR values ........................................................................................... 76
Table 20 : SBSC FVD - MPMR values ................................................................................... 76
Table 21 : SBRC FVD - MPMR values .................................................................................. 77
Table 22 : RBSC FVD - MPMR values .................................................................................. 77
Table 23 : RBRC FVD - MPMR values .................................................................................. 77
Table 24 : SBSC modal periods and frequencies..................................................................... 78
Table 25 : SBRC modal periods and frequencies .................................................................... 78
Table 26 : RBSC modal periods and frequencies .................................................................... 79
Table 27 : RBRC modal periods and frequencies .................................................................... 79
Table 28 : SBSC FVD modal periods and frequencies............................................................ 79
Table 29 : SBRC FVD modal periods and frequencies ........................................................... 80
Table 30 : RBSC FVD modal periods and frequencies ........................................................... 80
Table 31 : RBRC FVD modal periods and frequencies ........................................................... 80
Table 32 : Max. Disp. of Modals at different stories due to PushX ........................................ 81
Table 33 : Max. Disp. of Modals at different stories due to PushY ........................................ 81
Table 34 : Time History Function - Data ................................................................................. 91

xi
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Sources of Damping. .................................................................................................. 2
Figure 2: Friction Damper ......................................................................................................... 3
Figure 3: PVD Damper .............................................................................................................. 4
Figure 4: PVD Damper Installation ........................................................................................... 4
Figure 5: Pall friction Damper ................................................................................................... 5
Figure 6: Pall Friction Damper placement inside a frame ......................................................... 5
Figure 7: Metallic Damper ......................................................................................................... 6
Figure 8: X-ADAS Damper ....................................................................................................... 7
Figure 9: Longitudinal Section of Lead Damper ....................................................................... 7
Figure 10: SMA Wired Damper ................................................................................................ 8
Figure 11: Longitudinal Section of Viscous Damper ................................................................ 8
Figure 12: Viscous Damper Installation Methods ..................................................................... 9
Figure 13: Mass Damping System in the Building .................................................................. 10
Figure 14: Lead Rubber Damper LRM .................................................................................... 11
Figure 15: Tuned Mass Damper .............................................................................................. 12
Figure 16: TMD Adaptive Passive Damper............................................................................. 13
Figure 17: Representation of Newton's second law of motion. ............................................... 15
Figure 18: Fluid Viscous Damper Cross-section. .................................................................... 20
Figure 19: Single degree of freedom system: simple mass spring model................................ 23
Figure 20 : SBSC Plan. ............................................................................................................ 41
Figure 21 : SBSC Elevation. .................................................................................................... 41
Figure 22 : SBSC 3D view....................................................................................................... 42
Figure 23 : SBRC Plan. ............................................................................................................ 42
Figure 24 : SBRC elevation. .................................................................................................... 43
Figure 25 : SBRC 3D-view. ..................................................................................................... 43
Figure 26 : SBRC Isometric view. ........................................................................................... 44
Figure 27 : RBSC Plan. ............................................................................................................ 44
Figure 28 : RBSC Elevation. ................................................................................................... 45
Figure 29 : RBSC Isometric view. ........................................................................................... 45
Figure 30 : RBSC 3D-view. ..................................................................................................... 46
Figure 31 : RBRC Plan. ........................................................................................................... 46
Figure 32 : RBRC Elevation XZ-plane. ................................................................................... 47
Figure 33 : RBRC Elevation YZ-plane. ................................................................................... 47
Figure 34 : RBRC 3D-view. .................................................................................................... 48
Figure 35 : Fluid viscous dampers & lock-up devices clevis – base plate configuration. ....... 48
Figure 36 : Adding a new damper property. ............................................................................ 50
Figure 37 : SBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View. .......................................... 51
Figure 38 : SBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Elevation. ................................................... 51
Figure 39 : SBRC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View. ......................................... 52
Figure 40 : RBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Elevation XZ-plane. .................................. 52
Figure 41 : RBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Elevation YZ-plane. .................................. 53
Figure 42 : RBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View. ......................................... 53

xii
Figure 43 : RBRC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View. ......................................... 54
Figure 44 : Force - Displacement curve of a Hinge. ................................................................ 54
Figure 45 : Square Building - Hinges Assigned - Top View. .................................................. 59
Figure 46 : Rectangular Building - Hinges Assigned - Top View. .......................................... 59
Figure 47 : SBSC RS curves. ................................................................................................... 66
Figure 48 : SBRC RS curves. .................................................................................................. 66
Figure 49 : RBSC RS curves. .................................................................................................. 67
Figure 50 : RBRC RS curves. .................................................................................................. 67
Figure 51 : SBSC with FVD RS curves. .................................................................................. 67
Figure 52 : SBRC with FVD RS curves. ................................................................................. 68
Figure 53 : RBSC with FVD RS curves. ................................................................................. 68
Figure 54 : RBRC with FVD RS curves. ................................................................................. 68
Figure 55 : Comparison of Base shears for Time history. ....................................................... 82
Figure 56 : Comparison Base shears for Pushover. ................................................................. 83
Figure 57 : Comparison Maximum story displacements due to PUSH X. .............................. 84
Figure 58 : Comparison Maximum story displacements due to PUSH Y. .............................. 85

xiii
 NOTATIONS
C Viscous damping matrix

𝐶̅ Coefficient matrix associated with the non-viscous damping functions

f(t) Forcing vector

𝑓(t) Non-viscous damping functions (not normalized)

F Dissipation function

F (ω) Fourier transform of f(t)

FR(ω) Real part of F (ω)

FI (ω) Imaginary part of F (ω)

G(t) Damping function matrix in the time domain

g(t) Normalized non-viscous damping functions

G(ω) Fourier transform of damping function matrix G(t)

G(ω) Fourier transform of damping function g(t)

GR(ω) Real part of G(ω)

GI (ω) Imaginary part of G(ω)

G0(ω) Frequency domain damping function matrix in the modal coordinates

Hij (ω) Set of measured transfer functions

IN Identity matrix of size N

i Unit imaginary number, i = √ (−1)

K Stiffness matrix

ℒ Laglargian of the system

M Mass matrix

xiv
mµ Number of modes used for estimation of µ̂

N Degrees-of-freedom of the system

ON Null matrix of size N

q(t) Vector of the generalized coordinates

Qnck Non-conservative forces

t Time

T Kinetic energy of the system

V Potential energy of the system

X Matrices of the eigenvectors

y(t) Modal coordinates

z(t) Response vector in the state-space

δ(t) Dirac-delta function

δjk Kroneker-delta function

G(t) Damping function in the time domain

ωk k-th undamped natural frequency

Ω Diagonal matrix containing ωk

τ Dummy time variable

D(s) Dynamic stiffness matrix

G(s) Damping function in the Laplace domain

G0(s) Damping function (in the Laplace domain) in the modal coordinates

H(s) Transfer function matrix in the Laplace domain

m Order of the characteristic polynomial

xv
s Laplace domain parameter

zj j-th eigenvector of the system

Z Matrix of the eigenvectors

p Number of non-viscous modes, p = m − 2N

Qj Q-factors

q0 Vector of initial displacements

𝑞̇ 0 Vector of initial velocities

Rj Residue matrix corresponding to the pole sj

xj j-th undamped eigenvector

(𝑗)
𝛼𝑙 Constants associated with expansion of j-th elastic modes

sj j-th eigenvalue of the system

Φ(s) Matrix of the eigenvectors of D(s)

µ Parameter of the exponential damping model

µ1, µ2 Parameters of the GHM damping model

νk(s) k-th eigenvalue of D(s)

ν(s) Diagonal matrix containing νk(s)

S Diagonal matrix containing Sk

Θ Normalization matrix

(•)e Elastic modes

(•)n Non-viscous modes

(•)0 Derivative of (•) with respect to s

xvi
 ABBREVIATIONS
DOF Degrees of freedom

FEM Finite element method

MDOF Multiple-degrees-of-freedom system
PSD Power spectral density
SDOF Single-degree-of-freedom system
SFD Shear Force Diagram
BMD Bending Moment Diagram
SBSC Square Building with Square Columns
SBRC Square Building with Rectangular Columns
RBSC Rectangular Building with Square Columns
RBRC Rectangular Building with Rectangular Columns
FVD Fluid Viscous Damper
SMA Shape memory alloys
DEC Damping at Exterior Corners
DEM Damping at Exterior Middle
ADAS Added Damping and Stiffness
TMD Tuned Mass Damper
RS Response Spectrum
PSA Pseudo Spectral Acceleration

xvii
 ABSTRACT
Damping Plays important role in design of Earthquake Resistant Structures, which reduces
the response of the structure when they are subjected to lateral loads. There are many
different types of dampers in use. In the present study Fluid Viscous dampers (FVD) are used
to evaluate the response of RC buildings.

The main task of a structure is to bear the lateral loads and transfer them to the foundation.
Since the lateral loads imposed on a structure are dynamic in nature, they cause vibrations in
the structure. In order to have earthquake resistant structures, fluid viscous dampers have
been used. Buildings having square and rectangular plans, with square and rectangular
column cross- sections are analyzed, with and without FVD. In the present study the software
ETABS 2015 have been used. Using Push over and Time history analyses the response of the
RC building considered in the present study is evaluated and compared with and without
FVD.

It has been observed that buildings with square columns are performing well in terms of
response of the structure when compared to the rectangular columns irrespective of the floor
plan. In Time History analysis, up to 90% decrease in the time Period is obtained when FVD
are used. FVD250 reduced the Base Shear of the structures by 70%. Hence FVD’s can be
used in RC multistory buildings to reduce the response effectively.

xviii
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
The viscous fluid dampers (VFD) are the more applied tools for controlling responses
of the structures. These tools are applied based on different construction technologies in order
to decrease the structural responses to the seismic excitation.

Though over the recent years heavy costs have been paid for accurate recognition of
force of an earthquake in the research institutes of the world with the purpose of decreasing
its damage, the increasing need for more research studies on the effects resulted from the
earthquake is felt in the theoretical and laboratorial scales [1]. Over the last fifty years, the
earthquakes are categorized into two groups of near-field earthquakes and far-field
earthquakes based on the distance of the place of recording the earthquake from the fault.
Later, this definition was modified and other factors also influenced this categorization. Over
the recent years, the research studies concentrated on the study of impacts of ground motion
in the near-field earthquake on the structural performance. The devastative effects of the
recent earthquakes such as Northridge earthquake (1994), Kobe earthquake (1995), and
Taiwan earthquake (1999) on the buildings of the cities adjacent to fault, and with regard to
the close location of many of the cities of India to the active faults indicate the significance of
the research.

In last few years, many essential developments in seismic codes are turned up. Utmost
of the modification in the seismic design area derive from greater awareness of actual poor
buildings performances in contemporary earthquakes. Due to the renewed knowledge of the
existing buildings behaviour, retrofit of buildings is a paramount task in reducing seismic
risk. New techniques for protecting buildings against earthquake have been developed with
the aim of improving their capacity. Seismic isolation and energy dissipation are widely
recognized as effective protection techniques for reaching the performance objectives of
modern codes. However, many codes include design specifications for seismically isolated
buildings, while there is still need of improved rules for energy dissipation protective
systems.[2]

1
1.2 DAMPING
It is defined as energy loss in the response over the time period. Energy dissipation
involves factors such as materials, radiation of soil etc. Clear understanding of damping is
required for incorporating its effect to the structure. The shape of response curve doesn't
change by damping but the magnitudes are reduced.[3]

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF DAMPING

When the structure has much absorbing capacity than the Seismic energy then it can
withstand the structural damage. Equivalent viscous damping can be used as a feasible means
of decreasing the structural damage.[3]

1.4 SOURCES
The 4 different sources are Material Damping, Structural Damping, Radiation
Damping and External Damping.

Figure 1: Sources of Damping.

2
1.5 TYPES OF DAMPERS
Dampers are classified based on their performance of friction, metal (Flowing),
Viscous, Viscoelastic, shape memory alloys (SMA) and mass dampers. About the advantages
of using dampers we can infer to high energy absorbance, easy to install and replace them as
well as coordination to other structure members.

1.5.1 Friction dampers

In this type of damper, seismic energy is spent in overcoming friction in the contact
surfaces. Among the others features of these dampers can be classified as avoiding fatigue in
served loads (due to the non-active dampers under load) and their performance independent
to loading velocity and ambient temperature. These dampers are installed in parallel to
bracing. Because of very simple behaviour and easy to install and make this type of damper is
converted to one of the most types of friction dampers.

Figure 2: Friction Damper

Courtesy: https://goo.gl/images/nPMUFj

1.5.2 PVD Damper

It is another type of friction damper and due to ease to installation, is one of the most
widely used damper in structures[4]. PVD damper can be used to create necessary damping
for flexible structures, such as bending steel frame or to provide effective damping to relative
stiffness of structures[5]. PVD damper is designed to installation where displacement can

3
generate necessary damping such as installation of metal skeleton brace or concrete moment
frame. The advantages of PVD damper include:

1. PVD damper acts effectively on low displacements. For example, one 1MN PVD
damper can acts effectively for 0.5 mm to 5 mm displacement.

2. PVD damper requires no maintenance and does not have any lubrication or winder
components.

3. PVD damper behaviour is like the behaviour of a metal damper.

Figure 3: PVD Damper

Figure 4: PVD Damper Installation

Courtesy: https://goo.gl/unwY4J - Types of Dampers by Alireza Heysami

4
1.5.3 Pall Friction Damper
Another type of friction damper is Pall friction damper. This damper includes a bracing and
some steel plate with friction screws. And they should be installed in the middle of bracing.
Steel sheets are connected to each other by high strength bolts and they have a slip by a
certain force, to each other.

Figure 5: Pall friction Damper

Figure 6: Pall Friction Damper placement inside a frame

Courtesy: Pall Dynamics Limited

5
1.5.4 Metallic Dampers
In this damper, transferred energy to the structure is spent to submission and non-linear
behaviour in used element in damper. In these dampers, metal inelastic deformation is used
such as for formability metals such as steel and lead for energy dissipation. In all
conventional structures, energy dissipation is based on deformation of steel members after the
submission.

Figure 7: Metallic Damper

Courtesy: http://www.eganasl.com/en/ar/1075/12m-4000.html - TALLERES EGAÑA S.L.

In braces, using submission metallic dampers is more common. These dampers are often
created by some parallel steel plates. And in combination with a bracing system, they
undertake the role of absorption and energy dissipation. This part of bracing can act as a fuse
in structure. And by focusing on nonlinear behaviour prevent non-linear behaviour and
damage in other major and minor structure parts.

X-shaped metal dampers have a significant performance. Massive submission on steel

volume, providing Hysteretic damping and extraordinary energy dissipation are unique
features of this type of damper. These dampers have a high lateral stiffness, in addition to
providing damping. So, they were entitled as Added Damping and Stiffness (ADAS). These
dampers are installed between head chevron tracings and floor beams. And by good
connections, these dampers can be installed in concrete frames.

6
 Figure 8: X-ADAS Damper
Courtesy: Enhancing the Seismic Response of Building - https://goo.gl/images/QfIPbX

1.5.5 Lead Injection Damper (LED)

This damper is made of a two-chamber cylinder, piston and lead inside piston. And by piston
moving during earthquake, lead moves from larger chamber to smaller chamber. And with
plastic deformation, the kinetic energy is wasted as heat. In figure 9, the longitudinal section
of lead damper injection is shown. [6]

Figure 9: Longitudinal Section of Lead Damper

Courtesy: https://goo.gl/images/1UPbQj

1.5.6 Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)

Shape Memory alloy (SMA) are created from metals which have the following properties:

1. Their flexibility is very similar to the flexibility of the rubber piece.

2. After applying many deformations, they can back to their original state, by heating.

The alloy of nickel and titanium has good resistance to corrosion, in addition to have these
properties.[7]

7
 Figure 10: SMA Wired Damper
Courtesy: https://goo.gl/images/50WBe2 - Proof-of-Concept of the Shape Memory
Alloy

1.5.7 Viscous Dampers

In this damper, by using viscous fluid inside a cylinder, energy is dissipated. Due to ease of
installation, adaptability and coordination with other members also diversity in their sizes,
viscous dampers have many applications in designing and retrofitting.

Figure 11: Longitudinal Section of Viscous Damper

Courtesy: https://goo.gl/images/EMl1MV

These types of dampers are connected to the structure in three ways:

 Damper installation in the floor or foundation (in the method of seismic isolation).

 Connecting dampers in stern pericardial braces.

 Damper installation in diagonal braces.

8
 Figure 12: Viscous Damper Installation Methods
Courtesy: https://goo.gl/images/iM3nwQ

In connecting dampers on the floor or foundation of structures, we can use a combination of

dampers with isolators.

1.5.8 Mass Damper

Mass is placed on a fulcrum which acts as a roller. And it allows to mass with move as a
transfer-lateral movement to the floor. Springs and dampers are placed between mass and
anchor members to the floor and frame and they are placed relative in “opposite phase” and
sometimes are adjacent vertical. And these anchor members transmit structural lateral force.
Bidirectional transfer dampers are made as a spring-damper in two vertical directions. And
they provide controlling the structure movement in two vertical structures. Seismic isolator is
used to isolate the structures of strong ground motions during an earthquake. Unlike building
which its isolation is often done on the foundation, this separation is applied between topside
of structure and below side of that in bridges. This is due to a high inertia force of topside
(including deck weight) also it will be easy to use. The main objective in seismic isolation is
to reduce base frequency of structure vibration and reaching it to a lower value than
frequencies which have main earthquake energy. In other word, seismic isolation increases
structure vibration period and bridge and distances it from periods containing earthquake
main energies. So, the input energy to base caused by earthquake is reduced with seismic
isolation. Another advantage of seismic isolation is to provide a tool to waste energy. So,
inputted energy to structure gets wasted in small points and by a controlled manner. Thus,
destruction and damaging in particular and few concentrated points will exist and it will be

9
possible to replace these parts after the earthquake. In general, seismic isolation design lead
to reduce the structures responses reduction which are in earthquake conditions [8].

 increasing main period

 increasing relative damping (energy dissipation)

Figure 13: Mass Damping System in the Building

Courtesy: http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.jmea.20120201.01.html

Isolation objectives in a bridge are quite different with a building. In a building, due to
reducing the energy forces applied to topside and to reduce stress, isolators are installed in
structural elements. But in a separate bridge, seismic isolator is installed to keep the elements
under isolators (backpacks and base) to reduce the transmitted energy force and change
topside places (deck) to below side structures (backpacks and base).

1.5.9 Lead Rubber Damper LRM and Rubber Damper HDRB

We use isolator in bridge design in order to achieve maximum energy absorption (relative to
the period of the isolated structures). So we should use isolators which have a high damping.
And from this perspective, LRB seismic isolator has an intrinsic property 30% (independent
of vibration frequency, temperature and environmental conditions).

10
For bridges designing because of the movement limitation, the effect of increasing alternative
period is low in the most projects, but the damping effect in bridges is higher than
construction projects.

Figure 14: Lead Rubber Damper LRM

Courtesy: http://www.welllink.com.tw/en/products/lead_rubber_bearing_lrb/2/

Since seismic isolator prior to stability testing is places long-term loads and thermal
conditions, also the philosophy of that resistance which is much greater that exploitation
forces. And isolator buckling stability is controlled against these forces. So the design
principles are gravity and lateral earthquake loads. As a result, damping increasing is the
main factor to select LRB with 30% damping against to HDRB with at most 10% damping
for bridges.

Comparing LRB with HDRB[9]:

1. LRB will have damping to 30% but HDRB will have damping between 10% and
15%.

2. To start LRB movement, due to this fact that first lead should flows from stiffness to
flowing phase, it has a greater time delay than HDRB.

3. HDRB price is less than LRB price.

4. HDRB has a lower resistant movement against weaker earthquakes and wind than
LRB due to the initial lead stiffness.

5. HDRB have more sensitivity to environmental vibrations than LRB.

6. LRB performance relative to earthquake is better than HDRB.

11
LRB and HDRB Damper Resistance against Disruption

Disruption forces may be created from earthquake vertical element or couple obtained by
earthquake horizontal force in corners columns, so known manufacture companies of seismic
isolator to solve the problem of disruption in isolator, laminated rubber to end steel plate
within isolator. They connect base Plate by bolts to the end plate within isolator. And during
installation seismic isolators and they connect Cover plate of column by inhibitory Bolt to
sub Structure of isolator and Super Structures of isolators. And during occurring disruption in
columns, isolator acts as integrity factor of sub structure and super structure. To dealing with
higher uplift, when LRB or HDRB is applied, tension system is used which was invented by
famous company Holmez from New Zealand.

1.5.10 Regulatory Mass Damper TMD

TMD is a passive damper which was created in 1970s in America and 1990s in Japan only to
dealing with wind and created seismic in structures such as created stomp and oscillation and
they were used by peoples that they can respond for small earthquakes. And then, in Japan,
Active +TMD systems such as SATMD, HMD, AMD and APTMD were considered for
strong earthquakes [10].

Figure 15: Tuned Mass Damper

Courtesy: https://goo.gl/images/WbvxDi - Skyscraper, 'Taipei 101' Tower, Taiwan

12
1.5.11 Passive Seismic Controlling System
People when are in moving train or they are stand in a bus, try to maintain their balance by
their foot and by relying on spine and abdominal muscles. In the same way or by providing
same features for structure, structure can damped vibrations at the time of earthquake. This
system includes movable mass which is set to the spring and it is added to damping
components. And by creating frequency dependent to hysteresis, it increases damping in first
structure. And by connecting a TMD to structure, structure seismic energy is transferred to
TMD and its energy depreciates in TMD damper[11]. As a result, it is used to reduce the
structure dynamic response. Passive control system does not need to a power supply to
provide external power. And reaction of passive control components in response is dependent
to structure movement during earthquake. In structure passive controlled system, energy
which includes passive components cannot increase its stability by passive control
components[8]. Passive components methods are strongly dependent to exact setting and
must be specifically design for each structure, because they are not able to adapt structural
changes and usable parameters changes. And for all conditions, required loads are not
optimized. As a result, passive systems can be effective only for violation cases that are
designed or adapted accurately[12].

Figure 16: TMD Adaptive Passive Damper

Courtesy: https://goo.gl/unwY4J - Types of Dampers by Alireza Heysami

1.5.12 Active Seismic Control Systems (Active)

Compared with passive control system, active control system structural response is
controlled, effectively by 2 factors:

1. By a special amount of output power or required energy.

13
 2. The process of decision-making based on measured real-time and involved data.

In this respect, active control includes a widespread technology. In terms of engineering

control, active control system is composed of 4 connected components, these includes:

Structure, sensor, computer control and controller and actuators, each of them works as
lateral system. And they are integrated that an output of a systems is an input of another
system is a feedback control system. So, priority of an active systems is in widespread use
due forces controlling and they are created by real stimulating and structural behaviour. In
active system, when the output excitation is considered as an output. And it is called open-
loop system. When the structure response is used as an input, the system us called closed-
loop. When both excitation and response are used, system is called open-close control
system [13].

1.5.13 Hybrid and Semi-Active System

The term of hybrid control systems is used for a hybrid using of active and passive control
systems. Semi-active systems are extracted from active control systems. In this case, the
required output energy is lower than active control system. And it is only the producer of
electric pulse to provide control system. Semi active control components dose not add
mechanical additional energy to structure system (which includes structural and stimulus
control), so the stability of input and output connections are guaranteed. Semi-active control
components often can be seen as passive control components. Particularly, more resistant or
depreciate forces are produced by internal mechanism based on feedback output sensor. So,
the combination ability of the best active and passive systems or against less reduction of
desired components and due to low power, have high control ability. Semi-active systems are
an attractive alternative for active and hybrid systems.[12]

1.6 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional
to the mass of the object.

14
 Figure 17: Representation of Newton's second law of motion.

Acceleration is a change in velocity. As long as we know the mass of the object and the net
force acting on the object, we can determine acceleration. Let's look at the formula:

𝒂 = 𝒇 (𝒏𝒆𝒕) / 𝒎, where a = acceleration, f (net) = the net force acting on the object, m =
the mass of the object.

If we know the mass and acceleration of an object, we can calculate for force. Simply
rearrange the equation to solve for force. 𝒇(𝒏𝒆𝒕) = 𝒎 ∗ 𝒂

1.7 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The term dynamic may be defined directly as time-varying; thus a dynamic load is
any load of which its magnitude, direction, and/or position varies with time. Equivalently, the
structural response to a dynamic load, i.e., the resulting stresses and deflections, is also time-
varying, or dynamic.[14]

A tall building in an area of high seismicity and high winds needs to be carefully designed to
ensure the adequate balance and stiffness and strength is achieved. Conventional practice is to
stiffen a building in order to reduce the dynamic response under wind loading. However, this
has the effect of increasing the seismic base shear that is attracted. By adding supplementary
damping to the structure, it is possible to reduce the flexural stiffness of the building to
minimize seismic base shear, and at the same time control the wind response.

15
1.8 OBJECTIVES
 To compare the seismic response of buildings with square and rectangular plans, with
square and rectangular column cross sections, with and without FVD.

 To determine displacements variations in the structure due to introduction of FVD. To

find the reduction in base shear by using FVD in RC buildings. To study the
variations in time period for different structures with and without FVD.

 To compare Time History and Pushover when using FVD in structures.

1.9 RESEARCH AIM

To reduce the response of the structure effectively using Fluid viscous dampers and proving it
as most efficient in the stability of the structure.

1.10 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The viscous damper for structures outwardly resembles the shock absorber on an automobile,
but operates at a much higher output. Base isolation dampers are significantly larger than
automotive dampers, and are constructed of stainless steel and other extremely durable
materials as required to furnish a life of at least 40 years. The damping fluid is silicone oil,
which is inert, non-flammable, non-toxic, and stable for extremely long periods of time. The
seals in the viscous damper are a patented high technology design based on aerospace fluid
elements, and provide totally leak free service.

Since in this study a FVD with basic properties are considered from one service provider
(Taylor devices), other type and variation in properties can change the results which will be
obtained.

1.11 ALIGNMENT OF THE THESIS

This thesis covers the following aspects:

The introduction chapter described the need, objectives, importance of study and scope of the
study.

16
Chapter 2 summarizes literature review so as to arrive to a proper issue.

Chapter 3 described the methodology adopted in solving the issue.

Chapter 4 involves the theoretical investigation applied on the structures with different
buildings with and without dampers FVD based on the methodology. Further concludes with
analytical modeling of the structures using the software and evaluation of the seismic forces.

Chapter 5 deals with analysis method adopted and the final results obtained from the time
history and pushover analysis. Also discussions of the results is done to arrive at the
conclusions.

Finally, chapter 6 concludes the thesis with limitations and recommendation of further work
which is possible.

17
 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL
The literature survey of several dynamic structural resources gathered are shown in
logical listing of research. The requirement of damping from defining it, to its importance in
dynamic response of the structure, also different sources of damping that may be considered
accordingly to the situation of the structure. Further several types of dampers and base
isolators are discussed in the previous chapter, mainly concentrated on this research; viscous
dampers were deeply enlightened with its importance, need, places where it can be used and
its specifications. The Codal provisions required for the study and the loads consideration
reviews are also explained.

2.2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Structural analysis is the judgment of the effects of loads on physical structures and
their segments. Structures subject to this type of analysis include all that must withstand
loads, such as buildings, bridges, vehicles, machinery, furniture, attire, soil lamina, prostheses
and biological tissue. Structural analysis engages the range of applied mechanics, materials
science and applied mathematics to compute a structure's deformations, internal forces,
stresses, support reactions, accelerations, and stability. The results of the analysis are
exercised to check a structure's vigor for use, often preventing physical tests. Structural
analysis is hence a key component of the engineering design of structures as described by K.
H. Chang in 2009.[15]

Y. G. Zhao and T. Ono in 2001 mentioned about “Moment methods for structural
reliability” in which they said, to perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must
determine such information as structural loads, geometry, support conditions, and materials
properties. The results of such an analysis typically include support reactions, stresses and
displacements. This information is then compared to criteria that indicate the conditions of
failure. Advanced structural analysis may examine dynamic response, stability and non-linear
behavior.[16]

Mario Paz further discussed about Structural dynamics in 1985 and elaborated as
Structural analysis is mainly concerned with finding out the behavior of a physical structure

18
when subjected to force. This action can be in the form of load due to the weight of things
such as people, furniture, wind, snow, etc. or some other kind of excitation such as an
earthquake, shaking of the ground due to a blast nearby, etc. In essence all these loads are
dynamic, including the self-weight of the structure because at some point in time these loads
were not there. The distinction is made between the dynamic and the static analysis on the
basis of whether the applied action has enough acceleration in comparison to the structure's
natural frequency. If a load is applied sufficiently slowly, the inertia forces (Newton's first
law of motion) can be ignored and the analysis can be simplified as static analysis. Structural
dynamics, therefore, is a type of structural analysis which covers the behavior of structures
subjected to dynamic (actions having high acceleration) loading. Dynamic loads include
people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquakes, and blasts. Any structure can be subjected to
dynamic loading. Dynamic analysis can be used to find dynamic displacements, time history,
and modal analysis.[17]

2.3 FLUID VISCOUS DAMPING APPLICATIONS

V. Umachagi, K. Venkataramana, G. R. Reddy, and R. Verma in “Applications of
Dampers for Vibration Control of Structures: An overview” has briefly explained that
Viscous dampers works based on fluid flow through orifices. Viscous damper is as shown in
Fig.18 (Feng Qian et al., 2012) consisted viscous wall, piston with a number of small orifices,
cover filled with a silicon or some liquid material like oil, through which the fluid pass from
one side of the piston to the other. Stefano et al., 2010 have manufactured the viscous damper
and it was implemented in 3 storey building structure for seismic control of structure with
additional viscous damper. Attar et al., 2007 have proposed optimal viscous damper to reduce
the interstory displacement of steel building.[11]

19
 Figure 18: Fluid Viscous Damper Cross-section.

S. Amir and H. Jiaxin in “Optimum Parameter of a Viscous Damper for Seismic and
Wind Vibration” found that in most structures, even a relative low damping can also provide
a significant energy dissipation which considerably decreases the vibration of a structure. The
description in that explains how a nonlinear characteristic is required for a damping system to
optimize the vibration of a simple moment frame.[18]

Y. Zhou, X. Lu, D. Weng, and R. Zhang in “A practical design method for

reinforced concrete structures with viscous dampers” shown how compared to the retrofitting
technology of seismic isolation, the installation of viscous dampers to those existing
buildings are more realistic because of easy construction. However, the design of viscous
dampers, which provides a high level of damping in a structure, was relatively new
application in China for a well-established and proven technology in other seismically active
regions in the world.[19]

Özgur Atlayan in 2008 “Effect of Viscous Fluid Dampers on Steel Moment Frame
Designed for Strength and Hybrid Steel Moment Frame Design,” Said, it was found that as
the damping of the structure increases with the help of added dampers, the structural response
gets better. Maximum and residual roof displacements, interstory drifts, and IDA
(Incremental Dynamic Analysis) dispersion decreases with increasing damping. In addition,
by using supplemental damping, most of the collapses that occur for the inherently damped
frames are prevented.[20]

20
2.4 ANALYSIS USING ETABS 2015 AND CONCLUSIONS
B. S. Taranath in “Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings” explains that
sophisticated nonlinear time history analysis is required for each of the earthquake ground
motions, and the results of the simulations are compared against the performance criteria to
ensure the design meets the desired level of safety. The analysis tools used to conduct these
simulations have become commercially viable only in the last several years. It is believed that
result of this sophisticated and rigorous approach yields a safe and reliable design.[21]

Liya Mathew & C. Prabha in 2014 published “Effect of Fluid Viscous Dampers in
Multi-Storeyed Buildings” in which they mentioned that Special protective systems have
been developed to enhance safety and reduce damage of structures during earthquakes. Fluid
viscous damper (FVD) comes into prominence here. That paper also deals with the study of
reinforced concrete buildings with and without fluid viscous dampers. A parametric study for
finding optimum damper properties for the reinforced concrete frames was conducted.
Nonlinear time history analysis is done on a symmetrical square building. Pushover Analysis
has been carried out using software and comparisons are presented in graphical format.[22]

R. Gettu and M. Santhanam, in 2007 “Retrofit of non-engineered buildings,”

Summarised that the traditional approach to seismic design of a building is a ‘force based’
analysis and design. The performance based approach is an alternative to that approach,
which is based on quantifying the inelastic deformations of the members and the building as a
whole, under the seismic loads. The deformations or strains are considered to be better
measures than stresses or forces to assess damage. To quantify inelastic deformations, a
performance based approach requires a nonlinear lateral load versus deformation analysis.
Pushover analysis and nonlinear time history analysis are the static and dynamic methods of
nonlinear analysis, respectively. The performance based approach gives the designer more
choices of ‘performance’ of the building, as compared to the demand-to-capacity ratio and
drift as mentioned under conventional objectives.[23]

2.5 CODAL PROVISIONS

IS 1893:2002 (Part 1): Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1:
General Provisions and Buildings (Fifth Revision).

21
IS 875 (Part 1, 2, 3and5): Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For
Buildings and Structures.

 Part 1: Dead Loads--Unit Weights of Building Materials and Stored Materials

(Second Revision)
 Part 2: Imposed Loads (Second Revision) by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
 Part 3: Wind Loads (Second Revision)
 Part 5: Special Loads and Load Combinations (Second Revision).

IS 4326: Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings--Code of Practice

(Second Revision).

IS 456:2000: Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice.

SP 16: Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456.

IBC-2006: International Building Code, 2006 Edition, Published by the International Code
Council, INC.

ACI 318-14: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary.

2.6 SUMMARY
This literature review shows the published papers till now on the issue of FVD with reference
to their authors. It is briefly discussed about response of FVD on structural model, the
analysis done using Etabs and the Codal provisions used in this thesis. The next chapter deals
with research methodology in which theoretical terms and methods could be applied to the
issue.

22
 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 GENERAL
The different procedures of solving the issue are explained from terminology, theory and
formulation of the models for getting a rational result at the conclusion.

3.1.1 Single Degree of Freedom System

A simple single degree of freedom system (a mass, M, on a spring of stiffness k, for example)
has the following equation of motion:

𝑴ẍ + 𝑲𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒕)

Where ẍ is the acceleration (the double derivative of the displacement) and x is the
displacement.

Figure 19: Single degree of freedom system: simple mass spring model
If the loading 𝑭(𝒕) is a Heaviside step function (the sudden application of a constant load),
the solution to the equation of motion is:

𝑭𝟎
𝒙= [𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕)]
𝒌

𝒌 𝝎
Where 𝝎 = √𝑴 and the fundamental natural frequency 𝒇 = 𝟐𝝅

The static deflection of a single degree of freedom system is:

23
 𝑭𝟎
𝑥static =
𝒌

So, it can be written as the below equation, by combining the above formulae:

𝒙 = 𝒙𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 [𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕)]

This gives the (theoretical) time history of the structure due to a load F(t), where the false
assumption is made that there is no damping.

Although this is too simplistic to apply to a real structure, the Heaviside Step Function is a
reasonable model for the application of many real loads, such as the sudden addition of a
piece of furniture, or the removal of a prop to a newly cast concrete floor. However, in reality
loads are never applied instantaneously - they build up over a period of time (this may be
very short indeed). This time is called the rise time.

As the number of degrees of freedom of a structure increases it very quickly becomes too
difficult to calculate the time history manually - real structures are analysed using non-linear
finite element analysis software.

3.2 DAMPING
Any real structure will dissipate energy (mainly through friction). This can be modeled by
modifying the DAF

𝑫𝑨𝑭 = 𝟏 + 𝒆−𝒄𝝅

𝑫𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕
Where 𝒄 = 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 and is typically 2%-10% depending on the type of

construction:

1. Bolted steel ~6%

2. Reinforced concrete ~ 5%
3. Welded steel ~ 2%
4. Brick masonry ~ 10%

24
Generally damping would be ignored for non-transient events (such as wind loading or crowd
loading), but would be important for transient events (for example, an impulse load such as
an earthquake loading or bomb blast).

Equation of motion for a single degree of freedom can now be written as

𝑴ẍ + 𝑪𝒙̇ + 𝑲𝒙 = −𝒎𝒖̈ 𝒈 (𝒕)

Where 𝑢 = displacement relative to the ground.

3.3 MODAL ANALYSIS

A modal analysis calculates the frequency modes or natural frequencies of a given system,
but not necessarily its full-time history response to a given input. The natural frequency of a
system is dependent only on the stiffness of the structure and the mass which participates
with the structure (including self-weight). It is not dependent on the load function.

It is useful to know the modal frequencies of a structure as it allows you to ensure that the
frequency of any applied periodic loading will not coincide with a modal frequency and
hence cause resonance, which leads to large oscillations.

The method is:

1. Find the natural modes (the shape adopted by a structure) and natural frequencies
2. Calculate the response of each mode
3. Optionally superpose the response of each mode to find the full modal response to a
given loading

3.3.1 Energy Method

It is possible to calculate the frequency of different mode shape of system manually by the
energy method. For a given mode shape of a multiple degree of freedom system you can find
an "equivalent" mass, stiffness and applied force for a single degree of freedom system. For
simple structures the basic mode shapes can be found by inspection, but it is not a
conservative method. Rayleigh's principle states:

25
"The frequency ω of an arbitrary mode of vibration, calculated by the energy method, is
always greater than - or equal to - the fundamental frequency 𝝎𝒏 ."

For an assumed mode shape ū(𝑥), of a structural system with mass M; bending stiffness, EI
(Young's modulus, E, multiplied by the second moment of area, I); and applied force, F(x):

Equivalent Mass, 𝑴𝒆𝒒 = ∫ 𝑴ū𝟐 𝒅𝒖

𝟐
𝒅𝟐 ū
Equivalent Stiffness, 𝒌𝒆𝒒 = ∫ 𝑬𝑰 ( 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙

Equivalent Force, 𝑭𝒆𝒒 = ∫ 𝑭ū𝒅𝒙

Then, as above:

𝒌𝒆𝒒
𝝎=√
𝑴𝒆𝒒

3.3.2 Modal Response

The complete modal response to a given load F(𝒙, 𝒕) is 𝒗(𝒙, 𝒕) = ∑ 𝒖𝒏 (𝒙, 𝒕). The summation
can be carried out by one of three common methods:

 Superpose complete time histories of each mode (time consuming, but exact)
 Superpose the maximum amplitudes of each mode (quick but conservative)
 Superpose the square root of the sum of squares (good estimate for well-separated
frequencies, but unsafe for closely spaced frequencies)

To superpose the individual modal responses manually, having calculated them by the energy
method:

Assuming that the rise time 𝒕𝒓 is known (T = 2π/ω), it is possible to read the DAF from a
𝑭𝟏,𝒆𝒒
standard graph. The static displacement can be calculated with 𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 = .
𝒌𝟏,𝒆𝒒

The dynamic displacement for the chosen mode and applied force can then be found from:

26
𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑫𝑨𝑭

3.3.3 Modal Participation Factor

For real systems there is often mass participating in the forcing function (such as the mass of
ground in an earthquake) and mass participating in inertia effects (the mass of the structure
itself, 𝑴𝒆𝒒 ). The modal participation factor Γ is a comparison of these two masses. For a
single degree of freedom system Γ = 1.

∑ 𝑴𝒏 ū𝒏
𝜞=
∑ 𝑴𝒏 ū𝟐𝒏
3.4 DETERMINED ANALYSIS ETABS
The analysis and design of the building is carried out using ETABS computer program. The
following topics describe some of the important areas in the modelling.

3.4.1 Defining the slab sections

In the present analysis, one-way and two-way slabs are given as membrane type behaviour to
provide in plane stiffness / sections are modelled as rigid diaphragms by using the rigid form
option in the side menu assignment menu by modelling the slab as rigid diaphragm the
masses of the floor are automatically logged lump at their centre of gravity.

3.4.2 Equality static analysis

The natural Period of the building is calculated by the expression t given in IS 1893:2002
where are h is the height and d is the base dimension of the building in the considered
direction of vibration. Does the natural periods for all the models in this method is the same
the lateral load calculation and its distribution around the height are done as per IS: 1893-
1984 the seismic weight is calculated using full dead load + 50% of live load.

3.4.3 Response spectrum analysis

Response spectrum analysis of the building models is performed in on ETABS. The lateral
load distribution generated by ETABS respond to the seismic zone 4 and the 5% damped
response spectrum given in IS: 1893-2002. In Analysis only one invariant lateral load pattern
was utilised to represent the likely distribution of inertia forces imposed on the frames during

27
an earthquake and the utilised lateral load pattern is described as follows. Note that the story
forces are normalised with the Base shear to have a total Base shear equals to Unity.

3.4.4 Multimodal or SRSS lateral load pattern

The load pattern considers the effects of higher modes of vibration for long time long period
and irregular structures. The lateral force at any story is calculated as square root of sum of
Squares SRSS combinations of the load distribution obtained from the modal analysis of the
structures.

3.4.5 Description of case study frames

The effects of lateral load pattern and higher modes on global structural behaviour and on the
accuracy of pushover predictions where is studied on reinforced concrete moment resisting
frames reinforced concrete frame with tennis stories where utilised to cover a Boat range of
fundamental period 3 dimensional models of case study frames where prepared using it apps
by considering the necessary geometric and strength characteristics of all members that affect
the nonlinear seismic response the configuration member details and shear reinforcement we
are not considered since controlling behaviour of frame members was assumed to be pledged
both pushover and nonlinear time history analysis where performed using cross section
properties and P delta effects were neglected.

3.5 TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

[Modal Superposition Method]

Step 1: Calculation of Modal Matrix:

[𝑚][𝑥̈ ] + [𝑐][𝑥̇ ] + [𝑘][𝑥] = −𝑥̈𝑔(𝑡) [𝑚]{𝑙}

……………………(*)

Where; −𝑥̈𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 and {𝑙} = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟.

Also,{𝑥} = [∅]{𝑞}

…………………………… (1)

28
The solution of equation of motion for any specified forces is difficult to obtain, mainly due
to coupling of variables {𝑥} in the physical coordinates. In modal analysis, a set of normal co-
ordinate that is Principal coordinates is defined, such that when expressed in those
coordinates the equation of motion becomes uncoupled.

{𝑥̇ } = [∅]{𝑞̇ }

……………………………. (2)

{𝑥̈ } = [∅]{𝑞̈ }

……….………………….. (3)

The physical coordinates {𝑥} be related to {𝑞} from transformation.

Substituting (1), (2) and (3) in (*), and multiplying both sides by [∅]𝑇 .

[∅]𝑇 [𝑚][∅][𝑞̈ ] + [∅]𝑇 [𝑐][∅][𝑞̇ ] + [∅]𝑇 [𝑘][∅][𝑞] = [−𝑥̈𝑔(𝑡) ][∅]𝑇 [𝑚]{𝑙}

[𝑀][𝑞̈ ] + [𝐶][𝑞̇ ] + [𝐾][𝑞] = [𝑃𝑒𝑓𝑓(𝑡) ]

Where: Diagonalized Modal Mass [𝑀] = [∅]𝑇 [𝑚][∅]

Diagonalized Modal Damping [𝐶] = [∅]𝑇 [𝑐][∅]

Diagonalized Modal Stiffness [𝐾] = [∅]𝑇 [𝑘][∅]

Effective Modal Force Vector [𝑃𝑒𝑓𝑓(𝑡) ] = [−𝑥̈𝑔(𝑡) ][∅]𝑇 [𝑚]{𝑙}

Find [𝐾], [𝑀], [𝜔] then [𝑇]

Find mode shape [∅]=> [−𝑚𝜔𝑖2 + 𝑘]∅𝑖 = 0

Then get [𝑀] = [∅]𝑇 [𝑚][∅] = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔{1}

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐷𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑐
𝜀=
𝑐𝑐

29
𝑐𝑐 = 2√𝑘𝑚

𝑐𝑐 = 2𝑚𝜔𝑛 𝜔𝑛 = √𝑘⁄𝑚

𝑐1 ⋯ 0
[𝐶] = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔{2𝑀𝑟 𝜀𝑟 𝜔𝑟 } = [ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮]
0 ⋯ 𝑐𝑛

Step 2: Calculation of Effective Force Vector:

[𝑃𝑒𝑓𝑓(𝑡) ] = {[−𝑥̈𝑔(𝑡) ][∅]𝑇 [𝑚]{𝑙}} = [−𝑥̈𝑔(𝑡) 𝛾𝑟 ]

[∅]𝑇𝑟 [𝑚]{𝑙} [∅]𝑇𝑟 [𝑚]{𝑙}

𝛾𝑟 = =
[∅]𝑇𝑟 [𝑚][∅] 𝑀𝑟

Step 3: Calculation of Displacement Response in Normal Co-ordinates:

The uncoupled equations in normal co-ordinates are

[𝑀1 ]𝑞̈ 1 + [𝐶1 ]𝑞̇ 1 + [𝐾1 ]𝑞1 = 𝛾1 𝑥̈𝑔(𝑡)

Piece-wise Linear Interpolation.

Solve these equations using New Mark’s Method. (At different time histories’)

Step 4: Calculation of Displacement Response in Physical Co-ordinates:

𝑛

{𝑥(𝑡) } = ∑[∅]𝑟 𝑞𝑟 (𝑡)

𝑟=1

𝑛 = 1,2,3,4 … . . 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠

30
Step 5: Calculation of Effective Earthquake Forces at Each Storey:

𝐹𝑠(𝑡) = [𝑘]{𝑥(𝑡) }

3.6 PERFORMANCE POINT

It is the point where the capacity spectrum intersects the appropriate demand spectrum. To
have the desired performance in the structure it should be designed by considering these
points of forces.

3.7 BUILDING PERFORMANCE LEVEL

Building performance is the combined performance of both structural and non-structural
components of the building. Different performance levels are used to describe the building
performance using the pushover analyses, which are described below.

3.7.1 Operational level (OL):

As per this performance level building are expected to sustain no permanent damages.
Structure retains original strength and stiffness. Major cracking is seen in partition walls and
ceilings as well as in the structural elements.

3.7.2 Immediate occupancy level (IO):

Buildings meting this performance level are expected to sustain no drift and structure retains
original strength and stiffness. Minor cracking in partition walls and structural elements is
observed. Elevators can be restarted. Fire protection is operable.

3.7.3 Life Safety Level (LS):

This level is indicated when some residual strength and stiffness is left available in the
structure. Gravity load bearing elements function, no out of plane failure of walls and tripping
of parapet is seen. Some drift can be observed with some failure to the partition walls and the
building is beyond economical repair. Among the non-structural elements failing hazard
mitigates but many architectural and mechanical and mechanical systems get damaged.

3.7.4 Collapse Prevention Level (CP):

Buildings meeting this performance level are expected to have little residual strength and
stiffness, but the load bearing structural elements function such as load bearing walls and

31
columns. Building is expected to sustain large permanent drifts, failure of partitions infill and
parapets and extensive damage to non-structural elements. At this level the building remains
in collapse level.

3.8 CAPACITY
It is defined as the expected ultimate strength (in flexure, shear and axilla loading) of the
structural components excluding the reduction factors commonly used in the design of
concrete members. The capacity generally refers to the strength at the yield point of the
element or structure’s capacity curve. For deformation controlled component’s, capacity
beyond the elastic limit generally includes the effect of strain hardening.

3.8.1 Capacity Curve:

The plot between base shear and roof displacement is referred as capacity curve. Also,
mentioned as pushover curve.

3.8.2 Capacity Spectrum

The capacity curve transformed from base shear v/s roof displacement (V v/s d) to spectral
acceleration v/s spectral displacement (Sa v/s Sd) is referred as capacity spectrum.

3.8.3 Capacity Spectrum Method:

A nonlinear static procedure that produce a graphical representation of the expected seismic
performance of the building by intersecting the structure’s capacity curve with a response
spectrum representation of earthquake’s displacement demand on the structure, the
intersecting point is called performance point and the displacement coordinate dp of the
performance point is the estimated displacement demand on the structure for the specified
level of hazard.

3.9 DEMAND
Demand is represented by an estimation of the displacement or deformation that the structure
is expected to undergo. This is in contrast to conventional, linear elastic analysis procedures
in which demand is represented by prescribed lateral forces applied to the structure.

32
3.9.1 Demand Spectrum
It is plot between average spectral acceleration versus time period. It represents the
earthquake ground motion in capacity spectrum method.

3.10 PLASTIC HINGE

Location of inelastic action of the structural member is called as plastic hinge.

3.10.1 Formation of Plastic Hinge:

The maximum moments caused by the earthquake occur near the ends of the beams and
columns, the plastic hinges are likely to form there and most ductility requirements apply to
section near the junction.

3.11 DESCRIPTION TO PUSHOVER ANALYSIS

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and Applied Technical Council (ATC) are
the two agencies which formulated and suggested the Non-linear Static Analysis or Pushover
Analysis under seismic rehabilitation programs and guidelines. This included documents
FEMA-356, FEMA-273 and ATC-40.

3.11.1 Introduction to FEMA-356

The primary purpose of FEMA-356 document is to provide technically sound and nationally
acceptable guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. The guidelines for the
seismic rehabilitation of the buildings are intended to serve as a ready tool for design
professional for carrying out the design and analysis of the buildings, a reference document
for the building regulatory officials and a foundation for the future development and
implementation of the building code provisions and standards.

3.11.2 Introduction to ATC-40

Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildings commonly referred to as ATC-40 was
developed by the Applied Technology Council (ATC) with funding from California Safety
Commission. Although the procedures recommended in this document are for concrete
buildings, they are applicable to most building types.

33
3.12 TYPES OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
Presently, there are two non-linear static analysis procedures available, one termed as the
Displacement Coefficient Method (DCM), documented FEMA-356 and other the Capacity
Spectrum Method (CSM) documented in ATC-40. Both methods depend on lateral load-
deformation variation obtained by non-linear static analysis under the gravity loading and
idealized lateral loading due to the seismic action. This analysis is called Pushover Analysis.

3.12.1 Capacity Spectrum Method

Capacity Spectrum Method is a non-linear static analysis procedure which provides a
graphical representation of the expected seismic performance of the structure by intersecting
the structure’s capacity spectrum with the response spectrum (demand spectrum) of the
earthquake. The intersection point is called as the performance point, and the displacement
coordinate dp of the performance point is the estimated displacement demand on the structure
for the specified level of seismic hazard.

3.12.2 Displacement Coefficient Method:

Displacement Coefficient Method is a non-linear static analysis procedure which provides a
numerical process for estimating the displacement demand on the structure, by using a
bilinear representation of the capacity curve and a series of modification factors or
coefficients to calculate a target displacement. The point on the capacity curve at the target
displacement is the equivalent of the performance point in the capacity spectrum method.

3.12.3 Pushover analysis procedure

The use of the nonlinear static analysis pushover analysis came into practice in 1970’s but the
potential of pushover analysis has been recognised for last 10 to 15 years. This procedure is
mainly used to estimate the strength and drift capacity of existing structure and the seismic
demand for this structure subjected to selected earthquake this procedure can be used for
checking the adequacy of new structural design as well pushover analysis is defined as an
analysis wearing a mathematical model directly incorporating the normal load deformation
characteristics of individual components and elements of the building shall be subjected to
monotonically interesting lateral loads representing inertia forces in an earthquake until a
target displacement is excised accident exceeded target displacement is the maximum
displacement elastic plus in asterisk inelastic of the building address expected under selected
earthquake ground motion pushover analysis assesses the structural performance by
estimating the force and deformation capacity and seismic demand using a nonlinear static

34
analysis algorithm the seas meet demand parameters are global displacement at roof or any
other reference point story dressed story forces component deformation and component
forces the analysis accounts for geometrical nonlinearity, material inelasticity and the
redistribution of internal forces.

Pushover analysis can be performed as either force control or displacement controlled

depending on the physical nature of the Lateral load and behaviour expected from the
structure force. Controlled procedure is useful when the load is known such as gravity
loading and the structure is expected to be able to support the load. Displacement controlled
procedure should be used when a specified source such as in seismic loading where the
magnitude of the applied load is not known in advance or when the structure can be expected
to lose strength or become unstable. The nonlinear pushover analysis of a structure is an
iterative procedure. It depends on the final displacement as the effective damping depends on
the hysteretic energy loss due to inelastic deformation which in turn depends on the final
displacement. This makes the analysis procedure iterative. Difficulty in the solution is faced
near the ultimate load as the stiffness Matrix at this point becomes negative, definite due to
instability of the structure becoming a mechanism.

3.12.4 The analysis of ETABS

1. Modelling

2. Static analysis

3. Design

4. Pushover analysis

3.12.5 Steps for Pushover Analysis in ETABS

1. The ETABS has inbuilt default ACI 318 material proportions ATC 40 and FEMA 273
hinge properties also it has capability for inputting any material or Hinges property ETABS
deals with the buildings only where uncoupled moment M2 and M3, Torsion T, axial force p
and V2 and V3 force displacement relations can be defined and the column axial load
changes under lateral loading there is also a coupled P-M2-M3(PMM) hinge which yields
based on the interaction of axial force and bending moment At The hinge location in a
location also more than one type of hinge can be assigned at the same location of a frame
element following are the steps in performing pushover analysis for a 3D frame building one
creating the basic model without the pushover data in the usual manner.

35
2. Defining properties and acceptance criteria for the pushover hinges the program includes
several built-in default hinge properties that are based on average values from ATC 40 for
concrete members and average values from FEMA 273 for steel members these built-in
properties can be useful for preliminary analysis but user defined properties are
recommended for final analysis.

3. Locate the pushover Hinges on the model by selecting one or more frame members and
assigning them one or more hinge properties and its locations.

4. Defining the pushover analysis load cases inner tabs more than one pushover load can be
run in the same analysis also a pushover load case can start from the file and conditions of
another pushover Loads that was previously run in the same analysis typically a gravity load
pushover is force control and lateral pushover displacement controlled.

5. Run the basic static analysis and if desired dynamic analysis then run the static nonlinear
pushover analysis.

6. Display the pushover curve.

7. Review a pushover displaced shape and sequence of hinge formation on a step-by-step

basis.

3.13 SUMMARY
The degrees of freedom, damping application, modal analysis and different analysis
procedures such as time history and pushover are given. The theoretical terms are explained
with the method of approaching at a unique solution is shown. The next chapter deals with
the modelling of structures using FVD and load applications.

36
 CHAPTER 4: MODELLING

4.1 GENERAL
The study in this thesis is based on linear and nonlinear analysis of RC structures with
different areas of building and variable cross section of column. This chapter presents a
summary of various parameters defining the computational models, the basic assumptions
and the RCC frames geometry considered for this study. Accurate modelling of the nonlinear
properties of various structural elements is very important in nonlinear analysis. In the
present study column are modelled with inelastic flexural deformations using nonlinear
Hinges or auto Hinges.

4.2 COMPUTATIONAL MODAL

Modelling a building invoice, the modelling and assemblage of its various load carrying
elements the model must ideal represent the marks distribution strength stiffness and
deformability modelling of the material properties and structural elements used in the present
study is discussed below.

4.3 DESIGN DATA

4.3.1 Material Properties:

M25 grade of concrete and Fe 500 grade of Steel are used for all slabs and beams of the
building whereas M30 is used for columns with same grade of Steel. Elastic material
properties of these materials are taken as per IS 456-2000. The short-term modulus of
elasticity (𝐸𝑐 ) of concrete is taken as:

𝑬𝒄 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎√𝒇𝒄𝒌 Mpa

Where 𝒇𝒄𝒌 =characteristic compressive strength of concrete cube

For the Steel rebar with stress and modulus of elasticity is taken as per IS 456-2000.

37
4.4 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
The different structural elements considered are columns, beams and slabs with variable
sections are mentioned below. Also, the different shapes of building are considered while
keeping the total area unchanged.

Description of Members used:-

Column Sizes: 1) Square Columns = 600mm*600mm.

2) Rectangular Columns = 1200mm*300mm.

Beam Sizes: 1) Interior Beams = 230mm*600mm.

2) Exterior Beams = 300mm*650mm.

Slab Sizes: 1) Panel Area = 6m*6m= 36 2) Thickness = 125mm.

Story Data:-

Table 1 : Story Data

Height Elevation Master
Name Similar To Splice Story
Mm mm Story
Story10 3000 30000 Yes None No
Story9 3000 27000 No Story10 No
Story8 3000 24000 No Story10 No
Story7 3000 21000 No Story10 No
Story6 3000 18000 No Story10 No
Story5 3000 15000 No Story10 No
Story4 3000 12000 No Story10 No
Story3 3000 9000 No Story10 No
Story2 3000 6000 No Story10 No
Story1 3000 3000 No Story10 No
Base 0 0 No None No

4.4.1 Loads
While applying the loads to the structure we consider only the external loads which are
actually acting on the members neglecting its self-weight because ETABS 2015
automatically takes the members self-weight.

Applied Loads:-

38
The Shell loads (on Slabs) acting in the Gravity direction are Dead=1.5kN/m 2 and
Live=4kN/m2. The Frame loads applied uniformly on the beams as Dead=5.25kN/m.

The Seismic loads EQ-x and EQ-y are given in Load patterns directly using Code
IS1893:2002. Also the Wind loads wind-x and wind-y are given using Code IS875:1987.

Load Patterns:-

Table 2 : Load Patterns

Self-Weight
Name Type Auto Load
Multiplier

Dead Dead 1

Live Live 0

EQ-x Seismic 0 IS1893 2002

EQ-y Seismic 0 IS1893 2002

wind-x Wind 0 Indian IS875:1987

wind-y Wind 0 Indian IS875:1987

Functions:-

Response Spectrum Functions:-

Table 3 : Response Spectrum Functions

Period
Name Acceleration Damping Z Soil Type
Sec
IS RS 0 0.24 5 0.24 II
IS RS 0.1 0.6
IS RS 0.55 0.6
IS RS 0.8 0.408
IS RS 1 0.3264
IS RS 1.2 0.272
IS RS 1.4 0.233143
IS RS 1.6 0.204
IS RS 1.8 0.181333
IS RS 2 0.1632
IS RS 2.5 0.13056
IS RS 3 0.1088
IS RS 3.5 0.093257
IS RS 4 0.0816
IS RS 4.5 0.0816
IS RS 5 0.0816

39
 Period
Name Acceleration Damping Z Soil Type
Sec
IS RS 5.5 0.0816
IS RS 6 0.0816
IS RS 6.5 0.0816
IS RS 7 0.0816
IS RS 7.5 0.0816
IS RS 8 0.0816
IS RS 8.5 0.0816
IS RS 9 0.0816
IS RS 9.5 0.0816
IS RS 10 0.0816

Time History Function:-

This Function is selected from the program; Time History of ELCENTRO is taken with step
size of 0.02 seconds and 8 points per line. The table with values and time is shown in
APPENDIX-1 Table.

Load Cases:-
Table 4 : Load Cases - Summary
Name Type
Dead Linear Static
Live Linear Static
EQ-x Linear Static
EQ-y Linear Static
wind-x Linear Static
wind-y Linear Static
RS-x Response Spectrum
RS-Y Response Spectrum
Thx Nonlinear Modal History (FNA)
Thy Nonlinear Modal History (FNA)
Push-X Nonlinear Static
Push-Y Nonlinear Static

4.4.2 Square buildings with square columns (SBSC)

This is square shape building with 6 rows of Slab panels in both X; Y directions and 49
square shaped Columns with 6m spanning connected beams as shown in figure. It is elevated
for ten floors with height of 3m between adjacent floors as shown in figure. The 3D view
with all connecting structural members is also shown in figure. Gridlines A-G are parallel to
Y axis and gridlines 1-7 are parallel to X axis.

40
 Figure 20 : SBSC Plan.

Figure 21 : SBSC Elevation.

41
 Figure 22 : SBSC 3D view.

4.4.3 Square building with rectangular columns (SBRC)

This is square shape building with 6 rows of Slab panels in both X; Y directions and 49
rectangular shaped Columns with 6m spanning connected beams as shown in figure. Keeping
all other things similar to SBSC (no damping); columns are 60% oriented parallel to X-axis
and 40% to Y-axis.

Figure 23 : SBRC Plan.

42
Figure 24 : SBRC elevation.

Figure 25 : SBRC 3D-view.

43
 Figure 26 : SBRC Isometric view.

4.4.4 Rectangular building with square columns (RBSC)

This is rectangular shape building with 9 rows of Slab panels in X and 4 in Y directions; and
50 square shaped Columns with 6m spanning connected beams as shown in figure. It is
elevated for ten floors with height of 3m between adjacent floors as shown in figure. The
Isometric view with all connecting structural members is also shown in figure.

Figure 27 : RBSC Plan.

44
 Figure 28 : RBSC Elevation.

Figure 29 : RBSC Isometric view.

45
 Figure 30 : RBSC 3D-view.

4.4.5 Rectangular building with rectangular column (RBRC)

This is rectangular shape building with 9 rows of Slab panels in X and 4 in Y directions; and
50 rectangular shaped Columns with 6m spanning connected beams as shown in figure. It is
elevated for ten floors with height of 3m between adjacent floors as shown in figure. The 3D-
view with all connecting structural members is also shown in figure.

Figure 31 : RBRC Plan.

46
Figure 32 : RBRC Elevation XZ-plane.

Figure 33 : RBRC Elevation YZ-plane.

47
 Figure 34 : RBRC 3D-view.

4.5 MODELLING OF DAMPERS

The dampers used in modelling these buildings are from Taylor Devices Inc. made in USA.
They provide two types of FVD with data that can be used in ETABS 2015 for modelling of
structure. They are: -

1. Fluid viscous dampers & lock-up devices clevis – clevis configuration.

2. Fluid viscous dampers & lock-up devices clevis – base plate configuration.

Any one of these can be used in the structure, since it is easy to fit FVD with base plate is
selected here for modelling of structure here. The details of fluid viscous dampers & lock-up
devices clevis – base plate configuration are as shown below.

Figure 35 : Fluid viscous dampers & lock-up devices clevis – base plate configuration.
Courtesy: Taylor Devices.

48
NOTE:

Various strokes are available, from ±50 to ±900 mm. Force capacity may be reduced for
stroke longer than stroke listed in the table. Any stroke change from the standard stroke
version depicted changes the midstroke length by 5 mm per ±1 mm of stroke.

Example: 1000kN±100mm stroke, mid-stroke LG is 1048mm

1000kN ± 150 mm stroke, 150-100= 50, 50*5=250

1048+250 = 1298 mm mid-stroke length

Bellows may be replaced with a steel sleeve as desired stroke lengths increase. Consult
Taylor devices for stroke over ±300 mm and/or for force capacities for stroke longer than
listed in table.

Table 5 : FVD with Different Capacities Force(kN).

Fluid viscous dampers with different forces can be used for different types of buildings, since
structure modelled is of low height; smaller devices were used to start analysis. This tabular
data can be fed in program as shown below.

FVD is added to structure after defining in Link properties by adding a new Damper-
Exponential in Link Property Data.

ETABS MENU=> Define=> Link Properties=> Add new Link=> Link Property Data.

Since FVD 250 is linear it is used for direction U1 with fixed end properties. The Mass is
44kg and Weight is 250kN from the above table; to be mentioned in Total Mass and Weight.

49
 Figure 36 : Adding a new damper property.

Then press OK to add and OK once more to close the tab. Now this damper can be added by
draw link option and selecting the FVD 250 damper property across the floor beams ends
diagonally; starting from top end to bottom end; Keeping the structure in elevation view for
more accuracy. This can be done in two ways 1) Adding dampers to the structure at Its
Middle of Exterior Frame(DEM), 2) Adding dampers at Exterior Corners(DEC). Based on
previous studies adding dampers to the exterior corner DEC gives much more effective
results, hence using DEC method of adding dampers.

4.5.1 SBSC with dampers

This is square shape building with 6 rows of Slab panels in both X; Y directions and 49
square shaped Columns with 6m spanning connected beams as shown in figure. It is elevated
for ten floors with height of 3m between adjacent floors as shown in figure. The Isometric
view with all connecting structural members is also shown in figure.

50
 Figure 37 : SBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View.

Figure 38 : SBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Elevation.

4.5.2 SBRC with dampers

This is square shape building with 6 rows of Slab panels in both X; Y directions and 49
rectangular shaped Columns with 6m spanning connected beams as shown in figure. Keeping
all other things similar to SBSC (no damping); columns are 60% oriented parallel to X-axis
and 40% to Y-axis.

51
 Figure 39 : SBRC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View.

4.5.3 RBSC with dampers

This is rectangular shape building with 9 rows of Slab panels in X and 4 in Y directions; and
50 square shaped Columns with 6m spanning connected beams as shown in figure. It is
elevated for ten floors with height of 3m between adjacent floors as shown in figure. The
Isometric view with all connecting structural members is also shown in figure.

Figure 40 : RBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Elevation XZ-plane.

52
 Figure 41 : RBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Elevation YZ-plane.

Figure 42 : RBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View.

4.5.4 RBRC with dampers

This is rectangular shape building with 9 rows of Slab panels in X and 4 in Y directions; and
50 rectangular shaped Columns with 6m spanning connected beams as shown in figure. It is
elevated for ten floors with height of 3m between adjacent floors as shown in figure. The 3D-
view with all connecting structural members is also shown in figure.

53
 Figure 43 : RBRC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View.

4.6 ASSIGNMENT OF HINGES FOR PUSHOVER ANALYSIS

For nonlinear static, and nonlinear direct-integration time-history analyses, users may
simulate post-yield behaviour by assigning concentrated plastic hinges to frame and tendon
objects. Elastic behaviour occurs over member length, and then deformation beyond the
elastic limit occurs entirely within hinges, which are modelled in discrete locations.

Figure 44 : Force - Displacement curve of a Hinge.

Inelastic behavior is obtained through integration of the plastic strain and plastic curvature
which occurs within a user-defined hinge length, typically on the order of member depth

54
(FEMA-356). To capture plasticity distributed along member length, a series of hinges may
be modeled. Multiple hinges may also coincide at the same location.

Plasticity may be associated with force-displacement behaviors (axial and shear) or moment-
rotation (torsion and bending). Hinges may be assigned (uncoupled) to any of the six DOF.
Post-yield behavior is described by the general backbone relationship shown to the right. The
modeling of strength loss is discouraged, to mitigate load redistribution (which may lead to
progressive collapse) and to ensure numerical convergence.

CSI Software automatically limits negative slope to 10% of elastic stiffness, though overwrite
options are available. For informational purposes, additional limit states (IO, LS, CP) may be
specified which are reported in analysis, but do not affect results. Unloading from the point of
plastic deformation follows the slope of initial stiffness.

Both P-M2-M3 hinges and fiber hinges are available to capture coupled axial and biaxial-
bending behavior. The P-M2-M3 hinge is best suited for nonlinear static pushover, whereas
the fiber hinge is best for hysteretic dynamics.

4.6.1 Frame/Wall Nonlinear Hinge

Hinge properties are used to define nonlinear force-displacement or moment-rotation
behavior that can be assigned to discrete locations along the length of frame (line) objects or
to the mid-height of wall objects. These nonlinear hinges are used during static nonlinear
analysis, fast nonlinear analysis (FNA) modal time history analysis, and nonlinear direct
integration time history analysis. For all other types of analysis, the hinges are rigid and have
no effect on the behavior of the member. The number of hinges not only affects computation
time, but also the ease in which model behavior and results may be interpreted. Therefore, it
is strongly recommended that hinges be assigned only at locations where the occurrence of
nonlinear behavior is highly probable.

Note: It is important that frame and wall objects be designed, e.g. reinforcement should be
defined for concrete frames and walls, prior to running a nonlinear analysis utilizing hinges.
Three kinds of hinge properties are available in ETABS:

4.6.2 Auto Hinge Properties.

Auto hinge properties are defined by the program. The program cannot fully define the auto
properties until the section to which they apply has been identified. Thus, the auto property is
assigned to a frame or wall object, and the resulting hinge property can then be reviewed.

55
4.6.3 User-Defined Hinge Properties.
User-defined hinge properties can be based on auto properties or they can be fully user
defined.

4.6.4 Program Generated Hinge Properties.

The generated hinge properties are used in the analysis. They can be viewed, but they cannot
be modified. Generated hinge properties have an automatic naming convention of LabelH#,
where Label is the frame or wall object label, H stands for hinge, and # represents the hinge
number. The program starts with hinge number 1 and increments the hinge number by one for
each consecutive hinge applied to the frame or wall object. For example, if a frame object
label is C4, the generated hinge property name for the second hinge applied to the frame
object is C4H2.

The main reason for the differentiation between defined properties (in this context, defined
means both auto and user-defined) and generated properties is that typically the hinge
properties are section dependent. Thus, it is necessary to define a different set of hinge
properties for each frame or wall section type in the model. This could potentially mean that
you would need to define a very large number of hinge properties. To simplify this process,
the concept of generated properties is used in ETABS. When generated properties are used,
the program combines its built-in criteria with the defined section properties for each object
to generate the final hinge properties. The net effect of this is that you do significantly less
work defining the hinge properties because you do not need to define every hinge.

The user assigns auto hinge properties and user-defined hinge properties to a frame or wall
object. The program then automatically creates a new generated hinge property for every
assigned hinge.

Define user-defined hinge properties as follows:

1. Click the Define menu > Section Properties > Frame/Wall Nonlinear
Hinge command to access the Define Frame/Wall Hinge Properties form.

2. Choose or input parameters for the following areas.

 Defined Hinge Props area. A list of hinge properties, including any

previously defined auto or user-defined hinge properties is displayed in this
area. Check the Show Generated Props check box to include the generated

56
 hinge properties in this display list. Check the Show Hinge Details check box
to display additional information about the hinges in the list (see Show Hinge
Details check box write-up below).

 Add New Property button. Click this button and the Default for Added
Hinges form will display. Use that form to specify the type of default hinge
definitions to be used as the basis of adding a new hinge definition. After
selecting Steel, Concrete or User Defined, the Hinge Property Data form will
display. Use that form to complete the definition of a new hinge property.

 Add Copy of Property button.

1. Highlight a hinge property name in the Defined Hinge Props list box.
Note that generated properties cannot be copied.

2. Click the Add Copy of Property button to display the Hinge Property
Data form pre-loaded with the definition options of the selected hinge
property.

3. Use that form to add a new definition based on the selected definition.

 Modify/Show Property button.

1. Highlight the hinge property name to be modified in the Defined Hinge

Props list box.

2. Click the Modify/Show Property button to display the Hinge

Property Data form.

3. Use that form to make the necessary changes to the definition.

Note: Generated hinge properties can be viewed, but cannot be modified.

Property button will be grayed out and inactive. A hinge property cannot be deleted until it
has been removed from all objects. Remove a hinge by selecting the object(s) and deleting
the assignment.

57
 3.

 Show Hinge Details check box. When this check box is checked, the Defined
Hinge Props area expands to a spreadsheet type area that has the following
columns:

o Name. The ID assigned to the hinge is displayed in this column.

o Type. The type of hinge (e.g., Axial P, Shear V, Moment M and so on)
is displayed in this column.

o Behavior. This column identifies if the hinge is deformation or force

controlled.

o Generated. If Yes is displayed, the hinge is a generated hinge. If No is

displayed, the hinge is user defined or auto.

o From. If the hinge is a generated hinge (i.e., yes appears in

the Generated column), this column displays the ID of the hinge upon
which the generated hinge is based. If the hinge definition is program
defined, auto displays in this column. If N.A. appears in this column,
the hinge is a user-defined hinge that is based solely on the user's
input.

Note: Make changes to any of these items by first highlighting the row of data to be
changed. Then click the Modify/Show Property button to display the Hinge Property
Data form and make the necessary adjustments. Note that generated properties cannot be
modified.

4.

 Show Generated Props check box. By default, hinge properties that the
program automatically generates at each hinge location are not listed in
the Defined Hinge Prop area of the Define Frame/Wall Hinge
Properties form. Check the Show Generated Props check box, and ETABS
will display those properties in the {Defined, all} Hinge Props area along with
any Auto hinge properties that have been assigned to the model.
58
 Convert Auto to User Prop button. This button appears on the form when an
Auto hinge property has been assigned to a frame or wall object(s) in the
model and the Show Generated Props check box is checked. When this button
is clicked, the program converts the Auto property hinge to a user-defined
hinge property. After an Auto hinge property, has been converted to a user-
defined property, the resulting hinge property definition can be modified by
clicking on it and then clicking the Modify/Show Property button to display
the Hinge Property Data form.

Figure 45 : Square Building - Hinges Assigned - Top View.

Figure 46 : Rectangular Building - Hinges Assigned - Top View.

59
4.7 SUMMARY
The modelling, load and conditions are applied to the structure before analysis. Providing the
design data to the modelling of structural elements, FVD and hinges details. The next chapter
deals with the analysis of these structures generated here. The results obtained have been
shown in tabulated forms.

60
 CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

5.1 GENERAL
The analysis carried out on the 4 different types of models with and without dampers are
shown. The results obtained from the analysis are taken into consideration based on the aim
of the research. After getting the results these are compared to draw the conclusion from it. In
the chapter 4 the Time history analysis and Pushover analysis are carried out, from that the
effectiveness of the results on these models are given.

5.2 ADOPTED METHODS FOR ANALYSIS

The method adopted for Time history Analysis and Pushover Analysis are listed below. The
results (Output) are calculated after the analysis is started. Then these methods are compared
in discussions of results.

5.3 TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS:

5.3.1 Time Function

ETABS Software handles the initial conditions of a time function differently for linear and
nonlinear time-history load cases.

A description is as follows:

1. Linear cases always start from zero, therefore the corresponding time function must
also start from zero.
2. Nonlinear cases may either start from zero or may continue from a previous case.
When starting from zero, the time function is simply defined to start with a zero
value. When analysis continues from a previous case, it is assumed that the time
function also continues relative to its starting value. A long record may be broken into
multiple sequential analyses which use a single function with arrival times. This
prevents the need to create multiple modified functions.

61
5.3.2 Fast Nonlinear Analysis (FNA)
Fast Nonlinear Analysis (FNA) is a modal analysis method useful for the static or dynamic
evaluation of linear or nonlinear structural systems. Because of its computationally efficient
formulation, FNA is well-suited for time-history analysis and often recommended over
direct-integration applications. During dynamic-nonlinear FNA application, analytical
models should:

 Be primarily linear-elastic.
 Have a limited number of predefined nonlinear members.
 Lump nonlinear behaviour within link objects.

In addition to nonlinear material force-deformation relationships, these link objects may

simulate concentrated damping devices, isolators, and other energy-dissipating technologies.
If fuse mechanisms are not integral to the design intention, an initial elastic analysis may
reveal locations where inelasticity is likely to occur. However, it is always best to predefine
inelastic mechanisms such that their design may provide for sufficient ductility, while elastic
systems are ensured sufficient strength. Capacity Design provides for a more reliable model
and a better-performing structure.

Fast Nonlinear Analysis (FNA) may be implemented within ETABS2015 using the process
outlined as follows:

1. Model. Create the analytical model.

2. Mass. Define the mass source through Define > Mass Source. Mass must be present
within joint locations to enable formulation.

3. Modal load case. Modify the existing modal load case to use Ritz Vectors, which
capture response more effectively when compared with the same number of Eigen
Vectors, by selecting Define > Load Cases > Modal > Modify/Show Load Case >
Ritz.

4. On the same form, under Loads Applied, select a Load Type and orientation which is
suitable for the given model and investigation. For example, Accel and UX would be
suitable for the lateral analysis of a 2D portal frame. Maximum Cycles and
Participation Ratios may remain on default settings.

62
 During analysis, data from the modal load case will then coordinate with the time-
history load case.

5. Time function. Define the time function through Define > Functions > Time History.
The existing ramp and uniform functions may be modified, or a function may be
added from the various types available, including from the file of a time-history
record.

6. Time-history load case. Add a new load case for the time-history analysis by
selecting Define > Load Cases > Add New Load Case.

 Name the time-history load case.

 Select Load Case Type > Time History, Analysis Type > Nonlinear, Time-
History Type > Modal.

 Under Loads Applied, select Load Type > Accel, Load Name > U1, then
select the time function previously defined. If conversion from gravity units to
distance units is necessary, enter the appropriate scale factor.

 Enter an Output Time Step of 1/10 the fundamental period of vibration. A

preliminary modal analysis may be run to compute this value. This time step
will likely be finer than the default value, and provide more detail in the
output.

 Enter a quantity of time steps which coordinates the time-step size with the
duration of loading.

7. Analysis. Run analysis with both the modal and time-history load cases.

8. Output. Various options are available for reviewing output, including:

 Graphically display member forces per time step by selecting Display > Show
Forces/Stresses > Frames/Cables/Tendons. Next, specify the time-history load
case, the time step, and the response quantity to review. Use the arrows at the
bottom of the window to scroll through the range of dynamic response.

 Deflection data and tabular output formats are also available.

63
5.3.3 Response spectrum
A response-spectrum curve may be plotted for a selected joint through Display > Show
Response-Spectrum Curves. On the Axes tab, select the plot parameters, such as Period vs.
PSA. Specify direction, damping, and any other pertinent options. Select Display, then the
curve will generate for each damping level specified.

5.3.4 Time-history traces

Time-history traces may be displayed for a selected joint through Display > Show Plot
Functions. Select the joint from List of Functions, select Define Plot Functions, select the
joint again, and then select Modify/Show Plot Function. Select the response parameter from
Vector Type, and the DOF from Component. Select OK > OK to leave these forms. Select
the joint again, and then select Add. Now that the Vertical Function is specified, select the
Horizontal Plot Function, then save the Named Set if desired. Select Display to present the
plot.

Spectral displacement, 𝑆𝑑 Maximum absolute displacement obtained from the time history.

Spectral velocity, 𝑆𝑣 Maximum absolute velocity obtained from the time history.

Spectral acceleration, 𝑆𝑎 Maximum absolute acceleration obtained from the time history.

Spectral pseudo-velocity, 𝑆𝑝𝑣 Calculated from spectral displacement as

𝑆𝑝𝑣 = 𝜔𝑆𝑑

Spectral pseudo-acceleration, 𝑆𝑝𝑎 Calculated from spectral displacement as

𝑆𝑝𝑎 = 𝜔2 𝑆𝑑

5.4 PUSHOVER ANALYSIS:

The procedure for pushover analysis is given below:

5.4.1 Create the computational model

 Create the computational model, without pushover data, using conventional modelling
techniques.

64
  Define properties for pushover hinges using Define > Section Properties > Hinge
Properties. Hinges may be defined manually or by using one of several default
specifications which are available.
 Assign the pushover hinges to selected frame objects using Assign > Frame > Hinges.
 Select Define > Load Patterns to define load patterns which will contain the loads
applied during pushover analysis.

5.4.2 Define a nonlinear static load case

 Select Define > Load Cases > Add New Load Case to define a nonlinear static load
case which will apply the previously-defined load pattern. This load case may be
force-controlled (pushed to a specified force level) or displacement-controlled
(pushed to a specified displacement).
 Select Other Parameters > Results Saved to Multiple States such that various
parameters may be plotted for each increment of applied loading.

5.4.3 Run the analysis

 Select Analyse > Run Analysis to run the static-pushover analysis.

5.4.4 Review results

 To plot base shear vs. monitored displacement, select Display > Show Static Pushover
Curve. Additional variables are also available for plotting.
 To plot hinge deformation vs. applied loading, select Display > Show Hinge Results.
Moment as a function of plastic rotation is one such option.
 To review displacement and the step-by-step sequence of hinge formation, select
Display > Show Deformed Shape.
 To review member forces on a step-by-step basis, select Display > Show
Forces/Stresses > Frames/Cables.
 Select Display > Show Plot Functions to plot response at each step of the pushover
analysis, including joint displacement, frame member forces, etc.

65
5.5 RESULTS

5.5.1 Response Spectrum Curves from Time History

This shows response spectrum plots obtained from time history results at a specified point for
a specified time history load case.

Table 6 : Input Data

Name RSFromTH1
Load Case THX Coordinate System Modal
Story Story10 Response Direction X
Point 1 Spectrum Widening 0%

Figure 47 : SBSC RS curves.

Figure 48 : SBRC RS curves.

66
 Figure 49 : RBSC RS curves.

Figure 50 : RBRC RS curves.

Figure 51 : SBSC with FVD RS curves.

67
Figure 52 : SBRC with FVD RS curves.

Figure 53 : RBSC with FVD RS curves.

Figure 54 : RBRC with FVD RS curves.

68
5.5.2 Responses when loaded in different directions
Table 7 : Maximum PSA at Zero Damping

Max.
Load Case/Direction
Values
THX/X THX/Y THY/X THY/Y
Building
Period PSA Period PSA Period PSA Period PSA
Modal
(sec) (mm/sec )2
(sec) (mm/sec ) 2
(sec) (mm/sec ) 2
(sec) (mm/sec2)
SBSC no
0.278 1710 0.389 0.000066 0.389 0.000066 0.278 1710
Damp
SBRC no
1.329 2605 0.777 0 0.412 0.000004 1.38 2276
Damp
RBSC no
0.161 5417 0.769 0.000018 0.833 0.000012 0.161 3520
Damp
RBRC no
1.703 1838 0.769 0.000006 0.769 0.000004 1.25 2563
Damp
SBSC
0.278 21759 0.769 0 0.714 0 0.278 21759
With FVD
SBRC
0.161 41674 0.777 0 0.777 0 0.161 39347
With FVD
RBSC
0.278 23603 0.714 0 0.769 0 0.278 18861
With FVD
RBRC
0.16 41081 0.764 0 0.769 0 0.16 105797
With FVD

5.5.3 Base Reactions

Base shear is an estimate of the maximum expected lateral force that will occur due to
seismic ground motion at the base of a structure. Calculations of base shear (V) depend on:

 Soil conditions at the site

 Proximity to potential sources of seismic activity (such as geological faults)

 Probability of significant seismic ground motion

 The level of ductility and over-strength associated with various structural

configurations and the total weight of the structure

 The fundamental (natural) period of vibration of the structure when subjected to

dynamic loading.

69
 Table 8 : Base Reactions of SBSC
Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
Case/Combo kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m
Dead 0 0 98204.96 1767689 -1767689 0
Live 0 0 51840 933120 -933120 0
EQ-x -2898.82 0 0 0 -68067.88 52178.79
EQ-y 0 -2898.82 0 68067.880 0 -52178.79
Wind-x 1 -8446.15 0 0 -6.359E-07 -138832 152030.69
Wind-x 2 8446.15 0 0 6.359E-07 138832.19 -152031
Wind-y 1 0 -8446.15 0 138832.19 6.356E-07 -152031
Wind-y 2 0 8446.15 0 -138832 -6.356E-07 152030.69
TH-x Max 2898.84 0.0000355 0 0.0000203 42700.4629 35328.21
TH-x Min -1962.67 -0.0000332 0 -0.0000186 -36063.48 -52179.18
TH-y Max 0.0002 2898.84 0 36063.48 0.0003 52179.18
TH-y Min -0.0001 -1962.67 0 -42700.46 -0.0003 -35328.21
PushX Max 18376.71 0 0 0.00000166 300254.17 0
PushX Min 0 0 0 0 0 -330781
PushY Max 0 13151.21 0 0 0 236721.91
PushY Min 0 0 0 -214876 -0.0000033 0

Table 9 : Base Reactions of SBRC

Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
Case/Combo kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m
Dead 0 0 97795.69 1760323 -1760323 0
Live 0 0 51840 933120 -933120 0
EQ-X -3021.45 0 0 0 -70946.56 54386.21
EQ-y 0 -2909.22 0 68311.30 0 -52366.07
Wind-x 1 -8446.15 0 0 -5.238E-07 -138832 152030.69
Wind-x 2 8446.15 0 0 5.238E-07 138832.19 -152031
Wind-y 1 0 -8446.15 0 138832.19 5.66E-07 -152031
Wind-y 2 0 8446.15 0 -138832 -5.66E-07 152030.69
THX Max 3021.45 0.0002 0 0.0002 47392.42 36747.05
THX Min -2041.50 -0.0002 0 -0.0002 -39579.62 -54386.12
THY Max 0.0001 2909.22 0 37622.19 0.0001 52365.98
THY Min -0.0001 -2022.13 0 -44754.26 -0.0001 -36398.38
PushX Max 17321.50 0 0 0.0000012 282984.01 0
PushX Min 0 0 0 0 0 -311787
PushY Max 0.0000054 20720.76 0 642233.09 0.0002 372973.81
PushY Min 0 -39311.20 -2E-06 -338518 0 -707602

70
 Table 10 : Base Reactions of RBSC
Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
Case/Combo kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m
Dead 0 0 99444.98 1193340 -2685015 0
Live 0 0 51840 622080 -1399680 0
EQ-X -3057.82 0 0 0 -71798.47 36693.84
EQ-y 0 -2819.35 0 66199.29 0 -76122.65
Wind-x 1 -5630.76 0 0 0 -92554.79 67569.19
Wind-x 2 5630.76 0 0 0 92554.79 -67569.19
Wind-y 1 0 -12669.22 0 208248.29 9.451E-07 -342069
Wind-y 2 0 12669.22 0 -208248 -9.451E-07 342069.07
THX Max 3057.81 0.0002 0 0.0002 45191.78 23772.17
THX Min -1981.01 -0.0001 0 -0.0002 -37544.81 -36693.79
THY Max 0.0001 2819.31 0 35849.14 0.0001 76121.61
THY Min -0.0001 -1958.42 0 -42274.75 -0.0001 -52877.38
PushX Max 21446.56 0 0 0.00000223 350376.40 0
PushX Min 0 0 0 0 0 -257359
PushY Max 0 17885.86 0 0 0 482918.40
PushY Min 0 0 0 -292205 -0.0000014 0

Table 11 : Base Reactions of RBRC

Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
Case/Combo kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m
Dead 0 0 99091.39 1189097 -2675468 0
Live 0 0 51840 622080 -1399680 0
EQ-X -2382.50 0 0 0 -55941.33 28590.10
EQ-y 0 -3239.11 0 76054.27 0 -87455.88
Wind-x 1 -5630.76 0 0 -5.914E-07 -92554.79 67569.19
Wind-x 2 5630.76 0 0 5.914E-07 92554.79 -67569.19
Wind-y 1 0 -12669.22 0 208248.29 7.006E-07 -342069
Wind-y 2 0 12669.22 0 -208248 -7.006E-07 342069.07
THX Max 2382.5 0.0001 0 0.0001 38588.45 22361.63
THX Min -1863.46 -0.000045 0 -0.0001 -32775.10 -28590.04
THY Max 0 3239.1 0 40700.93 0.0000014 87455.82
THY Min 0 -2106.22 0 -48178.89 -0.0000013 -56868.10
PushX Max 10356.642 0 0 0.0000017 169181.47 0
PushX Min 0 0 0 0 0 -124280
PushY Max 0 22085.12 0 0 0 596298.42
PushY Min 0 0 0 -360773 -0.000017 0

71
 Table 12 : Base Reactions of SBSC with FVD
Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
Case/Combo kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m
Dead -0.0000036 -0.0000036 104889.63 1888013 -1888013 0
Live -0.00000314 -0.0000031 49227.86 886101.5 -886102 0
EQ-X 666.51 0 0 0 -4415.29 -11997.27
EQ-y 0 666.51 0 4415.29 0 11997.27
Wind-x 1 675.03 0 0 0 1716.6 -12150.667
Wind-x 2 -675.03 0 0 0 -1716.6 12150.67
Wind-y 1 0 675.03 0 -1716.6 0 12150.67
Wind-y 2 0 -675.03 0 1716.6 0 -12150.67
THX Max 666.50 0 0 0.0000029 20451.47 20953.95
THX Min -1164.10 0 0 -0.0000035 -24122.75 -11997.14
THY Max 0 666.5076 0 24122.75 0.0000014 11997.14
THY Min 0 -1164.11 0 -20451.47 -0.0000016 -20953.95
PushX Max 0 0 0.1 2.86 0 6892.41
PushX Min -382.93 -0.0103 -0.09 -0.76 -1483.52 0
PushY Max 3.11 0 2765.73 26578.63 1.53 0
PushY Min -0.25 -3099.58 -0.15 0 -49822.47 -55914.16

Table 13 : Base Reactions of SBRC with FVD

Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
Case/Combo kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m
Dead -0.00000399 -0.00000354 104587.5405 1882576 -1882576 0.000008243
Live -0.0000034 -0.00000302 49301.4821 887426.67 -887427 0.00000699
EQ-X 1362.2058 0 0 0 -3687.9383 -24519.7041
EQ-y 0 1051.658 0 4147.54 0 18929.8446
Wind-x 1 1370.4584 0 0 0 2305.7045 -24668.252
Wind-x 2 -1370.4584 0 0 0 -2305.7045 24668.252
Wind-y 1 0 1061.6648 0 -1939.22 0 19109.9659
Wind-y 2 0 -1061.6648 0 1939.22 0 -19109.9659
THX Max 1362.214 0 0 0.000006546 25868.8893 47756.1861
THX Min -2653.1214 0 0 -0.0000078 -31225.2386 -24519.8518
THY Max 0 1051.6547 0 28329.68 0 18929.7851
THY Min 0 -1963.356 0 -24058.05 0 -35340.4081
PushX Max 0 0.000002126 0.0112 0.201 0 12128.8277
PushX Min -673.8265 -0.0035 -0.5922 -10.66 -1116.759 0
PushY Max 0.0247 0 44.0179 25424.26 5869.6678 0
PushY Min -0.4107 -6525.4811 -326.5882 0 -792.3258 -117458

72
 Table 14 : Base Reactions of RBSC with FVD
Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
Case/Combo kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m
Dead -0.000003555 -0.000003852 106127.1985 1273526 -2865434 -0.0001
Live -0.000003031 -0.000003288 49228.1629 590737.9545 -1329160 -0.0001
EQ-X 666.1333 0 0 0 48165.4507 -7993.6002
EQ-y 0 697.757 0 40160.2319 0 18839.439
Wind-x 1 439.6246 0 0 0 35310.0811 -5275.4952
Wind-x 2 -439.6246 0 0 0 -35310.0811 5275.4952
Wind-y 1 0 1068.6387 0 51324.7701 -5.614E-07 28853.2461
Wind-y 2 0 -1068.6387 0 -51324.7701 5.613E-07 -28853.2461
THX Max 666.13 0 0 0 50149.0651 14736.9854
THX Min -1228.0821 0 0 0 -119383 -7993.5605
THY Max 0 697.7616 0 33579.4853 0.00001181 18839.5619
THY Min 0 -1109.8058 0 -41096.1076 -0.00001009 -29964.7556
PushX Max 0 0 13.9102 195.272 0 4646.2934
PushX Min -387.3156 -0.1136 -0.0959 -0.3686 -37235.437 0
PushY Max 54.3913 0 543.587 0 10.0461 0
PushY Min -0.0158 -1798.692 -0.4508 -107080 -14680.8833 -48221.0492

Table 15 : Base Reactions of RBRC with FVD

Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
Case/Combo kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m
Dead -0.000001966 -0.000006048 105816.9816 1269804 -2857059 -0.0001
Live -0.000001677 -0.00000516 49256.1582 591073.899 -1329916 -0.0001
EQ-X 144.71 0 0 0 62391.7217 -1736.5203
EQ-y 0 2316.4475 0 41878.4126 0 62544.0815
Wind-x 1 102.5717 0 0 0 46710.5913 -1230.8607
Wind-x 2 -102.5717 0 0 0 -46710.5913 1230.8607
Wind-y 1 0 3422.6708 0 51244.8298 0 92412.1128
Wind-y 2 0 -3422.6708 0 -51244.8298 0 -92412.1128
THX Max 144.7098 0 0 0 63676.8678 2235.0746
THX Min -186.2562 0 0 0 -93667.4215 -1736.5176
THY Max 0 2316.4456 0 52095.2401 0.00001925 62544.0314
THY Min 0 -5069.3032 0 -65367.4274 -0.00001599 -136871
PushX Max 0 0 1080.5888 12967.0651 0 719.9016
PushX Min -59.9918 -0.00003417 0 0 -75380.096 0
PushY Max 0 0 254.7276 0 0.000002347 0
PushY Min -0.2232 -34879.5399 0 -542238 -6875.885 -941749

73
5.5.4 Modal Participating Mass Ratios
In the sense of translation: Participating Modal Mass Ratio (MPMR) is oscillating mass
participation; and Effective Modal Mass is an effective amount of a type of oscillation.

Oscillating mass participation - Participating Modal Mass Ratio (MPMR)

According to documents Reference Analysis of CSI, Participating Modal Mass Ratio is

defined as follows:

Effective volume - Effective Modal Mass (EMM)

Effective mass of the vibration pattern is determined by the formula:

Expressed as a percentage of the total volume of works as follows:

Compare

Oscillating mass participation (MPMR) was used to assess the level of importance of a
fluctuating form and the form of such oscillations.

Effective volume (EMM) or Percentage effective volume % (EMM) is used to calculate the
loads exerted on the seismic structural system multiple degrees of freedom (MDOF) on the
basis of calculation of load effects major earthquake to have a degree of freedom system
(SDOF) have the same mass and oscillation cycle.

Mathematically, we can easily realize that MPMR and % (EMM) is determined different
amounts (Σm.Φ 2 ) is called the mass of fluctuating form.

74
In special cases, the flat problem, so (Σm.Φ 2 ) = 1; Meanwhile MPMR =% (EMM)

In the space problem, the volume of oscillator types including volume fluctuation in X, Y and
Z axis torsion oscillator; the sum of the means = 1; and the value of each is less than 1; so, the
problem is in each respective space have MPMR <% (EMM).

*Here are the results from Time History Analysis of MPMR showing first 10 modes of each
modal.

Table 16 : SBSC - MPMR values

Sum Sum Sum
Mode Period UX UY UZ
UX UY UZ
sec
1 1.39 0.6814 0.1209 0 0.6814 0.1209 0
2 1.39 0.1209 0.6814 0 0.8023 0.8023 0
3 1.206 0 0 0 0.8023 0.8023 0
4 0.447 0.0017 0.0967 0 0.8039 0.899 0
5 0.447 0.0967 0.0017 0 0.9007 0.9007 0
6 0.39 0 0 0 0.9007 0.9007 0
7 0.251 0.0328 0.0061 0 0.9335 0.9068 0
8 0.251 0.0061 0.0328 0 0.9396 0.9396 0
9 0.221 0 0 0 0.9396 0.9396 0
10 0.166 0.0184 0.0036 0 0.9581 0.9432 0

Table 17 : SBRC - MPMR values

Sum Sum Sum
Mode Period UX UY UZ
UX UY UZ
sec
1 1.381 0 0.7878 0 0 0.7878 0
2 1.329 0.7816 0 0 0.7816 0.7878 0
3 1.117 0 0 0 0.7816 0.7878 0
4 0.433 0 0.1021 0 0.7816 0.8899 0
5 0.412 0.1044 0 0 0.886 0.8899 0
6 0.348 0 0 0 0.886 0.8899 0
7 0.234 0 0.0429 0 0.886 0.9328 0
8 0.219 0.0444 0 0 0.9304 0.9328 0
9 0.187 0 0 0 0.9304 0.9328 0
10 0.149 0 0.0249 0 0.9304 0.9577 0

75
 Table 18 : RBSC - MPMR values
Sum Sum Sum
Mode Period UX UY UZ
UX UY UZ
sec
1 1.444 0 0.7992 0 0 0.7992 0
2 1.331 0.8048 0 0 0.8048 0.7992 0
3 1.256 0 0 0 0.8048 0.7992 0
4 0.462 0 0.0997 0 0.8048 0.8989 0
5 0.429 0.0975 0 0 0.9023 0.8989 0
6 0.405 0 0 0 0.9023 0.8989 0
7 0.258 0 0.0395 0 0.9023 0.9384 0
8 0.242 0.0385 0 0 0.9408 0.9384 0
9 0.228 0 0 0 0.9408 0.9384 0
10 0.169 0 0.0224 0 0.9408 0.9608 0

Table 19 : RBRC - MPMR values

Sum Sum Sum
Mode Period UX UY UZ
UX UY UZ
sec
1 1.703 0.8259 0 0 0.8259 0 0
2 1.253 0 0.7664 0 0.8259 0.7664 0
3 1.163 0 0 0 0.8259 0.7664 0
4 0.563 0.0945 0 0 0.9204 0.7664 0
5 0.376 0 0.1108 0 0.9204 0.8772 0
6 0.356 0 0 0 0.9204 0.8772 0
7 0.332 0.0347 0 0 0.9551 0.8772 0
8 0.233 0.0181 0 0 0.9731 0.8772 0
9 0.191 0 0.0483 0 0.9731 0.9255 0
10 0.185 0 0 0 0.9731 0.9255 0

Table 20 : SBSC FVD - MPMR values

Sum Sum Sum
Mode Period UX UY UZ
UX UY UZ
sec
1 0.781 0.6561 0.0475 0 0.6561 0.0475 0
2 0.781 0.0475 0.6561 0 0.7036 0.7036 0
3 0.496 0 0 0 0.7036 0.7036 0
4 0.164 0.1659 0.0121 0 0.8695 0.7157 0
5 0.164 0.0121 0.1659 0 0.8817 0.8817 0
6 0.094 0 0 0 0.8817 0.8817 0
7 0.064 0.0558 0.0062 0 0.9375 0.8878 0
8 0.064 0.0062 0.0558 0 0.9436 0.9436 0
9 0.035 0 0 0 0.9436 0.9436 0
10 0.034 0.0273 0.0014 0 0.9709 0.945 0

76
 Table 21 : SBRC FVD - MPMR values
Sum Sum Sum
Mode Period UX UY UZ
UX UY UZ
sec
1 0.777 0 0.7034 0 0 0.7034 0
2 0.775 0.7032 0 0 0.7032 0.7034 0
3 0.486 0 0 0 0.7032 0.7034 0
4 0.162 0 0.1782 0 0.7032 0.8816 0
5 0.162 0.1783 0 0 0.8815 0.8816 0
6 0.093 0 0 0 0.8815 0.8816 0
7 0.063 0 0.062 0 0.8815 0.9436 0
8 0.063 0.062 0 0 0.9435 0.9436 0
9 0.035 0 0 0 0.9435 0.9436 0
10 0.034 0 0.0287 0 0.9435 0.9723 0

Table 22 : RBSC FVD - MPMR values

Sum Sum Sum
Mode Period UX UY UZ
UX UY UZ
sec
1 0.797 0 0.7021 0 0 0.7021 0
2 0.766 0.7057 0 0 0.7057 0.7021 0
3 0.519 0 0 0 0.7057 0.7021 0
4 0.165 0 0.1793 0 0.7057 0.8815 0
5 0.163 0.1762 0 0 0.8819 0.8815 0
6 0.098 0 0 0 0.8819 0.8815 0
7 0.064 0 0.0621 0 0.8819 0.9436 0
8 0.064 0.0618 0 0 0.9437 0.9436 0
9 0.037 0 0 0 0.9437 0.9436 0
10 0.035 0 0.0287 0 0.9437 0.9723 0

Table 23 : RBRC FVD - MPMR values

Sum Sum Sum
Mode Period UX UY UZ
UX UY UZ
sec
1 0.839 0.6978 0 0 0.6978 0 0
2 0.765 0 0.7035 0 0.6978 0.7035 0
3 0.516 0 0 0 0.6978 0.7035 0
4 0.169 0.1832 0 0 0.881 0.7035 0
5 0.16 0 0.1778 0 0.881 0.8813 0
6 0.097 0 0 0 0.881 0.8813 0
7 0.065 0.0625 0 0 0.9436 0.8813 0
8 0.062 0 0.062 0 0.9436 0.9433 0
9 0.037 0 0 0 0.9436 0.9433 0
10 0.035 0.0288 0 0 0.9724 0.9433 0

77
5.5.5 Modal Periods and Frequencies
One analysis technique for calculating the linear response of structures to dynamic loading is
a modal analysis. In modal analysis, we decompose the response of the structure into several
vibration modes. A mode is defined by its frequency and shape. Structural engineers call the
mode with the shortest frequency (the longest period) the fundamental mode.

During dynamic loading, i.e. earthquake, wind or blast loading, not all modes are excited in
the same manner. The extent to which dynamic loading excites a specific vibration modes
depends on the spatial distribution and the frequency content of the load.

Hence the Eigen values, frequencies and periods for 10 modes of each Modal are shown
below.

Table 24 : SBSC modal periods and frequencies

Circular
Mode Period Frequency Frequency Eigenvalue
sec cyc/sec rad/sec rad²/sec²
1 1.39 0.719 4.5197 20.4279
2 1.39 0.719 4.5197 20.4279
3 1.206 0.829 5.2108 27.1526
4 0.447 2.239 14.0654 197.836
5 0.447 2.239 14.0654 197.836
6 0.39 2.566 16.124 259.9828
7 0.251 3.986 25.0419 627.0972
8 0.251 3.986 25.0419 627.0972
9 0.221 4.521 28.4092 807.0804
10 0.166 6.031 37.8947 1436.0068

Table 25 : SBRC modal periods and frequencies

Circular
Mode Period Frequency Frequency Eigenvalue
sec cyc/sec rad/sec rad²/sec²
1 1.381 0.724 4.551 20.7119
2 1.329 0.752 4.7266 22.3408
3 1.117 0.895 5.6251 31.642
4 0.433 2.31 14.5137 210.6471
5 0.412 2.427 15.2474 232.4843
6 0.348 2.874 18.0574 326.0696
7 0.234 4.27 26.8284 719.764
8 0.219 4.565 28.6848 822.8161
9 0.187 5.361 33.6817 1134.4579
10 0.149 6.725 42.2561 1785.5761

78
 Table 26 : RBSC modal periods and frequencies
Circular
Mode Period Frequency Frequency Eigenvalue
sec cyc/sec rad/sec rad²/sec²
1 1.444 0.693 4.3526 18.945
2 1.331 0.751 4.7207 22.2853
3 1.256 0.796 5.0029 25.0293
4 0.462 2.165 13.6004 184.9703
5 0.429 2.33 14.6424 214.3991
6 0.405 2.471 15.5261 241.0592
7 0.258 3.881 24.3858 594.6671
8 0.242 4.125 25.9171 671.6972
9 0.228 4.378 27.507 756.6329
10 0.169 5.91 37.1316 1378.7585

Table 27 : RBRC modal periods and frequencies

Circular
Mode Period Frequency Frequency Eigenvalue
sec cyc/sec rad/sec rad²/sec²
1 1.703 0.587 3.6886 13.606
2 1.253 0.798 5.0148 25.1485
3 1.163 0.86 5.4043 29.2062
4 0.563 1.776 11.1603 124.5525
5 0.376 2.66 16.7152 279.3988
6 0.356 2.812 17.6685 312.1755
7 0.332 3.01 18.9134 357.7185
8 0.233 4.292 26.9674 727.2424
9 0.191 5.243 32.9415 1085.1412
10 0.185 5.395 33.8965 1148.9753

Table 28 : SBSC FVD modal periods and frequencies

Circular
Mode Period Frequency Frequency Eigenvalue
sec cyc/sec rad/sec rad²/sec²
1 0.781 1.281 8.0482 64.7733
2 0.781 1.281 8.0482 64.7733
3 0.496 2.016 12.6668 160.4481
4 0.164 6.112 38.4046 1474.9162
5 0.164 6.112 38.4046 1474.9162
6 0.094 10.687 67.1469 4508.7014
7 0.064 15.721 98.781 9757.6926
8 0.064 15.721 98.781 9757.6926
9 0.035 28.279 177.6842 31571.6726
10 0.034 29.065 182.6188 33349.622

79
Table 29 : SBRC FVD modal periods and frequencies
Circular
Mode Period Frequency Frequency Eigenvalue
sec cyc/sec rad/sec rad²/sec²
1 0.777 1.286 8.0824 65.3246
2 0.775 1.291 8.1092 65.7597
3 0.486 2.058 12.9318 167.2302
4 0.162 6.154 38.6675 1495.1749
5 0.162 6.18 38.8274 1507.5659
6 0.093 10.793 67.8114 4598.3909
7 0.063 15.841 99.5326 9906.7451
8 0.063 15.912 99.9759 9995.1851
9 0.035 28.478 178.9336 32017.2211
10 0.034 29.299 184.0923 33889.9633

Table 30 : RBSC FVD modal periods and frequencies

Circular
Mode Period Frequency Frequency Eigenvalue
sec cyc/sec rad/sec rad²/sec²
1 0.797 1.255 7.8869 62.2029
2 0.766 1.306 8.2045 67.314
3 0.519 1.926 12.1044 146.5162
4 0.165 6.056 38.0489 1447.7186
5 0.163 6.135 38.5453 1485.7402
6 0.098 10.235 64.3111 4135.9229
7 0.064 15.628 98.1962 9642.4975
8 0.064 15.7 98.6461 9731.0602
9 0.037 27.094 170.2383 28981.0622
10 0.035 28.919 181.7038 33016.275

Table 31 : RBRC FVD modal periods and frequencies

Circular
Mode Period Frequency Frequency Eigenvalue
sec cyc/sec rad/sec rad²/sec²
1 0.839 1.192 7.4922 56.1329
2 0.765 1.307 8.2151 67.4876
3 0.516 1.937 12.1726 148.171
4 0.169 5.923 37.2169 1385.0944
5 0.16 6.25 39.2675 1541.9355
6 0.097 10.309 64.775 4195.8008
7 0.065 15.441 97.0174 9412.3806
8 0.062 16.077 101.0176 10204.5568
9 0.037 27.297 171.5105 29415.844
10 0.035 28.638 179.9377 32377.5884

80
5.5.6 Story Maximum and Average Lateral Displacements
ETABS provides a simple table in the summary output with "Story Maximum and Average
Lateral Displacements". This provides indication of maximum to average ratio to check
torsional irregularity. The Maximum Displacements due to Push-X in X-direction are:

Table 32 : Max. Disp. of Modals at different stories due to PushX

SBSC SBRC RBSC RBRC
Story
no damp FVD no damp FVD no damp FVD no damp FVD
Story10 111.2 8.7 85 6.9 149.6 8.6 94.6 11.1
Story9 108.8 7.6 82.2 6.1 147 7.5 93.1 9.7
Story8 104.6 6.5 78.1 5.2 142.2 6.5 90.2 8.4
Story7 98.3 5.4 72.3 4.3 134.2 5.4 85.9 6.9
Story6 89.9 4.3 64.7 3.4 122.3 4.3 80.1 5.5
Story5 79.4 3.2 55.4 2.5 106.3 3.2 72.9 4.1
Story4 66.7 2.1 44.4 1.7 86.3 2.1 63.6 2.8
Story3 51.4 1.2 32 0.9 62.6 1.2 51.2 1.6
Story2 33.2 0.4 18.7 0.3 35.8 0.4 28.1 0.6
Story1 12.5 0 6.2 0 11.6 0 9.9 0
Base 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The Maximum Displacements due to Push-Y in Y-direction are:

Table 33 : Max. Disp. of Modals at different stories due to PushY

SBSC SBRC RBSC RBRC
Story
no damp FVD no damp FVD no damp FVD no damp FVD
Story10 65.5 53.4 99.9 147.1 95.2 46.3 88.9 192.8
Story9 63.8 47.1 96.8 129.3 92.6 40.7 85.1 169.7
Story8 61 40.7 92 111 88.3 35 80 145.7
Story7 56.8 34.1 85.3 92.1 82.2 29.1 73.2 121
Story6 51.4 27.4 76.4 72.9 74.1 23.1 64.6 95.9
Story5 44.5 20.8 65.5 54 64.1 17.2 54.4 71
Story4 36.4 14.3 52.6 35.9 52.2 11.5 42.6 47.3
Story3 27 8.4 37.9 19.9 38.5 6.3 29.7 26.3
Story2 16.6 3.5 22.4 7.4 23.3 2.1 16.6 9.7
Story1 6.1 0 7.9 0 8.5 0 5.4 0
Base 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5.6 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

5.6.1 PSA from Response Spectrum Curves

Velocity and Pseudo-velocity response spectra are divergent for systems with long periods
and high damping ratios, and are not exchangeable. Response spectrum values for high
periods are very sensitive to source and site conditions. Hence the structures with FVD have

81
less periodic values leading to surpass the maximum PSA values within the un-cracked time
period (T1), as studied in table 7.

It can be observed that symmetrical buildings like SBSC and RBSC has low periodic values
with or without FVD, whereas SBRC and RBRC show long periodic values for maximum
PSA with no damping, which is sensitive. These structures show 87.8% decrease in periodic
values when used with FVD for SBRC and 90% for RBRC.

5.6.2 Base Shear

The base shear obtained from Time history and Pushover analyses are as mentioned in table8-
15. Below are the compared bar-charts:

Figure 55 : Comparison of Base shears for Time history.

From the comparison values in figure 55, it can be clearly found that due to introduction of
FVD in the structures the base shears have been diminish by 77% for SBSC, 54.9% for
SBRC, 78.21% for RBSC and 93.95% for RBRC in TH-X/ X-direction. Similarly, the base
shears have been reduced by 77% for SBSC, 63.87% for SBRC, 75.27% for RBSC and
28.5% for RBRC in TH-Y/ Y-direction.

82
From the correlation values in figure 56, it can be precisely found that due to installation of
FVD in the structures the base shears have been miniaturized by 97% for SBSC, 96% for
SBRC, 98.19% for RBSC and 99.4% for RBRC in PUSH-X/ X-direction. Correspondingly
the base shears have been reduced by 76.4% for SBSC, 83.4% for SBRC and 89.94% for
RBSC in PUSH-Y/ Y-direction.

Figure 56 : Comparison Base shears for Pushover.

5.6.3 Story Max/Avg. Displacements

Suggested maximum drift at the top of buildings vary between H/50 and H/2000 Where H is
the height of the building. A limiting value for the maximum displacement within the elastic
limits was obtained as a function of the height of a story, the stiffness of a story, number of
stories, effective depth d of a shear wall, the yield strain of steel ε y and the maximum
allowable concrete strain εc. However, the value H/50 suggested by UBC97 and IBC 2006
generates large strains at the bottom of a shear wall.
Hence for story 10, 𝐻 = 30𝑚.
𝐻 30000
Limiting displacement = 50 = 50
= 600𝑚𝑚 = 0.6𝑚

Therefore, obtained values are within limits. Below figures are curves Max. Displacements
vs. Story levels for Push X and Push Y.

83
 LEGEND

Figure 57 : Comparison Maximum story displacements due to PUSH X.

From the interrelation curves in figure 57, it is found that due to insertion of FVD in the
structures the displacements have been reduced by 92.17% for SBSC, 91.88% for SBRC,
94.25% for RBSC and 88.26% for RBRC.

From the comparison curves in figure 58, it can be clearly predicated that due to inoculation
of FVD in the structures the displacements have been reduced by 18.4% for SBSC and
51.36% for RBSC. Whereas SBRC and RBRC doesn’t show any variation in this direction
but overall structural displacements are within limiting values.

84
 LEGEND

Figure 58 : Comparison Maximum story displacements due to PUSH Y.

5.6.4 Eigen Values

It is observed from the tables [24-31] in “5.5.5 Modal Periods and Frequencies” heading, the
Eigen Values are increasing with number of modes. Where 𝝎2 is the eigenvalue and 𝝎 is
directly proportional to stiffness, then increase in Eigen values will in turn increases the
stiffness. It is found that Eigen values increases by 60-70% when FVD is applied to the same
structure.

5.6.5 Comparing Pushover and Time History Analyses

Pushover analysis shows high base shear values than that of ELCENTRO time history
analysis. Hence for dynamic analysis in structures with MDOF time history analysis fetches
much realistic results under required seismic effect. Otherwise pushover curves, proves to
have a better accuracy in assessing the target displacements. The result shows that prediction
of damage in structures is hard to estimate by means of the push-over analysis.

85
5.7 SUMMARY
The procedure of analysis using Etabs 2015 software obtains certain results from the analysis.
The eight structures are analysed and comparative results were developed using time history
and pushover analysis. It is found that Eigen values increases by 60-70% when FVD is
applied to the same structure. The displacements have been reduced by 92.17% for SBSC,
91.88% for SBRC, 94.25% for RBSC and 88.26% for RBRC. Using these results in next
chapter this study is concluded.

86
 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

6.1 CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results and discussion given in chapter 5 the following conclusions are drawn.

 Up to 90% decrease in Time period of maximum PSA in Response spectrum curves

when FVD is used. FVD250 reducing the Base Shear of the structures by 70% in
Time history analysis. The top story Displacements are minimized by 90% with use of
FVD. The increase of 60% to 70% are observed in Eigen Values shows the effective
increment in the stiffness of the structure when FVD250 used for exterior corners.
 It is observed that buildings with square columns are performing well in terms of
response of the structure when compared to the rectangular columns irrespective of
the floor plan.
 In evaluating the seismic performance of structures the prediction of damage in
structures is difficult to estimate by using the push-over analysis when compared with
the Time history analysis.

6.2 LIMITATIONS TO CONCLUSIONS

The following are the limitations have been considered while arriving to the conclusions.

 The following conclusions are limited to the context and comparative characteristics
of FVD.
 Applied to other situations, these conclusions may yield incorrect solutions.
 These conclusions are relevant to the process of dwelling evolution in progressive
development projects.
 Increasing the story levels or made any changes to properties may fetch different
conclusions.
 Position of FVD also matters a lot when arriving at a particular solution.
 Using different cross section of members will change the results obtained from this
study.

87
6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
This thesis is limited to use of FVD250 to the structures in exterior corners. The following
are few recommendations for further study:

 Same structures can be modified with FVD500 and can be used in exterior middle
position.
 Irregular buildings, unsymmetrical buildings and Tall structures can be an extension
to this work.
 Its use in Steel structures can bring much effective solutions.
 The structural systems like K-shape and M-shape can be used along with FVD.

88
 REFERENCES
[1] M. R. Arefi, “A study on the damping ratio of the viscous fluid dampers in the braced
frames,” vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1223–1235, 2014.

[2] J. Marti, M. Crespo, and F. Martinez, “Seismic Isolation and Protection Systems,”
Seism. Isol. Prot. Syst., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 125–140, 2010.

[3] M. K. Muthukumar G, “Analytical modeling of damping,” indian Concr. J., vol. 88,
no. 4, 2014.

[4] I. López, J. M. Busturia, and H. Nijmeijer, “Energy dissipation of a friction damper,”

J. Sound Vib., vol. 278, no. 3, pp. 539–561, 2004.

[5] J. A. Inaudi and J. M. Kelly, “Mass Damper Using Friction-Dissipating Devices,” J. od

Eng. Mech., vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 142–149, 1995.

[6] w. J. William H. Robinson, “Lead Damper for base isolution.pdf.” Proceedings of 9th
world conference on Earthquake, 1998.

[7] J. Otten, J. Luntz, D. Brei, K. A. Strom, A. L. Browne, and N. L. Johnson, “Proof-of-

Concept of the Shape Memory Alloy ReseTtable Dual Chamber Lift Device for
Pedestrian Protection With Tailorable Performance,” J. Mech. Des., vol. 135, no. 6, p.
61008, Apr. 2013.

[8] D. Demetriou, N. Nikitas, and K. D. Tsavdaridis, “Semi active tuned mass dampers of
buildings: A simple control option,” Am. J. Eng. Appl. Sci., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 620–632,
2015.

[9] E. L. Anderson, “Performance-Based Design of Seismically Isolated Bridges,” p. 494,

2003.

[10] S. Infanti, J. Robinson, and R. Smith, “Viscous Dampers For High-Rise Buildings,”
14th World Conf. Earthq. Eng., 2008.

[11] V. Umachagi, K. Venkataramana, G. R. Reddy, and R. Verma, “Applications of

Dampers for Vibration Control of Structures : an Overview,” Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol.,
pp. 6–11, 2013.

[12] J. Marko, D. Thambiratnam, and N. Perera, “Influence of damping systems on building

89
 structures subject to seismic effects,” Eng. Struct., vol. 26, no. 13, pp. 1939–1956,
2004.

[13] V. S. Balkanlou, M. R. Bagerzadeh, B. B. Azar, and A. Behravesh, “Evaluating Effects

of Viscous Dampers on optimizing Seismic Behavior of Structures,” no. 2007, 2013.

[14] A. Chopra, “Dynamics of structures,” 2012.

[15] K.-H. Chang, Structural Analysis, vol. 163. 2009.

[16] Y. G. Zhao and T. Ono, “Moment methods for structural reliability,” Struct. Saf., vol.
23, no. 1, pp. 47–75, 2001.

[17] M. Paz, “Structural Dynamics.pdf.” Van Nostrand Reinhold Comapany, NYC., p. 574,
1985.

[18] S. Amir and H. Jiaxin, “Optimum Parameter of a Viscous Damper for Seismic and
Wind Vibration,” vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 192–196, 2014.

[19] Y. Zhou, X. Lu, D. Weng, and R. Zhang, “A practical design method for reinforced
concrete structures with viscous dampers,” Eng. Struct., vol. 39, pp. 187–198, 2012.

[20] Ö. Atlayan, “Effect of Viscous Fluid Dampers on Steel Moment Frame Designed for
Strength and Hybrid Steel Moment Frame Design,” Environ. Eng., 2008.

[21] B. S. Taranath, Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings. .

[22] LIYA MATHEW & C. PRABHA, “Effect of Fluid Viscous Dampers in Multi-
Storeyed Buildings,” IMPACT Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. (IMPACT IJRET), vol. 2, no.
9, pp. 59–64, 2014.

[23] R. Gettu and M. Santhanam, “Retrofit of non-engineered buildings,” Handb. Seism.

retrofit Build., no. April, p. 471, 2007.

90
 APPENDIX – 1
Table 34 : Time History Function - Data

TABLE: Time History Function - From File

Lines to Characters to Points per Data Step
Name Time Value Skip Skip Line Type Size
sec
Value
ELCENTRO 0 0.291 2 0 8 Only 0.02
ELCENTRO 0.02 0.0059
ELCENTRO 0.04 0.332
ELCENTRO 0.06 -0.0012
ELCENTRO 0.08 0.374
ELCENTRO 0.1 0.02
ELCENTRO 0.12 0
,,,,, ,,,, ,,,,,
,,,,, ,,,, ,,,,,
,,,,, ,,,, ,,,,,
,,,,, ,,,, ,,,,,
,,,,, ,,,, ,,,,,
ELCENTRO 11.44 12.113
ELCENTRO 11.46 0.0865
ELCENTRO 11.48 0
ELCENTRO 11.5 0
File Location: C:\Program Files\Computers and Structures\ETABS 2015\Time History
Functions

Full Link: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B96ZSZZl8-XBWnNhMnZSRGhWQWM

Email: shaikqamar1003@gmail.com

91

View publication stats