UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

DEGREE IN INFORMATION SCIENCE (HONS) RECORD MANAGEMENT
(IM246)
DECISION THEORY (IMS555)

TITLE:
RUNWAY AWARENESS AND ADVISORY SYSTEM (RAAS)
ADVISORY SYSTEM

PREPARED BY:
AFIQAH AMIRAH BINTI HAMZAH 2016648568
MOHAMAD AZRI BIN MOHAMAD RADZI 2016648674
NURUL ATHIRAH BINTI ISMAIL 2016667976
NURUL AZIRA NAJIHAH MOHD FADZIL 2015115715
SITI FARIDAH BINTI GHAZALI 2016648578

PREPARED FOR:
PUAN MARLIA BINTI IDRUS

GROUP:
ELEK A

SUBMISSION DATE:
28TH DECEMBER 2017
 ADVISORY SYSTEM:
RUNWAY AWARENESS AND ADVISORY SYSTEM (RAAS)

PREPARED BY:
AFIQAH AMIRAH BINTI HAMZAH 2016648568
MOHAMMAD AZRI BIN MOHAMAD RADZI 2016648674
NURUL ATHIRAH BINTI ISMAIL 2016667976
NURUL AZIRA NAJIHAH MOHD FADZIL 2015115715
SITI FARIDAH BINTI GHAZALI 2016648578

FACULTY OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA KAMPUS PUNCAK PERDANA,
JALAN PULAU ANGSA AU10/A,
SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR D.E.

2|Page
 LIST OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………………....4
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Advisory System ……………………………………………………………………………..5
1.2 Purpose of the Advisory System……………………………………………………………5
1.0 1.3 How the Advisory System Model Human Decision Making…………….........................6

2.0 ARCHITECTURE OF THE RUNWAY AWARENESS AND ADVISORY SYSTEM

2.1 Background of Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS)…………………….6
2.2 How Do the Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS) Works?......................7
2.3 Design Approach of the Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS)……….....9
2.4 Algorithm of the Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS)………………….11
2.5 Components of Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS)…………………..11
2.6 Database of the Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS)………………….12

3.0 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………..13

4.0 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………..15

3|Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This group assignment was prepared for subject, Decision Theory (IMS 555) in
Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Puncak Perdana. This report is based on the guideline and
syllabus given by the university.

Firstly, we would like to express our deepest thanks to, Puan Marlia Binti Idrus
lecturer that assigns this project who had guided me a lot. Secondly, deepest thanks and
appreciation to our parents, family members, special mate of ours, and others for their
cooperation, encouragement, constructive suggestion and full of support for the assignment
completion, from the beginning till the end.

Also thanks to all of our friends and everyone, who have been contributed by
supporting our work and help ourselves during the final assignment progress till this
research is fully completed.

Lastly, our hope this assignment will fulfil the criteria of what, Puan Marlia are
seeking for. Thank you.

4|Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Advisory System

It is a system that offers people assistances and aids people to solve their problems that
usually resolved by a human expert. Advisory system can also be categorized as an expert
system. Advisory system and expert system are both a problem-solving systems that
functions like a human expert in an extent. Those systems are created by stimulating
information from human experts and making it into codes that makes computer able to make
estimation of other solutions to complications in a certain field of knowledge.

Even though advisory systems and expert systems are almost likely to each other, however
they do have differences in some techniques. Expert systems are naturally a problem
solving system that is self-directed used in circumstances where there is a definite problem
and expertise requirements must be practiced to discover the suitable result. An advisory
system does not make choices but somewhat aids to guide the decision maker in procedure
of deciding, whereas in the end making the human decision maker to make their own choice.

1.2 Purpose of the Advisory System

The purpose of the advisory system is to help decision maker to make a decision making
process. Using advisory system is actually can identify the problem and evaluates the
possible alternative solution for decision maker make a decision making. Gregg D. and S.
Walczak, 2006 has been mention that advisory system is to support decision making in more
unstructured situations which have no single correct answer. Therefore, using advisory
system can help the decision maker to make a reasonable solution to a wide range of
problems. For the example that been mention by Magni, 2006, a manager of firm could use
an advisory system that helps assess the impact of a management decision on firm value.
Advisory system also designed to support decision that be classified as either intelligent or
unstructured, and are characterized by novelty (Mintzberg, 1976). In addition to these
characteristic that been mention by Chandler 1998, which combined exponentially increase
the complexity of the decision making process because of the lack of alternative solutions,
and the decision must make and require the use of knowledge and cognitive reasoning to
evaluate alternative courses of action to find so that there has the possibilities of alternative
outcomes to make a decision making.

5|Page
 1.3 How the Advisory System Model Human Decision Making

Advisory systems provide advice and help to solve problems that are normally solved
by human experts; as such, advisory systems can be classified as a type of expert system
(e. g., Vanguard 2006, Forslund 1995). This advisory system is a problem solving that
imitator to human expert but in some of specialized area. According to Brandon A. Beemer
and Dawn G. Gregg, these systems are constructed by eliciting knowledge from human
experts and coding it into a form that can be used by a computer in the evaluation of
alternative solutions to problems within that domain of expertise. Advisory systems support
decisions that can be classified as either intelligent or unstructured, and are characterized by
novelty, complexity, and open-endedness (Mintzberg et al. 1976).

In addition to these characteristics, contextual uncertainty is ubiquitous in unstructured

decisions, which when combined exponentially increases the complexity of the decision-
making process (Chandler and Pachter 1998). Because of the novel antecedents and lack of
definable solution, unstructured decisions require the use of knowledge and cognitive
reasoning to evaluate alternative courses of action to find the one that has the highest
probability of desirable outcome (Chandler and Pachter 1998, Mintzberg et al. 1976). The
more context-specific knowledge acquired by the decision maker in these unstructured
decision-making situations, the higher the probability that they will achieve the desirable
outcome (Aronson and Turban 2001).

2.0 ARCHITECTURE OF THE RUNWAY AWARENESS AND ADVISORY SYSTEM

2.1 Background of Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS)

The Runway Awareness and Advisory System or simplified name called “RAAS” is an
electronic detection system that notifies aircraft flight crews on the ground of their
position relative to their allocated runway. The runway Advisory system was developed
by Honeywell in 2003 to cope and provide pilot with alert or warning system when the
airplane enters the taxiways or runway track field. the system was specifically designed
to avoid runway incursion which is an accident that occurred when a moving objects,
transportation or people is on runway. RAAS provide a warning and alert system to the
pilot to ensure pilots approach the runway or taxiways cautiously. The system was
designed to reduce the risk of airplane involve in an accident while taking off or landing
at the runway. The system raises the runway safety by increase the requirement in
standard operating procedure (SOP) and safety policy of airlines company and airways
traffic system.

6|Page
 To measure the quality of the advisory system to the pilot, the simulator version was
created to analysed and evaluate the quality and the effectiveness of RAAS working to
the pilots in airplane.RAAS have become a situational tool that able to overcome the risk
of accident happen. RAAS existence have seem improved the flight situation and avoid
runway accident. “Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS), (n.d.) RAAS
provides the flight crew with five ‘routine advisories'. Three of these annunciations will be
heard by the crew in normal operations, providing increased position awareness relative
to the runway during taxi and flight operations. They are intended to reduce the risk of a
runway incursion”.

2.2 How Do the Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS) Works?

Each RAAS function is independently enabled based on a customer specification

and, when enabled, the RAAS functions operate automatically without any action required
from the flight crew. This advisory system is stored within the EGPWS Runway Database.
Advisories are generated based upon the current aircraft position as compared to the
location of the airport runways. Voice announcements are activated when the aircraft is
perceived to have reached crucial intersections. Thus, this runway awareness and advisory
system (RAAS) work based on the voice announcement that can be divided into two
categories

1) Routine Advisories
2) Non-Routine Advisories/Cautions

Routine advisories

Routine advisories are the annunciations where the flight crew will hear during routine
operations. This routine advisories are the operation that often happened. Therefore, There
is five advisories in the system which is:

 Approaching Runway – the signal is the Airborne advisory provides the crew
incharge with awareness of which runway the aircraft that is approaching should line
up on
 Approaching Runway - On-Ground advisory provides the flight crew with awareness
of approximate runway edge being approached by the aircraft during taxi operations.
 On Runway - Advisory provides the crew with awareness of which runway the aircraft
is lined-up with.

7|Page
 Distance Remaining - Advisories enhance crew awareness of aircraft along-track
position relative to the runway end.
 Runway End - Advisory is intended to improve flight crew awareness of the position of
the aircraft relative to the runway end during low visibility conditions.

Non-Routine Advisories/Cautions

For the non – routine advisories. These are intended to put on the safety and situation
awareness on some specific non routinely encountered during the aircraft operations.
Furthermore, annunciations the flight crew will seldom or perhaps never hear. The RAAS
system use these advisories:

 Approaching Short Runway - Airborne advisory provides the crew with awareness of
which runway the aircraft is lined-up with, and that the runway length available may be
marginal for normal landing operations. If desired, an additional caution annunciation
can be enabled which provides the crew with awareness that the issue has not been
resolved when the aircraft is on final approach.
 Insufficient Runway Length - On-Ground advisory provides the crew with awareness
of which runway the aircraft is lined-up with, and that the runway length available for
take-off is less than the defined minimum take-off runway length. If desired, an
additional caution annunciation can be enabled which provides the crew with
awareness that the issue has not been resolved when the aircraft is on the final stage
of take-off.
 Extended Holding on Runway - Advisory provides crew awareness of an extended
holding period on the runway.
 Taxiway Take-Off - Advisory enhances crew awareness of excessive taxi speeds or
an inadvertent take-off on a taxiway. If desired, this function can provide a caution
annunciation in lieu of an advisory annunciation.
 Distance Remaining - Advisories provide the flight crew with position awareness
during a Rejected Take Off (RTO).
 Taxiway Landing - Alert provides the crew with awareness that the aircraft is not lined
up with a runway at low altitudes.

8|Page
 2.3 Design Approach of the Runway Awareness and Advisory System
(RAAS)

The Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS) is invention to determine whether the
own installation aircraft is on a runway in order to facilitate advising and enhance awareness
of their airport runways without generating any mistake such as incorrect determinations or
nuisance warning. According to Kevin J Conner, 2003 the status of information generated by
the RAAS portion of the invention that combined with the information plotting and
broadcasting of the portion of the invention to generate conflict advisories as a function of
relationship of multiple aircraft relative to a common runway. This is brief description of
design that RAAS do in this invention that can be understood that been mention by Kevin J
Conner.

Figure 1: The examples of the system

9|Page
Figure 1 shows that the examples of the system and without limitations an airport situational
awareness apparatus for locating and aircraft with respect to airport taxiways and runways
and generating advisories for enhancing pilot situational awareness.

Figure 2: This shows a flow chart

According to this figure 2, this shows a flow chart that illustrates this advanced embodiment
of the airport situational awareness method of the invention as embodied in a computer
program product for operation on an on-broad processor.

10 | P a g e
 2.4 Algorithm of the Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS)

The Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS) is an electronic detection system
developed by the United States electronic company, namely Honeywell International Inc.
Honeywell International Inc. provides aircraft flight crews information concerning the
aircrafts’ position relative to an airports’ runway. The function of RAAS is to improve flight
crew situational awareness, thereby reducing the risks of runway incursion, runway
confusion and runway excursions. Honeywell implement algorithm to solve a recurrent
problem. Algorithm is a set of mathematical instructions or rules that especially if given to a
computer and will help to calculate an answer to a problem (Cambridge Dictionary, 2017).

The algorithm of the RAAS systems was to processes distances in feet. If the operator
selects the Metres option, and the nominal runway lengths are in metres.

(Feet = Metres x 3.280839895).

Honeywell state that, it will convert the metres value into feet using the formula. When the
advisories are triggered, the algorithm recalculates and provides distance advisories in
metres.

2.5 Components of Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS)

This system offers a better attentive for some situation for the crew of the flight to assists a
lesser chance of runway incursion occurrences and mishaps by developing suitable aural
messages to the crew of the flight throughout ground taxi, take off, final approach, and
landing/roll-out operations. Current Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS)
safety and procedure is unchanged by the adding the RAAS. Recommendations or
attentions are created grounded on the present position of the aircraft when related to the
position of the runways of the airport, which are kept inside the Honeywell EGPWS
Database. There are two categories of the aural which are routine advisories and non-
routine advisories.

Routine advisories are announcement the crew of the flight will receive throughout routine
procedures. Five routine advisories were provided by the RAAS. Three of the routine
advisories announcement will be received by the crew during standard procedures, providing
improved situation responsiveness connected to the runway throughout of flight and taxi
procedures. This is because it is proposed to lessen the possibility of a runway incursion.
Meanwhile, the other two routine advisories responsible for aircraft location’s information
along the runway and are planned to lessen the overruns possibility.

11 | P a g e
The second category of the aural is non-routine advisories, which are the announcements
that the crew of the flight rarely or possibly never receive. There were several non-routine
advisories that were provided by the RAAS for the crew of a flight. These announcement are
intended to improve protection and attentiveness circumstances not usually faced
throughout normal aircraft procedures. Distance information is also included in some of the
RAAS advisories.

Every single of RAAS utilities is individually facilitated based on a customer requirement and
when it is facilitated, the RAAS utilities function spontaneously without any action necessary
from the crew of the flight. Furthermore, to the aural announcements that have been
provided, visual restraint signs may be initiated if the suitable measures are encountered.
Visual text announcements can also be constructed so they are covered on the terrain
display for a certain time after the generated cautionary.

2.6 Database of the Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS)

The RAAS data have come from collected data from terrain awareness and warning system
(TAWS) and others GPS tracking system which supplement the data and information of
airlines and airways traffic condition to the RAAS. RAAS system database consist of data or
airplanes traffic and data on the schedule of every airlines. These data help RAAS to
configure time, date of airplanes and route and set new schedule as a guide for safety
airways. RAAS system will alert the pilots and its crew about the airplanes location, inform
about the runway number to the flight crew which then ensures the are aware at which
runway they are on.

Figure 3: RAAS generate schedule for runway in the database

12 | P a g e
 3.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Advisory system is system that helps people on making their decision on daily
basis. The advisory system sustains an important element and factor that helps people in
solving their problems and issues. The design of advisory system which are set and
programme to support decision making, enhance users experience in making the systems
prominent used in daily activities. Advisory systems are designed to support decision making
in more unstructured situations which have no single correct answer and allow evaluation
over unstructured problems.

The world is changing every day, so does technology. From our personal perspective,
Runway awareness and advisory system is capable systems that will help provides pilot
especially with audible alerts when they approach and enter taxiways and runways. Hence,
the systems help to make sure pilot are on the right track with enough distance to complete
the landing and provides an audible warning if a pilot inadvertently accelerates for takeoff
while on a taxiway. This will save plane passenger’s life.

Based on the studies, the RAAS system is increase situational awareness. Fight crew
especially able to have clear cognition of their accurate location as well as important
information of the runway in use. The RAAS system will prevent hazardous incidents. This
would help when suddenly aircrafts mistook taxiways for runways and executed takeoffs or
use a closed runway for landing. This could make an accident if the visibility conditions are
poor and lack of aerodrome movement radar. By using RAAS system, runway incursions
could be avoided because the systems will alert the flight crew that they will entering an
active runways.

Also, the installation for the systems is low costs. RAAS system identifies the aircraft position
at the specific airport by taking advantages of Honeywell Enhanced Ground Proximity
Warning (EGPWS) Systems worldwide runway database. This system can be implemented
in less than hour and reducing the impact on airline operations. After implemented the
systems, it will track the aircrafts’ position, heading and ground speed using the aircrafts
internal Global Positioning System (GPS).

Algorithms create a virtual box around EGPWS runways and activate RAAS to announce the
aircrafts position when the aircraft is entering or approached an active runway. Also, the
algorithms will discover the suitable advisory sequences and timing based on the aircrafts
ground speed and the remaining length of the runway. However, in every opportunity, there
will always have some challenges in handling the systems.

13 | P a g e
The challenges of RAAS systems are difficult to incorporate with the exactness of
instrumentation, cost of the new system and capacity to coordinate with the existing aircraft
and runway. To be in specific, RAAS system has a lot of opportunities to spread and develop
a system and helps in aviation worlds especially.

14 | P a g e
 4.0 REFERENCES

Aviation Knowledge (2010). Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS). Retrieved
27 December, 2017 from http://aviationknowledge.wikidot.com/aviation:runway-
awareness-and-advisory-system-raas

Beemer, B. A., & Gregg, D. G. (2008). Advisory Systems to Support Decision

Making. Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1,511-527. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-
-5_24
Cambridge Dictionary (2017). Meaning of algorithm. Retrieved 27 December, 2017 from
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/algorithm

Chandler, P. R. and M. Pachter. (1998). Research Issues in Autonomous Control of Tactical

UAVs, Proceedings of the American Control Conference.

Elalfi, A, E, E. & Elalami, M, E. (2009). Intelligent advisory system for supporting University
Managers in law. International Journal of Computer Science and Information
Security, 3(1)

Gregg, D. and S. Walczak. (2006). Auction Advisor: Online Auction Recommendation and
Bidding Decision Support System, Decis Support Syst, 41(2).

Honeywell Aerospace. (2007). Runway Awareness and Advisory System. Retrieved 26

December,2017 from https://www.sofi.aero/doc?id=174

Honeywell Aerospace. (n.d.). Runway Awareness Advisory System (RAAS) configuration

database worksheet for business and general aviation. Retrieved 26 December,
2017 from https://aerocontent.honeywell.com/aero/common/documents/egpws
documents/raas-documents/custwrksheet-documents/BGA-RAAS-Worksheet.pdf

Honeywell Aerospace. (n.d.). Runway Awareness Advisory System (Raas) Configuration

Database Worksheet For Air Transport And Regional. Retrieved 27 December, 2017
from www51.honeywell.com/aero/.../RAAS-Customer-Worksheet---Air-
Transport.pdf

Honeywell International Inc. (2010). Product description smart runway/smart landing

function of the enhanced ground proximity warning system. Retrieved 27 December,
2017, from https://www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/1974.pdf

Kevin, J, C. (2009). Ground operations and advanced runway awareness and advisory
system Retrieved 23 December, 2017 from

15 | P a g e
 https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com%2Fpdfs%
2FUS7587278.pdf

Magni, C.A., S. Malagoli and G. Mastroleo. (2006). An Alternative Approach to Firms’

Evaluation: Expert Systems and Fuzzy Logic, Int J Int Tech Decis, 5(1).

Mintzberg, H., D. Raisinghani and A. Theoret. (1976). The Structure of ‘Unstructured’

Decision Processes, Admin Sci Quart, 21(2).

Skybrary. (2016). Runway Awareness and Advisory System. Retrieved 26 December, 2017
from https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Runway_Awareness_and
_Advisory_System_(RAAS)

16 | P a g e