Orthogonal - Oblique Cutting - MDW - SKC PDF

Dr. S.K.
Choudhury
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
IIT Kanpur
1
Machining Operations
In MACHINING, the shape, size, finish and accuracy are obtained by removing the
excess material from the workpiece surface.
Various surfaces are obtained as an interaction between a workpiece and a cutting

tool with the help of a contrivance known as MACHINE TOOL.
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Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical Engineering Department, IIT Kanpur
Advantages and Disadvantages of Machining
Variety of work materials can be machined.
o Most frequently used to cut metals
Variety of part shapes and special geometric features

possible, such as:
 Screw threads
 Accurate round holes
 Very straight edges and surfaces
 Good dimensional accuracy and surface finish

 Generally performed after other manufacturing
processes, such as casting, forging, and bar drawing
Disadvantages:
Wasteful of material and time consuming
3
Mechanism of Plastic Deformation
• For plastic deformation to occur, it is necessary to have large scale
slipping, where two planes of atoms slip past each other causing
one entire section to move relative to another.
•Slip occurs more easily on certain crystallographic planes depending on the

crystal structure. These are known as SLIP PLANES.
•Crystallographic planes that are furthest apart are also the ones of the
greatest atomic density. Slip tends to occur on such plane since the
resistance to slip is then a minimum.
Example:
Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

4
Engineering Department, IIT Kanpur
How Slip Occurs?
• When two atoms are sufficiently close to each other, the
outer electrons are shared by both the nuclei.
• Result: Attractive force between two atoms and repulsive
force when two nuclei come very close to each other.

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• These atoms form a polycrystalline solid with atoms in equilibrium
position.
•Crystals are not perfect, i.e, lattices are not without
imperfections.
Imperfections:
Point Defect
Line Defect
Surface Defect
Point Defect:
Line Defect (or dislocation): If an imperfection extending along a line has a length
much larger than the lattice spacing.
Surface Defect: When an imperfection extends over a surface.
6
Elastic and Plastic Deformation in Atomic Scale :
• if dA lies within 5% of de, then upon removal of

external forces the atoms attain their original position,
Elastic Deformation.
•if dA becomes more than 5% of de, then upon removal

of external forces the atoms do not come back to their
original position,
Plastic Deformation.
The amount of Shear Stress necessary to effect the Slip:

7
Basic Machining Parameters
Speed (V) [m/min]
• Relates velocity of the cutting tool to the work
piece (Primary motion).
Feed (f) [mm/rev]

• Movement (advancement) of the tool per
revolution of the workpiece
Depth of Cut (d) [mm]

• Distance the tool has plunged into the surface
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Chip Formation
Cutting action involves shear deformation of work material to form a

chip. As chip is removed, new surface is exposed.
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Cutting Tools & Types of Machining
A Typical Lathe Tool

Wedge-Shaped tool
Orthogonal Cutting Oblique Cutting
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Types of Chips
•Brittle work materials
•Ductile work
•Low cutting speeds
materials
•Large feed and depth of
•High cutting speeds
cut
•Small feeds and
•Small rake angle
depths
•High tool-chip friction
•Large rake angle
•Sharp cutting edge
•Low tool-chip
•Ductile materials friction
•Low-to-medium cutting speeds
•Large feed
•Small rake angle
•Tool-chip friction causes portions of chip
to adhere to rake face
•Built up Edge (BUE) forms, then breaks
off, cyclically
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Zone I : Discontinuous chip. Initially poor
surface finish. It improves as speed
increases and the chip becomes semi-
discontinuous.
Zone II : BUE is formed; continue till the
recrystallization temperature is reached.
Zone III : Continuous chip without BUE.

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Turning Operation
Schematic illustration of a turning operation showing depth of cut, d, and feed, f.

Cutting speed is the surface speed of the workpiece ; Fc, is the cutting force, Ft is the
thrust or feed force (in the direction of feed), Fr is the radial force that tends to push the
tool away from the workpiece being machined.
Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical Engineering Department, IIT Kanpur 13

Forces in Machining
Assumptions:
1. The tool tip is sharp, and that the chip makes contact
F = Frictional force between the tool only with rake face of the tool.
and chip 2. The cutting edge is perpendicular to the cutting velocity
N = Normal force 3. The deformation is two dimensional, i.e, no side spread
β = Friction angle; 4. The deformation takes place in a very thin zone
FS = Shear force 5. Continuous chip without BUE
6. Workpiece material is rigid and perfectly plastic
Fn = Normal force to shear
7. Coefficient of friction is constant
FC = Cutting force 8. The resultant force on the chip R' applied at the shear
Ft = Thrust force plane is equal, opposite and co-linear to the resultant
force R applied to the chip at the chip-tool interface.
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Merchant’s Circle Diagram
Expressing through Fc,
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,
Merchant’s First Equation
Shear force, FS along the shear plane can be written as:
Where, ω is the width of the workpiece under cutting, t1 is the uncut thickness,
and τS is the shear strength of the work material
As per nature of taking path of least resistance, during cutting φ takes a value such that least amount of
energy is consumed, or P = Min.
For least energy,
Known as Merchant’s FIRST

Assumptions: EQUATION
•Tool tip is sharp
•Orthogonal case
•Continuous chip without BUE
•µ along chip-tool contact is constant
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Shear Stress and Normal Stress
Shear Stress, Where, is the area of shear plane
Normal Stress:
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Shear Strain in Chip Formation
where γ= shear strain, ᶲ= shear plane angle, and

α= rake angle of cutting tool
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Strain Rate
Can also be obtained in terms of shear velocity from the velocity

diagram
Therefore, Shear Velocity,

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Measurement of Shear Plane Angle

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Shear Plane Angle
Normally, Chip Thickness

Ratio = 0.5 – 0.6

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Thin Zone Model: Lee & Shaffer Relationship
The cutting forces are transmitted through the

triangular plastic zone ABC where no deformation
occurs, because they considered that there must be a
stress field within the chip to transmit the cutting
forces from the shear plane to the tool face.
•In the ABC, the entire material is in the plastic state (stressed up to yield point)
•Shear plane AB is a slip line since maximum shear stress occurs here.
•Other slip lines must be perpendicular to this line.
•BC is the FREE SURFACE since no force is transmitted to the chip after it has
crossed the line BC.
•Slip line must meet this surface at 45 degree.
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, • Mohr circle construction is a convenient means of relating stresses on any plane to the
Principal Stresses.
• Since plane BC is stress free, the Mohr circle must pass through the origin, b.
• Points a, c, d and f are displaced from b by 90 degree (twice the angle of physical
plane)
• Face ‘e’ is inclined to face ‘d’ at an angle ‘η’, therefore in the stress plane the angle
subtended by the arc ‘ae’ at the centre is ‘2η’

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Assuming uniform shear stress τ and normal stress σ on the rake face, the
friction angle,

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Friction in Metal Cutting
The Nature of Sliding Friction:
•Since the solid surfaces have asperities, the real area of
contact differs from the apparent area (geometrical mating area).
•In case when the load increases, the asperity deformation
becomes fully plastic and the real area of contact is then a direct
function of the applied load, independent of the apparent area or
geometrical area of the surfaces.
N – Normal Force ; - Yield stress of the softer material.
During sliding, shearing of the welded asperities occurs, the

mechanism described by the Adhesion Theory of Friction.
This equation shows that µ is independent of the apparent contact

area and since is constant for a given metal, µ remains constant.

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• In metal cutting, the coefficient of friction can vary considerably.
• The variance of µ results from the very high normal pressure that exists at the chip-tool
interface, causing the real area of contact to become equal to the apparent contact area
over a portion of the chip-tool interface.
F is now independent of N and the ordinary law of friction no

longer apply.
Under these conditions, the shearing action is no longer confined

to surface asperities but takes place within the body of the softer
metal.

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Model of Orthogonal Cutting with a continuous chip and no BUE:
(Zorev’s Model)
Normal Stress Distribution on the tool face:
X is the distance along the tool face from the point where the
chip loses contact with the tool; q, y – Constants.
occurs when X=lf , so,
……….. (1)
In the sliding region from X=0 to X=lf – lst, the µ is constant and the distribution of shear stress
in this region is given by:

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From X = (lf – lst) to X = lf, the shear stress becomes maximum , τ = τst
Integrating to get the normal force acting on the tool face gives,
The Friction Force, F on the tool face can be obtained as:
………… (2)

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At the point X = (lf – lst) the normal stress is given by ( / ) . Further, from the equation (1)
it is given by:
Therefore, ……….. (3)
Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (2), the expression of F can be simplified as:
The mean coefficient of friction on the tool face can now be expressed as :
………. (4)

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The mean normal stress on the tool face is given by:
Therefore,
Substituting for in Eq. (4) gives:
In experimental works it is found that the term remains sufficiently
constant for a given material over a wide range of unlubricated cutting condition, and
therefore the expression becomes:
This equation shows that the mean angle of friction is mainly dependent on the mean normal
stress on the tool face. This explains the following fact: as working normal rake increases, the
component of the resultant tool force normal to the tool face will decrease and therefore, the
mean normal stress will decrease and the friction angle will increase.

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ObliqueCutting
Orthogonal Cutting
Oblique Cutting
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Forces in Oblique Cutting
In oblique cutting, the resultant force, R is not in the plane

perpendicular to the finished surface as it is in Orthogonal
cutting. It is convenient to consider three force components:
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• Parallel with the Vc Fc (FP)
• Perpendicular to the finished surface FQ
• Perpendicular to the two FR
To derive relations for the forces Fc , FQ and FR in terms of stress on the

shear plane, the following assumptions are made:
• The tool tip is sharp and no rubbing or ploughing forces act on the
tool tip.
• The stress distributions on the shear plane are uniform, and
• The resultant force R acting on the chip at the shear plane is equal,
opposite and collinear to the force acting on the chip at the rake face.

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As for orthogonal cutting, the resultant force can be considered to act
as the two components on the shear plane (FS and FN) and two
components on the rake face (F and N).
The shear force, Fs is inclined at an angle ɳs to the normal to the cutting

edge in the shear plane.
Similarly, the friction force, F is inclined at an angle ɳc to the normal to

the cutting edge.

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Resultant Force The Normal Friction Angle
FP can be expressed as : 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃 = 𝐹𝐹Ꞌ𝑃𝑃 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖 + 𝐹𝐹Ꞌ𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑖𝑖
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃 = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴; 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖 = ; 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = 𝐹𝐹Ꞌ𝑃𝑃 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖
𝐹𝐹Ꞌ𝑃𝑃
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑖𝑖 = 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅Ꞌ
; 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅Ꞌ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑖𝑖
Hence, 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃 = 𝐹𝐹Ꞌ𝑃𝑃 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖 + 𝐹𝐹Ꞌ𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑖𝑖

Engineering Department, IIT Kanpur 35
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶((𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 )
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁, 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃Ꞌ = 𝑅𝑅 Ꞌ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) = 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆Ꞌ
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛 + 𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 )
Ꞌ Ꞌ
Since, 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆 = 𝑅𝑅 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛 + 𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 )
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ((𝜆𝜆 𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛 ) 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖
And, 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅Ꞌ = 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 , So, 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃 = 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆Ꞌ + 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 Sin 𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (𝜙𝜙 𝑛𝑛 +𝜆𝜆 𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛 )
(𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃 = 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃Ꞌ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖 + 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅Ꞌ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑖𝑖)

Since, 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆Ꞌ = 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 ;
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶((𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖

𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃 = 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆 + 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 Sin 𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶((𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃 = 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆 � + 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 Sin 𝑖𝑖 �
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 �𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛 + 𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 �
Since,
𝑘𝑘 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶((𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃 = � + 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 Sin 𝑖𝑖 �
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 �𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛 + 𝜆𝜆 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 �
𝑛𝑛
𝑘𝑘 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶((𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) Sin 𝑖𝑖

= � + 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 �
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛 + 𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒊𝒊

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1 1
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 = =
�1 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆2 𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛
�1 +
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 2 (𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛 + 𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 )
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶�𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛 +𝜆𝜆 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 �

= 𝑛𝑛
�𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 2 (𝜙𝜙 𝑛𝑛 +𝜆𝜆 𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛 )+𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 2 𝜂𝜂 𝑐𝑐 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 2 𝜆𝜆 𝑛𝑛
𝑘𝑘 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶((𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) + tan 𝑖𝑖 tan 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃 = � �
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛 �𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 2 (𝜙𝜙 + 𝜆𝜆 − 𝛼𝛼 ) + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝜂𝜂 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆2 𝜆𝜆
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛

37
𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠Ꞌ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆(𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 )
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, 𝐹𝐹𝑄𝑄 = 𝐹𝐹𝑄𝑄Ꞌ Ꞌ
= 𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) =
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶((𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 )
𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜂𝜂𝑠𝑠Ꞌ 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 )

=
𝑘𝑘 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 )

𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜, 𝐹𝐹𝑄𝑄 = .
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛 �𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 2 (𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛 + 𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆2 𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛
The third component, FR is given by:
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅 = 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠Ꞌ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖 + 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅Ꞌ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶((𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝜂𝜂𝑠𝑠Ꞌ

= 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 � � − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 Cos 𝑖𝑖
⎡ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(�𝜆𝜆 − 𝛼𝛼 � tan 𝑖𝑖 − tan 𝜂𝜂Ꞌ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝜆𝜆 ⎤

𝑘𝑘 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅 = ⎢ ⎥
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛 ⎢ 2 2
�𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 �𝜙𝜙 + 𝜆𝜆 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 � + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝜂𝜂 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛
⎥
⎣ 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑐 ⎦

38
Mechanics of Oblique Cutting
Basic Angles in Oblique Cutting:
1. The rake angle ground on the rake face of the tool, and
2. The angle of inclination or the angle of obliquity
In Oblique cutting the rake angle may be measured in more than one plane:
i) Normal Rake Angle (αn) : It is the angle between the rake face and a line
perpendicular to the cutting velocity vector in a plane Normal to the Cutting Edge
ii) Velocity Rake Angle (αv) : It is the angle between the rake face and a line
perpendicular to the cutting velocity vector in a plane Parallel to the cutting Velocity
and Normal to the Machined Surface
iii) Effective Rake Angle (αe) : It is the angle between the rake face and a line
perpendicular to the cutting velocity vector in a plane containing cutting velocity and
chip velocity vectors.

39
Mechanics of Oblique Cutting
Angle of Inclination ( i ) : The angle between the cutting edge and a normal to the cutting
velocity vector
Chip Flow Angle (𝜂𝜂c) : The angle between the chip flow velocity and the normal to the
cutting edge in the plane of rake face

40
Rake Angles in Oblique Cutting

41
Angles in Oblique Cutting
Shear Angle:
Shear plane in Oblique Cutting will contain the cutting edge and will rise from the
finished surface in front of the cutting edge.
The direction of the shear plane is most conveniently defined in terms of a
Normal Shear Angle (𝜙𝜙n ) measured in a plane Normal to the Cutting Edge.

42
Velocity Relationship in Oblique Cutting
For the thin shear plane model, there are three, and only three velocity components:
i) Cutting Velocity (Vc)
ii) Chip Velocity (Vch), and
iii) Shear Velocity (Vs)
Now, Vch = Vc + Vs
Therefore, Vch, Vc and Vs should be in one plane which is also the plane
in which we should measure the effective rake angle.

43
Suggestions & Discussions
Thank You!
44

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Dr. S.K.

Various surfaces are obtained as an interaction between a workpiece and a cutting

Variety of part shapes and special geometric features

 Good dimensional accuracy and surface finish

•Slip occurs more easily on certain crystallographic planes depending on the

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

• if dA lies within 5% of de, then upon removal of

•if dA becomes more than 5% of de, then upon removal

The amount of Shear Stress necessary to effect the Slip:

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

Feed (f) [mm/rev]

Depth of Cut (d) [mm]

Cutting action involves shear deformation of work material to form a

A Typical Lathe Tool

Orthogonal Cutting Oblique Cutting

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

Schematic illustration of a turning operation showing depth of cut, d, and feed, f.

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical Engineering Department, IIT Kanpur 13

Expressing through Fc,

For least energy,

Known as Merchant’s FIRST

where γ= shear strain, ᶲ= shear plane angle, and

Can also be obtained in terms of shear velocity from the velocity

Therefore, Shear Velocity,

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

Normally, Chip Thickness

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

The cutting forces are transmitted through the

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

N – Normal Force ; - Yield stress of the softer material.

During sliding, shearing of the welded asperities occurs, the

This equation shows that µ is independent of the apparent contact

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

F is now independent of N and the ordinary law of friction no

Under these conditions, the shearing action is no longer confined

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

occurs when X=lf , so,

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

The Friction Force, F on the tool face can be obtained as:

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

Therefore, ……….. (3)

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

Substituting for in Eq. (4) gives:

In experimental works it is found that the term remains sufficiently

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

In oblique cutting, the resultant force, R is not in the plane

To derive relations for the forces Fc , FQ and FR in terms of stress on the

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

The shear force, Fs is inclined at an angle ɳs to the normal to the cutting

Similarly, the friction force, F is inclined at an angle ɳc to the normal to

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

FP can be expressed as : 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃 = 𝐹𝐹Ꞌ𝑃𝑃 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖 + 𝐹𝐹Ꞌ𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑖𝑖

Hence, 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃 = 𝐹𝐹Ꞌ𝑃𝑃 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖 + 𝐹𝐹Ꞌ𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑖𝑖

(𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃 = 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃Ꞌ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖 + 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅Ꞌ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑖𝑖)

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶((𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶((𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖

𝑘𝑘 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶((𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖

𝑘𝑘 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜂𝜂𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶((𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 ) Sin 𝑖𝑖

Prof. S.K. Choudhury, Mechanical

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶�𝜙𝜙𝑛𝑛 +𝜆𝜆 − 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 �