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Fig. 4. General-purpose TRV breaker requirements. Fig. 5. Definite-purpose TRV breaker proposed requirements.
TABLE I
of a breaker increases. The amount of increase in performance TABLE OF GENERAL- ANDDEFINITE-PURPOSE TRV RATINGS
beyond the rated TRV parameters is defined by ANSI C37.06
Table 6 [3].
As shown in Fig. 4, the severity of the TRV increases in
both the magnitude of E and in the shortening of the time of
T as the short circuit current is reduced.
The TRV rating is verified during circuit-breaker short-
circuit design testing in accordance with ANSI/IEEE C37.09
[4]. This is accomplished by evaluating the test circuit for
TRV characteristics prior to the short-circuit test. Capacitance
is removed or added to the test circuit to cause the value of their capacitance to ground. Items which tend to cause ad-
T to conform to or be less than the specified values. A circuit verse TRV conditions are power transformers and short-circuit
having too little capacitance would cause a small value of T current-limiting reactors.
and give rise to the possibility that the breaker would fail to The TRV study considered various operating and fault
interrupt the intended magnitude of short-circuit current. A conditions and an analysis was made for each configuration.
circuit having too much capacitance would not meet the TRV Since the TRV requirement is a function of the three-phase
requirements and, although the circuit breaker may clear the fault current level, it was also calculated for each condition.
current, it would not be considered a valid short-circuit test. For each breaker performing an opening operation, the three-
phase short-circuit current level, peak TRV voltage (E ),
B. Definite-Purpose TRV Breaker Ratings and time to peak (T ) were calculated. These calculations
were then compared to the TRV ratings of the breaker in
Users have recognized that in some instances standard TRV
question. If the calculated value of T was equal to or higher
ratings are not adequate for all applications. This has given
than the breaker rating, then the application was considered
rise to a concept of developing special circuit breakers having
appropriate. If the calculated value was lower than the breaker
greater TRV capability. The industry has proposed to call them
rating, then the condition was addressed further. The parameter
definite-purpose circuit breakers. This is not to be confused
E was not given significant consideration since the value T is
with breakers that have additional capacity for back-to-back
a more profound parameter when considering the performance
capacitor switching performance. There have been several
of the breaker.
proposals for definite-purpose TRV breakers.
Fourteen cases were simulated; the results are summarized
Fig. 5 illustrates the latest proposal. This proposal suggests
in Table II.
that additional capacity be given to breakers operating at 7%
The calculated TRV (kV) vsersus time response curves were
and 30% of interrupting rating. The TRV parameters at 60%
generated for each case. The response curves for Case 1 and
and 100% would remain unchanged.
Case 2 are shown in Figs. 7 and 8.
Table I shows a comparison of E and T for the present
Case 1 represents a fault on Bus 1 to be interrupted by one
general-purpose TRV ratings and the proposed definite-
of the main breakers, 52-1. In this case, the TRV is generated
purpose TRV ratings.
essentially by the transformer. As can be seen, this curve is
a typical damped one-minus-cosine wave form. The EMTP
III. CASE STUDY: 13.8-kV CIRCUIT BREAKERS program results indicated that for Case 1 the time T is in
A TRV study was made for the application of 15-kV class, the order of 12 s.
general-purpose indoor breakers using the EMTP. The EMTP Case 2 is interesting because the TRV response at the
study one-line diagram study is shown in Fig. 6. breaker is a composite of three TRV sources, both transformers
The study was dependent upon the identification of all and the reactor. As can be seen in Fig. 8, the response has a
inductive and capacitive items within the circuit. Items like double frequency, one as a result of the transformers and the
potential metering transformers were important because of other the result of the reactor. In this case, the first minor peak
386 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 33, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 1997
*Capacitors shown dotted were added as a result of this study to correct TRV.
Fig. 6. EMTP study one-line diagram.
TABLE II
SUMMARY OF EMTP RESULTS
is given attention because it is responsible for a very high rate Analysis of circuit breaker performance, as shown in Table
of change in voltage near the current zero. These conditions III, compares the system-calculated TRV response to the
are more severe to some breakers than is the magnitude of the circuit breakers’ capability. General-purpose circuit breaker
final voltage. For the sake of simplicity, the first minor peak performances which were exceeded by the circuit response
is considered to define the value of T in spite of the fact were highlighted with a bold box and bold type. Data shown
that it is not the ultimate maximum. This evaluation was not in Cases 1 and 5 are shown corrected in Cases 12 and 14. Case
extreme in this case since Case 1 had already displayed TRV 2 also illustrates a problem. Since the source of TRV was well
characteristics more severe than this approximation. identified and the nature of the case understood, it was deemed
Prior to the generation of the data shown in Table II, it was necessary to rerun Case 2 with the 0.25- F capacitance added.
determined that the short-circuit current-limiting reactor was
producing excessive TRV for the bus tie breakers. A 20 000-pF IV. CONCLUSION
capacitor, in parallel with each phase of the reactor, was added
to correct for this problem. The balance of the evaluation as The initial results for the 13.8-kV circuit breakers consid-
shown in Table II, left problems being created only by the ered in this case study indicated that without modifications,
transformers. Cases 12 and 14 are reruns of Cases 1 and 5 the TRV would have exceeded the breaker ratings.
illustrating the correction of the problems by adding a 0.25- Based upon this case study, the following recommendations
F (to ground) surge capacitor per phase to the transformer and guidelines can be used by the application engineer on
bank incoming bus, as shown in Fig. 6. other medium-voltage configurations:
SWINDLER et al.: TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE CONSIDERATIONS 387
TABLE III
ANALYSIS OF CIRCUIT BREAKER PERFORMANCE