Structural Design

Of
Multipurpose building

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in civil
engineering at the faculty of technology of
Addis Ababa University

PROJECT ADVISOR: - ATO SAMSON TAKLE

DESIGN BY: - BEMENET GASHAW

MEDINA BERGA
MOTTI MEKONNEN
SELAMAWIT LAKEW

AUGUST 2007
ADDIS ABABA

0
 Acknowledgment

Our greatest thanks from the depth of our heart is to God for endowing
us with the courage, strength as well as health through out our school
time and for the successful accomplishment of this project.

Next we would like to express deepest gratitude and respect to our

project advisor Ato Samson Takele for his valuable advice and in
providing relevant hint and his encouragement for the completion of this
work from the bottom of our heart. We also extend our thanks to all staff
of civil engineering department, librarians and administrative workers of
the faculty.
.
Finally we would like to dedicate this project to our families whose
moral & material support kept us through the ups and downs of our
academic life.
.
Bemenet Gashaw
Medina Berga
Motti Mekonnen
Selamawit Lakew
August 2007

1
2
 INTRODUCTION

The objective of this project is to examine the integrated techniques

used in the design of a building.

The structural design of this multipurpose building involves design

of floor slabs, stairs, beams, columns, foundation and analysis of frames.

The building is composed of ribbed slabs from the Second floor to

roof and solid slabs at first, ground and basement floors. Live load and
dead load analysis is made according to EBCS-1, 1995. After the
minimum depth of slab for serviceability limit state were determined, the
slabs were designed for partition load according to the Reynold Method of
partion load transfer using coefficents, floor finish using self weight load
and live loads according to EBCS-1, 1995. The Ribbed slabs were
analyzed using Sap 2000, using different combinations and analysed for
the worst load condition. The ground floor slab is designed using
coefficient method according to EBCS2-1995. Stairs and landings were
designed as one-way slab.

For the analysis of frames, the restrained conditions at the

foundation level are assumed fixed. Loads acting on beams from slab
reactions and walls directly resting on beams were added to self-weight
of beams to find total load acting on beams. These were inserted and
analyzed using Sap 2000 3d model analysis for five load combinations.

The design of beams and columns is done for the critical moment’s
shears and axial loads obtained from the live load combinations
mentioned above of the selected axis. Beams were designed according to
EBCS-2, 1995 provisions.
To simplify the design procedure calculation is done using designed
Excel spread sheets.

The size of the footing was determined from the bearing capacity of
the soil; the thickness of the footing is determined from punching and
wide beam shear. Finally the footing was designed for flexure using
design tables.

The limit state design method has been adopted for the design of the
components. The Ethiopian Building code of standards, EBCS-1, EBCS-
2, EBCS-2 Part II, EBCS-7 , and EBCS-8 1995 design charts are used.

3
CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL

4
 GENERAL

Design data and material properties

Concrete

Class I workmanship and ordinary loading condition is used.

Sub structure

Concrete grade C-25 Class I

Partial safety factor,  c

 c = 1.5 (Ordinary loading) [EBCS – 2, 1995 table

3.1]

Characteristic strength [compression], f ck

f ck  0.8 * 25  20Mpa

0.8 * f ck
f cd   11 .33Mpa
c
[Tension]

f ctk  1.5Mpa

E cm  29Gpa

f ctk 1.5
f ctd    1.0 Mpa
c 1.5
[EBCS -2, 1995 table 2.4 &
2.5]

5
 Superstructure

Concrete grade C-25

 c  1.5 (Ordinary loading) [EBCS – 2, 1995 table 3.1]

f ck  0.8 * 25  20 Mpa
0.8 * Fck
f cd   11 .33Mpa
c

f ctk  1.5Mpa

E cm  29Gpa

f ctk 1.5
f ctd    1.0 Mpa
c 1.5
[EBCS -2, 1995 table 2.4 & 2.5]

Reinforcement Steel
f yk  300 Mpa

 s  1.15

f yk 300
f yd    260.87 Mpa
s 1.15

E s  200Gpa

Design load
FD   f FK
Where: - Fk= Characteristic load
 f = Partial safety factor for loads

1.6 For live load [EBCS – 2, 1995 table 3.3]

1.3 For dead load

Design method and reference

6
Limit state design method is adopted in this project.
The reference (codes and aids) used are:-

 EBCS – 1, 1995
 EBCS – 2,1995
 EBCS – 2,1995, part 2
 EBCS – 7,1995
 EBCS – 8,1995

7
Structural Layout

8
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15
ANALYSIS OF WIND LOADS

16
 Wind Load Analysis

The top 5th, 6th, 7th and roof slabs are exposed. Wind uplift pressure
should be checked. These floors are to be designed as ribbed slabs.

According to EBCS 2, 1995, ribs shall not be less than 70 mm in width;

and shall have a depth excluding any topping , of not more than 4 times
the minimum width of the rib.

The ribs spacing shall not exceed one meter. Thickness of topping shall
not be less than 40 mm , nor less than one tenth of the clear distance
between ribs.

 Use c/c distance between ribs equal to 400mm (for use of standard
HCB)

 Use width of rib equal to 100 mm

 Use thickness of topping (floors) equal to 60mm

 Use thickness of topping (roofs) equal to 120 mm

TYPICAL RIBBED SLAB SECTION

17
LOADING:
Dead loads: (G.K) Typical Floors

 Ceramic tiles 0.03x0.4x23=0.276KN/m

 Cement Screed 0.03x0.4x23=0.28 KN/ m
 Topping 0.06x0.4x25=0.6 KN/m
 Joist 0.22x0.8x25=0.44 KN/m2
 HCB (0.02x0.4+0.3x0.22) x14= 1.098 KN/m
 Plastering (0.02x0.4)x23=0.184
 Dump proof coarse (0.004 x .4)x 14= 0.022
Membrane (Roof)
 Total Dead load 2.878 KN/m
 Total Dead load (Roof) 2.9 KN/m

Live loads: (Q.K)

The building designed is a multipurpose building. The ground and first

floors serve as shops, while the second, third and fourth floors are used
for office space. The fifth floor is a residential space. So the live loads as
determined by the code are:

For Residential area: Live load= 2.0 x 0.4= 0.8 KN/m

For Office space: =3.0 x 0.4= 1.2 KN/m
For Shops: =5.0x0.4 = 2.0 KN/m
For Roof: =0.5 KN/m2

Wind load : (W.L)

According to EBCS1, Art 3.5.2, the wind pressure acting on the external
surface of a structure shall be:

We=qref*Ce(Ze)*Cpe

And the internal pressure acting on the internal surfaces becomes,

Wi=qref*Ce(Zi)*Cpi

Where: qref=reference mean wind velocity

Ce(Ze)= exposure coefficients for external pressure
Ce(Zi)=exposure coefficients for internal pressure
Ze,Zi= refernce height defined in Appendix A of EBCS1

18
 
qref  Vref 2
2
Where: ρ= air density in Kg/m3
Vref=refernce wind velocity
For Ethiopia Vref= 22m/s
Cdir=Ctemp=Calt=1

Vref=Cdir*Ctemp*Calt*Vref=22m/s

For altitude of 2200 m ρ=0.94 Kg/m3 (Addis Ababa)

0.94
qref  * 22 2  227.48 N / m 2  0.22748KPa
2

The exposure coefficients Ce(Z) can be simply read from table 3.5 of
EBCS 1.

Roof Over 7th Floor LEVEL @27.50m

19
PANEL 1

Reference height, ze
Ze= h =27.50
e=b or 2h whichever is smaller
e=min (7.96, 2*27.50) = min. (7.96, 55) =7.96m
= e = 7.96 = 1.30m
4 4
For Z= 27.50 m >Zmin = 16m for category- iv Urban Area from table
3.3[EBCS2], the roughness coefficient
Cr(Z) become

Cr Z
0.67 16m 0.82-0.67 = 0.82-x
? 27.50 30-16 30-27.50
0.82 30m x=0.793

cr = 0.793
Topography coeff.(Cr) becomes
Cr=1 for ø<0.05

For category iv building (table 3.5 of EBCS-1) for Ct=1

Ce= 1.56 for Z= 16m and
Ce=? Z= 27.50
Ce =2.04 for Z=30m

2.04 -1.56 = 2.04 - x

30-16 30-27.50

Ce = 1.95 (by linear interpolation).

i.e.Ce (Z= 27.50)=1.95

20
Calculation of Cpe and Cpi

For this flat slab Hp = 0.75 m(parapet ht)

h = 27.50m

Hp = 0.75 = 0.025
h 27.50

Zone F G H I
Cpe - -1.8 -0.70 +/- 0.20
-
We = qref Ce(ze)*cpe - -0.798 - 0.311 +/- 0.089

Internal pressure

Wi = qref * Ce( Zi ) * Cpi

For closed buildings with internal partitions and openings
Cpi = 0.8 or –0.5
Wi = 0.22748 * 1.95*0.8 = 0.355 kpa
Or Wi = 0.22748 * 1.95* (-0.5) = - 0. 222kpa

PANEL 2

Reference ht. Ze = 27.50

e=b or 2h whichever is smaller
e= min (30.67, 2*27.50) = min (30.67, 55) = 30.67 m
e = 7.66
4

21
For Z= 27.50 m >Zmin = 16m for category- IV Urban Area from table
3.3[EBCS2], the roughness coefficient
Cr (Z) become

Cr Z
0.67 16m 0.82-0.67 = 0.82-x
? 27.50 30-16 30-27.50
0.82 30m x=0.793

cr = 0.793
Topography coeff.(Cr) becomes
Cr=1 for ø<0.05

For category iv building (table 3.5 of EBCS-1) for Ct=1

Ce= 1.56 for Z= 16m and
Ce=? Z= 27.50
Ce =2.04 for Z=30m

2.04 -1.56 = 2.04 - x

30-16 30-27.50

Ce = 1.95 (by linear interpolation).

i.e.Ce (Z= 27.50)=1.95

Calculation of Cpe and Cpi

For Panel 2, Hp=0.75

h = 27.50
Hp = 0.75 = 0.0254
h 27.50

Zone F G H
Cpe -0.532 -1.1 -0.7
We = qref * Ce ( Ze)*Cpe -0.236 -0.488 -0.311

For zone F

Area = 2.53
Cpe = Cpe,1+(Cpe10-Cpe1)log10 A
= -2.2 (-1.6-(-2.2))log10 2.53
=-0.532

22
Internal pressure

Wi= qref * Ce(zi)*Cpi

For closed buildings with internal partitions & openings
Cpi = 0.8 or -0.5
Wi = 0.22748 * 1.95*0.8 = 0.355 kpa
Or Wi=0.22748 * 1.95* -0.5 = - 0.222kpa

PANEL 3

Reference ht. Ze=27.50

e =b or 2h whichever is smaller
e = min(30.67,55)=30.67
e= 7.66
4
For Z= 27.50 m >Zmin = 16m for category- IV Urban Area from table
3.3[EBCS2], the roughness coefficient
Cr (Z) become

Cr Z
0.67 16m 0.82-0.67 = 0.82-x
? 27.50 30-16 30-27.50
0.82 30m x=0.793

cr = 0.793

Topography coeff.(Cr) becomes

Cr=1 for ø<0.05

For category iv building (table 3.5 of EBCS-1) for Ct=1

Ce= 1.56 for Z= 16m and
Ce=? Z= 27.50
Ce =2.04 for Z=30m

2.04 -1.56 = 2.04 - x

23
30-16 30-27.50

Ce = 1.95 (by linear interpolation).

i.e.Ce (Z= 27.50)=1.95

Calculation of Cpe and Cpi

For Panel 2, Hp=0.75

h = 27.50
Hp = 0.75 = 0.0254
h 27.50

Zone F G
Cpe -1.6 -1.1
We = qref * Ce ( Ze)*Cpe -0.709 -0.488

Internal pressure

Wi= qref * ce( zi)* cpi

For closed buildings with internal partitions and openings
Cpi=0.8 or -0.5
Wi = 0.22748 * 1.95*0.8 = 0.355 kpa
Or Wi=0.22748 * 1.95* -0.5 = - 0.222kpa
PANEL 4

- Reference ht. Ze=27.50

e =b or 2h whichever is smaller
e = min(2.60,55 )=2.60
e= 2.60 = 0.65
4 4
For Z= 27.50 m >Zmin = 16m for category- IV Urban Area from table
3.3[EBCS2], the roughness coefficient
Cr (Z) become

24
Cr Z
0.67 16m 0.82-0.67 = 0.82-x
? 27.50 30-16 30-27.50
0.82 30m x=0.793

cr = 0.793

Topography coeff.(Cr) becomes

Cr=1 for ø<0.05

For category iv building (table 3.5 of EBCS-1) for Ct=1

Ce= 1.56 for Z= 16m and
Ce=? Z= 27.50
Ce =2.04 for Z=30m

2.04 -1.56 = 2.04 - x

30-16 30-27.50

Ce = 1.95 (by linear interpolation).

i.e.Ce (Z= 27.50)=1.95

Zone F G H I
Cpe -2.2 -1.8 -0.984 +/- 0.20

We = qref * Ce ( Ze)*Cpe -0.976 -0.798 -0.436 +/- 0.089

For H
A=2.704
Cpe = Cpe,1+(Cpe10-Cpe1)log10 A
= -1.2 +(-0.7-(-1.2))log10 2.704
= -0.984

Internal pressure

Wi= qref * ce( zi)* cpi

For closed buildings with internal partitions and openings
Cpi=0.8 or -0.5
Wi = 0.22748 * 1.95*0.8 = 0.355 kpa
Or Wi=0.22748 * 1.95* -0.5 = - 0.222kpa
Roof of machine room

25
Reference height, Ze
Ze= h =27.50
e=b or 2h whichever is smaller
e=min (11.50, 2*30.50)= min.( 11.50, 61)=11.50m

e = 11.50 = 2.88m
4 4

For Z= 27.50 m >Zmin = 16m for category-iv, the roughnesscoefficient

Cr(Z) become

Cr Z
0.82 30
? 30.50
0.94 50
Cr = 0.76

0.94-0.82 = 0.94-x
50-30 50-30.50

Cr=0.823

Topography coeff.(Ct) becomes

Ct=1 for ø<0.05

For category IV building (table 3.5 of EBCS-1)

Ce= 2.04 for Z= 30m and

Ce =? Z= 30.50
Ce =2.46 for Z=50m
Ce = 2.05

26
Calculation of Cpe and Cpi

For this flat slab Hp = 1.30 m(parapet ht)

h = 30.50 m

Hp = 1.3 = 0.043
h 30.50

Zone F G H I
Cpe -1.792 -1.226 -0.7 +/- 0.20

We = qref Ce(ze)*cpe -0.836 -0.572 - 0.326 +/- 0.093

Hp/h Cpe1 Cpe10

0.025 -2.2 -1.8
0.043 -2.0 -1.6
0.05 -2 -1.6

For F
Cpe = Cpe1 +( Cpe10 - Cpe1)Log10A
= -1.8 +(-1.6+2.0) Log103.31 = -2.12
For G
Cpe = Cpe1 +( Cpe10 - Cpe1)Log10A
= -1.8 +(-1.1+1.8) Log106.601 = -2.12

Internal pressure

Wi= qref * ce( zi)* cpi

For closed buildings with internal partitions and openings
Cpi=0.8 or -0.5
Wi = 0.22748 * 1.95*0.8 = 0.355 kpa
Or Wi=0.22748 * 1.95* -0.5 = - 0.222kpa

Summary of Wind load pressures

27
Roof Max-ve pressure Max +ve pressure Resultant pressure
(kpa) (kpa) (kpa)
External Internal External Internal Acting up Acting
(1) down
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)=- (7)=-
(2)+(5) (3)+(4)
Over -0.976 -0.222 +0.089 0.355 1.331 0.311
seventh
Over -0.836 -0.233 0.093 0.373 1.209 0.326
machine
room

LOAD COMBINATIONS

Flat Roof at elevation +27.50m

Gk=3.5 KN/m2
Qk=0.4 KN/m2
WL=-1.331 or 0.311 KN/m2

COMB 1: qd=1.3GK+1.6QK=5.55kN/m2
COMB 2: qd=0.9GK-1.6 WL=1.27kN/m2

Therefore Combination one governs.

Flat Roof at elevation +31.50 m

Gk=3.78 KN/m2
Qk=0.4 KN/m2
WL=-1.209 or 0.326 KN/m2

COMB 1: qd=1.3GK+1.6QK=5.55kN/m2
COMB 2: qd=0.9GK-1.6 WL=1.46kN/m2

Therefore Combination one governs.

28
 CHAPTER TWO

DESIGN OF TYPICAL RIBBED SLABS

2Nd up to 7th and Roof

29
 RIBBED SLABS
According to EBCS 2, 1995, ribs shall not be less than 70 mm in width;
and shall have a depth excluding any topping , of not more than 4 times
the minimum width of the rib.

The ribs spacing shall not exceed one meter. Thickness of topping shall
not be less than 40 mm , nor less than one tenth of the clear distance
between ribs.

 Use c/c distance between ribs equal to 400mm (for use of standard
HCB)

 Use width of rib equal to 100 mm

 Use thickness of topping (floors) equal to 60mm

 Use thickness of topping (roofs) equal to 120 mm

TYPICAL RIBBED SLAB SECTION

30
LOADING:
Dead loads: (G.K) Typical Floors

 Ceramic Tiles 0.01x0.4x21=0.084 KN/m

 Cement Screes 0.02x0.4x23=0.184 KN/ m
 Topping 0.06x0.4x25=0.6 KN/m
 Joist 0.22x0.8x25=0.44 KN/m2
 HCB (0.02x0.4+0.3x0.22) x14= 1.098 KN/m
 Plastering (0.02x0.4)x23=0.184
 Total Dead load Without partitions 2.59 KN/m
Partition Loads
Partition loads are caclculated using Reynolds method of calculating Wall
loads. The loads for walls in each panel is calculated using designed
Excel spread sheet as shown below.
Dead Load from partitions using Reynold method
Panel S1

31
 Ly = 6.61 = 1.1
Lx 6.00
Qa= 6(21 + 2 )/Ly(3Lx + Ly) provided that the sm of the non-Uniform
loads on a panel is not exceeded 20% of Total Load.
Where Q1 is the load in the region Aand Q2 is load in the region B
Height of the wall =2.70
Unit weight of 15cm HCB =0.8 KN/m2
Lx/4 =1.19
Line Load
Unit loads per meter =2.7*.8+2.7*.023*40=4.644
Q1=(2.26+.67+.15+.82-.15)*4.644=17.51
Q2=(1.19+3.25+1.19)*4.644 = 27.07
Qa=6* (2*17.51 + 27.07)/(6(3*4.75+6))=3.07
Total Load = DL + line Load
=5.39+3.07 =8.46
(Line Load/Total Load)* 100% = 3.07/8.46=.336 >.2 use Reynold
method
REYNOLD METHOD
Span ratio Lx/Ly = .79
Wx=.72 Wy=.28
Actual line load from partition walls
Load per unit length of partition wall parallel to Lx
Wp1=4.644(2.26+.67+.15+3.25+1.19)/4.75 =7.53
Load per unit length of partition wall parallel to ly
Wp2=4.644(1.19+.82-.15)/6 =1.47
Modified line loads
Wpx1=Wp2*Wx =1.06
Wpx2=Wp1*Wx =5.42
Wpy1=Wp1*Wy =2.11
Wpy2=Wp2*Wy =.41

32
Equivalent width and Length of the Slab
ex=g+.6Lx
Where g=t+2D
t= thickness of wall and D is depth of slab
ex=(.15+2*.15)+ 2*.15)+ .6*4.75 =3.12
ey=g+.6Ly =3.87
other coefficents of support condition
Cx=1.5=Cy
Equivalent Load
On Lx
Due to perpendicular partition wall
Wex1= CxWpx1/Lx = 1.5*1.06/4.75 =.335
Due to partition wall parallel to lx
Wex2=Wpx2/ex = 5.42 /3.12 =1.64
Wex =.335+1.64= 2.07
On Ly
Due to perpendicular partition wall
Wey1= CyWpy1/Ly = 1.5*2.11/6 =.528
Due to partition wall parallel to lx
Wey2=Wpy2/ey =.41 /3.87 =.11
Wey =.528+.11= .638
Effective equivalent line load
Qa= wex or Wey which ever is greater
Qa= 2.07

33
Panel No Wall Load Total Dead L. Live Total Load
Load
(Wall L.+DL)
S1 2.07 3.90 1.28 4.42
S2 2.75 5.73 1.28 6.25
S3 2.24 5.46 1.28 6.68
S4 1.97 5.32 1.28 6.54
S5 2.13 5.40 1.28 6.62
S6 1.3 4.97 1.28 6.19
S7 2.84 5.77 1.28 6.99
S8 3.22 5.97 1.28 7.19
S9 3.22 5.97 1.28 7.19
S10 2.35 5.52 1.28 6.74

*The loads are all factored accordingly except the wall load.

Analysis of the ribs is performed on Sap 2000 model. Live loads were
alternately loaded on spans, in order to obtain maximum span and
support moments.

Reinforcements of ribs are calculated using design charts, and are

hereunder shown in spreadsheet form.

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47
 CHAPTER THREE

DESIGN OF GROUND, MEZANNINE AND FIRST FLOOR

SOLID SLAB

48
 DESIGN OF GROUND FLOOR SOLID SLAB

In the ground floor slab there are:

 Slabs with four sides support
 Cantiliver Slabs
we have calculated the depth accordingly as tabulated below
Depth Determination

Slab No Le Span Span type βa Effective

ratio depth
S1 6000 1.1 Endspan 38.98 130.83
S4 & S2 6000 1.25 Interior 37.5 136.00
span
S3 6000 1.27 Interior 37.32 136.67
span
S3’ 6000 1.27 Endspan 37.32 136.67
S5 6000 1.1 Interior 38.98 130.83
span
S6 4750 1.16 End span 38.42 105.09
S8 6000 1.08 Interior 39.17 130.21
span
S10 3870 1.42 Endspan 35.79 91.92

d=0.85 Le
βa

d = 136.67 governs using Ø8 mm & cover 15 mm, the span

D = 136.67 +15 + 6 = 157.67mm USE D=160mm
dx=160-15-6=139mm
dy=160-15-12-6=127mm

49
Load,shear and moment on slab

i) Dead loads
2mm ceiling plaster = 0.02*23 = 0.46
160mm RC Slab = 0.16*15 = 4.00
50mm Cement screed = 0.05*23 = 1.15
Ceramic tiles
Ceramic Tiles tiles = 0.01*21 = 0.21
Cement screed
Total = 5.82kN/m2
RC slab
Ceiling plaster

ii) Live Load

The ground floor of the building is used for shops. Hence
Live load of 5KN/m2 is considered (EBCS 2,6.3 category D)
iii) Partition Load
Partition load of 1.5 KN/m2 is used throughout the design, since
partitions are not fixed on the architectural drawings.

iv) Factored design Load

The factored design load is :
Pd = 1.3Gk + 1.6 Qk
= 1.3*7.32 + 1.6*5
= 17.52KN/m2

Moment distribution for each panel

50
GROUND FLOOR SLAB DESIGN
The design of Ground floor slab has been done according t EBCS-2
using coefficent method.

Support condition
Panel S1 Ly = 6.61 = 1.1 Two way slab
Lx 6.00
αys = 0.0459
αxs = 0.056
6.61 αxf = 0.042 αyf = 0.034

6.00

Mxs = 0.056*17.52*6.02 = 35.31 KNm/m

Mys = 0.045*17.52*6.02 = 28.38 KNm/m
Mxf = 0.042*17.52*6.02 = 26.48 KNm/m
Myf = 0.034*17.52*6.02 = 21.44 KNm/m

Panel S2
Support condition

Ly = 7.5 = 1.25 Two way

slab
Lx 6.00
αys = 0.032 αxs =
0.044
7.50
αyf = 0.024 αxf = 0.033

6.00

Mxs = 0.044*17.52*62 = 27.75 KNm/m

Mys = 0.032*17.52*62 = 20.18 KNm/m
Mxf = 0.033*17.52*62 = 20.81 KNm/m
Myf = 0.024*17.52*62 = 15.13 KNm/m

Panel S11

51
 Support Condition

Ly = 6.0 = 2.61
Lx 2.3
S11
6.5 Cantilever
Ba =10

d=.85*(2.3/10)*1000=195.5mm
D=195.55+15+12/2 =216.55
220mm
2.3

Mxs = 19.47*2.32 /2= 51.50 KNm/m

Shear force for un-factored live load and dead load

Panel Support shear shear for live load Vi= Shear for dead load Vi= βi
No condition coefficient Bvi gk Lxi gk Lxi
βVxc = 0.44 Vxc =0.44*5*6= 13.2 Vxc=0.44*7.32*6=19.32
βVxd = 0.29 Vxd=0.29*5*6= 8.7 Vxd=0.29*7.32*6= 12.74
S1
1 βVyc = 0.40 Vyc= 0.40*5*6=12 Vyc= 0.40*7.32*6= 17.57
βVyd = 0.26 Vyd= 0.26*5*6=27.32 Vyd = 0.26*7.32*6.=11.42

βVxc = 0.40 Vxc =0.40*5*6= 12.12 Vxc=0.44*7*32*6=17.74

βVxd Vxd.......... Vxd= .............
3 S3 βVyc = 0.33 Vyc= 0.33*5*6=9.9 Vyc= 0.33*7.32*6= 14.49
βVyd = ... Vyd= --------- Vyd ..............

βVxc = 0.40 Vxc =0.40*5*6= 12 Vxc=0.40*7*32*6=17.57

βVxd Vxd.......... Vxd= ...........
2 S2’ βVyc = 0.33 Vyc= 0.33*5*6=9.9 Vyc= 0.33*7.32*6= 14.49
βVyd = ... Vyd= Vyd ............

βVxc = 0.43 Vxc =0.47*5*6= 13.02 Vxc=0.43*7*32*6=19.06

βVxd = Vxd.......... Vxd=
S3’ βVyc = 0.36 Vyc= 0.36*5*6= 10.8 Vyc= 0.36*7.32*6= 15.81
3’ βVyd = 0.24 Vyd= 0.24*5*6= 7.2 Vyd= 0.24*7.32*6= 10.54

Balance of Support Moments

52
For each support over which the slab is continious there will thus
generally be two different support moments. The difference may be
distributed between the panels on either side of the support to equalize
their moments, as in the moment distribution method for frames.
Two methods of differing accuracy, are given here for treating the effects
of this redistribution on moments away from the support.
EBCS 2, 1995 article A.3.3.1 No.3 and 4
When differences between initial support moments are less than 20
percent of the larger moment only
EBCS 2, 1995 article A.3.3.2 No.1

According to the above EBCS recommendations we balanced the support

moments respectively and tabulated as follows.

53
54
Adjustments of Field Moments

According to EBCS 2, 1995 article A.3.3.3 Method II

1. In this method consideration of the effects of changes of support
moments is limited to the adjacent spans. Since no effects on
neighboring support sections need to be considered, only a simple
balancing operation is required at each edge and no iterative
process is involved.
2. The procedure for applying method II, is as follows
a. Support and span moments are first calculated for
individual panels by assuming each panel to be fully loaded.
This is done by using the coefficients given in Table A-1 as
described in Section A.3.2
b. The unbalanced moment is distributed using the moment
distribution method. The relative stiffness of each panel shall
be taken proportional to its gross moment of inertia divided
by the smaller span.
c. If the support moment is decreased, the span moments mxf
and myf are then increased to allow for the changes of
support moments. This increase is calculated as being equal
to the change of the support moment multiplied by the
factors given in Table A-2. If a support moment is increased,
no adjustments shall be made to the span moments.
Balanced support
moment
Un Balanced support
moment

Unbalanced Field
Moment

Un Balanced support
moment
Balanced field
moment Balanced support
moment

55
 Un Balanced support
Adjusted Span
moment
Moments
The change in the respective moments will be
described as follows:
Mxf = CxM
Myf = CyM
Adjusted field moment: Mxf = Mxf+ (Cx*M)
Myf = Myf+ (Cy*M)
For panel S2 of ground floor slab
Calculated support moments
Mxs= 27.75 Mys= 20.18
Adjusted support moments
Mxs =31.53 Mys =44.15
Since the adjusted span moment exceeds the calculated moment no
adjustment in the field moments is needed.
For panel S3’ of ground floor slab

Calculated support moments

Mxs= 32.16 Mys= 23.33 Mxf = 23.96 Myf = 17.66
Adjusted support moments
Mxs =29.96 Mys =21.76
M= 32.16- 29.96 = 2.2 M = 23.33-21.76= 1.57
Adjustment in the short direction
Mxf = CxM = 0.302*1.57 = 0.47
Myf = CyM = 0.146*1.57 = 0.23

Adjustment in the long direction

Mxf = CxM = 0.364*2.22 = 0.80
Myf = CyM = 0.354*2.22 = 0.78

56
Therfore the adjusted field mopment will be
Mxf = 23.96+.47+.80 = 25.24
Myf= 17.66+.23+.78 = 18.67
The others are tabulated on the spread sheet on the analysis and design
of the slabs.
Reinforcement calculations

fyk = 300mpa, γc = 1.15

fyd = fyk = 300 = 260.87 Mpa
γc 1.15

As min = ρmin bd

Smax = 2D which ever is smaller.

350

Slab Reinforcement /for the ground floor/

Checking adequacy of depth

Since D = 160mm from serviceability requirements.

Effective depth X - direction : dx = 160 - 12 - 15 = 139

2

y - direction : dy = 160 - 12 - 12-15 = 127

2
ρmin = 0.5 = 0.3 = 0.00167
fyx 300

Asmin = ρmin b*d = 0.00167*1000*139 = 232.13 (for X-direction)

= 0.00167*1000*127 = 212.09 (for y- direction)
Panel S1 X -direction : Mus = 27.67KNm/m
µus = Mus = 27.67*106 = 0.126
fCD bd2 11.33*1000*1392

Kz = 0.93 Z = k*d = 0.93*139 = 129.27

As = Msds = 27.67*106 = 821 > Asmin = 232.00 mm2

Zfyd 129.27*260.87

57
Spacing = b*Asingle bar = 1000( *122) = 130<Smax
As 260.10

Provide Ø 12 C/C 130mm

y - direction : Mus = 22.85 KNm/M

µus = 22.85*106 = 0.0329

11.33*1000*1272

Kz = 0.95
Z = 0.95*127 = 120.65

As = 22.85* 106 = 727 > Asmin = 232

120.65*260.87

Spacing = b*a = 1000  *122 = 150 <Smax

As 4
727
Provide Ø12 C/C 150mm
Reinforcement Calculations for the rest of the Slab is done in the spread
sheet. See the spread sheets above for the reinforcemnt calculation.

58
DESIGN OF MEZANNINE FLOOR SOLID SLAB

EXCEL SPREAD SHEETS

In the design of Mezannine and First floor slab

we have repeated the design stages of the Ground
floor slab since they are designed as solid slab.
The details of the calculations are shown on the
spread sheet shown below.

59
60
DESIGN OF FIRST FLOOR SOLID SLAB

EXCEL SPREAD SHEETS

61
62
 CHAPTER FOUR

DESIGN OF STAIR CASE

63
64
LAYOUT OF STAIR 2

65
Design of Stairs
Design of Stair 1
Depth determination

1.50
  tan 1 ( 2.24)  33.81
0

Span Ratio
Ly 5.50
  2.24  2  one way Slab
LX 2.45
 fYK  Le
d   (0.4  0.6  Be  25
 400  Be
 300  5500
d   0.4  0.6 * *  187mm
 400  25

Using 14 R bars and cov er of 20 mm

D= 187 + 20+7= 214 mm

d  220  20  7  193mm
Load on Stair
0.22 * 25 * 1 * 1
(i) Own weight  6.62 KN / m
cos 33.81

(0.167 * 0.28) 1 1 * 25
(ii) Steps * *  2.51KN / m
2 0.28 cos 33.81
0.02 * 23
(iii) Base Mortar Plaster  0.554 KN / m
cos 33.81
(iv) Mortar For thread=0.02*23*1=0.46
0.02 * 0.167 * 1.35 * 9
(v)Mortar for riser * 23  0.261KN / m
1.5 * 1.35
0.03 * 0.28 * 8 * 27
(vi) Marble Thread 0.81KN / m
2.24
9 * 03 *1 * 0.167 * 27
(vii)Marble Riser 27 KN / m  0.58
2.1
Total Dead load on stair= 11.853 KN/m

Dead load on Landing

66
Concrete Slab 0.2 * 25 * 1 = 5 KN/m
Cement screed 0.03 * 23 * 1 = 0.69 KN/m
Marble 0.03 * 27 = 0.81 KN/m
Plastering 0.02 * 23 = 0.46 KN/m
6.96 KN/m
Live load
Take 3.0 KN/m2 * 1m = 3.0 KN/m
Design Load

For stair part 1.3 * 11.853 + 1.6 * 3= 20.21 KN/m

For landing 1.3 * 6.96 + 1.6 * 3 = 13.848 KN/m
13.85 13.85
20.21

R2 R1
R2+R1= 13.85 * 2 + 20.21 * 2.24 + 13.85 * 1.26 = 90.42 KN
R2* 5.5 = 13.85 * 2*

2
 2.   2.24  1.26
 5.5    20.21 * 2.24 *   1.26   13.85 *  243.39kN
 2  2  2

R2 = 44.25 KN
Moment max at
20.21x + 13.85 * 2.00 = 44.25
X= 0.82 X1 = 2.00 + 0.82 = 2.82
Mmax = 44.25 * 2.82 - 13.85 * 2.00 (2.82 - 2.0/2)-20.21 * 0.82 2/2=
67.58 KNm
Checking adequacy
Msds, s
d min  
0.295 * fcd * b
67.58 * 10 6
  142  193 ok
0.295 *11 .33 *1000

Reinforcement
Longitudinal reinforcement

67
Mmax= 67.58 KN/m
0.5 0.5
 min    0.00167
fyk 300

Using design Chart No 1 [EBCS -2]

M , S 67.58 *10 6
 u ,s    0.16
fcd bd 2 11 .33 * 1000 * 193 2

Kz= 0.910 Z= Kz* d= 0.91 * 193 = 175.63

Msd , s 67.58 * 10 6
As    1475.01mm
Z * fyd 175.63 * 260.87
As min  bd  0.00167 * 1000 * 193  322.31mm 2

153.93 *1000
Using 14  104.36
1475.01
Use  14 c / c 100

As provided 1539.3 mm2 .Top reinforcing at landing (take 50% of main

reinforcement)
Use  14 c / c 200 mm
Transverse Reinforcement (Stair part only)
Asmin = 0.2 As, main
= 0.2 * 1539.3 = 307.86 mm2
Using  10 reinforcements
1000 * 78.53
Spacing  306.10
307.86
Smin= 400mm
Use 10c / c 250mm

Design of Landing 1
13.85

68
 13.85 * 5.5 2
M max   52.37 KNm
8
Depth is ok (as determined by stair)
0.5
Reinforcement  min  fyk  0.00167

52.37 *10 6
 * u, s   0.125
11 .33 * 1000 * 193 2
Kz = 0.930 Z= 0.093 * 193 = 179.49
52.37 * 10 6
As   1118 .5mm 2
179.49 * 260.87
1000 * 153.93
Using 14 spacing 1118 .5
 137.62
Provide  14c / c130 , As provided= 1184.00
Longitudinal reinforcement (for central 2.0 m part only)
Asmin = 0.2 * Asmain = 0.2 * 1184 = 236.8
Using  10 mm
78.53 * 1000
Spacing =  331.63  400
236.8
Use  10 mm c/c 330

STAIR 2
Design of Stair 2
Depth determination
1.50
  tan 1  33.810
( 2.24)

69
Span Ratio
Ly 6.50
  2.17  2  one way Slab
LX 3.00
 fYK  Le
d   (0.4  0.6  Be  25
 400  Be
 300  6500
d   0.4  0.6 * *  221mm
 400  25

Using 14 R bars and cov er of 20 mm

D= 221 + 20+7= 248 mm

d  250  20  7  223mm
Load on Stair
0.25 * 25 * 1 * 1
(i) Own weight  7.52 KN / m
cos 33.81

(0.167 * 0.28) 1 1 * 25
(ii) Steps * *  2.51KN / m
2 0.28 cos 33.81
0.02 * 23
(iii) Base Mortar Plaster  0.554 KN / m
cos 33.81
(iv) Mortar for thread=0.02*23*1=0.46
0.02 * 0.167 * 9
(v)Mortar for riser * 23  0.309 KN / m
1.5
0.03 * 0.28 * 8 * 27
(vi) Marble Thread  0.81KN / m
2.24
9 * 0.03 * 1 * 0.167 * 27
(vii)Marble Riser * 27 KN / m  0.543
2.24
Total Dead load on stair= 12.71 KN/m

Dead load on Landing

Concrete Slab 0.25* 25 * 1 = 6.25 KN/m
Cement screed 0.03 * 23 * 1 = 0.69 KN/m
Marble 0.03 * 27 = 0.81 KN/m
Plastering 0.02 * 23 = 0.46 KN/m
8.21 KN/m

70
Live load
Take 3.0 KN/m2 * 1m = 3.0 KN/m2
Design Load
1.3 * GK+ 1.6 Q.K :
For stair part 1.3 * 12.71 + 1.6 * 3= 21.32 KN/m
For landing 1.3 * 8.21+ 1.6 * 3 = 15.47 KN/m 15.47
15.47
20.21

R2 R1

R2+R1= (15.47* 0.26 + 21.32* 2.24 )* 2+ 15.47 * 1.50 = 126.76 KN

R2=R1=126.76/2 = 63.38 KN

Moment max is at the midpoint x=3.25

Mmax = 63.38 * 3.25 – 15.46* 0.26* (2.24+1.50/2+0.26/2)-21.32*

2.24*(2.24/2+1.5/2)-15.47*1.50 2/2 =86.73 KNm
Checking adequacy
Msds, s
d min  
0.295 * fcd * b
86.73 * 10 6
  169.96  223 ok
0.295 *11 .33 *1000

Reinforcement
Longitudinal reinforcement
Mmax= 86.73 KN/m
0.5 0.5
 min    0.00167
fyk 300

Using design Chart No 1 [EBCS -2]

M , S 86.73 * 10 6
 u ,s    0.154
fcd bd 2 11 .33 * 1000 * 2232

Kz= 0.910 Z= Kz* d= 0.91 * 223 = 202.93

71
 Msd , s 86.73 * 10 6
As    1638mm
Z * fyd 202.93 * 260.87
As min  bd  0.00167 * 1000 * 223  372.41mm 2

201.06 * 1000
Using 16  122.75
1638
Use  16 c / c 120

As provided 1675.5 mm2 .Top reinforcing at landing (take 50% of main

reinforcement)
Use  16 c / c 240mm

Transverse Reinforcement (Stair part only)

Asmin = 0.2 As, main
= 0.2 * 1675.5 = 335.1 mm2
Using  10 reinforcements
1000 * 78.53
Spacing  234.38
335.1
Smin= 400mm
Use 10c / c 230mm

Design of Landing 1
15.47

15.47 * 6.5 2
M max   81.70 KNm
8
Checking adequacy

72
 Msds, s
d min  
0.295 * fcd * b
81.7 * 10 6
  156.3  223 ok
0.295 *11 .33 * 1000

Depth is ok (as determined by stair)

0.5
Reinforcement  min  fyk  0.00167

81.7 * 10 6
 * u, s   0.145
11 .33 * 1000 * 223 2
Kz = 0.910 Z= 0.091 * 223 = 202.93
81.7 * 10 6
As   1543.3mm 2
202.93 * 260.87
1000 * 201.06
Using 16 spacing 1543.3
 130.27
Provide  16c / c125 , As provided= 1608.5
Longitudinal reinforcement (for central 2.0 m part only)
Asmin = 0.2 * Asmain = 0.2 * 1608.5 = 321.7
Using  10 mm
78.53 * 1000
Spacing =  244  400
321.7
Use  10 mm c/c 240

73
 CHAPTER FIVE

FRAME ANALYSIS

FRAME ANALYSIS

LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS

The building is to be constructed in Addis Ababa, which is located in

latitude 090-02’ N and 380-43’ E .It, is categorized seismic hazard zone
two. The wind load is negligible when compare to earthquake load.

EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS

The seismic base shear force Fb for each main direction can be computed
from

74
Fb  S d (T1 )W [EBCS-8, 1995 Art
2.3.3.2.2.(1)]

Where
S d (T1 ) , Ordinate of the design spectrum at period T1.
T1, fundamental period of vibration of the structure for
translational motion in the direction considered.
W, seismic dead load computed in accordance with clause
1.4.3(3)

For linear analysis the design spectrum S d (T1 ) normalized by the

acceleration of gravity g is by the following expression,

S d (T1 )   [EBCS-2, 1995 Art.1.4.2.2.

(4)]

The parameter in the above expression is the ratio of the design bed rock
acceleration to the acceleration of gravity g and is given by
  oI

Where
 o , the bed rock acceleration ratio for Addis Ababa
Zone -2  o = 0.05 [EBCS-8, 1995 Table
1.1]
I, the importance factor given table 2.4 for ordinary building,
Importance category III, the importance factor I = 1.0
  oI

= 0.05*1 = 0.05

The parameter b is design response factor for the site and given by
1 .2 S
 2
 2 .5
(T1 ) 3
Where
b is the coefficient for soil characteristics given in table 1.2,
S = 1.
For building with height up to 80 m to a value of T, may be
Approximated by
3

T1  CH 4
Where
T1 = Fundamental period of building, in second
H = height of building above the basin in meters

75
 C1 = 0.075 (for reinforced concrete moment – resisting frames
and
eccentrically braced steel frame)

H = 38.80 mt

3
Then T1 = 0.075 * 38.80 4 = 1.166 sec

1 .2 S 1.2 * 1
  2 .5   1.083  2.5 ok!
2  2
(T1 ) 3
(1.166) 3

The behavior factor γ to account for energy dissipation:

   o K D K R K W  0.70 [EBCS-8, 1995 Art
3.3.2.1(1)]

, where
 o = Basic value of the behavior factor dependent on the structural
type Given in table 3.2 EBCS-8 page 7
= 0.2 for RC structure frame.
KD = factor reflecting the ductility class
= 1.5 for RC structure medium ductile.
KR = structure regularity factor .
= 1.25 for RC irregular structure.
KW = factor reflecting the prevailing failure made in structural
system
With walls
= 1.0 frame structure
U = 0.2 * 1.5 * 1.25 * 1.0 =0.375 <0.7
S d (T1 )   = 0.05 * 1.083 * 0.375
=0.0203
The effect of the seismic action shall be evaluating using seismic dead
load.
Fb  S d  T W
= 0.025 * ΣWi
= 0.025 * 82763.93 = 2069.1 KN
Ft = 0.07 * T1* Fb
= 0.07 * 0.926 * 2069.1 = 134.12KN

 Fb  Ft  wi hi
Fi  The values of Fi are compiled in the table hereunder
w h i i

76
 STORY
WEIGHT SHEAR
FLOOR (KN) LEVEL WiHi (KNm) (KN) Xbar Ybar
Basement 5679.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.85 1.21
Ground 7238.52 2.70 19544.01 22.02 12.24 2.80
Mezzanine 4118.21 5.70 23473.80 26.44 13.01 3.81
First 6727.14 8.70 58526.11 65.93 11.98 3.39
Second 8671.70 12.20 105794.78 119.18 11.00 3.28
Third 9340.58 15.50 144778.93 163.10 10.22 3.05
Fourth 9340.58 18.50 172800.65 194.67 10.22 3.05
Fifth 9340.58 21.50 200822.38 226.24 10.22 3.05
Sixth 9340.58 24.50 228844.11 257.81 10.22 3.05
Seventh 9340.58 27.50 256865.84 289.38 10.22 3.05
Roof over
seventh 8307.75 30.50 253386.47 285.46 10.79 3.23
Roof over lift
shaft 997.72 33.50 33423.76 170.57 23.83 3.41

82,763.93 1,498,260.83 1,820.81

The story shears are applied at mass center of each floor. For this
purpose mass centers are calculated and tabulated in the following
pages.
LOAD COMBINATIONS
The following load combinations are analyzed on Sap2000 model:
COMB1: 1.3 G.K + 1.6 QK
COMB2: 0.75(1.3 G.K + 1.6 Q.K)+ AEDx
COMB3: 0.75(1.3 G.K + 1.6 Q.K)- AEDx
COMB4: 0.75(1.3 G.K + 1.6 Q.K)+ AEDy
COMB5: 0.75(1.3 G.K + 1.6 Q.K)- AEDy
Where GK is characteristic dead load
QK is characteristic live load
AED is earthquake load

77
 CHAPTER SIX

FRAME ELEMENTS DESIGN

78
 FRAME ELEMENTS DESIGN

6.1 BEAMS DESIGN

6.1.1 DESIGN OF TYPICAL FLOOR AXIS E GIRDER BEAM

D= 300mm b= 1000mm fcd = 13.6 MPA fyd= 347.83

Concerte cover -25mm(EBCS2-art7.1.3.6)
Reinf. Bar Ø24 Stirrup diameter 8
From serviceability (EBCS2-1995, art 5.2.3):

d= 0.4+0.6 fyk Le = 0.85 Le =0.85* 6500 =230.208mm

400 βA βA 24

dprovided =300-25-24 -8=255mm

2
DESIGN FOR FLEXURAL REINFORCEMNT

In the analysis of a cross section of a beam, which has to resist a

small axial load, the effect of the ultimate axial load may be ignored if the
axial load doesn’t exceed 0.1 fck times the cross section area.
[EBCS-2, 1995 Art 4.3.1(2)]

A = 800 * 300 = 240,000mm2

0.1fckA = 0.1 * 20 * 240000 = 480KN
But the axial load in beam is <<480 KN as seen from Sap output

The geometric ratio of reinforcement r at any section of a beam where

positive reinforcement required by analysis shall not be less than that
given by

0.6
 min   0.002 [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.1.2]
f yk
Where: - fyk = 400 Mpa

And also shall not be greater than  max  0.04 [EBCS-2, 1995 Art
7.2.1.1]

For this special case the balanced steel ratio is given by

79
 0.8 cu f
b  * cd
 cm   yd f yd

0.8 * 0.0035 13.6

 *
260 347.83
0.0035 
200000

= 0.0209

How ever, for ductility purposed the steel ratio is reduced by 25 %

  max  0.75  b
= 0.75 * 0.0209 = 0.0157

Moment Diagram for Combination 1 @ axis E, typical floor

To account for moment at face of support 10% reduction will be made for
support moment.

Md = 0.9 * M max
At support C,

Mmax = 397.04 KN-m , load combination one

Md = 0.9 *397.04 = 357.34 KN-m

D = 300 mm
d’ = 25 + 24/2 + 8 = 45 mm
bw = 1200 mm  d = 300 – 45 = 255 mm

Check for adequacy of section

80
 Mu
d req 'd 
0.8 * b * f cd *  m(1  0.4  )
Where: -  m  0.016 md = 357.336 KN-m
m = 31.97 fcd = 13.6
f yd
b = 1000 mm m
0.8 f cd
357.336 * 10 6
d req 'd 
0.8 * 1000 * 13.6 * 0.016 * 31.97(1  0.4 * 0.016)

= 254.2 mm

 254.2 < d used which is 255 mm

Asmax = rmbd = 0.04 * 1000 * 255 = 10200 mm2

Longitudinal reinforcement

Using design chart number1

Mu
 us  [EBCS-2, 1995 PART II, chart #1]
f cd bd 2
357.336 * 10 6
 us   0.404  0.295
13.6 * 1000 * 255 2

 The section should be doubly reinforced i.e. compression

reinforcement is needed
M*us= 0.295*13.6*1000*2552
= 260.88 KN-m
Msd,s - M*us = 96.45KN-m

Kz= 0.8 Z=Kz*d=0.8*255=204

M * us M sd , s  M u , s M sd ,s  M * u ,s
*

As1   As 2 
Zf yd (d  d 2 ) s 2 (d  d 2 ) s 2

260.88 * 10 6 96.45 * 10 6
   4997mm 2
204 * 347.83 210 * 347.83

As min   min bd ,  0.002 * 1000 * 255  510mm 2

As max   max bd ,  0.04 * 1000 * 255  10200mm 2

Area of single reinforcement diam 24bar = 452.39 mm2

Use 12 F 24 at the top

81
 M sd ,s  M * u ,s
As 2 
(d  d 2 ) s 2
96.45 * 10 6
=  1320.43mm 2
210 * 347.83
Use 3 F 24 at the top
The other values for support moments are calculated in the excel spread
sheet as follows:

REINFORCEMENTS AT SPAN

Beam is rectangular 1000x300mm, and Considerng T-section design will not

occur here as the slab is Ribbed Slab. So it will have the same as the support ones.
The design is done with Excel spread sheet as shown below.
BEAM B4 Msd = 102.61KNM

µus = 102.61*106 = 0.139 <0.2952

11.33*1000*2552

KZ = 0.94 Z= Kz*d= 0.94*255 = 239.7

As = Msd = 102.61*106 =1230.7

Z*fyd 239.7*347.83

Area of single reinforcement diam 20bar = 314 mm2

USE 4Ø20 BARS

For the other span moments the calculation is done on the spread sheet attached
with this section.

DESIGN FOR SHEAR

82
Minimum web reinforcement
=0.4/fyk =0.4/400 = 0.001

Maximum span between stirrups

S max = 0.5 d < 300 mm , if V sd <2/3 V rd

S max = 0.3 d < 200 mm , if V sd >2/3 V rd

CHECKING OF DIAGONAL COMPRESSION FAILURE

Vrd =0.25 fcd bwd = 0.25* 13.6* 1000*255*10-3

=867 KN

Since Vmax = 388.58 No Diagonal compression

2/3 Vrd = 578 KN

V max < 2/3 Vrd
Smax = 0.5*255 = 127.5 mm

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

83
Shear force carried out by concrete members:

Vc= 0.25 fctd k1 k2 bwd .................................EBCS 2 (4.5.3.1)

fctd = fctk ………………………….. EBCS2 (3.6)
γc
fctk= 1.7 MPA
fctd = 1.7 = 1.133 MPA
1.5

ρ= As = 12*452.39 = 0.0213
bwd 1000*255

K1 = 1+50ρ < 2.0

K1 = 1.89

K2 = 1.6- d = 1.345 > 1.0

Vc= 0.25* 1.133* 1.89* 1.34*1000*255*10-3 =182.93KN

Determination of Vsd

We use similarity of triangles:-

SPAN AB
Zero shear @x

388.58 = 388.22
X 6.0-x

X = 3.001 m

Vsd right = 388.22 Vsd = 355.23 KN

3.001 -0.255 3.001

Vsd left = 388.58 Vsd = 355.54 KN

2.999 -0.255 2.999

Vs right = Vsd -Vc = 355.23-182.93KN =172.3

Vsleft = 355.23 – 182.93 =172.61

Vs = Av d fyd
S
S = Av d fyd
Vs

84
S right = 113.03*255*347.83 = 61.70 < S max
172.61*103
Provide Ø12 c/c 60mm

S left= 113.03*255*347.83 = 61.5 <smax

172.3*103
USE Ø 12 C/C 60mm

We can see similarily for the other spns on the spread sheets shown below

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

The reinforcement shall be properly anchored at each end to prevent

bond failure.

Basic anchorage length

The basic anchorage length lb diameter d of the bar is given as

 f yd 
lb    4   [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.1.6.1]
 f bd 

f bd  2 f ctd , The design bond strength for deformed compression bar of

good bond condition.

Required anchorage length

Ascal 10
lb,net  alb  0.3lb   [EBCS-2, 1995 Art7.1.6.2]
Aseff 200mm
Lb net = alb* As, cal > lb,min ..................EBCS2 (7.4)
As, eff.
a = 1.0
lb = Ø * fyd .................. EBCS2 (7.3)
4 fbd

lbmin = 0.3 lb > 10Ø = 140

> 200
lb = 14 * fyd fbd = 2*fctd = 1.03 MPA*2
lb = 24 * 260.87 = 759.82mm
4 2.06
5.1.2 DESIGN OF GROUND FLOOR AXIS E BEAM.

85
Depth determination

25 mm concrete cover for moderate weather condition taken

[EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.1.3.6]
Minimum depth requirement for serviceability, i.e. deflection requirement
is given by
 f yk  Le
d   0.4  0.6  [EBCS-2, 1995 Art5.2.3]
 400   a
L
d  0.85 e
a
Beams along the chosen axis B

i) For end span  a = 24

d > 0.85 * 5000/24 = 177.28mm [EBCS-2, 1995 Table5.1]
ii) For interior span  a = 28
d > 0.85 * 5000/28 = 151.79mm

Considering 25mm concrete cover and using diameter 16 reinforcement

bar and F 8 strip, 177.08 + 25 + 8 + 7 = 216.28mm < Dused
The depth used = 450 mm in all ground and basement floor beams

4.1.1.2 Design for flexural reinforcement

The effect of the ultimate axial load may be ignored if the axial load
doesn’t exceed 0.1 fck times the cross section area.[EBCS-2, 1995 Art
4.3.1(2)]

A = 450 * 400 = 180000mm2

0.1fckA = 0.1 * 24 * 180000 = 432 KN
But the axial load is beam is <<432 KN

The geometric ratio of reinforcement r at any section of a beam where

positive reinforcement required by analysis shall not be less than that
given by

0.6
 min   0.002 [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.1.2]
f yk
Where: - fyk = 400 Mpa

And also shall not be greater than  max  0.04 [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.2.1.1]
For this special case the balanced steel ratio is given by
0.8 cu f
b  * cd
 cm   yd f yd

86
 0.8 * 0.0035 13.67
 *
347.83 347.83
0.0035 
200000

= 0.021

How ever, for ductility purposed the steel ratio is reduced by 25 %

  max  0.75  b
= 0.75 * 0.021 = 0.016

Moment Diagram for Combination 1 @ axis E, ground floor

To account for moment at face of support 10% reduction will be made

for support moment.

Md = 0.9 * M max
Mmax = 265.96 KN-m at
Md = 0.9 * 265.96 = 239.36 KN-m

D = 450 mm

d’ = 25 + 16/2 + 8 = 41 mm

bw = 250 mm  d = 450 – 41 = 409 mm

Check for adequacy of section

87
 Mu f yd
d req 'd  m
0.8 * b * f cd *  m(1  0.4  ) 0.8 f cd

Where: -  m  0.019 md = 239.36

m = 32.28 fcd = 13.47
f yd
b = 400mm m
0.8 f cd

239.36 * 10 6
d req 'd 
0.8 * 400 * 13.47 * 0.019 * 32.28.(1  0.4 * 0.019)

= 301.01 mm

 301.01mm < d used which is 410 mm

Asmax = rmbd = 0.04 * 400 * 410 = 6560mm2

Longitudinal reinforcement

Using design chart number1

Mu
 us  [EBCS-2, 1995 PART II, chart #1]
f cd bd 2

239.36 *10 6
 us   0.264  0.295
13.47 * 400 * 410 2

Singly reinforcement is enough, i.e. no compression reinforcement is

needed

Support moment

Mmax = 339.36 negative moment

Mu
 us 
f cd bd 2

239.36 * 10 6
 us   0.264
13.47 * 400 * 410 2

Kz = 0.84 , Z = 0.84 * 410 = 344.4 mm

88
 Mu
As 
Zf yd

239.36 * 10 6
  1998.12mm 2
344.4 * 347.83

As min   min bd ,  0.002 * 400 * 410  328mm 2

Area of single reinforcement bar = 201.06 mm2

Use 10 F 16 at the top

The other values are tabulated & shown in the attached spread sheet

Span moments

Member B1

Mmax = 75.85 KN-m

Check T – beam effect

bw  Le 5
beff  actual width [EBCS-2, 1995Art 3.78(1)]

250  6500 5  1700
beff  
40000
 beff  1700mm
1 4M 

2
C1  C1  
2  be d 2 C 2 

Where: - C1 = 2.5/m,  2.5/32.28 = 0.078

C2 = 0.32m2f cd  0.32 * 32.28^2 * 13.47 = 4491.43

M = 75.85 KN-m

89
 1 4 * 75.85 * 10 6 
 0.078  0.078 
2
2
  0.000743   min  0.002
2  1700 * 410 * 491.43 

X = md = 0.002 * 32.28 * 410 = 26.47 mm

Y = 0.8x = 0.8 * 26.47 = 21.18 mm > h (slab thickness)f

 The beam is rectangular

Using design chart number1

Mu
 us  [EBCS-2, 1995 PART II, chart #1]
f cd bd 2

75.85 * 10 6
 us   0.0837  0.295
13.47 * 400 * 410 2

Singly reinforcement is enough, i.e. no compression reinforcement is

needed

M = 75.85
Mu
 us 
f cd bd 2
75.85 *10 6
 us   0.0837
13.47 * 400 * 410 2

Kz = 0.95 , Z = 0.95 * 410 = 389.5 mm

Mu
As 
Zf yd

75.85 * 10 6
  559.862mm 2
389.5 * 347.83

As min   min bd ,  0.002 * 400 * 410  328mm 2

Area of single reinforcement bar = 201.06 mm2

Use 3 F 16 at the top

The other values are tabulated & shown in the attached spread sheet

Design for shear

90
 Critical shear force at the left and right of the beam are joined by a
straight line to find the shear force diagram of the beam. All beams
except joists of ribbed shall be provided with at least the minimum web
reinforcement.

The minimum web reinforcement

r =0.4/fyk
min

= 0.4/300 = 0.0013 [EBCS-2,1995 Art7.2.1.2]

The max spacing between stirrups, in the longitudinal direction shall be

as given below

Smax = 0.5d < 300 mm, if Vsd < 2/3 V Rd

Smax = 0.3d < 200 mm, if Vsd > 2/3 VRd

Where: - Vsd=shear along a periphery of critical section

V =shear resistance of section limiting value of ultimate shear
Rd

force for prevention of diagonal compression failure in concrete, given by

the following equation

V = 0.25 fcd bwd

Rd

Where: - bw is the minimum width of the beam shear resistance of

concrete

Vc=0.25 fctd k1k2 bwd

Shear reinforcement

91
BEAM B1

When shear reinforcement perpendicular to the longitudinal axis is

used its shear resistance Vs may be calculated as

Vs = Avd fyd/s

Where: - Av = Area of shear reinforcement at distances of Member B1

Vc=0.25 fctd k1k2 bwd [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 4.5.3.1(4.29)]

As
 Where: - As area of reinforcement
bw d

2 * 201.06
  0.542
400 * 410

K1 = (1 + 50r) < 2.0 , K1 = 1.195

K2 = (1.6-d) < 1.0 , K2 = 1.19

Vc = 0.25 * 1.0 * 1.195 * 1.19 * 400 * 410

= 58.304 KN

VRD = 0.25 * fcd * bw * d

= 0.25 * 13.47 * 400 * 410
552.27 KN

Vsd < VRD  No diagonal compression failure

Vsd= critical shear force at ‘d’ distance from face of support

I.e. d + column size/2

= 0.41 + 0.60/2 = 0.71 m

92
The shear force at 0.71cm from center of column is read from Sap 2ooo.

B1 left : Vsd=209.86 < 552.27 KN

 Smax = d/2 [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 4.5.4]

= 0.5 * 410 = 205 mm
Vs=Vsd -Vc =209.86-58.304= 151.56 KN

Vs = Avd fyd/s

S=95.76mm from the formula

 Provide diam 10 c/c 90 mm

93
Development length

The reinforcement shall be properly anchored at each end to prevent

bond failure.

Basic anchorage length

The basic anchorage length lb diameter d of the bar is given as

 f yd 
lb    4   [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.1.6.1]
f
 bd 
f bd  2 f ctd , The design bond strength for deformed compression bar of
good bond condition.

f ctd  1.03 * 2  2.06 Mpa

 260.87 
l b  14 / 4     443.23mm
 2.06 
Required anchorage length

Ascal 10
lb,net  alb  0.3lb   [EBCS-2, 1995
Aseff 200mm
Art7.1.6.2]

Where: - Ascal = theoretical area of reinforcement required by the

design
Aseff = Area of reinforcement actually provided

Beam B1

Ascal = 1012.94 mm2

Aseff = 1206.37mm2
1012.94
l bnet  1.0 * 443.33 *  372.25mm
1206.37
0.3l b  443.3 * 0.3
 132.99mm

Use lnet 375mm

94
Curtailment of longitudinal flexure reinforcement

Reinforcement shall extend beyond the point of zero moments for

length lbnet calculated above at point of zero moment. [EBCS-2, 1995
Art 7.1.7]
Rest of reinforcement of positive moment shall extend through span min
of two bars also extend through span.
Result is shown in structural drawings. Points of zero moments are
directly read from the Sap 2000 Model.

95
 6.2 COLUMN DESIGN

Check for sway mode of frame

The frame in which a column is included should be classified as sway or

non-sway frame, before proceeding in design. A frame may be classified
as non-sway if its response to in plane horizontal force is sufficiently stiff
for it to be acceptably accurate to neglect any additional force or
moments arising from horizontal displacement of its mode.

Our code suggests that a frame may be classified as non sway for a
N sd
given load case if the critical load ratio for that
N cr
Load case satisfied the criteria

N sd
≤ 0.1 EBCS-2, 1995, Art 4.4.4.2 (5)
N cr

Where Nsd – design value of total vertical load

Ncr -- critical value for the failure in sway mode

The buckling load of a story may be assumed to be equal to that of

substitute beam column frame defined in the figure and may be
determined from the equation

 2 EI e
N cr  2 EBCS-2, 1995, Art 4.4.12 (1)
Le
Where EIe – is the effective stiffness of the substitute column
Le—is the effective length
The effective stiffness EIe ma be taken as

EIe = 0.2EcIc + EsIs EBCS 2, 1995, Art. 4.4.12(2)

Where Ec = 1100fcd
Es = Modulus of elasticity of steel
Ic, Is = Moment of inertia of concrete and reinforcement
sections respectively of the substitute column with respect to the
centroid of the concrete section.

96
 Le may be determined as follows

Le 7.5  4(1   2 )  1.61 2

  1.15 EBCS 2, 1995, Art. 4.4.7(b)
L 7.5  1   2

Or conservatively

Le
 1  0.8 m  1.15
L

Where α1 and α2 are stiffness coefficients and are obtained from

k1  k c k2  kc 1   2
1  , . 2  , m 
k11  k12 k 21  k 22 2

Where:- k1 and k2 are column stiffness coefficients (EI/L)

Kc is the stiffness coefficient (EI/L) of the column being
designed
Kij is the effective beam stiffness coefficient (EI/L)
β= 1.0 opposite end elastically or rigidly restrained
= 0.5 opposite end free to rotate
= 0 for a cantilever beam
α = 1.0 if a base is designed to resist the column moment

The equivalent reinforcement area As tot in the substitute column to

be used for calculating I s may be obtained by designing the substitute
column at each floor level to carry the story design axial load and
amplified sway moment at the critical section.

The equivalent column dimension of the substitute column may be

taken as follows.

h
As, tot

Fig. 4.2.1 Cross section of substitute column for calculating EIc

97
Relative stiffness value of the substituted column and beam are
calculated as

' K column
Kc 
K beam (max stiffness )

Where Kc’ is the relative stiffness.

For example, for the top tie beam

Concrete cover and bar arrangement in the substitute column shall

be taken as the same to those of the actual column.

To find the moment of inertia of the concrete and reinforcement

sections of the substitute column with respect to the centroid of the
concrete section:

EI substitute column   EI actualcolumn

I s  I o  Ad 2
 4  2 2
 n(  d )
64 4
Where n - number of bars
Ф- Diameter of bar

The amplified sway moment to be used for the design of the

substitute column may be found iteratively taking the first order design
moment in the substitute column as an initial value.

In lieu of more accurate determination, the first order design

moment, Mdl, at the critical section of the substitute column may be
determined using

2  3
M dl  HL EBCS 2, 1995 Art. 4.4.12 (6)
1   2  6

Where:- α1 and α2 are as defined above and shall not exceed 10.
H - Total horizontal reaction at the bottom
L - Story height

98
 The stiffness of the substituted beam-column frame is computed
by summing up that of the actual frame as follows:

Beam:
Kb (substituted) = 2∑ kb (actual)
Column
Kc (substitute) = ∑Kc (actual)
Second order effects in compressive members need not be taken into
account in the following cases:

a) For sway frames, the greater of

λ ≤ 25
15
Or λ≤
 d

b) For non-sway frames

25M 1
λ ≤ 50 
M2
Where, M1 and M2 are the first order (calculated) moments at
the ends, M2 being always positive and greater in magnitude than
M1, M1 being positive if member is bent in single curvature and
negative If bent in double curvature
N sd
d 
f cd Ac
For sway eccentricity must be multiplied by moment magnification δ

1
  N sd
N For ≤ 0.25 EBCS 2, 1995 Art. 4.4.11 (1)
1  sd N cr
N cr
Reinforced concrete,
1 Mechanics and design,
  N sd James G. Macgregor
1.15N sd  for > 0.25
1 N cr
HLc
Where:
Nsd = design value of total vertical load
Ncr = critical value for the failure in sway mode
γ = Flexibility factor [varies between 1.0 to1.22 and taken
as 1.15 for practical frames]
Δ = lateral deflection of the top of the story relative to the
bottom of the story
H = total Shear in the story
Lc = Story height

99
 Column on intersection of axis E and axis 3 is designed in this project.
Values of Kc and Kb are sown on axis hereunder, and design is
performed in tabular form as shown.

Lateral Reinforcement

The shear force Vc carried by the concrete in member without

significant axial forces shall be taken as:

Vc = 0.25*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d

Where k1  (1.5  50  )  2 .0
k 2  1.6  d  1.0 (d
in meters)For members where more
than 50% of the bottom of Reinforcement is curtailed, and k2 =1.0

As

bw d
As – the area of tensile reinforcement anchored beyond the
intersection of the steel and the line of a possible 45 o crack starting
from the edge of the section.

For member subjected to axial compression the following equation

may be used to compute the additional shear force V cn carried by the
concrete.

0 .1  b w  d
Vcn  N sd EBCS-2, 1995, Art. 4.5.3.2
Ac

Where, Nsd is the design axial force.

Therefore the total shear force,Vtot, resisted by the concrete becomes

Vtot = Vc + Vcn

For reinforcing concrete section to resist shear force ties are

used as lateral reinforcement. The diameter of ties shall not be less than
6mm or one quarter of the diameter of the longitudinal bars.

The center to center spacing of lateral reinforcement shall not exceed:

- 12 times the minimum diameter of longitudinal bars
- Least dimension of column
- 300 mm EBCS-2, 1995, Art. 7.2.4.3

Check for shear

100
 Max shear force = 83.45 KN, occurs at the six floor with N sd= 1481.83.
Combination 2.
Limiting value of ultimate shear force:

v RD  0.25 f cd bw d
= 0.25*11.33*555*555
= 872.48 KN >> 83.45

Shear resistance of cross-section:

Vc = 0.25*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d
= 0.00905

k1= 2.0
k2= 1.6-0.45 = 1.15 >1.0
= 1.15

Vc = 0.25*1.0*2.0*1.15*555*555
= 177.11 KN

Additional shear capacity of concrete:

0 .1  b w  d
Vcn  N sd
Ac
0.1  555  555  1481.83
Vcn 
600  600

= 126.79 KN

Vtot = 126.79 + 177.11

= 303.90 KN > 83.45 KN

Nominal shear reinforcement is to be provided

S ≤ 12* 20= 240mm

B = 400 mm
300 mm

è Provide  8 C
C 240 mm.

101
 CHAPTER SEVEN
FOUNDATION DESIGN

102
 FOUNDATION DESIGN

INTRODUCTION
The purpose of footing is to transfer loads of super structure and other external loads
acting on it safely through columns to the ground.

The foundation which we are going to design , on axis A and axis 4, has a
maximum compressive force of 2992.85KN from super structure ,taken from SAP
2000 analysis is used for design of isolated footing.

From SAP 2000 analysis output results the following loading data are obtained:

Ps = 2992.85KN
Mx = -20.19 KN-M
My = -38.87KN-M
Foundation depth assumed to be 2.5m below basement floor level.

Bearing Capacity

The soil must be capable of carrying the loads from the structure placed upon it
without a shear failure and with the resulting settlements being tolerable for the
structure. The design bearing resistance can be taken from the presumed design
bearing pressure for different soils according to EBCS 7, 1995 ART 6.10.2 table 6.3
or can be calculated analytically according to EBCS 7, 1995 ART 6.5.22 for
undrained as well as drained condition using the following equations .
Drained condition
R = C’NCSCIC+Q’NQSQIQ+0.5RBNRSRIR [EBCS 7, 1995 ART 6.5.2.2]
A
Nq= (etanπøtan2(45+ ø1/2))
Nc = (Nq-1) cot ø’
Nr = 2(Nq-1) tan ø when δ≥ ø/2 rough base

The value Nq, Nc, Nr are given in tabulated as a function of ø.

The Weighted average value of C and Weighted average ø should be calculated

and the respective Nq, Nc, Nr should be read.
For vertical loads ic, iq, ir = 1.0

103
i) Shape factor
 for square ,rectangular or circular shape

SC = (SqNq-1)
Nq-1
 for rectangular shape
Sq=1+ (B’/L)sin ø’
Sr=1-0.03 (B’/L’)

 For Square or Circular

Sq=1+ sin ø’
Sr=0.7
ii) The inclination of the load, caused by a horizontal load H parallel to L’:
iq=ir=1-(H/(V+A’C’cot ø’))
ic= (iqNq-1)/(Nq-1)
iii) the inclination of the load caused by a horizontal load H parallel to B’:
iq={1-(0.7H/(V+A’C’cot ø’))}3
ir={1-(H/(V+A’C’cot ø’))} 3
ic= (iqNq-1)/(Nq-1)

Undrained condition
R = (2+π)CuScic+q [EBCS 7, 1995 ART 6.5.2.2, eq 6.2]
A’

i) Shape factor
 for rectangular shape
Sq=1+0.2 (B’/L)
 For Square or Circular
Sc=1.2
ii) The inclination of the load, caused by a horizontal load H:
ic=0.5(1+(1-H/A’Cu))0.5

Depth factor dc = 1+0.2 √(Kp) D, Kp = tan2 (45+ ø/2)

B
dr = dq = 1+0.1 √Kp D
B

104
We have assumed type of soil to be non cohesive dense sand-gravel soil .And
thus we take the corresponding bearing capacity from the presumed design
bearing pressure form EBCS-7,1995- table 6-3 ,which is 560 KPa
The unfactored design load is usually obtained by dividing the factored axial
load by 1.4.
Q = Ps = 2992.85
1.4 1.4
Q = 2137.75KN
Mx = -20.19 KN-M
My = -38.87KN-M

ey = Mx = -20.19 = 0.0094m ≈ 0
P 2137.75
ex = My = -38.87= 0.0182m ≈ 0
P 2137.75
Assuming a square footing of 2.50m by 2.50m
B = 2.5 = 0.42m >>...ey and ex
6 6
L’ = L
B’ = B
R = 2137.75 = 342.04 KN/m2 < q allowable = 560KN/m2
A 2.5x2.5

As we can see from the above value the soil has a good bearing resistance. Thus
the load coming from the structure can easily be transferred to the foundation
soil by using isolated footing.

 = P (1 ± 6ey ± 6ex) ……….. e x & ey ≈ 0

A b a

Thus, = P = 2137.75→ A = 2137.75= 6.25m2

A A 342.04

Use a square footing ,size of footing ,B = √6.25 = 2.5m

CHECK FOR SETTELMENT

105
ΔH = q*B (1-μ2) Iw
Es

For axial load of 2137.75KN and an area of 6.25 m2, q = 342.04Kpa

For L =1
B
Iw = 16 → Iw = 4.17
π(1+0.22B)
L

Es = for dense ,sandy-gravel soil 100-200MPa

Use Es = 1800x103 Kpa ……………………………………… [ BOWLES Table 2.8 ]

μ = cohesion less medium & dense 0.3-0.4 ………………… [ BOWLES table

2.7 ]
Use μ = 0.35

ΔH = q*B (1- μ2) * Iw

Es

= 342.04 x2. 5 (1-0.352) 4.17 = 0.00186m = 1.86 mm

1800x103

→ 1.86 mm << allowable settlement 50mm ok! (EBCS-7-1995 section 6.6.4)

Consolidation settlement

Consolidation settlement will be checked for cohesive soil. There is no need of

checking a consolidation settlement.

Check for sliding

Sliding of the footing will occur for load combination with the smallest axial
force with relatively big lateral force.

From SAP2000 analysis output

Fx = 42.00KN

106
 Fz = 2304.9KN

Unfactored axial load = 2304.9KN =1646.36KN

1.4

μ = 0.35

Resisting force = μP
= 0.35x1646.36KN
= 576.23KN

Driving force = 42.00KN

Factor of safety against sliding = 576.23 = 13.72>>>F.Sall = 1.5

42.00

Therefore the structure is safe against sliding.

Theory of Elasticity analysis and observations indicate that the stress distribution
beneath symmetrically loaded footings is not uniform. The actual stress
distribution depends on both footing rigidity and base soil. For footings on loose
sand the grains near the edge tend to displace laterally, whereas the interior soil
is relatively confined. This difference results in a pressure diagram qualitatively
shown in Fig. a. Figure b is the theoretical pressure distribution for the general
case of rigid footings on any material. The high edge pressure may be explained
by considering that edge shear must occur before any settlement can take place.
Since soil has a low rupture strength, and most footings are of intermediate
rigidity, it is not very likely that high edge shear stresses are developed. The
edge stress also depends on the thickness H of compressible soil as shown
in Fig. b.
The pressure distribution beneath most footings will be rather indeterminate
because of the interaction of the footing rigidity with the soil type, state, and time
response to stress. For this reason it is common practice to use the linear pressure
distribution of Fig. c beneath spread footings.
BOWLES SECTION 8.3

107
Therefore from the allowable bearing capacity of the soil, size of square footing is
taken as 2.5x2.5 m.
Depth determination
Structural design of footings, involves checking adequacy of the thickness of the
footing and providing the necessary reinforcement to withstand punching shear,
wide beam shear and bending moment. Bond stress should also be checked.

Punching shear

108
Column size = 60cm X 60cm

d/2

a'+d
a'+d

The force acting is…………… …..Vact = Q-(a’+d) (b’+d)б

and the resisting force is ……….Vres = 2[(a’+d) + (b’+d)] dvpc
qult = Ps /A = 2992.85/2.5^2 = 478.86KN/m2
Ratio qult/qa =478.86/560 =0.86
Determining the d
d2 (4Vc+ q) + d(2Vc+q)(b+c) = (bl-cb) q
Ø =0.85 factor for other uncertainties [BOWLES (Art 9.3) Page 407

Vc= (1+ 2) ø√fc’ ≤ ø√fc’

β 6 3
β = column length = 0.6 = 1.0
column width 0.6

Vc= (1+ 2 ) 0.85√20 ≤ 0.85√20

1.0 6 3
Vc=1.478Mpa ≤ ∕ 1.267Mpa

Vc=1267Kpa

d2 (4*1267+ 478.86) + d(2*1267+478.86)(0.6+0.6) = (2.5*2.50 - 0.6*0.6) 478.86

5546.86 d2 + 1084.63d– 2820.49 = 0

d=0.65m

Check for Wide Beam Shear

1

109
2 2

d
2.50m
d 1m wide

2.50m

For strip of 1m wide

(L-d)qult = b.d.Vc,wb L= 2.5-0.6 =0.95m , qult = 342.04Kn/m2

2

Vc,wb = ø√fc’ =0.85*√20 = 0.634Mpa = 634Kpa

6 6
(0.95-d) = 1.0*d*634
342.04

d=0.333m < 0.65m(ok)

D=650+2(50)+20/2 = 760mm …….Say D=800mm

d= 800-2(50)-10 = 690mm

d2(νc +q/4) + d (νc + q/2)w = (BL – w2)q/4

Ø =0.65 factor for other uncertainties……………… [BOWLES (Art 9.3) Page 407]
Vc = Φ*(fc^.5)/3 =1.3MPa
d2 (1300 + 1006.17/4) + d(1300+1006.17/2).4 = (2.52-.4) x 1006.17/4
d2 (1551.54) + d(721.23) = 1471.52
Vres ≥ Vact

110
Vpc = 0.5 fc+d (1+50 ρa) EBCS 2 1995 Article 4.7.6 eq 4.47
= 0.5x1.17x103(1+50x0.005)
= 730KN/m2
Vres = 4(0.5+d)xdx730
= 1460d + 2920d2
Vact = 1006.17 – (0.5+d)2 x 730 = 641.17-730d-730d2

Vres= Vact yields

d=695cm

Wide beam shear

As our footing is square and centrally loading no checking for wide beam shear
is necessary

Determination of design moments

Maximum moment occurs at the face of the column

Mmax= ql2
2

The moment acting in both section is identical.

Mmax= ql2 l= 2.5-0.6 = 0.95m

111
 2 2

Mmax= 342.04*0.952 =
154.35Kn-m/m
2

C-25 fy=300

d= 690mm Mmax = 154.35Kn-m/m

=0.00126<min=0.002

use  = 0.002

As = .b.d =0.002*1000*690 = 1380mm2

Use 5ø 20 c/c 200

As provided = 1570.8mm2 in both direction since it is square footing .

Development length
Basic anchorage length
Lb = (ø∕4) (fyd∕fbd)
fbd = 2fctd : C-25Mpa ,s-300Mpa ,fyd=260.87Mpa
= 2x1.03
= 2.06Mpa
Lb = (20∕4) (260.87∕2.06) = 633.18mm
Require anchorage length
Lbnet = a*lb As,cal. ≥ 0.3lb ≥10Φ=200mm
As,eff.
As,cal. = 1380 mm2
As, eff = 1570.8 mm2
Lbnet = 1*633.18x1380 = 556.27mm
1570.8
0.3lb = 0.3x633.18 =189.95mm

112
lbnet = max(556.27,189.95,200) mm=556.27
use lbnet=560mm

113