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Fluid Mechanics:
UNIT-II
UNIT-III
Boundary layer Thickness, boundary layer over flat plate, laminar boundary layer,
application of momentum equation, Turbulent boundary layer, laminar sub-layer,
separation and its control, drag and lift, drag on sphere, a two dimensional cylinder and an
aerofoil. magnus effect. Introduction to compressible flow
Unit-IV
UNIT-V
Fluid Mechanics:
Introduction of fluids, Fluid statics: pressure as a scalar, monometry,forces on submerged
surfaces. Description of flows: field approach, Euler acceleration formula, streamlines,
streak lines, path lines. Reynolds transport theorem: Conservation of mass, stream
function, linear momentum equation, Navier-Stokes’ (NS) equation:elementary derivation,
application, Poiseuille flow, Couette flow, Energy equation-Bernoulli equation, applications
including flow measurement (Pitot tube, Orifice meters),pipe flows and losses in fittings.
Similitude and modeling: using non-dimensionalization of NS equations and boundary
conditions, simplifications for cases without free surfaces and without cavitation. High
Reynolds number flow: Prandtl’s approximation, basic inviscid flow, need for boundary
layer, Magnus effect, boundary layers-elementary results for flat plates, separation, flow
past immersed bodies (bluff, streamlined).
Heat transfer: Introduction, rate law and conservation law, conduction equation;
nondimensionalization,various approximations, steady state conduction-concept of
resistances in series and of critical thickness of insulation, unsteady conduction;
significance of Biot and Fourier numbers, Heissler charts; low Bi case; penetration depth,
essential nature of convection: transpiration cooling; writing energy equation without
dissipation and pressure terms; non-dimensionalization, Nusselt number and correlations.
Mass transfer: Simple ideas of mass transfer; definitions, similarity with heat transfer,
Use of steady ‘conduction’, concept to solve simple steady cases in dilute solutions as well
as in stationary solids.
Text books:
1. Som and Biswas, Introduction to fluid mechanics, McGraw-Hill
2. J. A. Fay, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, MIT Press
3. F. M. White, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill
4. Lienhard and Lienhard, A heat transfer textbook, 4th Ed. 2012
(http://web.mit.edu/lienhard/www/ahtt.html)
(1) Fluid Mechanics and its Applications, V. Gupta and S. K. Gupta, New Age International
Publishers, 2ndedition, 2010,
(2) Elements of Heat and Mass Transfer, V. Gupta, New Age International Publishers, 1995.
Announcements |
: Review of the salient features of the course.
: Diffusion in the dilute limit; Derivation of the unsteady diffusion equation; boundary
conditions for mass transfer;
Non-dimensionalisation of the convective heat transfer equation (5.7, 5.8); Nusselt number
as the dimensionless heat transfer coeffeicient in fluids; Dimensionless correlations for
Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds number and Prandtl number (5.12);
Completed heat transfer in a fin; effectiveness factor for fins; Transient conduction (Section
3.7) in a slab; Heissler charts for a slab; Significance of Biot number (3.7.3); Transient
heating of bodies with negligible internal resistance (3.7.4);
Nondimensionalization of the unsteady heat conduction equation -- Biot number and its
significance; Steady conduction in slabs; Conduction in a slab with convective BC (Sec
3.2.2); Thermal resistance of a composite slab (Sec 3.2.3); Interpretation of Biot number in
terms of thermal resistances (3.2.4);
Review of I and II law of thermodynamics; introduction to heat transfer; heat and mass
transfer as rate processes; Modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation;
Fourier's law of heat conduction (Chap. 1; Section 2.1, 2.2 of Gupta)
Fluid Mechanics part ends
Discussion on drag force past bluff bodies like a sphere; effect of roughness in inducing
turbulence; Physics of swing bowling: fluid mechanical explanation of out-swing, in-swing
and reverse swing of cricket balls.
Integral momentum equation for boundary layer flows: Expression for shear stress in
terms of displacement thickness and momentum thickness. Illustration for uniform flow
past a flat plate; variation of boundary layer thickness with flow direction; derivation of
expression for skin friction coefficient;
Scaling of boundary layer thickness with Reynolds number from re-scaling Navier-Stokes
equation; Integral momentum equation for obtaining the shear stress on a solid surface.
Potential flow past a rotating cylinder: Magnus - Robin effect. Boundary layers: Motivation
from flow past bluff bodies; separation; stream-lining; origin of boundary layers;
Derivation of velocity potential and stream function for a doublet; Flow past a Rankine half
body; Potential flow past a cylinder by superposition of a doublet and uniform flow;
Potential flows in 2-D: Derivation that stream function also satisfies Lapalce equation for
2-D irrotataional flows; Proof that stream lines and equipotential lines are orthogonal to
each other for potential flows; Stream function and velocity potential for (1) uniform flow;
(2) line source/sink; (3) line vortex. Principle of superposition of simple flows to generate
new potential flows.
Major and minor losses; loss coefficients; Energy balance for a pipeline network with minor
losses and pumps/compressors (Gupta & Gupta, Chap. 10; Fox and McDonald, Chap. 8;
White, Chap. 6); Fluid flow at high Reynolds number; Euler equation for Inviscid flows;
Pipe flows and losses in pipe fittings; laminar and turbulent flows in a pipe; Non-
dimensionalization of the pipe flow problem: the concept of friction factor; Friction factor
vs Reynolds number charts (Moody diagram) for smooth and rough pipes in laminar and
turbulent regimes; relation between wall shear stress in a pipe and friction factor; Major
and minor losses (Gupta & Gupta, Chap. 10; Fox and McDonald, Chap. 8; White, Chap. 6).
Boundary conditions for solving Navier-Stokes equations (Section 6.6 of Gupta & Gupta);
Steady, fully-developed flow between two parallel plates driven by wall motion as well as
pressure gradient: derivation of the velocity profile by solving the Navier-Stokes equations
(Example 6.1 of Gupta & Gupta); Validity of laminar flow profiles in channels and tubes;
Derivation of velocity profile for pipe Poiseuille flow from Navier-Stokes equations;
Derivation of flowrate-pressure drop relation (Hagen-Poiseuille equation) for laminar flow
in a pipe.
Steady mechanical energy balance with losses written in the form of various "heads";
Kinetic energy correction factor for flows with non-uniform velocity profiles; Relation
between energy balance with the Bernoulli equation; Bernoulli equation and its validity
(Chapter 7); Started application of Bernoulli equation to flow measurement;
Integral energy balance for a CV: contd from previous lecture. Discussion on shaft work,
work done by normal stresses, shear stresses etc.; Viscous dissipation of energy (Chapter
7) Simplified forms of integral energy balance with assumptions of steady flow,
incompressible flow, uniform flow approximation etc.;
Example illustrating the Integral momentum balance: force due to a jet of liquid on a solid
surface; brief discussion on the first law of thermodynamics; Integral energy balance for a
CV from the first law of thermodynamics (Chapter 7);
Completed discussion on integral momentum balance for a CV; Discussed body and surface
forces on a CV; uniform flow approximation and its validity for free jets; Momentum
correction factor for flow in pipes (section 5.3); Calculation of momentum correction factor
for laminar and turbulent flows in pipes of circular cross-section;
Analysis of fluid motion: System (control mass) vs control volume; Derivation of Reynolds
transport theorem (section 3.8 of Gupta & Gutpa; section 4.2 of Fox and McDonald);
Conservation of mass for a CV using Reynolds transport theorem (sections 4.1,4.2);
Steady vs unsteady flows; Graphical description of flows: path lines, streak lines and stream
lines (section 3.4); Derivation of equation for streamlines; Worked out example on how to
derive the equation describing a streamline; Showed video clips from Eulerian &
Lagrangian Description and Flow visualization of Shapiro videos (MIT).
Kinematics: Description of fluid motion; Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of fluid flow
(Section 3.1); Substantial derivative: relation between Eulerian (local) and Lagrangian
(material) rates of change (Section 3.2).
: Hydrostatic forces on planar and curved submerged surfaces (Sec 3.5 of Fox and
McDonald; 7th ed); Buoyancy (Sec 2.7 of Gupta & Gupta)
: Proof that pressure at a point in a static fluid is a scalar (Sec 2.1 of Gupta & Gupta);
Pressure force on a fluid element (Sec 2.2 of Gupta & Gupta); Basic equation of fluid statics
(Secs 2.3, 2.4 of Gupta & Gupta);
Continuum Approximation and its validity; Body and Surface forces in fluid mechanics;
Pressure as the normal force per unit area in a static fluid;
Introduction to fluid mechanics and rate processes; Distinction between fluids and solids;
TUTORIAL
Tutorial Problems (From Gupta & Gupta, 2nd Ed., Unless Specified Otherwise)
From Gupta & Gutpa, 2nd edition:
Tutorial Problems: 10.5, 10.6, 10.9, 10.15, 10.25
Practice Problems: 10.7, 10.11, 10.19
For Dimensional Analysis and Simulitute, the following problems are from Fox, McDonald
and Pritchard (5th edition), Introduction to fluid mechanics:
Tutorial Problems: 7.21, 7.25, 7.42, 7.61
Practice Problems: 7.22, 7.41, 7.44
Note that all the problems must be solved from first-principles, by simplifying the integral
(mass and/or momentum) balances.