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Course Code: ME-403T Breakup:3-1-0=4

Course Name: Basic Fluid Mechanics and Rate Processes


UNIT-I

Fluid Mechanics:

Fluid Statics, Description of Flows, Conservation of mass, Stream function, Momentum


Theorems.

UNIT-II

Naviers-Stokes equation, Energy equation, Similitude & Modeling, High Reapproximation,


Boundary layers.

UNIT-III

Boundary layer Thickness, boundary layer over flat plate, laminar boundary layer,
application of momentum equation, Turbulent boundary layer, laminar sub-layer,
separation and its control, drag and lift, drag on sphere, a two dimensional cylinder and an
aerofoil. magnus effect. Introduction to compressible flow

Unit-IV

Heat and Mass Transfer:

Rate Law and conservation. Steady state and Unsteady conduction

UNIT-V

Elementary convection. Simple Ideas of mass transfer

Text book and References:

1.Agarwal,”Fluid Mechanics and Machinery”,TMH

2.Som,S.K.& Biswas,G.”Introduction to Fluid mechanics and machines”,TMH

3.Bansal,R.K.,”A Text Book of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines,”laxmi publications

4.Rajput R.K.,”A textbook of hydraulics”,Sultan Chand Sons

5.Kumar,D.S.” Heat And Mass Transfer, S. K. Kataria & Sons

6.Holman J.P.,”Heat transfer,”TMH


Course Code: ME-403T Breakup:3-1-0=4

Course Name: Basic Fluid Mechanics and Rate Processes

Fluid Mechanics:
Introduction of fluids, Fluid statics: pressure as a scalar, monometry,forces on submerged
surfaces. Description of flows: field approach, Euler acceleration formula, streamlines,
streak lines, path lines. Reynolds transport theorem: Conservation of mass, stream
function, linear momentum equation, Navier-Stokes’ (NS) equation:elementary derivation,
application, Poiseuille flow, Couette flow, Energy equation-Bernoulli equation, applications
including flow measurement (Pitot tube, Orifice meters),pipe flows and losses in fittings.
Similitude and modeling: using non-dimensionalization of NS equations and boundary
conditions, simplifications for cases without free surfaces and without cavitation. High
Reynolds number flow: Prandtl’s approximation, basic inviscid flow, need for boundary
layer, Magnus effect, boundary layers-elementary results for flat plates, separation, flow
past immersed bodies (bluff, streamlined).

Heat transfer: Introduction, rate law and conservation law, conduction equation;
nondimensionalization,various approximations, steady state conduction-concept of
resistances in series and of critical thickness of insulation, unsteady conduction;
significance of Biot and Fourier numbers, Heissler charts; low Bi case; penetration depth,
essential nature of convection: transpiration cooling; writing energy equation without
dissipation and pressure terms; non-dimensionalization, Nusselt number and correlations.

Mass transfer: Simple ideas of mass transfer; definitions, similarity with heat transfer,
Use of steady ‘conduction’, concept to solve simple steady cases in dilute solutions as well
as in stationary solids.

Text books:
1. Som and Biswas, Introduction to fluid mechanics, McGraw-Hill
2. J. A. Fay, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, MIT Press
3. F. M. White, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill
4. Lienhard and Lienhard, A heat transfer textbook, 4th Ed. 2012
(http://web.mit.edu/lienhard/www/ahtt.html)
(1) Fluid Mechanics and its Applications, V. Gupta and S. K. Gupta, New Age International
Publishers, 2ndedition, 2010,
(2) Elements of Heat and Mass Transfer, V. Gupta, New Age International Publishers, 1995.
Announcements |
: Review of the salient features of the course.

: Diffusion in the dilute limit; Derivation of the unsteady diffusion equation; boundary
conditions for mass transfer;

Mass transfer: discussion on diffusion, definition of fluxes of species, Fick's law of


diffusion;

Non-dimensionalisation of the convective heat transfer equation (5.7, 5.8); Nusselt number
as the dimensionless heat transfer coeffeicient in fluids; Dimensionless correlations for
Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds number and Prandtl number (5.12);

Transient conduction in a semi-infinite solid: Physical interpretation of the similarity


solution; diffusion length and its meaning (3.7.5); Convective heat transfer: Illustraion by a
simple 1-D example (transpiration cooling) (5.3);

Completed heat transfer in a fin; effectiveness factor for fins; Transient conduction (Section
3.7) in a slab; Heissler charts for a slab; Significance of Biot number (3.7.3); Transient
heating of bodies with negligible internal resistance (3.7.4);

Conduction in cylindrical geometry: resistance of an annular cylindrical shell; Critical


thickness of a cylindrical insulation (Section 3.3.3); Started heat transfer enhancement by
fins (Section 3.5).

Nondimensionalization of the unsteady heat conduction equation -- Biot number and its
significance; Steady conduction in slabs; Conduction in a slab with convective BC (Sec
3.2.2); Thermal resistance of a composite slab (Sec 3.2.3); Interpretation of Biot number in
terms of thermal resistances (3.2.4);

Derivation of unsteady conduction equation; discussion of boundary conditions for heat


transfer (Sections 2.4, 2.5, 2.6 of V. Gupta); Convective boundary condition at a solid-liquid
interface; introduction to heat transfer coefficient;

Review of I and II law of thermodynamics; introduction to heat transfer; heat and mass
transfer as rate processes; Modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation;
Fourier's law of heat conduction (Chap. 1; Section 2.1, 2.2 of Gupta)
Fluid Mechanics part ends

Discussion on drag force past bluff bodies like a sphere; effect of roughness in inducing
turbulence; Physics of swing bowling: fluid mechanical explanation of out-swing, in-swing
and reverse swing of cricket balls.

Integral momentum equation for boundary layer flows: Expression for shear stress in
terms of displacement thickness and momentum thickness. Illustration for uniform flow
past a flat plate; variation of boundary layer thickness with flow direction; derivation of
expression for skin friction coefficient;

Scaling of boundary layer thickness with Reynolds number from re-scaling Navier-Stokes
equation; Integral momentum equation for obtaining the shear stress on a solid surface.

Potential flow past a rotating cylinder: Magnus - Robin effect. Boundary layers: Motivation
from flow past bluff bodies; separation; stream-lining; origin of boundary layers;

Derivation of velocity potential and stream function for a doublet; Flow past a Rankine half
body; Potential flow past a cylinder by superposition of a doublet and uniform flow;

Potential flows in 2-D: Derivation that stream function also satisfies Lapalce equation for
2-D irrotataional flows; Proof that stream lines and equipotential lines are orthogonal to
each other for potential flows; Stream function and velocity potential for (1) uniform flow;
(2) line source/sink; (3) line vortex. Principle of superposition of simple flows to generate
new potential flows.

Derivation of Bernoulli equation from the Euler equation; Applicability of Bernoulli


equation; Inviscid and Irrotational flows; Velocity potential; (Section 11.5 of Gupta &
Gupta; Chapter 12 of Gupta & Gupta; Chapter 6 of Fox & McDonald)

Major and minor losses; loss coefficients; Energy balance for a pipeline network with minor
losses and pumps/compressors (Gupta & Gupta, Chap. 10; Fox and McDonald, Chap. 8;
White, Chap. 6); Fluid flow at high Reynolds number; Euler equation for Inviscid flows;

Pipe flows and losses in pipe fittings; laminar and turbulent flows in a pipe; Non-
dimensionalization of the pipe flow problem: the concept of friction factor; Friction factor
vs Reynolds number charts (Moody diagram) for smooth and rough pipes in laminar and
turbulent regimes; relation between wall shear stress in a pipe and friction factor; Major
and minor losses (Gupta & Gupta, Chap. 10; Fox and McDonald, Chap. 8; White, Chap. 6).

Nondimensionalisation of Navier-Stokes equations: emergence of dimensionless groups


such as the Reynolds number, Froude number, and their physical interpretation;
Discussion on similitude; geometric, kinematic and dynamical similarity.

Dimensional analysis and Similitute: Motivation for doing dimensional analysis;


Buckingham's Pi theorem to reduce a functional relationship among dimensional variables
to a functional relationship among (smaller number of) dimensionless groups; Example:
drag force on a sphere (Chapter 7 of Fox and McDonald; Chapter 5 of White).
Further discussion on pipe flow problem and its validity and assumptions involved;
Started motivating Dimensional analysis.

Boundary conditions for solving Navier-Stokes equations (Section 6.6 of Gupta & Gupta);
Steady, fully-developed flow between two parallel plates driven by wall motion as well as
pressure gradient: derivation of the velocity profile by solving the Navier-Stokes equations
(Example 6.1 of Gupta & Gupta); Validity of laminar flow profiles in channels and tubes;
Derivation of velocity profile for pipe Poiseuille flow from Navier-Stokes equations;
Derivation of flowrate-pressure drop relation (Hagen-Poiseuille equation) for laminar flow
in a pipe.

: Completed the derivation of Navier-Stokes equations for an incompressible Newtonian


fluid; Shear stresses in a viscous fluid: Newton's law of viscosity (Section 1.3 of Gupta &
Gupta; Section 2.4 of Fox & McDonald); Constitutive relation for a Newtonian fluid (Section
6.2-6.5 of Gupta & Gupta; Section 5.4 of Fox & McDonald)

Derivation of differential momentum balance; State of stress in a fluid on an element of


arbitrary orientation: the notion of the stress tensor and its meaning; (Sections 6.1, 6.2 of
Gupta & Gupta; Section 5.4 of Fox & McDonald); To be continued.

Derivation of Differential mass balance (continuity equation); Continuity equation in


Rectangular (Cartesian) and cylindrical coordinates; Continuity equation for an
incompressible fluid; Criterion for incompressible flow based on Mach number; Stream
function for 2-D flows; Illustration that stream lines are lines where stream function is a
constant; relation between volumetric flow rate across two stream lines and difference
between stream function values (section 4.3 of Gupta & Gupta; Section 5.2 of Fox &
McDonald).

Application of Bernoulli equation to flow measurement: restriction flow meters such as


orifice and venturi meteres; derivation of expression for mass flow rate using discharge
coefficient; Static and stagnation pressures; Pitot tube for measurement of local fluid
velocity. (section 8.7 of Gupta & Gupta, sections 6.3 and 8.10 of Fox & McDonald);
Differential balances: Started derivation of differential mass conservation;

Steady mechanical energy balance with losses written in the form of various "heads";
Kinetic energy correction factor for flows with non-uniform velocity profiles; Relation
between energy balance with the Bernoulli equation; Bernoulli equation and its validity
(Chapter 7); Started application of Bernoulli equation to flow measurement;

Integral energy balance for a CV: contd from previous lecture. Discussion on shaft work,
work done by normal stresses, shear stresses etc.; Viscous dissipation of energy (Chapter
7) Simplified forms of integral energy balance with assumptions of steady flow,
incompressible flow, uniform flow approximation etc.;

Example illustrating the Integral momentum balance: force due to a jet of liquid on a solid
surface; brief discussion on the first law of thermodynamics; Integral energy balance for a
CV from the first law of thermodynamics (Chapter 7);

Completed discussion on integral momentum balance for a CV; Discussed body and surface
forces on a CV; uniform flow approximation and its validity for free jets; Momentum
correction factor for flow in pipes (section 5.3); Calculation of momentum correction factor
for laminar and turbulent flows in pipes of circular cross-section;

Integral balances: Conservation of mass for a CV using Reynolds transport theorem


(sections 4.1,4.2). Simplified forms of mass balance for (a) incompressible fluids and (b)
steady flows; simplification for uniform flows in entry and exit to CVs; introduction of
(cross-section) average velocity. Started derivation of integral momentum balance for a CV
(section 5.1 and 5.2).

Analysis of fluid motion: System (control mass) vs control volume; Derivation of Reynolds
transport theorem (section 3.8 of Gupta & Gutpa; section 4.2 of Fox and McDonald);
Conservation of mass for a CV using Reynolds transport theorem (sections 4.1,4.2);

Steady vs unsteady flows; Graphical description of flows: path lines, streak lines and stream
lines (section 3.4); Derivation of equation for streamlines; Worked out example on how to
derive the equation describing a streamline; Showed video clips from Eulerian &
Lagrangian Description and Flow visualization of Shapiro videos (MIT).

Kinematics: Description of fluid motion; Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of fluid flow
(Section 3.1); Substantial derivative: relation between Eulerian (local) and Lagrangian
(material) rates of change (Section 3.2).

: Hydrostatic forces on planar and curved submerged surfaces (Sec 3.5 of Fox and
McDonald; 7th ed); Buoyancy (Sec 2.7 of Gupta & Gupta)

: Proof that pressure at a point in a static fluid is a scalar (Sec 2.1 of Gupta & Gupta);
Pressure force on a fluid element (Sec 2.2 of Gupta & Gupta); Basic equation of fluid statics
(Secs 2.3, 2.4 of Gupta & Gupta);

Continuum Approximation and its validity; Body and Surface forces in fluid mechanics;
Pressure as the normal force per unit area in a static fluid;

Introduction to fluid mechanics and rate processes; Distinction between fluids and solids;
TUTORIAL

From V. Gupta, Elements of Heat and Mass Transfer :


Tutorial Problems: 3.50, Example 7.5 (page 284), Example 7.8 (page 289)

From V. Gupta, Elements of Heat and Mass Transfer :


Tutorial Problems: 3.18, 3.30, 3.49, 3.50
In problem 3.30, use thermal conductivity of brass = 120 W/m K

From V. Gupta, Elements of Heat and Mass Transfer :


Tutorial Problems: 1.1, 1.2, 2.6, 3.7, 3.9
Practice Problems: 3.6, 3.17, 3.27

From Gupta & Gutpa, 2nd edition:


Tutorial Problems: 13.1, 13.3, 13.5, 13.7, 13.16
Practice Problems: 13.2,13.6,13.13,13.17
Problems from the previous tutorial to be completed.

From Gupta & Gutpa, 2nd edition:


Tutorial Problems: 12.2 (d), 12.2 (f), 12.22, 12.26, 12.27
Practice Problems: 12.2(a), 12.2(b), 12.15, 12.23, 12.24

Tutorial Problems (From Gupta & Gupta, 2nd Ed., Unless Specified Otherwise)
From Gupta & Gutpa, 2nd edition:
Tutorial Problems: 10.5, 10.6, 10.9, 10.15, 10.25
Practice Problems: 10.7, 10.11, 10.19

For Dimensional Analysis and Simulitute, the following problems are from Fox, McDonald
and Pritchard (5th edition), Introduction to fluid mechanics:
Tutorial Problems: 7.21, 7.25, 7.42, 7.61
Practice Problems: 7.22, 7.41, 7.44

Tutorial Problems: 1.2, 6.8, 6.21, 6.28


Practice Problems: 1.3, 1.4, 6.9, 6.25

Tutorial problems: 7.8, 7.14, 7.30, 7.43


Practice problems: 7.1, 7.9, 7.37. 7.44

Note that all the problems must be solved from first-principles, by simplifying the integral
(mass and/or momentum) balances.

Tutorial Problems: 4.5, 5.4, 5.15, 5.28, 5.33


Practice Problems: 4.4, 4.6, 5.2, 5.7, 5.11

Tutorial Problems: 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.10, 3.12


Practice Problems: 3.8, 3.9

Tutorial Problems 2.1, 2.2, 2.10, 2.12


Practice Problems: 2.4, 2.5, 2.11, 2.13

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