Bioengineering

Mechanics of materials Juliana Uribe Pérez

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Contents
➤ Importance in biomechanics
➤ Types of loads (tension, compression, shear, bending…)
➤ Universal tes<ng machine (UTM)
➤ Strain-stress curve
➤ Mul<axial Loading and generalized Hooke's Law
➤ Material behavior: elas<city, plas<city, viscoelas<city (hysteresis, creep, stress relaxa<on)
➤ Tenacity and resilience
➤ Duc<lity and fragility
➤ Stress tensor
➤ Fa<gue (S-N curve)
➤ Fracture mechanics
➤ Stress intensity factor (KI) and stress concentra<on factor (KT)
➤ Exercises
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Importance in Biomechanics
Understanding bone fractures mechanics Prosthesis and orthosis design

Fractured femoral prosthesis Ankle foot Orthosis (AFO) material tes8ng

hNp://www.lookfordiagnosis.com/mesh_info.php?
term=Prosthesis+Failure&lang=1

hNp://www.intechopen.com/books/biomechanics-in-applica<ons/biomechanics-of-
hNp://www.tcnj.edu/~afo/pictures.html
musculoskeletal-injury
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Types of loading
Axial loading: tension or compression Tangen<al loading: Shear stress

Bending and twis<ng

hNp://www.naturalheightgrowth.com/2014/03/19/lsjl-work-wrong-big-breakthrough/
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Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

UTM: used to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of materials

3 point bending test

"Three point flexural test" by Cjp24 - CC BY-SA 3.0 hNps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/

hNp://www.direc<ndustry.com/prod/shenzhen-wance-tes<ng-machine-co-ltd/product-72280-955599.html
File:Three_point_flexural_test.jpg#/media/File:Three_point_flexural_test.jpg
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Uniaxial loading

0,7"
0,6"

Load"(kN)"
0,5"
0,4"
0,3" K
0,2"
0,1"
0"
+1" 0" 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6"
hNp://www.bu.edu/moss/mechanics-of-materials-strain/
Stroke"(mm)"
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Stress-strain curve (axial loading)

1: Elas<c limit
2: Yield strength (yield point)

hNps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93strain_curve#/media/File:StressStrainWEB.svg
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Hooke’s Law (axial)

Robert Hooke
1635 –1703

hNp://www.bu.edu/moss/mechanics-of-materials-strain/
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Generalized Hooke’s Law (axial load)

Generalized Hooke's law for homogenous, isotropic, and elas<c materials being exposed to forces on
more than one axis:

hNp://www.bu.edu/moss/mechanics-of-materials-strain/

Pulling on it in the x-direc<on causes it to shrink in the y and z direc<ons.

Poisson's ra<o

Poisson's ratio for engineering materials: between 0 and 0.5

What does mean a negative poisson ratio?
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Generalized Hooke’s Law (axial load)

Uniaxial loading (x direc<on) Isotropic material

Mul<axial loading (x, y, z)

hNp://www.bu.edu/moss/mechanics-of-materials-strain/ Change in volume (e):

Rewrite mul<axial equa<ons for an anisotropic material
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Hooke’s Law in Shear

Hooke’s law for stress:

G: shear modulus of a material

Generalized:

hNp://www.bu.edu/moss/mechanics-of-materials-strain/

Rela<onship between material proper<es:

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Stress tensor
Tensors are geometric objects that describe linear rela<ons between geometric vectors,
scalars, and other tensors.

hNps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Components_stress_tensor.svg
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Elastic and plastic behavior

"Stress-strain1" by Moondoggy -CC BY-SA 3.0 hNps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stress-

strain1.svg#/media/File:Stress-strain1.svg
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Pure elastic behavior

Linear elas<c behavior:
❖ Instant response

❖ No <me-depending response nor deforma<on rate-depending

❖ Full energy recovery: deforma<on aoer unloading = 0

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Viscoelasticity
1: Time dependent response

With plas<city Without plas<city

hNp://polymodmw.csi.muohio.edu/?page_id=276
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Viscoelasticity

2: Stress relaxation 3: Creep 4: Hysteresis

hNp://www.intechopen.com/books/current-issues-in-sports-and-exercise-medicine/
hNp://www.intechopen.com/books/theore<cal-biomechanics/biomechanics-and-modeling-of-skeletal-soo-<ssues
the-physiology-of-sports-injuries-and-repair-processes
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Viscoelastic behavior models

Maxwell Kelvin-Voigt

η: coefficient of viscosity
E: elas<c modulus
By Pekaje, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Under an applied axial stress:

D: damper D: damper
S: spring S: spring

or, in dot nota<on

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Fragility and Ductility

hNps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BriNle_v_duc<le_stress-strain_behaviour.png
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Resiliency and toughness

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Biomaterials Strength

These charts do not really compare what is important: cyclical loading and fatigue strength.

hNp://www.mie.uth.gr/ekp_yliko/2_Materials-Charts-2009.pdf
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Fatigue strength
Fatigue strength is critical for prosthetic and orthotic design

hNp://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Fa<gue/Stress_levels.html
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Stress Intensity Factor

hNps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_mechanics

"Fracture modes v2" by Twisp - Public Domain via Commons - hNps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fracture_modes_v2.svg#/

media/File:Fracture_modes_v2.svg
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Stress Intensity Factor

Alumina, Zirconia and composite Alumina-Zirconia for femoral heads in hip replacement
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Stress concentration factor (Kt)

A reduc<on in area (e.g., caused by a crack) results in a localized increase in stress

hNps://www.corrosionpedia.com/defini<on/1035/stress-concentra<on-factor-kt

"HoleForceLines" by Kaidor .CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons -

hNps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:HoleForceLines.svg#/media/File:HoleForceLines.svg
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Stress concentration: example

a) Blast* wave causes micro-fracture within the bone —> the bending forces exerted on the femur result
in an area of stress concentra<on —> the stresses within this area exceed the tensile failure stress of
bone, resul<ng in fracture, b) A trauma<c amputa<on of the femur.

hNp://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/58/689

*Blast injury: a complex type of physical trauma resul8ng from direct or indirect exposure to an explosion