Professional Documents
Culture Documents
REPORT
of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
APPLIED PHYSICS
Submitted to: Submitted by:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Sumt Kumar
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CANDIDATE’S DECLARTION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in this report entitled
"ELECTRICITY GENEREATION THROUGH CHAIR" in partial fulfillment of
requirements for the award of degree of Master of Science, submitted in the
Department of APPLIED PHYSICS of college is an authentic record of my own work
carried out under the supervision of Mrs. Anu Malik.
The matter embodied in this report has not been submitted by me for the award
of any other Degree.
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct the
best of my knowledge.
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PREFACE
As we all know well that the practical training play an important role in future
building of an individual one can easily come from the fear from the life. As he has
to join as a faculty member after sometime.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
2 CANDIDATE’S DECLARTION 3
3 PREFACE 5
4 ABSTRACT 6
5 INTRODUCTION 7
6 HISTORY 11
7 TYPES OF STAIRLIFT 13
8 MAIN COMPONENTS 18
9 CONTROLS 26
10 SAFETY 28
13 APPLICATIONS 34
14 CONCLUSION 34
15 REFERENCES 36
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ABSTRACT
This topic deals with the fabrication of Electricity generation through chair as well as stair case
lift. A stair case lift is a mechanical device for lifting people and wheelchairs up and down on the
stairs, who may find difficulty in doing so themselves. For sufficiently wide stairs, a rail is
mounted to the treads of the stairs. A chair or lifting platform is attached to the rail. A person
on the chair or platform is lifted as the chair or platform moves along the rail, old age and
goods are to be carried across the stair case. Stair case lift is a type of lift that can be mounted
on the stair case without altering civil structure. This lift runs on electric power and
consists of a motor, reduction gear box, rope drive, two rails a sliding chair. In this system we
use DC motor for changing the polarity of the power supply which will make the motor run
in reverse direction connected with the earlier, while the later will form the entire
assembly run to in downward direction, with the help of Toggle switches and push
buttons. Advantages over the conventional hydraulic lift are no civil structure and
alteration is required, low cost, less bulkiness, less power, less maintenance requires. Easy
design, easy installations. Can be of industrial use too. Moreover, considering some
drawbacks due to weight carrying capacity completely depend upon the capacity of
motor. There is lot of scope for further modification in the project as using monorail
instead of two. Use of belt drive or chain drive instead of rope drive. Incorporation and
automation/ timer unit which will ease the use of device. Rack and carrier arrangement for
using the device for curved stair case. Use of work & roller reduction gear assembly.
When someone sits in the chair and rocks, backrest of chair is press. As the dynamo run based
on the movements of the person sitting in the chair, a current is generated. That current can be
sent into a large battery to store the energy or hypothetically charge up a electronic device like
a smartphone or a laptop. Solar panel used to charge the battery.
Keywords:
Stair case lift, gear box, DC motor, Material Handling System, civil structure, Rack and carrier,
rope drive, belt drive, chain drive, dynamo, solar panel, battery etc.
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INTRODUCTION
A restaurant stairlift.
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An elevator or lift is a vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people
or goods between floors (levels) of a building, or of other structure. Elevators are
generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or
counterweight systems like a hoist or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical
piston like a jack. Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a legal
requirement in new multi-storey buildings, especially where wheelchair ramps
would be impractical. A stairlift is a mechanical device for lifting people and
wheelchairs up and down stairs. For sufficiently wide stairs, a rail is mounted to
the treads of the stairs. A chair or lifting platform is attached to the rail. A person
on the chair or platform is lifted as the chair or platform moves along the rail.
Stairlifts are known variously as stair lifts, stair-lifts, chair lifts, stair gliders and by
other names. This type of chair lift should not be confuse with the chairlift used
by skiers As the name suggests stair case lift is a type of lift that can be mounted
on the stock stair case without altering civil structure. This lift of course runs on
electric power and consists of a motor two rails a sliding chair. This stair case lift
can be mounted stock stair case where the civil structure is not be altered; and
still handicapped old age and goods are to be carried across the stair case. These
actual size stair case lift will be on could with at which can be assembly, and
mounted and wheel as disassembled and mounted.
In the middle 1800s, there were many types of crude elevators that carried
freight. Most of them ran hydraulically. The first hydraulic elevators used a
plunger below the car to raise or lower the elevator. A pump applied water
pressure to a plunger, or steel column, inside a vertical cylinder. Increasing the
pressure caused the elevator to ascend. The elevator also used a system of
counter-balancing so that the plunger did not have to lift the entire weight of the
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elevator and its load. The plunger, however, was not practical for tall buildings,
because it required a pit as deep below the building as the building was tall. Later
a rope-geared elevator with multiple pulleys was developed.
The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw
materials including coal and lumber from hillsides. The technology developed by
these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together
to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today.
Lifts are invented long back ago. But installation of lift involves ample amount of
cost intenous of rails, motor honk, civil structures .If lifts to be installed in the
stalk structure then it be alteration cost is too much. To overcome all these
factors and to civil construction cost the concept of stair case lift come with being
which reduced extra costing associated with the lift mechanism, the benchmark
of the system is that this concept is associated with simplifying as well. Some
people argue that lifts began as simple rope or chain hoist. A lift is a essentially
platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern day
lift when consists of a cab (also called a "cage" or "car") mounted on a platform
within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a "hoistway". In the past, lift
drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons or by
hand.
In a "traction" lift, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply
grooved pulley commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is
balanced by counterweight. Sometimes two lifts always move synchronously in
opposite directions, and they are each other's counterweight. The friction
between the ropes and the pulley furnishes the traction which gives this type of
lift its name.
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Stair Case Lift
Hydraulic lifts use the principles of hydraulics (in the sense of hydraulic power ) to
pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car. Roped
hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and
lower cars. Recent innovations include permanent magnet motors, machine
room-less rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls. The
technology used in new installations depends on a variety of factors. Hydraulic
lifts are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length becomes
impractical for very high lift hoist ways. For buildings of much over seven storey‟s,
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traction lifts must be employed instead. Hydraulic lifts are usually slower than
traction lifts. Lifts are a candidate for mass customization.
There are economies to be made from mass production of the components, but
each building comes with its own requirements like different number of floors,
dimensions of the well and usage patterns.
HISTORY
Features
Modern stair lifts can be found with a wide variety of features such as adjustable
seat height, battery isolation switches, call stations, 'flip-up' rail, key switch,
folding step, speed governor, seatbelt, soft start and soft stop.
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Rails
Straight rails for use on domestic staircases are usually made from extruded
aluminium or steel and come in various cross-sectional shapes. These rails may,
typically, weigh over 30 kg, depending on the length. In most applications they
are attached to the steps with metal brackets (sometimes called “cleats”).
Curved rails are made from materials such as steel or aluminium and come in
various cross-sectional shapes according to the designer. Individual designs vary a
lot and probably the key criterion is to make the curves with the smallest radius
possible so they will wrap tightly around objects such as newel posts.
The sections of curved rails usually packaged well to prevent damage in transit
and are unwrapped and assembled on site.
Rails for wheelchair platform stairlifts may be secured to walls in addition to the
step fixings.
Carriages
The carriage is the component which moves along the rail and normally runs on
small diameter rollers. In most designs the carriage is pulled by a cable or chain,
or driven along the inclined rail by a rack and pinion system or other drive
arrangement.
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Most domestic carriages have a seat with arms and a footrest. Some special
models have a stand-on platform also known as a "perch" seat. For users with
shorter legs a short seat can be fitted, to make the lift more comfortable to sit on.
Seats can be tailored to suit individual needs.
The conventional layout for a typical domestic stairlift is to have the seat at right
angles to the rail so the user travels "sidesaddle". At the top of the staircase the
seat can be swivelled, commonly through around 45 degrees or 90 degrees, then
locked in place to allow the user to alight from it onto a landing. Stairlifts are
available with either a manual swivel or a powered swivel, depending on the
users ability.
Most swivel seats have a safety switch so the stairlift won’t move unless the seat
is locked into its travel position. Special models with seats facing the bottom of
the staircase have been produced for users with spinal or other conditions which
prevent use of the conventional seat layout. More room is need on the landing
with these special seats.
Straight-rail stairlifts
These are the most common type of stairlifts used in private dwellings with
straight stairs and have a straight rail (track) which is attached to the steps of the
staircase. Straight-rail stairlifts can usually be installed within days of being
ordered and, having a rail which is simply cut to length from a stock part, they are
the least expensive stairlifts.
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Curved-rail stairlifts
These are made to follow the shape of an individual staircase (curved stairs). On
staircases with intermediate flat landings they eliminate the need for multiple
straight stairlifts by providing a continuous ride up the entire length of the
staircase. Because the rail is custom-made to follow the staircase, and because
the chair is more complex that on a straight-rail stairlift (it has to be able to
remain level while traveling along a track which changes direction and angle),
curved-rail stairlifts are usually more costly than stairlifts for straight stairs.
Specifying a curved-rail stairlifts usually involves careful measurement, design and
manufacturing, and the installation process usually takes longer than for a
straight domestic stairlift.
These come under the general definition of stairlift and are usually of much
heavier construction than a domestic stairlift.
Most platform stairlifts are used in public access buildings or outside private
homes.
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The platform is large enough to accommodate a wheelchair and its user, and may
have folding edge flaps which drop down and act as ramps to allow for variations
in floor levels. These flaps also prevent the wheelchair from going over the edge
of the platform.
The rails are, necessarily, of heavy construction to support the load and the drive
system is usually accommodated within a tubular section rail or aluminium
extrusion. Some models have steel cables inside the tube, others have chains; yet
others may use a rack and pinion system.
Many wheelchair platform stairlifts are designed and built to order. Others may
comprise a standard platform and carriage, with the only special requirement
being the length of rails or tracks.
Some stairlift chairs can also be moved and used as indoor wheelchairs.
Outdoor stairlifts
Outdoor Stairlifts come with seats, perches, footplates or platforms and are sold
worldwide. They are similar to indoor stairlifts but with improved
weatherproofing.
Pre-owned stairlifts
There is a second-user market for some types of stairlift. This is most common
with straight rail domestic types. The rails can be cut to length if too long, or
extended with a "joining kit". Most models allow the carriage to be "re-handed"
so it can be used on the left or right side of the staircase.
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During the early days of curved rail stairlifts there was no second user market
because of the difficulty of matching rails to a different layout. Even staircases
built to the same design specification in neighbouring houses have variations, but
in most attempted "transplants" there are too many differences to make it
practicable. Many owners have had to pay to have unwanted curved stairlifts
removed.
More recently, some curved rails have been produced to a modular design so
components can be unbolted and used elsewhere, subject to design and safety
considerations. In some cases, tubular section rails which are welded during
manufacture, are produced by specialist rail companies so they can be used with
a pre-owned carriage, controls, and other components. This is, perhaps, like
putting an old locomotive on new railway lines. It provides a lower cost solution
than buying a totally new system.
Goods stairlifts
Some manufacturers produce stairlifts with trays instead of seats for moving
goods between different levels, usually in commercial or industrial buildings.
Some businesses have purchased normal domestic stairlifts purely as goods
transporters and put items such as boxes of stationery on the seat.
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AC & DC POWER
Early stairlifts mostly had alternating current (AC) drive motors which ran at full
mains voltage (around 115 volts in North America, 230 volts in Europe). An
"energy chain" ran alongside or through the rail to carry the power cable from the
supply point to the carriage.
More recently, domestic stairlifts have been powered from rechargeable batteries
and use direct current (DC). One of the selling points is that a DC stairlift will
continue to function during a power outage, provided the batteries are
sufficiently charged. Most stairlifts have a 'chargepoint' where the unit will 'park'
to charge its batteries. Some straight stairlifts have the ability to charge
continuously no matter where they are left along the track.
With most DC models the batteries are accommodated within the carriage and
travel with it.
Some models, however, were designed with three phase motors and the batteries
(three in total) were housed in a cabinet mounted near the top or bottom of the
rail. An inverter system was used to convert the DC energy to three phase AC.
The power rating of drive motors for domestic straight rail stairlifts may be
around 250 watts. The power requirement will be greater for heavy loads, very
steep inclines, and wheelchair platform stairlifts.
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MAIN COMPONENTS
RAILS
CHAIR
12V GEARED MOTOR
RACK AND PINION
WHEELS
DYNAMO
12V 30 AMP. BATTERY
SOLAR PANEL
RAILS
Straight rails for use on domestic staircases are usually made from extruded
aluminium or steel and come in various cross-sectional shapes. These rails may,
typically, weigh over 30 kg, depending on the length. In most applications they
are attached to the steps with metal brackets (sometimes called “cleats”).
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CHAIR
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12 V GEARED MOTOR
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RACK AND PINION
Units convert a cylinder’s linear motion to angular rotation that can exceed 360°.
The rotary actuators — with the rack mounted on the rod — are often used in
process industries to operate quarter-turn valves. In addition to rod-type
cylinders, other designs included.
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DYNAMO
A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a
commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering
power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-
power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the
alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. Today, the simpler
alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and
cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also,
converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum
tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economical.
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SOLAR PANEL
Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of
energy for generating electricity or heating.
The price of solar power, together with batteries for storage, has continued to fall
so that in many countries it is cheaper than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the
grid (there is "grid parity").
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12V 30 AMP. BATTERY
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CONTROLS
Stairlifts are largely operated using a control on the arm of the lift. This is either a
switch or a toggle type lever. This larger toggle switch enables users even with
limited mobility or painful condition to use stairlifts easily and safely.
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Electronic controls are used extensively. Many stairlifts have radio frequency or
infrared remote controllers. It is known that radiation from devices such as
fluorescent lights can interfere with infrared stairlift controls. Also, heat and
incandescent lights can, in some circumstances, have an adverse effect.
Control circuit design varies greatly among the different manufacturers and
models. Curved rail stairlifts have more complex controls than those with straight
rails.
The seat of a curved rail stairlift may have to be tilted so it remains horizontal
whilst going around curves and negotiates different angles of incline. This requires
an additional motor and link system.
Also, the carriage is slowed down on bends but travels faster on straight runs. This
means a more complex control system. Modern controls have small
microprocessors which “learn” the characteristics of the journeys and keep the
data in memory. They also record the number of journey and direction. This
assists service engineers on maintenance calls.
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SAFETY
Stairlifts are used by people of all ages and child car seats can usually be fixed a
standard stairlift seat using the seat belt provided with the stairlift system.
Many stairlifts are also fitted with a key, to allow the user to prevent others from
using the lift.
ASME A18.1 - 2005 Safety Standard for Platform Lifts and Stairway Chairlifts
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Note: codes of practice and technical specifications are updated occasionally.
These references may be out of date by the time they are read and are shown as
examples.
SELF - INSTALLATION
TRAVEL SPEED
Stairlifts normally have "soft" starts so the user is not jerked as the carriage starts
to move. Typical travel speed for domestic straight rail stairlift carriages range
between 0.07 metres per second (13.78 feet per minute) and 0.15 metres per
second (29.53 feet per minute) (0.34 miles per hour). The speed of curved rail
stairlift carriages may vary on the journey if the controls cause them to slow on
inclines and bends.
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COSTS
Stair lifts are highly individualized units that vary in price significantly. However,
many base units begin between $2,000 and $4,000. Many options affect this base
pricing including: length of railing needed, any curves involved, seat upgrades,
motor upgrades, seat swivel, seat and foot pedal folding, and power type.
In this project, the final design was an outcome of a sequential analysis and
modification of stages. Stair lifts are easily installed into any situation where the
condition of the stair tread is good as the railing that the chair lift uses is attached
to the stair tread. A chair lift for stairs can be both battery operated and AC power
operated. Stairs present a mobility challenge and often danger for the elderly who
are struggling with mobility issues. Falling down stairs are a leading cause of
serious injury among the elderly and purchasing a chair lift for stairs can
significantly reduce concerns about falls. A chair lift will not only be a safer
method for movement up and down stairs by those with mobility issues but they
will also be securing an important degree of independence. The concept of stair
case lift is mead for transportation of human, goods across stair case hence it
needs something like chair, platform using which human, goods can be
transported. Something on which this platform, chair case run on like rails.
Something with which the platform, chair can be made to run across rails such as
pulling pushing mechanism, system which involves a motor, a gearbox, a pulley
and a rope drive. The rails are two in numbers. These can be mounted on the stalk
stair case with clamping with ease.
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Inside these „C‟ cross sectioned rails slides are mounted which studless through
the length of rails. These staircases and fixed to each other with the help of
structural mechanisms supports the motor and other components like gearbox,
pulley, platform, chair, control panel. Now, on these staircase a motor is mounted
which is a out scale down model in 2V DC 2400 rpm Mabuchi, Indonesian made
motor, which is associated with the gearbox which uses 10 different event gears
for reducing speed and inversing torque. On the output of the gearbox is
mounted a guide pulley. This output shaft of the gearbox is also used to wheel
and moved the rope with the help of which these stair case lift can move upward
and downward. Other end of this rope is attached with the upper end of rail.
Wherever supply is given to these motor its runs the gearbox which in-return
starts winding the rope on its outer start wheels makes the apparent through of
the gearbox shouter resulting in pulling of the gearbox and the motor in the
direction in which the rope has been fixed. As motor and gearbox along with the
platform, chair are mounted on the suitable platform which can be slide on the
rails the entire unit starts moving upwards then human / goods can be motivated
very easily. Reversing the supply to the DC motor on changing the polarity of the
power supply will make the motor run in reverse direction connected with the
earlier, while the later will form the entire assembly run to in downward direction
then by making the entire / single must be use for the future purposes.
The direction of the motor of stair case lift can be changed with the help of
button mounted on the chair at self making the use of stair case lift very carry the
power cables are protected with a cable carrier Then project model makes of 6V
DC power supply which is managed using a 220V AC adapter giving output of 6V
DC, 1 amp and a battery backup in advance supplied that gives 6V DC, 4 Ah
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output. The project model is constructed out of MDF material that is first plated
with various required designs and then cut to the drawing then flushing & before
drilling operation is carried out. There parts are then assembled for the project
model.
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RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCHERS
With the distinguished advantages and the benefits associated there of the
reasons to be being for stair case lift. In context to Indian the economical aspect
of this system proves to be very promising and the typical Indian context would
always insist upon economy without compromising quality & multi-utility. In this
case no one has alter the civil structure for installation thereafter shortest cost for
installation procedure as compared to that of lift.
So future seems to be very bright. There is lot of scope for further modification in
the project as follows. Using monorail instead of two. Incorporation and
automation / timer unit which will ease the use of device. Push button ON/OFF
using timer circuit. A swivel seating arrangement. Seatbelt for future safety. Rack
and carrier arrangement for using the device for curved stair case. Use of work &
roller reduction gear assembly. Folding seat arrangement.
APPLICATIONS
Generated current can be sent into a large battery to store the energy or
hypothetically charge up a electronic device like a smartphone or a laptop.
Lifting people up and down.
CONCLUSION
Stair case lift can be adapted for its sheer use simplicity and economy. Therefore
it can be widely used for home as well as industrial which ensures a promising
future to the concept.
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REFERENCES
Elevator World, Volume One, No 1 January 1953
Oxford Dictionary definition
The Free Dictionary definition
Wordreference definition
Wiktionary definition
Collins Dictionary definition
The Chambers Dictionary, Chambers, 2003
Hansard, UK Parliament House of Commons Daily Debates record. References
to stairlifts: 16 Mar 1990 : Column 395; 7 May 2002 : Column 3WH;
Westminster Hall, Sylvia Heal in the Chair; 14 Jun 2004 : Column 744W
Original page, including the definition of stairlift, created for the Wikipedia in
April 2006 by Philip W Baker, founder member of The Stairlift Institute, a
charity which at the time was a registered member of the National Council for
Voluntary Organisations.
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