Man and knowing Linguistic analysis-reality incenses founded by a one-to-
one correspondence; relation of signifier and signified,
Truth-agreement between concepts and reality; through
language and the world that it represents.
Epistemology-concerned with theories of origin,
structure and possible scope of human knowledge.
Process of knowing
Sense perception-sensory vehicle which we obtain
about the world; process of knowing through the use of
census and experience forming image turned as blurred
representation form as phantasm.
Abstraction-the activity of the mind works with concepts
that are entirely general; process of forming an idea by
abstracting out what is common to a variety.
Word/name/term -any expression that refers to an
object; this includes names, an idea that is uttered or
written.
Proposition-that which is proposed or stated; the
expression of the mental act of judgment.
Theories of knowledge
Rationalism
-knowledge is from reason
-the idea from Platonism
-knowledge is the representation of the mind
-the mind has innated knowledge
Empiricism
-senses are important in knowledge.
-Knowledge is limited, since it is based on
experience
-experience as a necessity for philosophy
-mind is Tabu La Rasa
Skepticism-doubts as the foundation to make things
certain, no such things as true.
Validity of knowledge
Correspondence theory of truth-regards individual
statements as true if they simply agree with facts to which
they refer and as false if they simply did not.
Coherence theory of truth-truth is not a property of
individual's isolated judgment or statement, but that truth
must involve a judgment's being consistent with a large
body of judgment forming an interconnected rational
system; knowledge is there if there is consistency, if it
forms harmony or consistency with other ideas.
Pragmatic-the claim that knowledge is true if it is useful
or practical; truth is based on utility.
Intersubjective-the claim that knowledge is relative,
that it holds truth based on one's perspective, the way
that the subjective might reconcile with the objective;
reflective knowledge.
language is verified through relation of the signifier as a
symbol and signify test object to be perceived.
Psychoanalytic-knowledge as a form of developmental
process, each from a relation connected with upbringing
and imbued with consciousness.
Eidetic reduction/Phenomenology-the integration of
experience without any form of prejudice to validate and
authenticate knowledge, through the process of
phenomenology, knowledge is firsthand and personal
experience with the removal of prejudice.
Ways of acquiring knowledge
Dialectic-a.k.a. Socratic method; knowledge is acquired
through question; question-and-answer approach.
Syllogistic-agreement and disagreement between term;
deductive and inductive reasoning.
Methodical doubt - accept nothing is true, process of
doubting every thought arrived at certainty.
Reconstruction project-go to the facts themselves for
everything; destruction of the idols that besets man's
thinking; idols of the cave.
-Personal prejudices, idols of the theater-ideological
prejudices, idols of the tribe-natural prejudices, and
idols of the marketplace.
Social Prejudices
Phenomenological-knowledge is an objective process
Epoche or philosophical bracketing of concepts.
Man and freedom
Will-personal faculty or function/externalized result of
interaction of conflicting elements/manifestation of
personality/an intellectual tendency/act pertaining to one's
desire
Freedom-absence of restraints/ability to do or act
without any form of constraints.
Freewill -an act of volition/act of self-control/having a
hold of life/freedom to act without any restraints.
Every action starts with a certain form of desire (Gusto).
Man's will is based on his nature, on what he is capable
(Kaya) in his physical nature. There will is also based
and acted upon what is permitted (Pwede) by society
and what is ought (Dapat) to be done.
Determinism-concept of every intent, including human
cognition and behavior, decision and action is causally
determined in an unbroken chain of occurrences.
Hard determinism-no one is free; no one has free will.
 Listening process
Listening - can be defined as a process or an activity of
paying attention to what one hears in trying to understand
or to get the meaning conveyed or implied by the speaker.
Macro-communication skills
-listening can be acquired, learn, and practiced.
-When we listen effectively, we really pay attention and
think about what we hear.
-Combination of what we hear, what we understand, and
what we remember.
-Speaker's accent or pronunciation, his grammar and his
vocabulary.
Micro-skills
-predicting what people are going to talk about.
-Guessing at unknown words or phrases without
panicking.
-Using one's own knowledge of the subject to help one
understand.
-Identifying relevant points; rejecting relevant information.
-Retaining relevant points (note taking, summarizing)
-recognizing discourse markers, e.g. well, all, another
thing is, now, finally; etc.
-recognizing cohesive devices, such as an image, including
the court, pronouns, references, etc.
Understanding different intonation patterns and use of
stress, etc., which give clues to meaning and social
setting.
The listening process
-listening according to the experts is a dynamic,
transactional, and active and complex process rather than
stagnant, linear, passive, and an easy one.
Auditory acuity-ears capacity to respond to various
frequencies and tones at various levels of loudness or
intensities.
Masking-this is evident when 2 competing sounds are
present, for instance, the message that you intend to
receive in the background noise fall within the same
frequency.
Auditory fatigue-the effect of continuous and prolonged
exposure to sounds of certain frequencies such as dull,
monotonous voice of the speaker, and exposure to noise
sources.
Identifying and recognizing-this is the next stage in
the listening process. Pattern and relationships.
Auditory analysis-the listener compares the sounds that
are heard with the ones that are known to him/her in
terms of their likeness and differences.
Mental recognition-this is done by the listener when
he/she uses a "system" in order to remember and
structure the incoming sounds as recording and
regrouping syllabifying the word and grouping number of
batches.
Association-when making Association, the listener is
linking this announcement his/her field of experiences,
memories, and backgrounds.
Auding-at this final stage of listening, the listener assigns
meaning to the sounds using his "experiential
background"and some thinking skills listed below.
Indexing-the thinking skill is arranging the material
according to importance through searching of main ideas
down to its subordinating ideas.
Note sequencing-this time, the listener arranges the
material in terms of time, space, position or some
relationship.
Forming sensory impression-the skills of using
different senses to form "sensory images"or "visual
impression" for added dimension to the verbal message.
Appreciating-finally, when auding, the listener must
appreciate or respond to the "aesthetic nature of the
message" especially when the material needs an
"emotional response."
Types of listening
a. Passive listening-this is the same as hearing or just
process of receiving the sounds through the soundwaves.
b. Active or attentive listening-this happens when a
listener hears the sound, tries to understand it,
remembers it, and most importantly, acts on it
intelligently.
c. Critical/analytical-when one has decided whether to
accept or reject what one has told, or decide on the true
worth information mentioned, make a judgment on the
claims made, and make decisions, critical/analytical
listening becomes inevitable.
d. Appreciative listening-deriving entertainment or
pleasure from what he/she hears. Ex: tune, tempo,
rhythm of the song.