DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Mid Semester Exam – 2017/2018

Subject: AIRPORT ENGINEERING and PLANNING (C)
Monday, 16 October 2017
Take home, Due: 30 October 2017, 23.59 WIB
Name of Student: Putu Pradnyanita M. W. Mark:

NRP: 03111540000105

Instruction:

1. Every student has different airport and wind data as shown in file Student List
2. The Airport Data file consist of aircraft type and number of aircraft annually. Airport 1,2,3 etc
are available in different sheets, please check.
3. The Wind Data file consist of three different wind data as shown in different sheets.
4. Your task:
a. Determine the dimension of Runway
b. Determine the Runway orientation
c. Assume any other data required.
5. Please read your references to do your work.
6. You may do your work in Word with this page as your front page. Do not forget to write your
name and ID.
7. Email your work to airport.engineering.2017@gmail.com
8. Any question please text me at 081330607601

Mid Exam of Airport Planning – Putu Pradnyanita Manik Wasita (03111540000105)

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1. Determine the dimension of runway
a. Determine the width of runway

Wingspan Wingspan
Airline Aircraft Total
(m) (ft)
ADAM AIR B732 9 28,35 93,01
B733 13 28,88 94,75
B734 4 28,88 94,75
AIRFAST B732 2 28,35 93,01
BEL412 65
DHC6 156 19,81 64,99
MD82 7 32,87 107,84
AVIASI BELL212 2
BALI AIR HS748 1 31,24 102,49
BATAVIA AIR B732 81 28,35 93,01
B734 274 28,88 94,75
BOURAQ B732 56 28,35 93,01
B734 28 28,88 94,75
CRANE AIR B732 5 28,35 93,01
B734 1 28,88 94,75
DERAZONA B206 3
BELL402 8
DIRGANTARA B412/HELI 27
DASH8 1 27,44 90,03
EXPRESS AIR B732 1 28,35 93,01
GARUDA B733 34 28,88 94,75
INDONESIA B734 889 28,88 94,75
GERMAN TRICILIA
F28
AIR 1 25,07 82,25
INDONESIA AIR TR. BELL212 2
B732 187 28,35 93,01
B734 357 28,88 94,75
LION AIR
MD82 494 32,87 107,84
MD90 358 32,87 107,84
MANDALA B732 175 28,35 93,01
B722 2 32,92 108,01
B732 240 28,35 93,01
B733 279 28,88 94,75
C212 1 20,28 66,54
MERPATI
C-212AB4 329 20,28 66,54
NUSANTARA
C-212CC4 205 20,28 66,54
F100 17 28,09 92,16
F27 19 29,01 95,18
F28 379 25,07 82,25

Mid Exam of Airport Planning – Putu Pradnyanita Manik Wasita (03111540000105)

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 Wingspan Wingspan
Airline Aircraft Total
(m) (ft)
ATR423 1 24,59 80,68
B200 1 16,61 54,49
B412/H ELI 19
BELL412 2
BO-105 5
OPERATOR DOM.
BO 105/H
LAIN
ELI 3
BO206 3
C421 3 12,14 39,83
CSN208 2 15,88 52,10
DHC6 5 19,81 64,99
OPERATOR INT AN12 2 38 124,67
LAIN BAE146 1 26,21 85,99
BE90 1 15,32 50,26
BN2 1 16,15 52,99
C208 1 15,87 52,07
CL601 2 19,61 64,34
DASH7 1 28,35 93,01
DHC8 1 27,4 89,90
F406 3 15,09 49,51
HS25B 2 16,5 54,13
LR35 1 12,04 39,50
PELITA AIR
C212
SERVICE 24 20,28 66,54
POS UDARA F28 1 25,07 82,25
RPX CARGO B732 4 28,35 93,01
SILK AIR A319 3 33,91 111,25
A319-100 180 34,1 111,11
A320 8 34,09 111,84
A322 47 34,09 111,84
STAR AIR B732 131 28,35 93,01
MD82 48 32,87 107,84
MD83 84 32,87 107,84
TRANS WORLD AIRL F28 2 25,07 82,25
TRANSWISATA F50 1 29,01 95,18
TRIGANA AIR
ATR423
SERVIC 5 24,59 80,68
WINGS AIR DASH8 596 27,44 90,03
TOTAL 5906
Table 1.1 – The Data of Aircraft Wingspan that Operate on Airport 15

Mid Exam of Airport Planning – Putu Pradnyanita Manik Wasita (03111540000105)

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 Based on Planning & Design of Airports book by Robert Horonjeff (page 49 and 57), the
wingspan determines the width of the runway. So, we can conclude biggest wingspan of aircraft
determine the width of runway of this airport. From table 1.1, the biggest wingspan’s aircraft of
Airport 15 is AN 12, which has 38 m (124.67 ft) wingspan. AN 12 ‘s landing speed or approach
speed is 127 km/h or 68.57 knot.

Picture 1 – AN 12

Table 1.2 – Approach Aircraft Category

Table 1.3 – Aircraft Design Group

From Table 1.2 and Table 1.3, the approach aircraft category of AN12 is A and the aircraft
design group is IV. It is because the approach speed and wingspan of AN12 is 68.57 knot and

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 124.67 ft which is in the range of category B (<91 knot) and the range of group number IV (118-
171 ft).

Table 1.4 – Runway Dimensional Standard, ft – Approach Category A and B Aircraft

From the table 1.4, the runway dimensional standard is based on approach aircraft
category and airport design group. The approach aircraft category and airport design group of the
biggest wingspan aircraft is B and IV. Choose the table above and select column IV.

So, runway dimensional standard of airport 15 are:

 Visual and Non Precision Instrument
- Runway width : 150 ft
- Shoulder width : 25 ft
- Blast pad width : 100 ft
- Blast pad length : 200 ft
- Safety area width : 500 ft
- Safety area length : 1000 ft
- Object free area width : 800 ft
- Object free area length : 1000 ft
- Obstacle – free zone width : 250 ft
- Obstacle – free zone length : 200 ft
 Precision Instrument
- Runway width : 150 ft
- Shoulder width : 25 ft
- Blast pad width : 100 ft
- Blast pad length : 200 ft
- Safety area width : 500 ft
- Safety area length : 1000 ft

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 - Object free area width : 800 ft
- Object free area length : 1000 ft
- Obstacle – free zone width : 300 ft
- Obstacle – free zone length : 200 ft

b. Determine the Runway Length

Table 1.5 – ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code

Based on the ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code, the code letter is D because the largest
wingspan of aircraft in this airport is 38 m which in the range of D (36-52 m) and the code number
is 4 which means the reference field length is ≥ 1800 m.
Based on Planning & Design of Airports book by Robert Horonjeff (page 175), the
reference field length is the approximate required runway takeoff length converted to an
equivalent length at mean sea level, 150C, and zero percent gradient. But, the takeoff distance of
AN12 is 850 m. It’s smaller than reference field length. So, in my opinion we use the most critical
aircraft with the highest takeoff distance to determine the runway length. My opinion is based on
Planning & Design of Airports book by Robert Horonjeff (page 191).
Based on Planning & Design of Airports book by Robert Horonjeff (page 191), the airport
design runway length is found for the critical aircraft, defined as the aircraft which flies the
greatest nonstop route segment from the airports at least 500 operations per year and requires
the longest runway. The FAA’s procedure for estimating runway length is based on the following
data:
1. Designation of a critical aircraft
2. The maximum takeoff weight of the critical aircraft at the airport
3. The airport elevation
4. The mean daily maximum temperature for the hottest month at the airport
5. The maximum different in elevation along the runway centerline.
For the purposes of estimating runway length requirements, the FAA groups aircraft by MGTOW.

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 From table 1, the critical aircrafts in airport 15 are mentioned below.

Take-off Source
Aircraft Total
Distance (m)
B732 891 1830 https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/B732
B734 1553 2000 https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/B734
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas
MD82 542 2200
_MD-80
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Dash8
DASH 8 597 1100
#Series_400
Table 1.6 – Aircraft that Operates more than 500 Operations per year in Airport 15

From table 1.6, we know the aircraft that have the first longest takeoff distance in Airport 15 is
MD 82 and the second longest is B734 (B737-400). For safer and more accurate runway length calculation,
we will take into consideration two aircrafts: one from the first longest takeoff distance (MD82) and one
from the second longest takeoff distance (B734).

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 1) Runway Length Calculation based on the Most Frequent Aircraft (B734)

Table 1.7 – General Characteristic 737 – 400

Based on Planning & Design of Airports book by Robert Horonjeff (page 198), for aircraft greater
than 60,000 lb MGTOW, runway lengths are estimated based on the specific performance specifications
of the critical aircraft. Within the aircraft airport planning manuals are performance charts that are used
to determine the aircraft’s required runway lengths for both takeoff and landing, based on the aircraft’s
operating configuration, its estimated weights during takeoff and landing, as well as the airport
elevation and average high temperature during the hottest month.

From table 1.7, the maximum takeoff weight of B737-400 (CFM56-3C ENGINES (23,500 LB SLST))
is 150,000lb (68,039 kg) and the maximum landing weight is 124,000 lb (56,245 kg). The elevation of the
airport is 3 meter from the sea level.

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 2.15

56.25

Graphic 1.1 – F.A.R Landing Runway Length Requirement

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 2.75

68.04

Graphic 1.2 – F.A.R Takeoff Runway Length Requirements Standard Day Model 737-400

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 From Graphic 1.1, the landing runway length is 2150 meter. From Graphic 1.2, the takeoff runway
length is 2750 meter.

- Correction of runway length

Assuming data:

 Elevation = +3m from the sea level

 Temperature = 29.5°C

 Effective gradient = 0.5%

Calculation

Elevation correction (Fe) = 1 + 0.07 (h/300)

= 1 + 0.07 (3/300)

= 1.0007 m

Temperature correction (Ft) = 1 + 0.01 (T – (15-0,0065h))

= 1 + 0.001 (29,5 – (15 – 0,0065 x 3))

= 1.145195

Gradient correction (Fs) = 1 + 0.1 x S

= 1 + 0.1 x 0.5%

= 1.0005

• Landing Runway Length of B734 with Correction

= 2150 x 1.0007 x 1.145195 x 1.0005

= 2465 meter

• Take-off Runway Length of B734 with Correction

= 2750 x 1.0007 x 1.145195 x 1.0005

= 3153 meter

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 2) Runway Length based on the Largest Take-off Distance (MD 82)
Technical characteristic MD 82
 ARFL = 2,200 m
 Wingspan = 32,87 m
 Overall Length = 45.01 m
 MTOW = 67,800 kg

Assuming data:

 Elevation = +3m from the sea level

 Temperature = 29.5°C

 Effective gradient = 0.5%

Calculation

Elevation correction (Fe) = 1 + 0.07 (h/300)

= 1 + 0.07 (3/300)

= 1.0007 m

Temperature correction (Ft) = 1 + 0.01 (T – (15-0,0065h))

= 1 + 0.001 (29,5 – (15 – 0,0065 x 3))

= 1.145195

Gradient correction (Fs) = 1 + 0.1 x S

= 1 + 0.1 x 0.5%

= 1.0005

Runway Length based on the Largest Take-off Distance

= 2200 x 1.0007 x 1.145195 x 1.0005

= 2523 meter

Based on both calculations, the runway length is the largest one which is 3153 meter (based on
B734 aircraft).

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2. Orientation of Runway

- Determine the smallest aircraft in Airport 15

From Table 1, the smallest aircraft is LR 35 with wingspan 12,04 m (39,50 ft). The approach
speed is between 77.21 knot.
- Determine the aircraft the approach aircraft category and the aircraft design group

-
- Table 2.1 – Approach Aircraft Category
-

-
- Table 2.2 – Aircraft Design Group
From Table 2.1 and Table 2.2, the approach aircraft category of LR35 is A and the aircraft
design group is I. It is because the approach speed and wingspan of LR35 is 77.21 knot and 39,50
ft which is in the range of category B (<77.21) and the range of group number I (<49 ft).
- Determine the Design Crosswind Value

Table 2.3 - FAA Crosswind Design Criteria

Based on table 2.3, the design crosswind value is 10.5 knots because the airport reference
code is A-I.

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- Make the wind rose based on wind data 3
In wind data 3, there are average velocity in average direction and maximum velocity in maximum.
direction. So, what data will we use?
1. Just use average velocity in average direction
If we just use average velocity in average direction of wind, the wind rose circle will be too
small and it’s very dangerous because we cannot overcome the maximum velocity of wind.
2. Use both average velocity in average direction and maximum velocity in maximum.
We cannot join both average and maximum velocity of wind in one wind rose because there
are some statistic factors and coefficient.
3. Use maximum velocity in maximum direction of wind
The wind rose is safe to use because the wind rose circle is big and there are all types of wind in
this wind rose. But the weakness to use maximum velocity in maximum direction of wind is that
the runway will not be efficient.

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 Table 2.1 Wind Data 3

Year Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Average Velovity (Knots) 7,0 9,0 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0 7,0 6,0 7,0 5,0 5,0 5,0
Average Direction W/NW W/NW W/NW E E E E E E E E E/SE
2001
Maximum Velocity (Knots) 25 15 20 20 20 20 23 19 17 20 23 40
Direction in Max Velocity O70 300 280 O50 120 110 120 100 O70 220 320 320
Average Velovity (Knots) 5,0 9,0 9,0 7,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 5,0 3,0 6,0 6,0
Average Direction W W E E E E E E E E E E
2002
Maximum Velocity (Knots) 14 25 20 18 15 18 18 20 15 15 15 15
Direction in Max Velocity 290 320 O60 O30 100 110 110 150 110 O90 330 O90
Average Velovity (Knots) 6,9 6,0 4,3 5,4 5,4 6,6 6,4 6,4 6,6 5,6 4,5 4,9
Average Direction W W E E E E E E E E E NW
2003
Maximum Velocity (Knots) 25 22 19 22 40 20 19 18 20 16 10 20
Direction in Max Velocity 260 320 320 90 90 100 90 110 120 90 270 230
Average Velovity (Knots) 4,6 7,8 6,0 6,0 4,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 8,0 7,0 9,0 7,0
Average Direction W/NW NW S E E E E E E E SE SE
2004
Maximum Velocity (Knots) 23 40 20 15 15 15 20 20 20 25 25 25
Direction in Max Velocity 310 O60 170 120 110 120 O80 110 100 100 330 180
Average Velovity (Knots) 6,1 6,4 6,1 6,4 10,2 10,9 7,7 7,0 6,7 5,3 4,4 7,2
Average Direction NW NW W E E E E E E E E NW
2005
Maximum Velocity (Knots) 28,0 25,0 30,0 40,0 21,0 24,0 27,0 25,0 20,0 25,0 25,0 25,0
Direction in Max Velocity 330 320 300 O60 160 O80 O90 100 100 330 350 330
Prediction of Average Velovity (Knots)
2006 Average Velovity (Knots) 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,6 6,5 6,5 6,5 6,5 6,5 6,5

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 Wind Velocity Range, knots
Sector 0-10 10-16 16-21 21-27 >27 Total
Number of Data
E 1 9 22 8 2 42
ESE 0 0 0 0 1 1
SE 0 0 2 0 0 2
S 0 0 1 0 0 1
W 0 1 0 3 1 5
W/NW 0 1 1 2 4
NW 0 0 1 2 2 5
Total 1 11 27 15 6 60
Table 2.3 Wind Data 3 (Number of Data)

Wind Veocity Range, knots

Sector 0-10 10-16 16-21 21-27 >27 Total
Percentage of Time
E 1,67% 15,00% 36,67% 13,33% 3,33% 70,00%
ESE 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 1,67% 1,67%
SE 0,00% 0,00% 3,33% 0,00% 0,00% 3,33%
S 0,00% 0,00% 1,67% 0,00% 0,00% 1,67%
W 0,00% 1,67% 0,00% 5,00% 1,67% 8,33%
W/NW 0,00% 1,67% 1,67% 3,33% 0,00% 6,67%
NW 0,00% 0,00% 1,67% 3,33% 3,33% 8,33%
Total 1,67% 18,33% 45,00% 25,00% 10,00% 100%
Tabel 2.2 Wind Data 3 (Percentage of Time)

Calculation Example:

 Table 2.2 shows the number of data in each range of maximum velocity in maximum direction.
 The percentage of East in wind range (0-10 knots) =
the number of data in each range of maximum velocity in maximum direction 1
x 100 % = x 100% = 1,67%
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 60
 So, in the column 0-10 sector E, the percentage of time is 1,67 %.

Mid Exam of Airport Planning – Putu Pradnyanita Manik Wasita (03111540000105)

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 - Wind rose and runway orientation (Picture 2.1)

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 Based on Picture 2.1, runway oriented on an azimuth to true north of 90° to 270° (N 90° E to S 90°
W true bearing) will permit operations 86.10 percent of the time with the crosswind components not
exceeding 10.5 mi/h. Should the wind analysis not give the desired wind coverage, the template may then
be used to determine the direction of a second runway, a crosswind runway, which would increase the
wind coverage to 95 percent. This is done by blocking out the area between the two outer parallel lines
for the direction of the primary runway (since this has already been counted in the wind coverage for the
primary runway) and rotating the template until the percentages between the outer parallel lines for the
remaining area for another direction is maximized.

Based on Picture 2.1, crosswind runway will be located at the airport in the orientation of 30° to
210° direction which results in an additional wind coverage of 9.14 percent. This runway orientation,
called runway 3–21. The total wind coverage for both runways is then 95.24 percent.

So, there are two runway orientation in Airport 15. The first one is runway 9-27 (900 to 2700) with
the wind coverage of 86.10% and the second one is runway 3-21 (300 to 1200) with the wind coverage of
9.14%. The combined of wind coverage is 95.24 %.

CONCLUSION

1. Runway Dimension of Airport 15

 Visual and Non Precision Instrument
- Runway width : 150 ft
- Shoulder width : 25 ft
- Blast pad width : 100 ft
- Blast pad length : 200 ft
- Safety area width : 500 ft
- Safety area length : 1000 ft
- Object free area width : 800 ft
- Object free area length : 1000 ft
- Obstacle – free zone width : 250 ft
- Obstacle – free zone length : 200 ft
 Precision Instrument
- Runway width : 150 ft
- Shoulder width : 25 ft
- Blast pad width : 100 ft
- Blast pad length : 200 ft
- Safety area width : 500 ft
- Safety area length : 1000 ft
- Object free area width : 800 ft
- Object free area length : 1000 ft
- Obstacle – free zone width : 300 ft
- Obstacle – free zone length : 200 ft

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REFERENCE

- Aircraft General Chracteristics

http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/performance/q0086.shtml

https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/B734

https://www.greatcirclemapper.net/en/aircraft-type/737-400.html

https://doc8643.com/aircraft/B734

FSX_Al_Parking_Size in Ms. Excel

FAA-Aircraft-Characteristic-Database

- Runway Length by MGTOW

BOEING FAMILY.pdf

- Correction of Runway Length

PPT PERENCANAAN BANDARA M4 slide 40

- Runway Dimension and Orientation

Planning & Design of Airports book by Robert Horonjeff, Francis Mc. Kelvey, William J. Sproule, Seth B.
Young

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